\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8504",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deepens the study and knowledge on pectins, especially in the processes of extraction, purification, and characterization, in short its many and wide applications. Among the most prominent applications are the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. The development of pectins has a very promising future with a marked annual increase and with a wide range of sources. As written above, this book will help its readers to expand their knowledge on this biopolymer with vast application in the industry worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-78984-072-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-071-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-550-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78880",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5675,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",biography:"Martin Masuelli is a Inv. Adj. of Instituto de Física Aplicada – CONICET – UNSL and Associate Professor-UNSL, San Luis, Argentina. He holds a master’s degree and a Ph.D. and Master's thesis in Membrane Technology from the National University of San Luis (UNSL). He is Director of Physics Chemistry Service Laboratory, UNSL. He is an expert in polysaccharides and physics chemistry of macromolecules. He is author or co-author of more than 30 peer-reviewed international publications, 8 book chapters, 75 communications in national and international congresses, editor of six books. He is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental, Asociación Argentina de Fisicoquímica y Química Inorgánica and Asociación Argentina de Tecnólogos Alimentarios. He is Editor in Chief and Founder, in July 2013, of Journal of Polymer and Biopolymers Physics Chemistry, Science and Education Publishing. He is on the editorial board of numerous journals.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de San Luis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"333",title:"Food Chemistry",slug:"food-science-food-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"69850",title:"Extraction and Characterization of Pectins From Peels of Criolla Oranges (Citrus sinensis): Experimental Reviews",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88944",slug:"extraction-and-characterization-of-pectins-from-peels-of-criolla-oranges-em-citrus-sinensis-em-exper",totalDownloads:672,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Paula Ruano, Lismet Lazo Delgado, Sergio Picco, Liliana Villegas, Franco Tonelli, Mario Eduardo Aguilera Merlo, Javier Rigau, Darío Diaz and Martin Masuelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69850",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85585",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66671",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66458",title:"Pectin - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85588",slug:"pectin-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Virginia Rodríguez Robledo* and Lucía Isabel Castro Vázquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66458",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65793",title:"Role of Pectin in Food Processing and Food Packaging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83677",slug:"role-of-pectin-in-food-processing-and-food-packaging",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Thiraviam Vanitha and Mahejibin Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65793",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65638",title:"Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis of Nano-LaCrO3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83625",slug:"pectins-as-emulsifying-agent-on-the-preparation-characterization-and-photocatalysis-of-nano-lacro-su",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Rudy Tahan Mangapul Situmeang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65638",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66396",title:"Properties of Wine Polysaccharides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85629",slug:"properties-of-wine-polysaccharides",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Zenaida Guadalupe and Belén Ayestarán",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66396",authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",surname:"Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente"}],corrections:null},{id:"65895",title:"Flavonoids and Pectins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84960",slug:"flavonoids-and-pectins",totalDownloads:441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Zhiping Zhang, Yanzhi He and Xinyue Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65895",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1408",title:"Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e683dc398eabec0db3a88e891209a406",slug:"scientific-health-and-social-aspects-of-the-food-industry",bookSignature:"Benjamin Valdez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5060",title:"Milk Proteins",subtitle:"From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a7d2e5f38e97aaea90bb3fec55b3751",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6761",title:"Generation of Aromas and Flavours",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32cb87c823ee53fcbff7ecb2e944d4b9",slug:"generation-of-aromas-and-flavours",bookSignature:"Alice Vilela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice",surname:"Vilela",slug:"alice-vilela",fullName:"Alice Vilela"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8311",title:"Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51994c7d3887b9ecd6926b4967a4fdfb",slug:"nutraceuticals-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"María Chávarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8625",title:"Whey",subtitle:"Biological Properties and Alternative Uses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"449a36f43c9a30ae4d43f9775599e8ac",slug:"whey-biological-properties-and-alternative-uses",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7332",title:"Some New Aspects of Colloidal Systems in Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0dd822267e027684bd3ff53da4f2ef41",slug:"some-new-aspects-of-colloidal-systems-in-foods",bookSignature:"Jafar M. Milani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91158",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jafar",surname:"Milani",slug:"jafar-milani",fullName:"Jafar Milani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6878",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aaeaec7ab2b300434df9061448772e57",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74251",slug:"corrigendum-to-enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and",title:"Corrigendum to: Enhancing Soil Properties and Maize Yield through Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and Diazotrophic Bacteria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74251.