Benito Buendía Quispe

By Benito Buendía Quispe and Raymundo Erazo Erazo

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the environmental pollution originated by the excessive use of agrochemicals in the production of granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) in the Oxapampa district, Pasco – Peru. The crops of this fruit were chosen in the sectors named: Abra (Ab), Chacos (Ch), Quillazú (Qll), Acuzazú (Ac), Cañera (Ca), San Alberto (SA), Alto Río Pisco (ARP), and Paradise (Pa), where applying the nonexperimental and comparative design, the soil, water, and fruit samples were taken, which were analyzed in the specialized laboratory of the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). A survey was also carried out by the farmers to form groups (ABC), and the results obtained were statistically analyzed by means of the comparative difference of concentration of heavy metals in three groups selected according to intensity of use of agrochemicals, which were between 0.26 and 0.36 mg of Cu/kg of fruit, between 0.001 and 0.003 mg of Cd and Pb/kg of fruit, between 0.0012 and 0.0006 mg As and Hg/kg of fruit, between 19 and 25 mg of Cu/kg of soil, between 0.02 and 0.08 mg of Cd and Pb/kg of soil, between 0.05 and 0.08 mg of As and Hg/kg of soil; between 1 and 1.12 mg of Cu/l of water, between 0.002 and 0.003 mg of Cd and Pb/l of water, between 0.002 and 0.005 mg of As and Hg/l of water; being observed high averages in some heavy metals and whose comparisons were not significant for As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu in fruits, soil, and water, and significant only the Cd in fruits and Hg in soils, concluding that there is a potential risk of toxicity due to ingestion of granadilla (P. ligularis).

Part of the book: The Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants

By Roberto Robles Calderón, Raymundo Erazo Erazo, Julio Javier Armijo Carranza and Benito Buendía Quispe

The blue cabuya (Agave americana L.) grows wild on large tracts of land in various regions of Peru. The research is aimed at taking advantage of this renewable plant biomass as a potential substrate in one of its possible applications such as cabuya azul liquor, for which, firstly, the yields of the anaerobic fermentation process of this biomass at temperatures of 26, 28 and 30 C and a pH of 3.5 and 4.0, in a batch bioreactor of 120 liters and nutrient concentrations of diammonium phosphate (DAP) of 1 and 2 g/L and a substrate with reducing sugars (AR) of 60 g/L from the district of La Merced, province of Churcampa, Huancavelica Region. The experimental tests were carried out in the laboratories of the Faculties of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains (D 47, LALVIN-Canada) at 28 C, pH 3.5 and DAP nutrient concentration of 2 g/L during 26 h of fermentation, was obtained total biomass yields Y(x/s) =. 0.1606 and ethanol Y(p/s) = 0.4739. It is concluded that the production of ethanol for use in its industrialization as blue cabuya liquor is viable and for the transfer of technology environmental aspects and economic studies must be integrated.

Part of the book: From Biomass to Biobased Products