\r\n\tThe Biomechatronic book will cover all health-related areas of mechatronic systems with emphasis on medical and health-related areas of mechatronic system components. The book will generally include the following areas: Biomechanics applications, Biomaterial systems, Mechatronic systems, Sensor systems, Control systems, Actuator systems.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2a8b3299bd359d430bc9b5bfc54f9cdf",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Sezgin Ersoy and Dr. Ishak Ertugrul",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10029.jpg",keywords:"Biosensors, Mechatronics, Biomechatronics, Biosystem, Control, Control system, Bioactuators, Intelligent orthosis prosthesis, Implants, Upper and lower limb rehabilitation robots, Biomechanics applications",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 14th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 3rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"156004",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sezgin",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy",slug:"sezgin-ersoy",fullName:"Sezgin Ersoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156004/images/system/156004.png",biography:"Sezgin Ersoy is an Associate Professor of Mechatronics Engineering and Material Science. After graduating from Marmara University, he became a faculty member at the same university. His publications include a variety of efforts to understand changes in automotive mechatronics, polymer science and biomedical technologies. He was granted fellowship at the TUBİTAK at Bourgogne University ISAT and spent one year as a visiting fellow there to study several projects between 2014 through 2015. He is the author of chapter Science Education in a Rapidly Changing World, USA 2011, and the author in Acoustic Properties of Bio Materials, Stuttgart, 2010. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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These symptoms often persist for several weeks following the concussion before diminishing completely. Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) refers to the persistence of concussion symptoms beyond the normal two-week window. For some, symptoms can continue for several months to several years.
\nThough the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA)
While the present analysis aims at PCS in the latter (psychological) sense, it is worth mentioning that acquired brain injury (ABI) specialists have found it appropriate and even necessary to adopt an existential-phenomenological perspective as well. American rehabilitation physician and scholar Gary Goldberg [2] explains how “brain injury deeply affect[s] the subjectivity of the person injured—that is, their existence as a human person—because of the potentially significant aspects of personhood impacted […], it can also produce significant problematic impairment of self-awareness” (p. 397). Like neuropsychiatrist Kurt Goldstein [3] argued nearly a century earlier, Goldberg and others have called for a transformation of the philosophical paradigm that has traditionally been used to understand brain injury [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. To this end, the present phenomenological analysis of PCS will be of interest to sport psychologists, clinical psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists working with acquired brain injury.
\nSince the third edition was published in 1980,
The most recent iteration,
Medicalization, however, has its dissidents.
Former director of the American National Institute of Mental Health, psychiatrist Tom Insel, has complained that the newest version of
While there are many competing hypotheses about what causes depression (even among biomedical psychopathologists; [17]), depression is diagnosed based on behavioral signs and subjective symptoms. In an interview, Insel implores fellow psychiatrists to begin treating psychological disorders as brain disorders, e.g., relying exclusively on brain scans for depression diagnoses [18]. Until that day comes, depression will be diagnosed even in the absence of biomedical evidence.