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74251",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74251",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74251",chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8074",leadTitle:null,title:"Lyme Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900d78336110fda9e7f46f84187235ff",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8074.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 24th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13905",title:"Intelligent Methods for Condition Diagnosis of Plant Machinery",doi:"10.5772/15410",slug:"intelligent-methods-for-condition-diagnosis-of-plant-machinery",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13905.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13905",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13905",totalDownloads:2366,totalViews:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 9th 2010",dateReviewed:"September 27th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 28th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13905",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13905",book:{slug:"intelligent-mechatronics"},signatures:"Huaqing Wang and Peng Chen",authors:[{id:"20738",title:"Prof.",name:"Huaqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Huaqing Wang",slug:"huaqing-wang",email:"wanghq_buct@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Chemical Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"22193",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Peng Chen",slug:"peng-chen",email:"chen@bio.mie-u.ac.jp",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"100",title:"Intelligent Mechatronics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Intelligent Mechatronics",slug:"intelligent-mechatronics",publishedDate:"February 28th 2011",bookSignature:"Ganesh Naik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/100.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2276",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh R.",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",slug:"ganesh-r.-naik",fullName:"Ganesh R. Naik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13898",title:"A Mechatronic Perspective on Robotic Arms and End-Effectors",slug:"a-mechatronic-perspective-on-robotic-arms-and-end-effectors",totalDownloads:4110,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pinhas Ben-Tzvi and Paul Moubarak",authors:[{id:"24243",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinhas",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Tzvi",fullName:"Pinhas Ben-Tzvi",slug:"pinhas-ben-tzvi"},{id:"24340",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:"M",surname:"Moubarak",fullName:"Paul Moubarak",slug:"paul-moubarak"}]},{id:"13899",title:"A Torque Cancelling System for Quick-Motion Robots",slug:"a-torque-cancelling-system-for-quick-motion-robots",totalDownloads:2024,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daigoro Isobe",authors:[{id:"19373",title:"Prof.",name:"Daigoro",middleName:null,surname:"Isobe",fullName:"Daigoro Isobe",slug:"daigoro-isobe"}]},{id:"13900",title:"Locomotion Control for Legged Robot by Virtual Contact Impedance Method",slug:"locomotion-control-for-legged-robot-by-virtual-contact-impedance-method",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fumiaki Takemori",authors:[{id:"19433",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takemori",fullName:"Fumiaki Takemori",slug:"fumiaki-takemori"}]},{id:"13901",title:"Development of a Simulation Environment Applied to the Study of Fault-Tolerant Control Systems in Robotic Manipulators. Theoretical and Practical Comparisons",slug:"development-of-a-simulation-environment-applied-to-the-study-of-fault-tolerant-control-systems-in-ro",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudio Urrea and John Kern",authors:[{id:"17976",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Urrea Oñate",fullName:"Claudio Urrea Oñate",slug:"claudio-urrea-onate"},{id:"22275",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Kern",fullName:"John Kern",slug:"john-kern"}]},{id:"13902",title:"Kinematic Task Space Control Scheme for 3DOF Pneumatic Parallel Robot",slug:"kinematic-task-space-control-scheme-for-3dof-pneumatic-parallel-robot",totalDownloads:2395,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Luis Hernández, Eduardo Izaguirre, Ernesto Rubio, Orlando Urquijo and Jorge Guerra",authors:[{id:"5525",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez",fullName:"Luis Hernandez",slug:"luis-hernandez"},{id:"20667",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Rubio",fullName:"Ernesto Rubio",slug:"ernesto-rubio"},{id:"20668",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izaguirre",fullName:"Eduardo Izaguirre",slug:"eduardo-izaguirre"},{id:"20669",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra",fullName:"Jorge Guerra",slug:"jorge-guerra"},{id:"24508",title:"Prof.",name:"Orlando",middleName:null,surname:"Urquijo",fullName:"Orlando Urquijo",slug:"orlando-urquijo"}]},{id:"13903",title:"Blind Source Separation Based Classification Scheme for Myoelectric Prosthesis Hand",slug:"blind-source-separation-based-classification-scheme-for-myoelectric-prosthesis-hand",totalDownloads:2410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ganesh R. Naik and Dinesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"2276",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh R.",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",fullName:"Ganesh R. Naik",slug:"ganesh-r.