The difference of characteristics for each body-mind approaches.
\r\n\tThis book is intended to show the advances in cytoskeleton structure, functional dynamics, and role in cell signaling. In addition, it will include protein structure-composition of the major filament systems and major cytoplasmic components, which play important roles in cell function, and investigations into the functional role of the cytoskeleton that currently represent a major area of cell biological research.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49bab257173fb4a4594aecd6d4b40bbe",bookSignature:"Dr. Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8414.jpg",keywords:"membrane coordinating cytoskeletal systems, endocytosis, F-actin, actin-binding proteins, cell migration, tubulins, From filaments to function, cortical cytoskeletal array",numberOfDownloads:129,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 7th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez finished his PhD degree in Plant Science in 2008 at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), which focused in the study of the actin-binding protein profilin in olive from functional and allergenic point of views. During this predoctoral period, he visited as an invited researcher different EU and US laboratories such as the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Germany (2005); the University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences (2006); and the College of Sciences, Purdue University in the USA.\nSoon after, he moved to the USA to start his postdoctoral research at Purdue University, the College of Sciences, until 2011 to work in the biochemical and cellular characterization of actin-binding proteins involved in plant actin cytoskeleton dynamics and signaling throughout membrane association. \nIn 2012, he was awarded with an EU research grant from the Marie Curie program to work until 2015 in the University of Western Australia and CSIC in a project related to the human health benefits of legume seed–derived foods and molecular aspects of allergy and cross allergenicity to legume seed proteins.\nCurrently, Jose is working at the Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), as a senior research fellow thanks to a grant awarded from the “Ramon y Cajal” research program (MINECO), focusing in the functionality, health benefits, and allergy implications of proteins from reproductive tissues (pollen and seeds) in crop species (mainly legumes) of agro-industrial interest.",institutionString:"Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"47",title:"Cell Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-cell-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"65643",title:"Microscale Mechanics of Plug-and-Play In Vitro Cytoskeleton Networks",slug:"microscale-mechanics-of-plug-and-play-in-vitro-cytoskeleton-networks",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194666",firstName:"Nina",lastName:"Kalinic Babic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194666/images/4750_n.jpg",email:"nina@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1819",title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bab205c706b0f34b0dfcfa1196437fcf",slug:"biochemical-testing",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1819.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2983",title:"Current Insights in Pollen Allergens",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c96b836dac36192bcd83fbe72693b972",slug:"current-insights-in-pollen-allergens",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7337",title:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a01ad0ca780f39f3aefd09f00cd0b7a3",slug:"legume-seed-nutraceutical-research",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez and Alfonso Clemente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7337.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6096",title:"Seed Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0929ebc410ef5c25efdf938e3d34b6b2",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6096.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5382",title:"Cytoskeleton",subtitle:"Structure, Dynamics, Function and Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1c57584a4107ef50eefd39ceb1c8e64",slug:"cytoskeleton-structure-dynamics-function-and-disease",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5382.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-c.-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",bookSignature:"Angel Català",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6883",title:"Cell Signalling",subtitle:"Thermodynamics and Molecular Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4e17d85c0643c7f4d274fa9adbcc628",slug:"cell-signalling-thermodynamics-and-molecular-control",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6964",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"045f3a964a9628162956abc06ef5777d",slug:"cell-culture",bookSignature:"Radwa Ali Mehanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6964.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182118",title:"Dr.",name:"Radwa Ali",surname:"Mehanna",slug:"radwa-ali-mehanna",fullName:"Radwa Ali Mehanna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",slug:"keratin",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"36044",title:"Brain Activity and Movement Cognition - Vibratory Stimulation-Induced Illusions of Movements",doi:"10.5772/35519",slug:"human-brain-activity-and-motor-perception",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/36044.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36044",totalDownloads:1261,totalViews:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 12th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 24th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 25th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/36044",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/36044",book:{slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-life-and-biomedical-sciences"},signatures:"Shu Morioka",authors:[{id:"104799",title:"Prof.",name:"Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Morioka",fullName:"Shu Morioka",slug:"shu-morioka",email:"s.morioka@kio.ac.jp",position:null,institution:{name:"Kio University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2266",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Life and Biomedical Sciences",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Life and Biomedical Sciences",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-life-and-biomedical-sciences",publishedDate:"April 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2266.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36124",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy in Life and Biomedical Sciences",slug:"introduction_to_infrared_spectroscopy_in_life_and_biomedical_sciences",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36038",title:"Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Management of Patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Units - An Example of Implementation of a New Technology",slug:"use-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-in-the-management-of-patients-in-neonatal-intensive-care-units-a",totalDownloads:4516,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Barbara Engelhardt and Maria Gillam-Krakauer",authors:[{id:"115109",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Engelhardt",fullName:"Barbara Engelhardt",slug:"barbara-engelhardt"}]},{id:"36039",title:"Effects of Sleep Debt on Cognitive Performance and Prefrontal Activity in Humans",slug:"effects-of-sleep-debt-on-cognitive-performance-and-prefrontal-activity-in-humans",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kenichi Kuriyama and Motoyasu Honma",authors:[{id:"107623",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenichi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuriyama",fullName:"Kenichi Kuriyama",slug:"kenichi-kuriyama"}]},{id:"36040",title:"Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Neurorehabilitation",slug:"applications-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-in-neurorehabilitation",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Masahito Mihara and Ichiro Miyai",authors:[{id:"107947",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahito",middleName:null,surname:"Mihara",fullName:"Masahito Mihara",slug:"masahito-mihara"},{id:"138048",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Miyai",fullName:"Ichiro Miyai",slug:"ichiro-miyai"}]},{id:"36041",title:"The Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Detect Differences in Brain Activation According to Different Experiences with Cosmetics",slug:"the-use-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-to-detect-differences-in-brain-activation-according-to-differe",totalDownloads:1620,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masayoshi Nagai, Keiko Tagai, Sadaki Takata and Takatsune Kumada",authors:[{id:"110883",title:"Dr.",name:"Masayoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nagai",fullName:"Masayoshi