\nAnother troubling problem arises in addition to diagnostic validity. When biomedical factors are emphasized to the neglect of psychosocial, cultural, political, and historical factors, who benefits? The increasing medicalization of
PCS has not shared the fate of other psychological disorders. Like depression, PCS is diagnosed from behavioral and physiological signs (such as alcohol intolerance and problems shifting focus) and subjective symptoms (such as decreased music-listening pleasure). Also like depression, for PCS there is no neurological, biogenetic, or hormonal diagnostic procedure. However, depression remains in
While the present analysis aims at PCS in the latter psychological sense, it is worth mentioning that acquired brain injury (ABI) specialists have found it appropriate and even necessary to adopt an existential-phenomenological perspective as well. American rehabilitation physician and scholar Gary Goldberg [2] explains how “brain injury deeply affect[s] the subjectivity of the person injured—that is, their existence as a human person—because of the potentially significant aspects of personhood impacted…, it can also produce significant problematic impairment of self-awareness” (p. 397). Like neuropsychiatrist Kurt Goldstein [3] argued nearly a century earlier, Goldberg and others have called for a transformation of the philosophical paradigm that has traditionally been used to understand brain injury [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
\nThe issues of diagnostic validity and medicalization emerge when the goal of scientific inquiry and treatment is law-governed explanation (
\n
\n
The descriptive phenomenological method begins, Giorgi explains, “by obtaining concrete descriptions of experiences from others who have lived through situations in which the phenomenon that the researcher is interested have taken place” [25]. These descriptions are the raw data of an empirical phenomenological analysis. This form of qualitative analysis follows three distinct steps: 1) Reading each protocol (that is, the raw data) for a sense of its whole. This means familiarizing oneself with the event as it has been described by each subject. 2) A determination of meaning units within the protocol. In this step of the analysis, the investigator tries to note any affective, experiential, or other shifts that occur within the protocol. 3) Transforming the natural attitude expressions into phenomenologically psychologically sensitive expressions. That is, the
Authors obtained IRB approval before distributing a general call to university coaches and athletic trainers who supplied contact information for athletes interested in participating in a PCS study. Authors followed up with prospective participants and arranged interviews with three athletes. Participants 1 and 3 were males whose concussions had forced an early retirement from careers in football. Participant 2 was a female mountain climber. Interviews were recorded using a digital recording device and subsequently transcribed into text. Transcripts were analyzed using the descriptive phenomenological method [25]. Authors identified common themes across each interview and used free imaginative variation to describe the dimensions of the PCS experience.
\nThe participants who volunteered for this study had different experiences in recovery from TBI. Each participant succeeded in rehabilitating from injury but took very different paths in doing so. Common across each was a modification of personality and routine. Participant 3 had a complete recovery and full amelioration of symptoms in a relatively timely manner. He was able to do so with the least amount of adjustment. Participant 1, in comparison, had a long and turbulent recovery that involved the extension of symptoms over time and a severe and prolonged impairment in his psychosocial well-being. His recovery required a significant change to personality. Participant 2 made immediate adjustments in the wake of her injury and relied on social support to complete the readjustment and rehabilitation process.
\nAs mentioned in the introduction and literature review, this examination of TBI and PCS focuses on the phenomenological dimensions of PCS—that is, how PCS is lived. Such examination requires we look closely at the meaning-centered aspects of recovery from head trauma, and examine how purpose, desire, and goal-orientation are adopted anew. Important themes during this process are identity formation, solidarity with others, and meaning. For our participants, psychosocial support proved to be the most significant factor affecting the severity of PCS and its rehabilitation.
\nThe results are broken into two major subsections. The first is devoted to psychosocial factors which exacerbate PCS; the second to psychosocial factors which ameliorate PCS.
\nGerman hermeneutic philosopher Hans Georg Gadamer (1996) has found health a peculiar concept because it is not a good to be bought or sold. It is only when one is suffering that one comes to notice health at all. Illness and disease are impairments to health, but what is health itself but well-being? Each of our participants experienced an impairment to his or her well-being. Routines that marked ordinary life were upset by persistent concussion symptoms, impairing relationships and identity. Attempts to ignore or overcome the disruptions through willpower only increased the disruption.
\nA significant problem of TBI is that the activity during which it occurs is itself one that brings a person fulfillment and pride. This was the case for our participants. Two were NCAA scholarship student-athletes, and the third was an amateur rock-climber. The injury threatened the continued enjoyment each participant could find in their chosen activity.
\nThe participants who volunteered for this study had relatively different experiences in the recovery from a traumatic brain injury. Generally speaking, the three participants’ experiences covered a wide swatch of the spectrum regarding the amelioration of symptoms, health, and life satisfaction in recovery. In terms of this spectrum of health and wellbeing, one participant (P3) had what we would describe as a full recovery and full amelioration of symptoms in a relatively timely manner. A second participant (P1) had what we would describe as a long and turbulent recovery that involved the extension of symptoms over time, as well as severe and prolonged impairment in his psychosocial wellbeing. Finally, the third participant (P2) had what we would term as a moderate recovery; one that involved significant challenges early in the process but, over time, turned to a full recovery after certain psychosocial factors came into place to support her through her PCS recovery.