-naik"}]},{id:"13904",title:"Feedback Control and Time-Optimal Control about Overhead Crane by Visual Servo and These Combination Control",slug:"feedback-control-and-time-optimal-control-about-overhead-crane-by-visual-servo-and-these-combination",totalDownloads:2501,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuo Yoshida",authors:[{id:"19935",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Yasuo Yoshida",slug:"yasuo-yoshida"}]},{id:"13905",title:"Intelligent Methods for Condition Diagnosis of Plant Machinery",slug:"intelligent-methods-for-condition-diagnosis-of-plant-machinery",totalDownloads:2366,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huaqing Wang and Peng Chen",authors:[{id:"20738",title:"Prof.",name:"Huaqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Huaqing Wang",slug:"huaqing-wang"},{id:"22193",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Peng Chen",slug:"peng-chen"}]},{id:"13906",title:"Methodology for Reusing Real-time HiL Simulation Models in the Commissioning and Operation Phase of Industrial Production Plants",slug:"methodology-for-reusing-real-time-hil-simulation-models-in-the-commissioning-and-operation-phase-of-",totalDownloads:2585,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sebastian Kain, Frank Schiller and Sven Dominka",authors:[{id:"18489",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Kain",fullName:"Sebastian Kain",slug:"sebastian-kain"},{id:"22318",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Schiller",fullName:"Frank Schiller",slug:"frank-schiller"},{id:"22319",title:"Dr.",name:"Sven",middleName:null,surname:"Dominka",fullName:"Sven Dominka",slug:"sven-dominka"}]},{id:"13907",title:"Hybrid Planning for Self-Optimization in Railbound Mechatronic Systems",slug:"hybrid-planning-for-self-optimization-in-railbound-mechatronic-systems",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Philipp Adelt, Natalia Esau, Christian Hölscher, Bernd Kleinjohann, Lisa Kleinjohann, Martin Krüger and Detmar Zimmer",authors:[{id:"20868",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Esau",fullName:"Natalia Esau",slug:"natalia-esau"},{id:"22460",title:"Dr.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Adelt",fullName:"Philipp Adelt",slug:"philipp-adelt"},{id:"22461",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinjohann",fullName:"Lisa Kleinjohann",slug:"lisa-kleinjohann"},{id:"24886",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Hölscher",fullName:"Christian Hölscher",slug:"christian-holscher"},{id:"24887",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Krüger",fullName:"Martin Krüger",slug:"martin-kruger"},{id:"24888",title:"Prof.",name:"Detmar",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmer",fullName:"Detmar Zimmer",slug:"detmar-zimmer"}]},{id:"13908",title:"An Evidence Accrual Data Fusion Technique for Situational Assessment",slug:"an-evidence-accrual-data-fusion-technique-for-situational-assessment",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stephen C. Stubberud and Kathleen A. Kramer",authors:[{id:"20608",title:"Prof.",name:"Kathleen A.",middleName:null,surname:"Kramer",fullName:"Kathleen A. Kramer",slug:"kathleen-a.-kramer"},{id:"22661",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen C.",middleName:null,surname:"Stubberud",fullName:"Stephen C. Stubberud",slug:"stephen-c.-stubberud"}]},{id:"13909",title:"Intelligent Mechatronic System for Automatically Evaluating the Training of the Laparoscopic Surgeon",slug:"intelligent-mechatronic-system-for-automatically-evaluating-the-training-of-the-laparoscopic-surgeon",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Minor A., Lorias D., Ortiz Simon and Escamirosa F.",authors:[{id:"1055",title:"PhD.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lorias Espinoza",fullName:"Daniel Lorias Espinoza",slug:"daniel-lorias-espinoza"},{id:"22793",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Minor",fullName:"Arturo Minor",slug:"arturo-minor"},{id:"26156",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz Simón",fullName:"José Luis Ortiz Simón",slug:"jose-luis-ortiz-simon"},{id:"26157",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Escamirosa",fullName:"Fernando Perez Escamirosa",slug:"fernando-perez-escamirosa"}]},{id:"13910",title:"Reliability of Authenticated Key Establishment Protocols in a Complex Sensor System",slug:"reliability-of-authenticated-key-establishment-protocols-in-a-complex-sensor-system",totalDownloads:1881,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kalvinder Singh and Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy",authors:[{id:"5907",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalvinder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Kalvinder Singh",slug:"kalvinder-singh"},{id:"22410",title:"Prof.",name:"Vallipuram",middleName:null,surname:"Muthukkumarasamy",fullName:"Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy",slug:"vallipuram-muthukkumarasamy"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2996",title:"Computational Intelligence in Electromyography Analysis",subtitle:"A Perspective on Current Applications and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eec43ca5106bfbac5321a0945acf723d",slug:"computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Ganesh R. Naik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2996.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2276",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh R.",surname:"Naik",slug:"ganesh-r.-naik",fullName:"Ganesh R. Naik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40116",title:"EMG Modeling",slug:"emg-modeling",signatures:"Javier Rodriguez-Falces, Javier Navallas and Armando Malanda",authors:[{id:"65172",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Navallas",fullName:"Javier Navallas",slug:"javier-navallas"},{id:"127894",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Malanda Trigueros",fullName:"Armando Malanda Trigueros",slug:"armando-malanda-trigueros"},{id:"151104",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Falces",fullName:"Javier Rodriguez-Falces",slug:"javier-rodriguez-falces"}]},{id:"40115",title:"Modelling of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in One-Year Follow-Up Study of Patients with Minor Ischaemic Stroke",slug:"modelling-of-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-in-one-year-follow-up-study-of-patients-with-minor-is",signatures:"Penka A. Atanassova, Nedka T. Chalakova and Borislav D. Dimitrov",authors:[{id:"75675",title:"Dr.",name:"Penka Atanassova",middleName:null,surname:"Atanassova",fullName:"Penka Atanassova Atanassova",slug:"penka-atanassova-atanassova"},{id:"77724",title:"Prof.",name:"Nedka Teneva",middleName:null,surname:"Chalakova",fullName:"Nedka Teneva Chalakova",slug:"nedka-teneva-chalakova"},{id:"151342",title:"Dr.",name:"Borislav Dimitrov",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitrov",fullName:"Borislav Dimitrov Dimitrov",slug:"borislav-dimitrov-dimitrov"}]},{id:"40111",title:"Relationships Between Surface Electromyography and Strength During Isometric Ramp Contractions",slug:"relationships-between-surface-electromyography-and-strength-during-isometric-ramp-contractions",signatures:"Runer Augusto Marson",authors:[{id:"150135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Runer",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Marson",fullName:"Runer Marson",slug:"runer-marson"}]},{id:"40112",title:"Comparison by EMG of Running Barefoot and Running Shod",slug:"comparison-by-emg-of-running-barefoot-and-running-shod",signatures:"Begoña Gavilanes-Miranda, Juan J. Goiriena De Gandarias and Gonzalo A. Garcia",authors:[{id:"48962",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:"A.",surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Gonzalo Garcia",slug:"gonzalo-garcia"},{id:"58914",title:"Dr.",name:"Begoña",middleName:null,surname:"Gavilanes-Miranda",fullName:"Begoña Gavilanes-Miranda",slug:"begona-gavilanes-miranda"},{id:"59593",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan J.",middleName:null,surname:"Goiriena De Gandarias",fullName:"Juan J. Goiriena De Gandarias",slug:"juan-j.