Nagai",slug:"masayoshi-nagai"},{id:"137981",title:"MSc.",name:"Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Tagai",fullName:"Keiko Tagai",slug:"keiko-tagai"},{id:"138345",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takata",fullName:"Sadaki Takata",slug:"sadaki-takata"},{id:"138346",title:"Dr.",name:"Takatsune",middleName:null,surname:"Kumada",fullName:"Takatsune Kumada",slug:"takatsune-kumada"}]},{id:"36042",title:"Using NIRS to Investigate Social Relationship in Empathic Process",slug:"using-nirs-to-investigate-social-relationship-in-empathic-process",totalDownloads:1769,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Taeko Ogawa and Michio Nomura",authors:[{id:"111051",title:"Dr.",name:"Taeko",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",fullName:"Taeko Ogawa",slug:"taeko-ogawa"},{id:"111055",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",middleName:null,surname:"Nomura",fullName:"Michio Nomura",slug:"michio-nomura"}]},{id:"36043",title:"Introduction of Non-Invasive Measurement Method by Infrared Application",slug:"introduction-of-non-invasive-measurement-method-by-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:3045,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shouhei Koyama, Hiroaki Ishizawa, Yuki Miyauchi and Tomomi Dozono",authors:[{id:"105254",title:"Dr.",name:"Shouhei",middleName:null,surname:"Koyama",fullName:"Shouhei Koyama",slug:"shouhei-koyama"}]},{id:"36044",title:"Brain Activity and Movement Cognition - Vibratory Stimulation-Induced Illusions of Movements",slug:"human-brain-activity-and-motor-perception",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shu Morioka",authors:[{id:"104799",title:"Prof.",name:"Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Morioka",fullName:"Shu Morioka",slug:"shu-morioka"}]},{id:"36045",title:"Probing Brain Oxygenation Waveforms with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)",slug:"probing-brain-oxygenation-waveforms-with-near-infrared-spectroscopy-nirs",totalDownloads:4998,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alexander Gersten, Jacqueline Perle, Dov Heimer, Amir Raz and Robert Fried",authors:[{id:"128591",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gersten",fullName:"Alexander Gersten",slug:"alexander-gersten"},{id:"137878",title:"Prof.",name:"Dov",middleName:null,surname:"Heimer",fullName:"Dov Heimer",slug:"dov-heimer"},{id:"138005",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacquelin",middleName:null,surname:"Perle",fullName:"Jacquelin Perle",slug:"jacquelin-perle"},{id:"138009",title:"Prof.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Raz",fullName:"Amir Raz",slug:"amir-raz"},{id:"138011",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Fried",fullName:"Robert Fried",slug:"robert-fried"}]},{id:"36046",title:"Comparison of Cortical Activation During Real Walking and Mental Imagery of Walking - The Possibility of Quickening Walking Rehabilitation by Mental Imaginary of Walking",slug:"comparison-of-cortical-activation-during-real-walking-and-mental-imagery-of-walking",totalDownloads:1257,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jiang Yinlai, Shuoyu Wang, Renpeng Tan, Kenji Ishida, Takeshi Ando and Masakatsu G. Fujie",authors:[{id:"102769",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiang",middleName:null,surname:"Yinlai",fullName:"Jiang Yinlai",slug:"jiang-yinlai"},{id:"113278",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuoyu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shuoyu Wang",slug:"shuoyu-wang"},{id:"113279",title:"Ms.",name:"Renpeng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Renpeng Tan",slug:"renpeng-tan"},{id:"113280",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Ishida",fullName:"Kenji Ishida",slug:"kenji-ishida"},{id:"113281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masakatsu",middleName:null,surname:"Fujie",fullName:"Masakatsu Fujie",slug:"masakatsu-fujie"},{id:"136120",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ando",fullName:"Takeshi Ando",slug:"takeshi-ando"}]},{id:"36047",title:"Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Assessment of Haemodynamic Activation in the Cerebral Cortex - A Review in Developmental Psychology and Child Psychiatry",slug:"near-infrared-spectroscopic-assessment-of-haemodynamic-activation-in-the-cerebral-cortex-a-review-i",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hitoshi Kaneko, Toru Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki Ito, Kenji Nomura, Takashi Okada and Shuji Honjo",authors:[{id:"106781",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Hitoshi Kaneko",slug:"hitoshi-kaneko"},{id:"122138",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ito",slug:"hiroyuki-ito"},{id:"122139",title:"PhD.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Okada, M.D.",fullName:"Takashi Okada, M.D.",slug:"takashi-okada-m.d."},{id:"122140",title:"Dr.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshikawa",fullName:"Toru Yoshikawa",slug:"toru-yoshikawa"},{id:"122141",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Nomura",fullName:"Kenji Nomura",slug:"kenji-nomura"},{id:"147630",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuji",middleName:null,surname:"Honjo",fullName:"Shuji Honjo",slug:"shuji-honjo"}]},{id:"36048",title:"The Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Wheat Quality Control",slug:"the-possibilities-of-application-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-in-cereal-quality-control",totalDownloads:3934,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Milica Pojić, Jasna Mastilović and Nineta Majcen",authors:[{id:"55801",title:"Dr.",name:"Milica",middleName:null,surname:"Pojić",fullName:"Milica Pojić",slug:"milica-pojic"}]},{id:"36049",title:"Vis/Near- and Mid- Infrared Spectroscopy for Predicting Soil N and C at a Farm Scale",slug:"vis-near-and-mid-infrared-spectroscopy-for-predicting-soil-n-and-c-at-a-farm-scale",totalDownloads:2830,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Haiqing Yang and Abdul M. Mouazen",authors:[{id:"108184",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiqing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Haiqing Yang",slug:"haiqing-yang"},{id:"137215",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mouazen",fullName:"Abdul M. Mouazen",slug:"abdul-m.-mouazen"}]},{id:"36050",title:"The Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Assessment of Avocado Quality Attributes",slug:"the-application-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-for-the-assessment-of-avocado-quality-attributes",totalDownloads:2739,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Brett B. Wedding, Carole Wright, Steve Grauf and Ron D. White",authors:[{id:"105297",title:"Mr.",name:"Brett",middleName:null,surname:"Wedding",fullName:"Brett Wedding",slug:"brett-wedding"}]},{id:"36051",title:"Time-Resolved FTIR Difference Spectroscopy Reveals the Structure and Dynamics of Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Triplets in Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes",slug:"time-resolved-ftir-difference-spectroscopy-reveals-the-structure-and-dynamics-of-carotenoid-and-chlo",totalDownloads:3110,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alexandre Maxime and Rienk van Grondelle",authors:[{id:"107363",title:"Prof.",name:"Rienk",middleName:null,surname:"Van Grondelle",fullName:"Rienk Van Grondelle",slug:"rienk-van-grondelle"}]},{id:"36052",title:"The Role of β-Antagonists on the Structure of Human Bone - A Spectroscopic Study",slug:"the-role-of-antagonists-on-the-structure-of-human-bone-a-spectroscopic-study",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"J. Anastassopoulou, P. Kolovou, P. Papagelopoulos and T. Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36053",title:"FT-IR Spectroscopy in Medicine",slug:"ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-medicine",totalDownloads:3977,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vasiliki Dritsa",authors:[{id:"111011",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Dritsa",fullName:"Vasiliki Dritsa",slug:"vasiliki-dritsa"}]},{id:"36054",title:"Chemometrics of Cells and Tissues Using IR Spectroscopy - Relevance in Biomedical Research",slug:"chemometrics-of-cells-and-tissues-using-ir-spectroscopy-relevance-in-biomedical-research",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ranjit Kumar Sahu and Shaul Mordechai",authors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",middleName:null,surname:"Mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai"}]},{id:"36055",title:"Characterization of Bone and Bone-Based Graft Materials Using FTIR Spectroscopy",slug:"characterization-of-bone-and-bone-based-graft-materials-using-ftir-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:2812,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"M.M. Figueiredo, J.A.F. Gamelas and A.G. Martins",authors:[{id:"108115",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Margarida",middleName:null,surname:"Figueiredo",fullName:"Maria Margarida Figueiredo",slug:"maria-margarida-figueiredo"},{id:"118407",title:"Dr.",name:"José António",middleName:null,surname:"Gamelas",fullName:"José António Gamelas",slug:"jose-antonio-gamelas"},{id:"118408",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"Gabriela Martins",slug:"gabriela-martins"}]},{id:"36056",title:"Brain-Computer Interface Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Rehabilitation",slug:"brain-computer-interface-using-near-infrared-spectroscopy-for-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kazuki Yanagisawa, Hitoshi Tsunashima and Kaoru Sakatani",authors:[{id:"60945",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazuki",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagisawa",fullName:"Kazuki Yanagisawa",slug:"kazuki-yanagisawa"}]},{id:"36057",title:"Biopolymer Modifications for Biomedical Applications",slug:"biopolymer-modifications-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:2185,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M.S. Mohy Eldin, E.A. Soliman, A.I. Hashem and T.M. Tamer",authors:[{id:"104687",title:"Prof.",name:"M. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mohy Eldin",fullName:"M. S. Mohy Eldin",slug:"m.-s.-mohy-eldin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",middleName:null,surname:"Theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63761",title:"Dynamic and Static Models of Body-Mind Approaches from Neurobiological Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81397",slug:"dynamic-and-static-models-of-body-mind-approaches-from-neurobiological-perspectives",body:'No doctor or medical treatment can be comparable in efficacy to the human feelings of joy and happiness [1]. The variety of feelings we have as humans and our process of recognition make our lives interesting and meaningful. The inter-individual differences in subjective feelings and the processes of recognition are affected by individual differences in our physical function [2]. The human mind comprises both a bottom-up peripheral nervous system and a top-down central nervous system interaction that controls it. For example, playing football or baseball, which are moderate whole-body exercises, creates feelings of happiness. It is thought that this is due to an increase in body temperature, which is the result of an increase in momentum. This rise in temperature leads to an improvement in autonomic nervous system control through exercising the muscles of the torso and other parts of the body, which we then recognize as positive emotions. Also, when people hear of painful experiences of those close to them (e.g., friends, significant others, family), this affects emotions in a way that makes the listener want to help. Altruistic behavior arises when we perceive changes in own body sensations in social interactions and when we guess the feelings of others. On the other hand, before people speak in public, individuals often have shortened breath and a rapid heartbeat, feelings we understand as being nervous. Subsequently we attempt to relax. Stress in both the workplace and academic situations increases our sympathetic nervous system, long-term stress which is difficult to control is harmful for physical and mental health. According to the World Health Organization, one in three people suffer from some type of psychiatric disorder, a statistic that holds true in many countries around the world. In Japan, the economic loss related to mental illness exceeds seven trillion yen yearly, a number that combines direct and indirect expenses. Psychiatric disorders can be interpreted as abnormalities in bodily functions due to external factors, and a breakdown in basic mental functions. For example, depression and anxiety disorder result in abnormalities in the control of cardiac autonomic nervous system. Also, persons with depression and anxiety disorder have abnormal functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and insula when compared to healthy subjects. Recently, there is increased attention to body-mind approaches as effective treatment for psychiatric disorders. However, as in terms of the treatment mechanisms of these body-mind approaches, there has been little discussion of a comprehensive framework from neurobiological perspectives. Therefore, the current paper explores two basic frameworks: (1) a dynamic and static model of body-mind approaches from neurobiological perspectives and (2) basic ethical guidelines of the body-mind approach when practicing in the fields of medical care and education.
Body-mind approaches (e.g., yoga, mindfulness meditation, Pilates method, and cognitive behavior therapy) are commonly used by the public today [3]. A body-mind approach focuses on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effects on health and disease [4]. To begin, we discuss the dynamic and static models of each body-mind approach from neurobiological perspectives, as well as from the standpoint of practical issues (Figure 1).
The dynamic and static model of body-mind approaches.
Yoga is constructed by practices of postures, breathing techniques, and meditation. Many of the elements of yoga that have been adjusted to Western cultures and became more popular in recent years focus on weight reduction through vigorous physical exercise. However, yoga in general not only aims to help people lose weight but also seeks to modulate an individual’s physical or mental condition during practice. Previous meta-analysis studies indicated that yoga is an effective intervention for psychiatric disorders [5, 6, 7]. Previous studies have demonstrated that yoga improves one’s brain functions and cortical thickness, resulting in improvements in attention control, emotional regulation, and meta-cognitive function. Interestingly, it also seems to improve telomere length and autonomic nervous control in both healthy individuals and those with physical ailments [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. These results are interpreted as demonstrating that asana, breathing techniques, and meditation work interactively. Here, we explain the treatment mechanisms of asana, breathing technique, and meditation. We also illustrate the dynamic and static components that work in concert with asana, breathing techniques, and meditation.
Asana points to specific physical postures that involve using one’s whole body during yoga practice. These physical postures are categorized as standing, seated, and supine postures; they also include forward folds, adopted forward bend, back bends, hip-openers, twists, and inversions [17]. Some practices, such as Ashtanga Yoga, are characterized by quite intense and continuous physical motion with a focus on creating a “flow” of movement by linking one posture to the next. In other practices, such as Hatha Yoga, the movement is less dynamic and the focus is on holding individual postures for a longer period of time. The effect of asana during yoga practice is briefly explained in the following. First, we examine the effects of asana on autonomic nervous system as a result of exercise for the dorsal vertebrae, musculus erector spinae, musculus trapezius, latissimus dorsi muscle, and adductor longus muscle. Previous review articles have indicated that yoga intervention improved autonomic nervous system control for people with psychiatric disorders and individuals with cardiovascular disease [9, 15]. Iyengar yoga, which is characterized by improving toughness and stamina and correct body distortion, has been shown to reduce anxiety, depressive symptoms, anger, neurotic symptoms, and low frequency heart rate variability for people with depression [18]. According to Lakkireddy et al. [19], structured Iyengar yoga decreased anxiety, and depressive symptoms, while improving quality of life, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure for individuals with arrhythmia burden. Streeter et al. [20] reported asana practice significantly increased brain GABA levels. Common asana, which includes exercise for the dorsal vertebrae, musculus erector spinae, musculus trapezius, latissimus dorsi muscle, and adductor longus muscle, is included in these studies. For example, the Sun Salutation, the most popular asana, was studied by Steer et al. [20]. It includes exercises for dorsal vertebrae, musculus erector spinae, musculus trapezius, latissimus dorsi muscle, and adductor longus muscle during flow movements. Adhomukhavirasana (modified child posture), which was used Lakkireddy et al. [19], expands the latissimus dorsi muscle and lower back. The latissimus dorsi muscle is related to extension of shoulder joint, and extending this muscle eases deep breathing (abdominal breathing). During Salamba Sarvangasana, which was used in Shapiro et al. [18], the focus in on individual exercise of the dorsal vertebrae and several muscles (e.g., musculus erector spinae, musculus trapezius, latissimus dorsi muscle, and adductor longus several muscle). We must not disregard the interaction between asana and abdominal breathing; however, from the evidence above, we speculate asana exercise improves autonomic nerve system control which should then lead to the improvement in the symptoms of psychiatric disorders. However, possible side effects of asana exercise should be carefully investigated. Asana is regarded as having bottom up treatment effects during yoga practice.