\nOf the three participants in this study, P1 (whom the authors will call Roger) struggled the most as he faced the end of his career as a football player. Roger teared up as he described this realization: “It’s like, I play football, I’m the alpha male and it’s a scary feeling and it’s like, ‘what’s going to happen?’”
\nRoger expresses clearly the difficulty that many athletes face when injured, deselected, or forced to retire. For Roger, the multiple concussions forced an abrupt retirement from football. Perhaps for the first time since late childhood when he realized his skill as an athlete, Roger is faced with the question of identity. Who is he if not alpha male?
\nDuring the interview, Roger vacillates between recognizing then ignoring the serious difficulty transitioning out of football. In a revealing statement, Roger admits that the loss of identity continues to be a source of anguish. “I can’t just hop up and say, ‘oh I’m going to be an athlete again.’ That’s something I worked forever to be. And that’s not something that I can just wake up and be […] again.”
\nLike Roger, P3 (whom the authors will call Philip) was a division one NCAA football player. Philip must also face the loss of his identity as a football player, a consequence that occurred in the middle of his senior season. The depth of loss was exacerbated by a game where he would have played in front of 45,000 spectators. Philip explains;
\nThat day was really, really tough for me emotionally. […] Besides my family, football has been the one thing in my life that I have loved endlessly, and I’m never going to stop loving it, but you know I’ve been playing since elementary school and it’s so tough to just immediately stop when I thought I was going to have 11 more games guaranteed. […] And I think after this season I would have been content with stopping. At times I just felt like I was letting people down. I know I did not actually quit but it kind of felt that feeling of being like a quitter for the first time in my life.
\nPhilip experiences a complicated blend of feelings about retiring from the sport and abandoning his team. Head injuries are less conspicuous than torn ligaments and broken bones, and this means the athletes have more responsibility in decisions to dis/continue. With a broken femur, suiting up for a game is out of the question. But with a lingering threat of another and possibly more severe concussion, the decision to play is left to the athlete, and Philip expressed guilt about his lack of commitment. To complicate this concern, upon returning to practice Philip had to wear a special uniform during practice indicating he was not to be hit. He explains, “It’s like you’ve got this label on you that you’re the kid that’s injured that’s no able to do the full practice. I don’t want to say I felt weak but that’s kind of how I felt.” As a middle linebacker, Philip had a reputation of being tough. Vulnerability replaced toughness.
\nSo too is it with the non-football player, P2 (whom the authors will call Maryann), who experienced a shift in identity following a rock-climbing head-injury. As a young college professor, Maryann prided herself in performing brilliantly and creatively in the classroom. Her brilliance was owed to endurance and focus during preparation, traits she lost after a concussion. She described the brilliant teacher as one who could roll into a classroom prepared to answer any question with ferocity and confidence. No longer able to rely on her cognitive agility, Maryann reports having to adjust to become “an economical teacher.” As an economical teacher, Maryann has to ask for help in advance of, and leaned on her students during, her courses. However, she views this as a normal progression of becoming more mature as a professor. The concussion expedited this transition, but it was one towards which she found herself heading all along:
\n\n
All three participants experienced a loss of confidence in their identities where vulnerability supplanted strength. While the football players worry about how their weakness will be interpreted by others, Maryann sees the identity transformation as normal, even salutary. Her ease of transitioning to a post-injury life is owed to her willingness to experience vulnerability, and her openness to adopt a new professional identity. This may be compared to Roger and Philip who shared thoughts about transitioning to coaching, but who struggled to reconcile the new position on the football team with their alpha male identities (which they were unable to abandon).
\nAnother significant factor working against participants during their recoveries was the absence of social support from peers, family, neighbors, and/or loved ones. When Roger had little to no social support for extended periods of time during his recovery, PCS symptoms were at their worst.
\nRoger was offered the least amount of social support across the three participants. He describes his experience of social isolation and perceived lack of social support from coaches after a serious concussion while playing for his university team:
\n\n
As a university athlete, Roger is away from his social support structure at home, and his new support structure is made entirely of teammates and coaches—people he believes do not value him outside of his contributions on the field. The athletic relationship between players and coaches is predominantly utilitarian. It is of deep value to consider the level of perceived isolation and dehumanization that is present in his social experience after high school.