-goiriena-de-gandarias"}]},{id:"40117",title:"Influence of Different Strategies of Treatment Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Phases on EMG Signal Processing and Analysis During Cyclic Exercise",slug:"influence-of-different-strategies-of-treatment-muscle-contraction-and-relaxation-phases-on-emg-signa",signatures:"Leandro Ricardo Altimari, José Luiz Dantas,\nMarcelo Bigliassi, Thiago Ferreira Dias Kanthack, Antonio Carlos de Moraes and Taufik Abrão",authors:[{id:"151453",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Altimari",fullName:"Leandro Altimari",slug:"leandro-altimari"},{id:"151454",title:"Dr.",name:"Taufik",middleName:null,surname:"Abrão",fullName:"Taufik Abrão",slug:"taufik-abrao"},{id:"151456",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio C.",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"Antonio C. Moraes",slug:"antonio-c.-moraes"},{id:"151457",title:"MSc.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas",fullName:"José L. Dantas",slug:"jose-l.-dantas"},{id:"151458",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Bigliassi",fullName:"Marcelo Bigliassi",slug:"marcelo-bigliassi"},{id:"151460",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago F. D.",middleName:null,surname:"Kanthack",fullName:"Thiago F. D. Kanthack",slug:"thiago-f.-d.-kanthack"}]},{id:"40114",title:"Nonlinear Analysis of Surface EMG Signals",slug:"nonlinear-analysis-of-surface-emg-signals",signatures:"Min Lei and Guang Meng",authors:[{id:"151307",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",fullName:"Min Lei",slug:"min-lei"}]},{id:"40113",title:"Normalization of EMG Signals: To Normalize or Not to Normalize and What to Normalize to?",slug:"normalization-of-emg-signals-to-normalize-or-not-to-normalize-and-what-to-normalize-to-",signatures:"Mark Halaki and Karen Ginn",authors:[{id:"151305",title:"Prof.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Ginn",fullName:"Karen Ginn",slug:"karen-ginn"},{id:"153880",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Halaki",fullName:"Mark Halaki",slug:"mark-halaki"}]},{id:"40123",title:"The Usefulness of Mean and Median Frequencies in Electromyography Analysis",slug:"the-usefulness-of-mean-and-median-frequencies-in-electromyography-analysis",signatures:"Angkoon Phinyomark, Sirinee Thongpanja, Huosheng Hu, Pornchai Phukpattaranont and Chusak Limsakul",authors:[{id:"51537",title:"Dr.",name:"Pornchai",middleName:null,surname:"Phukpattaranont",fullName:"Pornchai Phukpattaranont",slug:"pornchai-phukpattaranont"},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark"},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul"},{id:"80399",title:"Dr.",name:"Huosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Huosheng Hu",slug:"huosheng-hu"},{id:"151337",title:"BSc.",name:"Sirinee",middleName:null,surname:"Thongpanja",fullName:"Sirinee Thongpanja",slug:"sirinee-thongpanja"}]},{id:"40163",title:"Feature Extraction Methods for Studying Surface Electromyography and Kinematic Measurements in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"feature-extraction-methods-for-studying-surface-electromyography-and-kinematic-measurements-in-parki",signatures:"Saara M. Rissanen, Markku Kankaanpää,\nMika P. Tarvainen and Pasi A. Karjalainen",authors:[{id:"121674",title:"Dr.",name:"Mika",middleName:null,surname:"Tarvainen",fullName:"Mika Tarvainen",slug:"mika-tarvainen"},{id:"121675",title:"Prof.",name:"Pasi",middleName:null,surname:"Karjalainen",fullName:"Pasi Karjalainen",slug:"pasi-karjalainen"},{id:"151355",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Saara",middleName:null,surname:"Rissanen",fullName:"Saara Rissanen",slug:"saara-rissanen"},{id:"155991",title:"Dr.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Kankaanpää",fullName:"Markku Kankaanpää",slug:"markku-kankaanpaa"}]},{id:"40120",title:"Distinction of Abnormality of Surgical Operation on the Basis of Surface EMG Signals",slug:"distinction-of-abnormality-of-surgical-operation-on-the-basis-of-surface-emg-signals",signatures:"Chiharu Ishii",authors:[{id:"17150",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Ishii",fullName:"Chiharu Ishii",slug:"chiharu-ishii"}]},{id:"40162",title:"EMG Decomposition and Artefact Removal",slug:"emg-decomposition-and-artefact-removal",signatures:"Adriano O. Andrade, Alcimar B. Soares, Slawomir J. Nasuto and Peter J. Kyberd",authors:[{id:"144937",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade"},{id:"159830",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcimar",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"Alcimar Soares",slug:"alcimar-soares"},{id:"159831",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Nasuto",fullName:"Slawomir Nasuto",slug:"slawomir-nasuto"},{id:"159832",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kyberd",fullName:"Peter Kyberd",slug:"peter-kyberd"}]},{id:"40109",title:"Sphincter EMG for Diagnosing Multiple System Atrophy and Related Disorders",slug:"sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders",signatures:"Ryuji Sakakibara, Tomoyuki Uchiyama, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Fuyuki Tateno, Tomonori Yamanishi, Masahiko Kishi and Yohei Tsuyusaki",authors:[{id:"151609",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuji",middleName:null,surname:"Sakakibara",fullName:"Ryuji Sakakibara",slug:"ryuji-sakakibara"}]},{id:"40119",title:"Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm",slug:"hand-sign-classification-employing-myoelectric-signals-of-forearm",signatures:"Takeshi Tsujimura, Sho Yamamoto and Kiyotaka Izumi",authors:[{id:"57769",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsujimura",fullName:"Takeshi Tsujimura",slug:"takeshi-tsujimura"}]},{id:"40110",title:"Proposal of a Neuro Fuzzy System for Myoelectric Signal Analysis from Hand-Arm Segment",slug:"proposal-of-a-neuro-fuzzy-system-for-myoelectric-signal-analysis-from-hand-arm-segment",signatures:"Gabriela Winkler Favieiro and Alexandre Balbinot",authors:[{id:"150369",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Balbinot",fullName:"Alexandre Balbinot",slug:"alexandre-balbinot"},{id:"150370",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Favieiro",fullName:"Gabriela Favieiro",slug:"gabriela-favieiro"}]},{id:"40132",title:"Design and Control of an EMG Driven IPMC Based Artificial Muscle Finger",slug:"design-and-control-of-an-emg-driven-ipmc-based-artificial-muscle-finger",signatures:"R.K. Jain, S. Datta and S. Majumder",authors:[{id:"62746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi Kant",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",fullName:"Ravi Kant Jain",slug:"ravi-kant-jain"}]},{id:"40122",title:"Application of Surface Electromyography in the Dynamics of Human Movement",slug:"application-of-surface-electromyography-in-the-dynamics-of-human-movement",signatures:"César Ferreira Amorim and Runer Augusto Marson",authors:[{id:"150135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Runer",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Marson",fullName:"Runer Marson",slug:"runer-marson"},{id:"151438",title:"PhD.",name:"César Ferreira",middleName:null,surname:"Amorim",fullName:"César Ferreira Amorim",slug:"cesar-ferreira-amorim"}]},{id:"40121",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: A New Approach to Aid Users of Myoelectric Prostheses",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-a-new-approach-to-aid-users-of-myoelectric-prostheses",signatures:"Alcimar Barbosa Soares, Edgard Afonso Lamounier Júnior, Adriano de Oliveira Andrade and Alexandre Cardoso",authors:[{id:"144937",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade"},{id:"151483",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcimar",middleName:"Barbosa",surname:"Soares",fullName:"Alcimar Soares",slug:"alcimar-soares"},{id:"158350",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgard",middleName:null,surname:"Lamounier",fullName:"Edgard Lamounier",slug:"edgard-lamounier"},{id:"158351",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",fullName:"Alexandre Cardoso",slug:"alexandre-cardoso"}]},{id:"40131",title:"Signal Acquisition Using Surface EMG and Circuit Design Considerations for Robotic Prosthesis",slug:"signal-acquisition-using-surface-emg-and-circuit-design-considerations-for-robotic-prosthesis",signatures:"Muhammad Zahak Jamal",authors:[{id:"151261",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Zahak",middleName:null,surname:"Jamal",fullName:"Zahak Jamal",slug:"zahak-jamal"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66945",title:"Carotid Intern Aneurysms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81400",slug:"carotid-intern-aneurysms",body:'\nCerebral aneurysms (CA) are acquired lesions, characterized as saccular or diffuse dilation of the intracranial arteries walls. It affects 5–10% of the population, being about three times more often in women than in men [1]. About 70–75% of the patients present single lesions and the remains show multiple lesions, which can affect both hemispheres in both the carotid as well as the vertebro-basilar circulation [2].
\nThe absolute majority of CA is asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic patients, about 80% present as hemorrhagic stroke and are characterized by spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages. The remaining 20% may present symptoms such as mass effect, thromboembolic events, or nonspecific headaches [3].
\nSpontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to CA rupture is commonly described as a devastating disease, accounting for about 5% of all strokes, with an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 individuals. Vlak et al. showed that the prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms was significantly higher in patients aged 30 years or older compared with those who were younger than 30 years [47]. Autopsy reports have demonstrated that the incidence of SAH or unruptured intracranial aneurysms was 3–4 times higher in patients older than 70 years and that the prevalence of aneurysms increases with aging, as well as prolonged exposure to hypertension, smoking, and atherosclerotic vessel degeneration [48]. The incidence peak is between 50 and 60 years (only 20% of cases occur before 45 years) and there is considerable predominance for females: 1.6 females for 1 male. This female predominance is probably due to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen considering primiparous views or patients with later menarche that present a risk reduction [4, 5]. Epidemiological studies show that the female preponderance of intracranial aneurysms becomes significant only after the fourth or fifth decade, during the perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods. Moreover, estrogen has a protective effect against vascular injury [46] and hormone-replacement therapy has been shown to be a protective factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage [47].
\nThe exact etiology of CA formation remains unclear. However, there is no doubt that CA are acquired lesions, initiated from a lesion with genetic, atherosclerotic, traumatic, or inflammatory origin in the vascular endothelium and developed by hemodynamic stress in this region [6]. Factors such as blood hypertension, use of oral contraceptives, drugs (cigarette, cocaine, and alcohol), pregnancy, and neurosurgical diagnostic procedures (lumbar puncture and cerebral angiography) are classically associated with the development of lesions or aneurysmal rupture [6, 7, 8]. In addition, environmental and geographic factors, such as season and colder territories, increase the incidence of rupture [6, 7, 8]. Some genetic syndromes are associated with a higher incidence, such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type I and II, Marfan syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type II and IV [8]. Patients who have already been treated for a ruptured aneurysm also have an increased risk of developing another lesion, around 2% per year, against 1% of the general population [6, 7, 8, 9]. Genetic inheritance related to aneurysmal development has been complex and multigenic; genes such as 1p34.4-36.13, 7q11, 19q13.3, Xp22, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, among others, have been frequently found in familial cases of CA [9].
\nIt is believed that these factors converge to modify the intimal layer and increase the hemodynamic stress of the arterial wall. Hemodynamic stress is basically executed by the elements of blood flow and water hammer pulse, which explains the preferential location of the saccular aneurysms in bifurcations and convexities of vascular curvatures, facing the direction that the flow would be if there were no curves [10]. Thus, we can systematize the hemodynamic interaction as the flow inertial force, perpendicular to the arterial wall, and the parallel shear force caused by the viscosity and friction of the blood elements with the arterial wall [10]. The way these forces interact in the formation, development, and rupture of aneurysmal lesions is still a matter of debate, but apparently the shear stress would be more important at the initial moments of aneurysmal formation; whereas, the flow inertial force would be more important for late development and rupture of the lesions [11].