The conscious practice of altering breathing patterns may have a number of different effects depending on the characteristic of the practice [21]. For instance, slow and rhythmic breathing is said to promote a shift to parasympathetic dominance via vagal afferent stimulation with consequent stress reduction [22], whereas more forceful breathing practices may promote sympathetic activation [23]. Voluntary change of breathing patterns can alter emotional states and influence well-being [21, 24, 25]. In fact, a typical autonomic reaction to stressful situations is rapid thoracic breathing, which in turn leads to hyperventilation, altered tidal volume, and hypocapnia [26]. Yoga is a practice that emphasizes linking breath and movement. For example, in Ashtanga Yoga each asana is coupled to a specific breathing rhythm so that the specific breathing technique helps enhance movement. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga is a yoga practice that incorporates powerful breathing, Ujjiay—slow and forced breathing, 3 cycles per minute; Bhastrika—rapid exhalation at 20–30 cycles per minute; Sudarshan Kriya—rhythmic, cyclical breathing of slow, medium, fast cycles [21]. In the practice of yoga, various breathing methods such as chest respiration, which increases the sympathetic nervous system, and abdominal breathing, which increases the parasympathetic nervous system are used. Previous studies have demonstrated that yoga breathing techniques when used alone improved symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders and healthy elderly individuals [27, 28, 29]. Santaella et al. [28] reported that the Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing technique significantly improves maximum expiratory and inspiratory pressures of pulmonary function, and significantly decreases low component and low frequency/high frequency ratio (marker of sympathovagal balance) of heart rate variability in healthy older individuals. Toschi-Dias et al. [29] demonstrated that the Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing technique improved subjective symptoms while decreasing sympathetic modulation and cardiac autonomic control; specifically, it was shown to increase parasympathetic modulation and cardiorespiratory coupling in in patients with anxiety-depression disorders. Intentional change for respiratory rhythms translates into changes in the neural activity of brainstem [30]. Both cardiorespiratory coupling and the cardiac autonomic nervous system are controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem [31, 32]. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize that yoga breathing techniques change brain stem activation in patients with psychiatric disorders and lead to improvements in the cardiac autonomic nervous system (mainly associated with parasympathetic nervous system) and cardiopulmonary coupling through the vagus nerve. These breathing techniques represent a top down treatment mechanism of yoga. Therefore, during yoga practice, participants experience both bottom up and top down effects of yoga, and these effects can improve cognitive functions. In the next section, we discuss a third treatment mechanism in yoga, a physical technique that improves cognitive function.
Resonance effects between bottom up and top down effects within individuals produced by yoga practice generate a third type of treatment effect. During an asana sequence, the range of motion in a person’s joints expands and joint load will largely be maintained at submaximal levels. As a result, physical stress increases over time, manifesting in the muscles, joints, and connective tissue. Therefore, by stimulating the autonomic nervous system, individual arousal is accelerated. As a result, subjective emotional reaction increases, which prompts avoidance behavior. These negative emotional reactions are similar to emotional reactions in negative situations individuals face in social contexts. This is a bottom up effect of yoga. On other hand, the yoga breathing technique used during asana sequence enhances parasympathetic nervous control and cardiopulmonary coupling. This top-down relax effect reduces the subjectively negative emotional reaction that occurs in the asana sequence. This is the top down effect of yoga. The bottom up and top down effects are functionally resonant within an individual during the asana sequence. These resonance effects reduce one’s subjectively negative emotional reaction and promote awareness of bodily sensations that produce them. Through this increase in body awareness, an individual can monitor (meta-cognition) perceived emotional events that may occur from moment to moment that arise in the context of yoga practice. Therefore, by enhancing meta-cognitive function, an individual’s emotion regulation and self-regulation in practical an aversive context are improved. Previous meta-analysis studies indicated that yoga intervention improved cognitive function for both people with psychiatric disorders and healthy individuals [33, 34]. Eyre et al. [12] reported that patients with mild cognitive impairment who participated in yoga classes had statistically significant improvements in alleviating depression and enhancing visuospatial memory. Jensen and Kenny [13] demonstrated that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who participated in yoga intervention had significantly improved emotional lability at post intervention compared to pre intervention. Furthermore, some studies indicated that yoga intervention significantly enhanced body awareness in individuals with eating disorders [10, 11]. A previous neuroimaging study also demonstrated that gray matter volume of bilateral insula was positive correlated with pain tolerance, and also had positive correlation with yogic experience in yoga practitioners [16]. Additionally, another fMRI study reported healthy elderly yoga practitioners significantly increased gray matter volume in the left lateral prefrontal cortex compared to an age matched healthy control group [8]. The resonance effect of yoga promotes cognitive reappraisal of individuals in terms of negative emotional reactions faced in practical contexts. Cognitive reappraisal gained by the resonance effect of yoga may give new meaning to an individual’s emotional reactions, which in turn lead to improved emotional regulation and self-regulation. Thus, interoceptive awareness and monitoring are essential for most affective, cognitive, and interpersonal processes [35]. These observations suggest that the experience of yoga practice decreases avoidance behavior, and this experience may be generalized to other behaviors in social contexts. These are the dynamic components of yoga. Next we focus on meditation, which is a static component of yoga.
As a static component of yoga, meditation aims to develop mental silence and non-reactive consciousness. Before yoga meditation, participants are instructed to maintain focus on abdominal breathing and observe their interoceptive and physical sensations while keeping their minds blank. During yoga meditation, individuals develop awareness of both their inner experience, and how this experience functions on a meta-cognitive level. Here, the top-down control of using abdominal breathing reduces the emotional response occurring in an individual during meditation. One’s awareness of both their emotional reactions and body are enhanced due to the resonance effect generated by the dynamic component of yoga. Through these effects, individuals can observe emotions and thoughts objectively (non-reactive) without being caught up in them. Static components of yoga promote cognitive reappraisal of one’s self as a baseline. Therefore, static components are also found for mindfulness meditation.
Mindfulness can be defined as the ability to observe thoughts, and bodily sensations or feelings in the present moment with an open and accepting orientation toward one’s experiences [36]. Mindfulness meditation that develops mindfulness uses abdominal breathing in a way similar to yoga, and it is seen as a body-mind approach with static components. Mindfulness meditation has been employed for centuries within Buddhist traditions, yet it is has only been since the 1970s that mindfulness has become a target of intervention for several psychological problems [37]. Through facilitating awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of moment-to-moment experiences, these mindfulness-based meditation techniques alleviate intense emotional states [37, 38]. As evidenced by previous meta-analyses, mindfulness meditation based intervention has proven effective in reducing psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and improving well-being and quality of life in individuals with mental disorders [39, 40, 41]. In this section, we explain the interaction between three types of meditation (focused attention meditation, open monitoring meditation, and compassion meditation) and breathing technique; these are basic techniques that employ several types of mindfulness meditation.