\nConsidering these factors, the carotid siphon deserves special importance, since it is the blood flow gateway to the anterior cerebral circulation, being characteristically the most sinuous portion of the internal carotid artery and with the anterior communicating complex, compound 80% of the CA [4, 10].
\nThe carotid siphon corresponds to the portion of the internal carotid artery that begins at the end of its petrous (horizontal) segment (or lacerum segment) and ends at the supraclinoid internal carotid bifurcation. The first portion, the end of the petrous segment, is characterized by the path of the carotid when exiting its exclusively intraosseous path and traversing the crease of dura mater around the foramen lacerum. This portion may have branches not easily visible angiographically, among which it can be highlighted the coraco-tympanic branch and the artery of the pterygoid canal (vidian artery) [12].
\nThe carotid artery enters the cavernous sinus after crossing the petrolingual ligament, where it presents initially a vertical ascending segment and then we observe the first important curvature, the posterior angle, of about 90° in anterior direction. It is followed by a horizontal intra-cavernous portion, which ends at a second curvature, the anterior angle, with about 160° in upward and posterior direction. In its intracavernosal path, usually arises the meningohypophyseal trunk, close to its first curvature, and then the inferolateral trunk in the extension of its horizontal segment [13].
\nAfter the second curvature, the internal carotid crosses two dural rings and emerges to a new horizontal segment, but now supraclinoid and intradural, where it launches its main branches (ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery), ending with its bifurcation. This bifurcation gives rise to the middle cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery, which also marks the end of the carotid siphon [14] (Figure 1).
\nCarotid siphon: digital angiography with subtraction in profile incidence evidencing the segments of the carotid siphon (personal file).
Although this pattern is relativity monotonous among individuals, important anterior and posterior angles variations were identified. These variations were initially systematized by Krayenbuehl and Yasargil, who classified the carotid siphons from the purely morphological point of view into seven subtypes [15] (Figure 2):
Type U, representing 40.1% in the population up to 20 years, 35% between 21 and 50 years, and 15.2% between 51 and 74 years;
Type V, representing 14.6% in the population up to 20 years, 24.5% between 21 and 50 years, and 22.3% between 51 and 74 years;
Type C, representing 45.2% in the population up to 20 years, 14.6% between 21 and 50 years, and 5.2% between 51 and 74 years;
Type Omega, absent up to 20 years, representing 23.7% in the population between 21 and 50 years, and 50.7% between 51 and 74 years;
Type Double Siphon, absent up to 20 years, representing 1.4% in the population between 21 and 50 years, and 4.1% between 51 and 74 years;
Type Megasiphon, absent up to 20 years, representing 0.2% in the population between 21 and 50 years, and 2.3% between 51 and 74 years; and
Type Dolicosiphon, absent up to 20 years, representing 0.4% in the population between 21 and 50 years, and 1.5% between 51 and 74 years.
Types of carotid siphon described by Krayenbuehl and Yasargil. (1) Type U, (2) Type V, (3) Type C, (4) Type Omega, (5) Type Double Siphon, (6) Type Megasiphon, and (7) Type Dolicosiphon.
Subsequently, this classification was reviewed by Zhong, simplifying and systematizing the classification in only four anatomical subtypes of the carotid siphon [16] (Figure 3):
Type U (about 55% of cases): rectified supraclinoid portion with posterior angle greater than 0° and presenting a wide anterior angle of positive values;
Type V (about 27% of cases): rectified supraclinoid portion with posterior angle greater than 0° and presenting a sharp anterior angle of positive values;
Type C (about 16% of cases): curved supraclinoid portion, with posterior angle around 0° and presenting a wide anterior angle of negative values; and
Type S (about 2% of cases): supraclinoid portion rectified with very acute or negative posterior angle, anterior angles of negative values and presenting a wide anterior angle.
Types of siphons described by Zhong. (A) Type U, (B) Type V, (C) Type C, and (D) Type S [16].
The first attempt at geometric and mathematical systematization of the carotid siphon was performed by Lang and Reiter [17], who classified the carotid siphons into three subtypes, exclusively due to the posterior angle. Thus, the most frequent type, 49.3% of the cases, had the posterior angle around 90°. The second subtype, 36.0% of the cases, presented the inferior angle to 90° and the third subtype, 14.7%, with an angle greater than 90°.
\nThis morphology of the siphon is not static and progressively varies with aging, development, and degenerative processes, especially by the influence from atherosclerotic and hypertensive disease [18].
\nIt is believed that the main physiological function of these successive curvatures would be the attenuation of the vectorial force of the blood flow, with consequent reduction of hemodynamic stress to the distal cerebral circulation [18, 19, 20]. Thus, there is a constant interaction between the carotid siphon vascular walls with the shear force of the blood elements and the water hammer pulse of the arterial flow [19, 20].
\nThe consequences that the curvatures of the cerebral circulation generate in the hemodynamics of the carotid siphon, as well as the relation between the incidence of aneurysms and stenoses close to the regions of pronounced curvatures, have been studied in recent years [19, 20].
\nIt is admitted that the loss of the kinetic energy of linear blood flow, when colliding with the endothelial wall of the curvatures, forcing the change of direction of blood flow and transforming the normally linear flow into turbulent flow, is related to the endothelial transformation [18, 21, 22, 23]. This phenomenon generates deceleration of the blood flow, reducing the interactions of tangential forces with the vessel wall, called wall shear stress [22].