Meditation that develops mindfulness consists of three types of meditation: focused attention meditation, which improves concentration abilities, open monitoring meditation, which improves the ability to monitor our experiences without reactions or judgments, and compassion meditation, which integrates focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation [42, 43]. Focused attention meditation is a type of systematic training aimed at directing and sustaining attention on a chosen neutral object (e.g., the breath), noticing when the mind wanders from the object, and disengaging from distractions, negative emotions, rumination, or worry by redirecting or shifting one’s attention back to the chosen neutral object [42]. Focused attention meditation cultivates both calmness and stability of mind and reduces attention on negative thoughts and emotions [42]. Open monitoring meditation does not involve any specific object of focus, nor does it focus on disengagement from negative thoughts or emotions or expecting them to diminish [42]. Open monitoring meditation entails cultivating non-reactive awareness of automatic cognitive and emotional interpretations of sensory, perceptual, and endogenous stimuli, regardless of valence [42]. During compassion meditation, meditators focus on developing love and compassion first for themselves and then gradually extend this love to evermore “unlikeable” others, and various other creatures [44]. Compassion meditation is often entails that helps practitioners develop cognitive schemas which cultivate a sense of equanimity and hopefulness. According to a previous review article [45], mindfulness meditation, which consists of focused attention meditation, open monitoring meditation, and compassion meditation, enhances attention control, emotional regulation, and self-awareness in both healthy subjects and individuals with psychosis. Goldin and Gross [46] reported that mindfulness meditation intervention improved self-esteem, and lessened anxiety and depressive symptoms. They additionally reported reduced amygdala activity that corresponded to emotional reactivity during reacting to negative self-beliefs in people with social anxiety disorder. Tomasino and Fabbro [47] demonstrated that focused attention meditation increased activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and in the left insula, and that it decreased activation in the rostral prefrontal cortex and in right parietal area. According to Fujino et al. [48], both focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation specifically reduced functional connectivity between the striatum and posterior cingulate cortex, which is a core hub region of the default mode network. Additionally, open monitoring meditation reduced functional connectivity of the ventral striatum in both the visual cortex related to intentional focused attention in the attentional network and the retrosplenial cortex related to memory function in the default mode network. In contrast, focused attention meditation increased functional connectivity in these regions. Furthermore, other previous studies revealed stronger neural responses to emotional sounds in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex during compassion meditation than when an individual was in a resting state [49, 50]. From these reports, we speculate that mindfulness meditation increases emotional regulation, attention control, and self-awareness. Additionally, we assume the abdominal breathing technique, which is a physical movement, is enormously important in this respect.
Prior to mindfulness meditation, participants are instructed to focus on breathing and to let their minds wander, not to focus attention on worries or negative thoughts [51]. Previous studies demonstrated that mindfulness breathing technique used alone alleviated subjective distress and improved meta-cognitive function, emotional non-reactivity, and autonomic nervous control in healthy individuals and those with physical ailments [51, 52, 53]. According to Ng et al. [53], 5 minutes of brief mindfulness breathing technique lessened subjective distress, and improved blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate in subjects in palliative care cancer patients. Furthermore, Arch and Craske [51] indicated that 15 minutes of mindfulness breathing enhances an individual’s emotional non-reactivity during presentation of negative pictures. Based on these reports, focused attention on breathing is seen to reduce the attention given to distressing experiences or thoughts, and abdominal breathing reduces the role of the sympathetic nervous system and increases that of the parasympathetic nervous system during distressing experiences or thoughts.
The purposes of mindfulness meditation, which is one of the body-mind approaches including static components, alleviate intense emotional states and self-awareness for psychological problems accompanied by aversive emotions, and develop cognitive schemas, which cultivate a sense of equanimity and hopefulness. Here, the psychological problems accompanied by aversive emotions include the problem that is currently occurring and occurred in the past. Participants develop the objective monitoring function for inner emotions and thoughts without being caught up in them during focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation. It should be also noted that participants observe psychological problems that are obstacles to cultivating love and compassion for themselves and others with objectively monitoring function during compassion meditation too. Therefore, we hypothesize that these meditations enhance individuals’ metacognitive function. Furthermore, before each mindfulness meditations, participants are instructed to maintain focus on abdominal breathing. The top-down control of using abdominal breathing reduces the emotional response occurring in an individual during each meditation. There is suggested that these effects promote cognitive reappraisal of psychological problems which forming the core of the current self and as a result develop cognitive schemas which cultivate a sense of equanimity and hopefulness. This is the effect of the static component which adjusts baseline of self. Thus far, we have explained the characteristics and therapeutic effects of yoga and mindfulness respectively. Mindfulness meditation and yoga are both body-mind approaches which have static components. In addition, previous studies for patients with psychiatric disorders have demonstrated that symptom reduction via attention control, emotional control, and self-awareness are viable treatment mechanisms. On the other hand, mindfulness meditation does not have a dynamic component. Individuals must continue to focus on their own interoceptive sensations and breathing during mindfulness meditation. However, with the dynamic component of yoga, participants are able to automatically focus on their interoceptive sensations or breathing. We assume that yoga-based interventions may be more appropriate for ADHD children who have difficulty sustaining attention. Recently, in order to overcome the problems that currently exist in psychotherapy, yoga, mindfulness, and other body-mind approaches have been aggressively promoted for patients with mental disorders. For example, the aim of conventional cognitive behavioral therapies has been to modify maladaptive cognitive content affecting emotions and behavior. On the other hand, when cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder is performed, if negative self-cognitive modification is incomplete, it can lead to a return of symptoms [54]. There are also problems in the change of cognitive bias for patients with PTSD, which can increase their pain and emotional burden. These issues can lead to individuals dropping out of the treatment protocol [55, 56, 57]. Therefore, there has been more attention given to body-mind approaches that have an effect on cognitive functions through bodily functions. However, in terms of body-mind approach treatment mechanisms, there has little discussion of a comprehensive framework based on the dynamic and static component models. In the next section we examine the Pilates method, which is another body-mind approach, and behavior activation, a third generation cognitive behavior therapy.
Pilates method was developed in the 1920s by Joseph Pilates and consists of comprehensive body conditioning, which aims to develop better body awareness and improve posture. The Pilates method requires core stability, strength, and flexibility, as well as attention to muscle control, posture, and breathing [58]. At first, the Pilates method gained popularity in rehabilitation settings [59]; however, in recent years Pilates based exercise has become popular among the general population. In the modern Pilates method, after adjusting one’s breath (a costal breathing technique), an individual performs a series of approximately 25–50 simple, low-impact flexibility and muscular endurance exercises with emphasis on muscular exertion in the abdominals, lower back, hips, thighs, and buttocks in combination with timed breathing [60, 61]. The Pilates method is one of the body-mind approaches featuring a dynamic component. According to previous meta-analysis studies, the Pilates method improves physical flexibility, dynamic balance, and muscular endurance in healthy people [62], as well as physical balance in older adults [63]. Additionally, some randomized controlled trials studies have demonstrated that the Pilates method improved subjective degree of pain, subjective degree of disability, and kinesiophobia [62, 64, 65]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have investigated intervention effects of the Pilates method for symptoms of psychiatric disorders, as compared to the research in this area employing other body-mind approaches. We assume that the primary objective of the other body-mind approaches is improving mental condition, while the primary goal of Pilates method is to improve physical health. Second, we speculate that present interventions which use the Pilates method are not sufficient to be effective for psychiatric disorders. However, if the dynamic component of the Pilates method could be adjusted, it is possible this method could be an effective intervention for some psychiatric disorders. In the next section we examine the potential intervention effect of the Pilates method for individuals with psychiatric disorders.
In the Pilates method, participants adjust their physical condition using costal breathing before exercise. This is one of the main differences from yoga. As previously mentioned, costal breathing increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This boost of the sympathetic nervous system both increases the heart rate and enhances the metabolism of one’s body. We speculated that if the aim of the Pilates method is dieting or physical fitness for healthy individuals, this breathing technique is appropriate. However, previous meta-analysis studies have demonstrated that patients with psychiatric disorders had reduced high frequency of heart rate variability (which is influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system) compared to healthy subjects [66, 67]. Therefore, we consider that it may be better to adopt the breathing technique which increases parasympathetic activity, such as abdominal breathing, in the Pilates method. In fact, a numerous interventions which use the modern Pilates method have adopted this breathing technique [58]. However, these techniques are used only to adjust physical condition prior to exercise and are not used during exercise. We assume if one adjusts abdominal breathing while engaging in an easy pose, such as a “cat stretch” or “mermaid stretch”, the effects of the dynamic component of Pilates method may be more effective. In this case, the Pilates method may be an effective intervention for psychiatric disorders.
Based on the approach of Lewinsohn et al. [68], behavioral activation is focused on enhancement of self-monitoring, increasing healthy goal-oriented behavior, and increasing environmental reward frequency. In the course of behavioral activation interventions, participants monitor and assess their daily activities and work to change their habitual behaviors in a way that aims to increase pleasant events and interactions and reduce depressive symptoms [69]. Behavioral activation is another body-mind approach including a dynamic component. Previous meta-analysis studies have demonstrated that behavioral activation is an effective treatment for depression [70, 71]. Dimidjian et al. [72] indicated that treatment effects of behavioral activation are comparable in efficacy to pharmacological therapy for individuals suffering from depression. Our previous studies reported that behavioral activation improved abilities both to access positive reinforcing activities and to engage in rewarding behaviors under adverse circumstances [73, 74]. Additionally, Jacobson et al. [69] showed behavioral activation significantly improved self-concept in people with depression. A few previous neuroimaging studies have also demonstrated that behavioral activation enhances one’s cognitive function and corresponds to brain activations in people with subthreshold depression [75, 76, 77]. Specifically, our previous studies indicated that brief behavioral activation had increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in individuals with subthreshold depression, which is associated with meta-cognitive function, and that this activation is also correlated with an improvement in depressive symptoms [76, 77]. Based on these reports, we hypothesized that there should be two treatment mechanisms of behavioral activation for depression. The first is involved in reducing depressive symptoms to improve the reward system, and the second involved in improving depressive symptoms to enhance meta-cognitive function. Future research is needed to verify the above hypotheses related to these two treatment mechanisms.
The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to understand the causes, development, and effects of diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions (methods, procedures and treatments). Even the best proven interventions must be evaluated continually through research for safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility, and quality [78]. In this section we review four body-mind approaches that have gained attention in recent years. Each approach has different characteristics (see Table 1). Here, for practitioners and researchers, we discuss the current and future issues of each approach. First, further neurobiological examination is necessary for the body-mind approach. For example, yoga and mindfulness are speculated to be very similar approaches in their emphasis on enhancing attention control, emotional regulation, and self-awareness which using one’s interoceptive sensations or breathing. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few neurobiological studies that compare yoga and mindfulness. This is also true for research comparing the effects of the Pilates method to other approaches. A second important point regards the enhancement of treatment effects in each of the body-mind approaches. According to a previous meta-analysis study [79], the treatment effect of yoga is not sufficient compared to other types of active control (Hedges’ g = 0.30). However, this study did not fully examine the therapeutic effect of each asana. We assume that a structured asana sequence is necessary to more greatly enhance the therapeutic effect of yoga. Third, as we noted above, there are many therapies applying the mindfulness meditation in recent years (e.g., dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy). This is because the disease to be treated, the duration of the treatment effect, and the intervention duration are different for each therapy. On the other hand, it can be more conveniently implemented by someone, and versatility treatment is necessary. Thereby, it is necessary to examine the treatment model used in conventional mindfulness-based therapies from neurobiological perspectives to extract essential factors. Furthermore, new mindfulness meditation-based treatment, which integrates essential factors in conventional mindfulness-based therapies, should be developed. Forth, we speculate it is necessary to examine the treatment effects of body-mind approach for not only basic emotions (e.g., fear, anger) but also complex emotions (e.g., awe, shame) and social cognition. A few previous studies [80] indicated that mindfulness meditation alleviated subjective symptoms of anxiety and enhanced social skills for people with learning disabilities. From the evidence, it could be considered that other body-mind approaches may enhance complex emotions and social cognition. It is necessary to provide a higher-quality body-mind approach based on previous evidence that can be adjusted to fit the needs of medical institutions and school schedules. Finally, the research that uses the body-mind approach for psychiatric disorders is at an early stage at present. We speculate that it is necessary to establish more detailed ethical guidelines for each approach corresponding high-quality body-mind approach in the near future.
Dynamic component | Static component | Subject | Degree of structuralization | Intervention effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yoga | Asana sequence and abdominal breathing | Meditation | Healthy -mental diseases | Medium | Medium |
Mindfulness meditation | — | Meditation | Healthy -mental diseases | High | High |
Pilates method | Pose sequence and costal breathing | — | Healthy | Medium | Low |
Behavioral activation | Positive activities | — | Healthy -mental diseases | Low | High |
The difference of characteristics for each body-mind approaches.
In this chapter, we introduced and discussed neurobiological treatment effects and mechanisms of yoga, mindfulness meditation, Pilates method, and cognitive behavior therapy. In recent years, these body-mind approaches have been actively adopted in the educational and medical fields in Western countries. In the future, it is necessary to clarify the detailed neurobiological mechanisms of each body-mind approach and provide higher quality service in both medical and educational settings. At the same time, we should also extend knowledge and technology to countries and regions where body-mind approaches are not widely available.
This article was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) fellows (18J01157).
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare regarding the findings of this study.