\nRecent studies have evidenced the direct relation of the incidence of intracranial stenoses in follow-up with low or oscillatory wall shear stress [23, 24, 25]. The characterization of which curvatures and anatomies are more prone to the pathological scenarios has motivated several studies that seek to define the geometric risk factors [24, 25, 26]. Piccinelli et al., for example, have shown that curvatures with small radius and low angulation tend to be related to the presence of ruptured aneurysms [27]. Kim and Kang, on the other hand, have demonstrated that a short supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery is directly associated with an increased incidence of aneurysm of the posterior communicating segment [28]. Zhang et al. have showed that siphons that present more acute curvatures lead to a significant decrease and oscillation of wall shear stress right after curvatures, which are the most favorable sites for the development of stenoses [29]. Silva Neto et al., on the other hand, evidenced that more acute anterior angles are statistically related to a higher incidence of aneurysms in the posterior communicating segment [30]. Sangalli described the association between aneurysms in the most distal portions of the carotid siphon and the less acute curvatures [31]. We recently published our study, where we saw a significant independent direct relation of greater anterior knee angle with intracranial aneurysms located after the carotid siphon, larger aneurysms, and greater risk of rupture. These findings may be associated with the hemodynamic interactions of blood flow and the curvature of the carotid siphon [49].
\nAnterior angles above the median of our sample (15.40°) are directly related independently to a 36% higher incidence of rupture (p = 0.0055, PR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09 to the location of cerebral aneurysms 48% more frequently after the carotid siphon (p = 0.0336, RC = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.03–2.13), and to larger lesions. For each increase of 1° in the anterior angle, there is an increase in aneurysm size of 1001 mm (p = 0.015). These findings may mean that carotid siphons with more intense curvatures would lead to greater changes in the shear force of the wall and greater damping of the vector force in a hammer water pulse. These changes in blood flow would lead to increased hemodynamic stress in the carotid siphon, with a consequent higher frequency of aneurysm in this topography and the formation of smaller lesions and with a lower risk of rupture, due to the decrease in the vector force in a hammer water pulse toward the aneurysmal domus [49].
\nThen, the change of direction of blood flow at the points of curvature of the carotid siphon occur in detriment of the deceleration of the linear velocity of blood flow and the loss of the linear vector force of the water hammer pulse. This deceleration would occur with a change from laminar to turbulent flow in the proximity of the curvatures, with lower intensity and greater oscillations of the shear stress of the wall. On the other hand, decreasing the force of the linear vector toward the aneurysmal sac would reduce the size of the aneurysms and the risk of rupture. Still a greater swirling flow would lead to greater initial endothelial lesion for the aneurysmal formations. Thus, more obtuse anterior angles, with less laminar flow deceleration and less generation of turbulent flow in the vicinity of the carotid siphon, were statistically associated with larger aneurysms, greater risk of rupture and a higher incidence of aneurysm after the carotid siphon; whereas, more acute anterior angles, with greater deceleration of the laminar flow and greater generation of swirling flow in the siphon, were shown to be associated to smaller aneurysms, lower risk of rupture, and a higher incidence of aneurysm in the carotid siphon [49].
\nHigh-velocity laminar flow due to a nontortuous carotid siphon would lead to hemodynamic consequences for the other curvatures and bifurcations of the cranial circulation after the carotid siphon, explaining the higher incidence of postsiphon aneurysms and a higher risk of rupture at these sites in patients with higher angles. Stratified analysis of the subgroups by location revealed that aneurysms located in the anterior communicating artery in patients with anterior angle greater than 15.40° presented an 84% greater chance of rupture (p = 0.049), suggesting that the hemodynamic effects resulting from the anatomy of the siphon can persist anatomically after the siphon [49].
\nThese studies have contributed to a better understanding of the geometric risk factors, but little is known about the anatomical changes in the carotid siphon and, consequently, the repercussions of the hemodynamic changes that the mechanisms of neurosurgical interventions could entail. Devices, such as intracranial stents and detachable coils, and even clips of aneurysms can modify the morphology of the carotid siphon and the knowledge of these consequences could be used to obtain better therapeutic results. This becomes even more important considering that one-third of intracranial aneurysms are located in the carotid siphon [4, 32].
\nThe microsurgical access of carotid siphon aneurysms can often be considered of high technical complexity. In this way, endovascular treatment has become popular as a safe and effective alternative [32, 33, 34].
\nIn the last 10 years, a new device for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms has been presenting promising results, the intracranial flow diverter stents (FDS). They are cylinders with walls formed by braided metallic wires configuring extremely diminutive fenestrations. When implanted in the wall of the parental artery, the small fenestrations allow the passage of blood to the penetrating branches, avoiding neurological deficits, but blocking the blood flow into the aneurysmal sac, and leading to thrombosis and subsequent progressive reduction of its volume [32, 33, 41, 43].
\nIt is nowadays believed that such stents, by virtue of their structural conformation of braided wires, would perfectly fit the anatomy of the vessel in which it was implanted [32].
\nThe rupture of intracranial aneurysms continues to be one of the neurosurgical diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the knowledge of the causes and evolution of these lesions, the understanding of all etiological mechanisms remains a challenge for modern neurosurgery.
\nRecently, hemodynamic studies of the interaction between blood flow and the endothelial wall have received increased attention as an important element in the genesis, development, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms [19, 20, 39]. In this context, studies of carotid siphon interactions are especially important because of the anatomical peculiarities of this region and considering that about one-third of all intracranial aneurysms are located there [1, 18, 21].