IntechOpen Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines. Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues or broader topics on the research subject.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen Compacts",metaDescription:"IntechOpen Compacts present a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs and covers content across all scientific disciplines.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/compacts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\\n\\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\n\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\n\nCOST
\n\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9363},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Sexual Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7800",title:"Activism in the Construction Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"776779e213ef3e51e73bd6cd4f5676af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nthatisi Khatleli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247856",title:"Dr.",name:"Nthatisi",surname:"Khatleli",slug:"nthatisi-khatleli",fullName:"Nthatisi Khatleli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7806",title:"Public-sector Crisis Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84a998820880e0f006a5e9eac40d83e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alexander Rozanov, Dr. Alexander Barannikov, Dr. Olga Belyaeva and Dr. Mikhail Smirnov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7806.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7821",title:"Penology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2127505059817f762d95d38e83fa4b58",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7821.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8145",title:"Police Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"446b770d8b07973517a89e8ccb6babc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8145.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8278",title:"Valuation and Compensation Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aac39a84162fc51366824efdee1c02ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ubaldo Comite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8278.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"195399",title:"Prof.",name:"Ubaldo",surname:"Comite",slug:"ubaldo-comite",fullName:"Ubaldo Comite"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8280",title:"The Bridge Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba88190dce5deb1711a5b7e9d3838cad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Oguzhan Ozcelebi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8280.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226325",title:"Prof.",name:"Oguzhan",surname:"Ozcelebi",slug:"oguzhan-ozcelebi",fullName:"Oguzhan Ozcelebi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Argumentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0860d5da35173d066fe692466ccc4487",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8525",title:"LGBT+ Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cb260b7524f548de18dac8fd97d5db7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8525.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8535",title:"Public Diplomacy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ca82945156946b18f4e457ce91ac6643",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Galina V. Timofeeva and Ms. Alexandra Baranova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8535.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311522",title:"Dr.",name:"Galina",surname:"Timofeeva",slug:"galina-timofeeva",fullName:"Galina Timofeeva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9036",title:"Social Policy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4266fa2d0a91696ade5421a773b40ec7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9036.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:34},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:33},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:75},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:137},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Genesiology",value:300,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:27},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4396},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling",parent:{title:"Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing"},numberOfBooks:28,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:512,numberOfWosCitations:599,numberOfCrossrefCitations:463,numberOfDimensionsCitations:854,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9427",title:"Model Predictive Control mit MATLAB und Simulink",subtitle:"Model Predictive Control with MATLAB and Simulink",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"775a1f5811434d743c90027f431e9d7d",slug:"model-predictive-control-mit-matlab-und-simulink-model-predictive-control-with-matlab-and-simulink",bookSignature:"Rainer Dittmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9427.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"309024",title:"Dr.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Dittmar",slug:"rainer-dittmar",fullName:"Rainer Dittmar"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6438",title:"Recent Trends in Computational Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dce85cd03f275d548d4b8881fcc0ce0",slug:"recent-trends-in-computational-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"M. Serdar Çelebi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6438.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218460",title:"Prof.",name:"Serdar",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Celebi",slug:"serdar-celebi",fullName:"Serdar Celebi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6223",title:"Chaos Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fac2355e6108735e443616453ae50a11",slug:"chaos-theory",bookSignature:"Kais A. Mohamedamen Al Naimee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45521",title:"Prof.",name:"Kais A. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Al Naimee",slug:"kais-a.-m.-al-naimee",fullName:"Kais A. M. Al Naimee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5373",title:"Perusal of the Finite Element Method",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bb9070e200d056e410778cf3f36c263",slug:"perusal-of-the-finite-element-method",bookSignature:"Radostina Petrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118470",title:"PhD.",name:"Radostina",middleName:"Vasileva",surname:"Petrova",slug:"radostina-petrova",fullName:"Radostina Petrova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5149",title:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e644de90262c3f61a092a0bd4a8b683a",slug:"empirical-modeling-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5141",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bdc44a3ab8aa8a9b5d9a2b62b6e09c67",slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",bookSignature:"Jan Valdman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177759",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Valdman",slug:"jan-valdman",fullName:"Jan Valdman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4730",title:"Wavelet Transform and Some of Its Real-World Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4adb45be00eb4a384e30c1e3b4d944e3",slug:"wavelet-transform-and-some-of-its-real-world-applications",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4730.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2172",title:"Simulated Annealing",subtitle:"Single and Multiple Objective Problems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"141d2ebbebeea6a78dc4a795e6a09a43",slug:"simulated-annealing-single-and-multiple-objective-problems",bookSignature:"Marcos de Sales Guerra Tsuzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2269",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eef6992c6b1a91e721958aad15dd33c7",slug:"fourier-transform-applications",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1867",title:"Numerical Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2599b8ac8189b5b84556e825e9030422",slug:"numerical-modelling",bookSignature:"Peep Miidla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53706",title:"Dr.",name:"Peep",middleName:null,surname:"Miidla",slug:"peep-miidla",fullName:"Peep Miidla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2309",title:"Principal Component Analysis",subtitle:"Engineering Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ff906c829e05ef07235415309a10e30",slug:"principal-component-analysis-engineering-applications",bookSignature:"Parinya Sanguansat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110312",title:"Dr.",name:"Parinya",middleName:null,surname:"Sanguansat",slug:"parinya-sanguansat",fullName:"Parinya Sanguansat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:28,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"20889",doi:"10.5772/25097",title:"A Unifying Statistical Model for Atmospheric Optical Scintillation",slug:"a-unifying-statistical-model-for-atmospheric-optical-scintillation",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:74,totalDimensionsCites:96,book:{slug:"numerical-simulations-of-physical-and-engineering-processes",title:"Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes",fullTitle:"Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes"},signatures:"Antonio Jurado-Navas, José María Garrido-Balsells, José Francisco Paris and Antonio Puerta-Notario",authors:[{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas"},{id:"60012",title:"Dr.",name:"José María",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido-Balsells",slug:"jose-maria-garrido-balsells",fullName:"José María Garrido-Balsells"},{id:"60014",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Puerta-Notario",slug:"antonio-puerta-notario",fullName:"Antonio Puerta-Notario"},{id:"61792",title:"Prof.",name:"José Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Paris",slug:"jose-francisco-paris",fullName:"José Francisco Paris"}]},{id:"6932",doi:"10.5772/7220",title:"Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Systems",slug:"adaptive-neuro-fuzzy-systems",totalDownloads:6283,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:60,book:{slug:"fuzzy-systems",title:"Fuzzy Systems",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Systems"},signatures:"Azar, Ahmad Taher",authors:null},{id:"30443",doi:"10.5772/38267",title:"Robust Principal Component Analysis for Background Subtraction: Systematic Evaluation and Comparative Analysis",slug:"robust-principal-component-analysis-for-background-subtraction-systematic-evaluation-and-comparative",totalDownloads:4029,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"principal-component-analysis",title:"Principal Component Analysis",fullTitle:"Principal Component Analysis"},signatures:"Charles Guyon, Thierry Bouwmans and El-hadi Zahzah",authors:[{id:"116308",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Bouwmans",slug:"thierry-bouwmans",fullName:"Thierry Bouwmans"},{id:"117835",title:"Mr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Guyon",slug:"charles-guyon",fullName:"Charles Guyon"},{id:"138159",title:"Dr.",name:"El-Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Zahzah",slug:"el-hadi-zahzah",fullName:"El-Hadi Zahzah"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51312",title:"Digital Image Processing with MATLAB",slug:"digital-image-processing-with-matlab",totalDownloads:3993,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",fullTitle:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts"},signatures:"Mahmut Sinecen",authors:[{id:"178216",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Sinecen",slug:"mahmut-sinecen",fullName:"Mahmut Sinecen"}]},{id:"65445",title:"Power Flow Analysis",slug:"power-flow-analysis",totalDownloads:1005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering",fullTitle:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering"},signatures:"Mohammed Albadi",authors:[{id:"209533",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Albadi",slug:"mohammed-albadi",fullName:"Mohammed Albadi"}]},{id:"50607",title:"Small Molecule LC-MS/MS Fragmentation Data Analysis and Application to Siderophore Identification",slug:"small-molecule-lc-ms-ms-fragmentation-data-analysis-and-application-to-siderophore-identification",totalDownloads:2346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",fullTitle:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts"},signatures:"Oliver Baars and David H. Perlman",authors:[{id:"179211",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Baars",slug:"oliver-baars",fullName:"Oliver Baars"},{id:"185790",title:"Dr.",name:"David H.",middleName:null,surname:"Perlman",slug:"david-h.-perlman",fullName:"David H. Perlman"}]},{id:"66501",title:"Reactive Distillation: Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization",slug:"reactive-distillation-modeling-simulation-and-optimization",totalDownloads:903,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",title:"Distillation",fullTitle:"Distillation - Modelling, Simulation and Optimization"},signatures:"Vandana Sakhre",authors:[{id:"216887",title:"Dr.",name:"Vandana",middleName:null,surname:"Sakhre",slug:"vandana-sakhre",fullName:"Vandana Sakhre"}]},{id:"50536",title:"MATLAB for All Steps of Dynamic Vibration Test of Structures",slug:"matlab-for-all-steps-of-dynamic-vibration-test-of-structures",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",fullTitle:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts"},signatures:"Abdurrahman Sahin and Alemdar Bayraktar",authors:[{id:"178108",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdurrahman",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",slug:"abdurrahman-sahin",fullName:"Abdurrahman Sahin"},{id:"179389",title:"Prof.",name:"Alemdar",middleName:null,surname:"Bayraktar",slug:"alemdar-bayraktar",fullName:"Alemdar Bayraktar"}]},{id:"50422",title:"Applied Hydrological Modeling with the Use of Geoinformatics: Theory and Practice",slug:"applied-hydrological-modeling-with-the-use-of-geoinformatics-theory-and-practice",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"empirical-modeling-and-its-applications",title:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications"},signatures:"Christos Chalkias, Nikolaos Stathopoulos, Kleomenis\nKalogeropoulos and Efthimios Karymbalis",authors:[{id:"16474",title:"Dr.",name:"Efthimios",middleName:null,surname:"Karymbalis",slug:"efthimios-karymbalis",fullName:"Efthimios Karymbalis"},{id:"27223",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:"N.",surname:"Chalkias",slug:"christos-chalkias",fullName:"Christos Chalkias"},{id:"179269",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kleomenis",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogeropoulos",slug:"kleomenis-kalogeropoulos",fullName:"Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos"},{id:"179648",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikos",middleName:null,surname:"Stathopoulos",slug:"nikos-stathopoulos",fullName:"Nikos Stathopoulos"}]},{id:"9024",title:"Intermodulation Interference Modelling for Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Ground Stations",slug:"intermodulation-interference-modelling-for-low-earth-orbiting-satellite-ground-stations",totalDownloads:4916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modelling-simulation-and-optimization",title:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",fullTitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization"},signatures:"Shkelzen Cakaj",authors:null},{id:"68837",title:"Model Predictive Control mit MATLAB® und Simulink®",slug:"model-predictive-control-mit-matlab-sup-sup-und-simulink-sup-sup-",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"model-predictive-control-mit-matlab-und-simulink-model-predictive-control-with-matlab-and-simulink",title:"Model Predictive Control mit MATLAB und Simulink",fullTitle:"Model Predictive Control mit MATLAB und Simulink - Model Predictive Control with MATLAB and Simulink"},signatures:"Rainer Dittmar",authors:[{id:"309024",title:"Dr.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Dittmar",slug:"rainer-dittmar",fullName:"Rainer Dittmar"}]},{id:"6820",title:"Dynamic Modelling and Control Design of Advanced Energy Storage for Power System Applications",slug:"dynamic-modelling-and-control-design-of-advanced-energy-storage-for-power-system-applications",totalDownloads:5707,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"dynamic-modelling",title:"Dynamic Modelling",fullTitle:"Dynamic Modelling"},signatures:"Marcelo Gustavo Molina",authors:null},{id:"52189",title:"Evaluation of Adaptive Bone Remodeling after Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Finite Element Analysis",slug:"evaluation-of-adaptive-bone-remodeling-after-total-hip-arthroplasty-using-finite-element-analysis",totalDownloads:858,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"perusal-of-the-finite-element-method",title:"Perusal of the Finite Element Method",fullTitle:"Perusal of the Finite Element Method"},signatures:"Yutaka Inaba, Hiroyuki Ike, Masatoshi Oba and Tomoyuki Saito",authors:[{id:"169450",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Inaba",slug:"yutaka-inaba",fullName:"Yutaka Inaba"},{id:"169452",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",slug:"tomoyuki-saito",fullName:"Tomoyuki Saito"},{id:"194170",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ike",slug:"hiroyuki-ike",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ike"},{id:"194171",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Oba",slug:"masatoshi-oba",fullName:"Masatoshi Oba"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"62777",title:"A New Concept to Numerically Evaluate the Performance of Yielding Support under Impulsive Loading",slug:"a-new-concept-to-numerically-evaluate-the-performance-of-yielding-support-under-impulsive-loading",totalDownloads:125,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79643",book:{title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering"},signatures:"Faham Tahmasebinia, Chengguo Zhang, Ismet Canbulat, Samad M.E. Sepasgozar, Onur Vardar, Serkan Saydam and Chen Chen"},{id:"66816",title:"Modeling Emerging Semiconductor Devices for Circuit Simulation",slug:"modeling-emerging-semiconductor-devices-for-circuit-simulation",totalDownloads:187,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85873",book:{title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering"},signatures:"Md Sakib Hasan, Mst Shamim Ara Shawkat, Sherif Amer, Syed Kamrul Islam, Nicole McFarlane and Garrett S. Rose"},{id:"65445",title:"Power Flow Analysis",slug:"power-flow-analysis",totalDownloads:1005,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83374",book:{title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering"},signatures:"Mohammed Albadi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:19},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/43447/azad-bayramov",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"43447",slug:"azad-bayramov"},fullPath:"/profiles/43447/azad-bayramov",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()