\nStudies such as those by Lin et al., Bogunović et al., and Takeuchi et al. showed that vessels with more intense curvatures are related to greater oscillation and decrease of wall shear force [21, 22, 23]. The change in direction of blood flow caused by the carotid siphon curvatures would be related to the transformation of the originally linear flow into turbulent flow. This transformation of the flow pattern would decrease and oscillate wall shear stress, which would precipitate the first endothelial changes in the genesis of aneurysm formation or stenoses [24, 25]. Jou et al., using 3D reconstructions of 25 patients with paraclinoid aneurysms, identified that the mean wall shear stress is inversely dependent on the size of the aneurysmal sac and that ruptured aneurysms present a lower mean wall shear stress near the aneurysmal cervix [39]. Zhang et al., also using 3D reconstructions, hemodynamic studies, and the anatomical classification of Zhang, showed that stenotic lesions tend to appear soon after intense carotid siphon curvatures, also evidencing that siphons that present more pronounced curvatures, such as type C, have statistically more stenoses than siphons with softer curvatures [29]. Piccinelli et al. analyzed individually the aneurysm curves of the carotid siphon and showed that ruptured aneurysms are statistically more present in carotid siphon curves of smaller diameter and shorter length, being preferentially located in the external wall of the curvature [27]. Recently, Lauric et al. compared demographic data with 3D angiogram and showed that women have carotid siphons with curvatures greater than men and patients with aneurysms on siphon also present larger curvatures [40]. Lauric et al. evidenced that men generally have carotid siphons with less prominent curvatures than women [40].
\nIn one of the first studies to evaluate geometric and anatomical changes in the carotid siphons after FDS release in the treatment of the aneurysm in this region and its repercussions Waihrich et al. observed that FDS release led to a morphological change in the carotid siphon, characterized by a progressive and statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in the anterior and posterior angles independently of the angiographic result in the O’Kelly-Marotta scale [35, 50]. In addition, the multivariate analysis showed that there is an increase in the frequency of D results progressively in the quartiles of the anterior angle increase, inferring that there is a greater possibility of radiological cure (result D) in larger increases of anterior angle. Despite the progressive increase of the posterior angle after the FDS release, the statistical relation between this increase and the D result by the multivariate analysis was not observed. Probably, this result was due to the smaller magnitude of the posterior angle increase, both after stent implantation (from 3.97° ± 25.06° to 22.05° ± 25.18° vs. 71.98° ± 31.27° to 79, 43° ± 31.80°), and in relation to the result D with non-D (from 8.34° ± 22.21° to 26.78° ± 24.40° vs. 74.67° ± 25.35° to 81.08° ± 33.58°) [36, 37, 38, 50].
\nThe FDS technology is based on increasing blood flow resistance in the aneurysm neck, reducing the inflow and outflow of blood into and out of the aneurysmal sac, and stagnating and thrombosing the blood into the aneurysm. However, changes in carotid siphon geometry may be related to a higher probability of cure. It is possible that the increase of the angle and the reduction of the anterior angle curvature lead to a reduction of the hemodynamic stress in the region, that is, the morphological changes would increase the intensity and reduce the oscillation of the wall shear force, contributing to better final results.
\nThe age, in patients under 60 years, also proved to be an independent variable for a greater chance of cure. Lin et al. evidenced in their study that carotid siphons with greater tortuosity present greater technical difficulty for the release of FDS [21]. In fact, patients older than 60 years presented a higher statistical proportion of the more tortuous types of siphons (types S and C, with p < 0.001) and statistically lower values of both the anterior angle (6.06° ± 28.49° vs. 18.07° ± 20.26°, p < 0.001), and posterior (71.00° ± 37.68° vs. 80.80° ± 27.14°, p = 0.025), evidencing the presence of more tortuous siphons in this population [50]. Another important point is that large and giant aneurysms present greater technical difficulty in their treatment and, in addition, often require more time to thrombose completely [6, 42].
\nAneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery (ECAA) are rare, and little is known about its natural history, the etiology is diverse, and most ECAA are asymptomatic and do not grow over time but may progress into a pulsatile mass, cranial nerve compression, or cause a stroke. Patients with an asymptomatic ECAA have a rate of ischemic stroke in the aneurysm territory of 1.1 per 100 patient years. For patients with an increasing ECAA diameter, intervention may be considered, while in patients with small non-growing asymptomatic ECAA, a conservative approach seems justified [45].
\nThe main cause of the ECAA is atherosclerotic disease, followed by trauma and most aneurysms in 608 on a total of 1239 patients were located in the internal carotid artery, i.e., its cervical extracranial portion in a study by Welleweerd et al. invasive treatment for extracranial carotid artery aneurysms pertains to only 0.6–3.8% of all extracranial carotid interventions. The best medical treatment comprises antithrombotic treatment and regular follow-up. Traditional surgical treatment has been associated with the risk of stroke and cranial nerve damage; whereas, endovascular ECAA repair has only been described in small case series. However, early mortality and number of strokes is low in surgical and endovascular treatment even in the long-term follow-up, supporting the assumption that invasive treatment could prevent stroke [44].
\nThe morphological analysis of the anatomy of the carotid siphon revealed a directly proportional relation between the anterior carotid siphon angle and larger aneurysms, a higher risk of rupture, and the location of the aneurysms distal to the carotid siphon.
\nThe use of flow redirecting stents to treat aneurysms in the carotid siphon caused morphological changes characterized by increased anterior and posterior angles. Specifically, the anterior angle increase was associated with better angiographic results, i.e., aneurysmal occlusion at 6 months.
\nAbout ECAA treatment, a better knowledge about the natural history and risk of complications of the different treatments is needed in order to get a consensus, the early and long-term outcome of invasive treatment are favorable, despite some cranial nerve damage be possible after surgery.
\nThe Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaDescription:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/OA-publishing-fees",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\nOAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nServices included are:
\\n\\nSee our full list of services here.
\\n\\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\nIf your manuscript:
\\n\\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\nOpen Access Funding
\\n\\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nAs a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\nOAPF Publishing Options
\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\nSee our full list of services here.
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n