\nIt is difficult to separate actual from perceived social support. Roger seemed incapable of recognizing support when present. For example, he felt like his mother did not care about him even though she was regularly calling. “I’m like ‘mom, I don’t even want to be on Earth and you’re not even asking me anything.’ And she’s like, ‘but I am, I’m calling you everyday.’ And I’m like, ‘but you’re not, you’re not here.’ It was never enough.” The primary shortcoming of social support may not be from Roger’s social environment at all, but his willingness to recognize support when present:
\n\n
\n
The psychiatric facility is Roger’s final place to turn for social support. However, just as he perceives apathy from coaches, loved ones, and family members throughout this process, the overworked and understaffed nature of the psychiatric facility is unable to meet his needs. It is the desire for interpersonal connection with and empathy and support from others that Roger seeks. The absence of such support is what stands out most significantly in Roger’s experience with PCS.
\nMaryann’s situation is similar. Her dependence on others reaches its peak following her injury. “In the aftermath,” she explains, “I felt so lost. It was really, really astounding. Luckily I was able to stay with a friend for weeks, so I had somebody that I knew from before the accident.” But then Maryann had to move, and she rented an apartment for a few weeks in a new town which was disorienting. “Nothing smelled like me. And I thought that I was losing my mind like, I really thought that I was going crazy because I had nothing, nothing that reminded me. [My partner at the time] took off, like didn’t answer calls; just disappeared.”
\nKnowledgeable about TBI, Maryann was looking for evidence that her personality had not changed. But her new environment and social isolation provided little in the way of homogeneity. Furthermore, she describes how the social nature of her life as an academic was not conducive to her recovery process:
\n\n
Though each tried, all three participants were limited or unable to continue their pre-injury commitments and routines, leading to frustration and exhaustion. The longer the commitment lasted before the injury, the greater the severity of PCS.
\nIt wasn’t until he lost blocks of time and bits of memory during a phone conversation that Roger began to suspect he had suffered his fifth concussion. This occurred during a typical phone conversation when he had trouble remembering his previous day. He was also unable to read his notes without the words dancing around on the page. The impairments to his routine were considerable.
\nPhilip was worried he would be unable to get through a workout without passing out. Even standing up too quickly resulted in light-headedness. This was a significant change. Philip reported being the strongest member of the football team during training. He had spent years of his life repeatedly training his muscles to engage in specific exercises. The fast-twitch anaerobic muscular strength upon which he relied was no longer there for him. His body was unfamiliar.
\nMaryann experienced trouble looking at the computer screen for long periods of time without getting dizzy, and this impaired nearly every aspect of her occupation as professor. Inability to concentrate affected normal daily activities like driving and grocery shopping. Indeed, it was her experience of dizziness while checking items off her grocery list that prompted her to see a physical therapist.
\nAs with all illnesses [26], PCS is experienced through disruptions to routine. In the midst of routine, the body is taken for granted and absent to experience. It is only once these routines break down that the body is noticed at all. Attempts to continue the impaired routine results in disorientation and suffering—Roger studying for an exam, Philip finishing one more workout, and Maryann reviewing a course syllabus. It is only in the midst of such routines that one feels at home, and it is upon such routines that one builds one’s identity and sense of life-satisfaction. To lose these routines is distressing, but it can also interrupt one’s sense of time and space. It is as Maryann describes her routines: as “anchor[s] in the day to keep me moving from one point to the next. So that even if it’s disorienting in between I know where I’m supposed to be when I’m supposed to be there and that’s the foundation.” Without routines one is adrift.
\nThe desire to return to their pre-injury state is understandable, but impossible. It is only once the routine is adjusted that rehabilitation may begin. For Maryann, this started with adjustments in the classroom:
\n\n
Maryann recognized and accepted her newfound shortcomings which she was then able to strategically address. Strategies included being more patient with her work, taking breaks, and stopping to nap when necessary. These strategies are helpful not in recovering the pre-injury personality, but in developing a new one post-injury. To that end, Maryann was able to view these personality changes as important ones—changes the injury helped her make. Even before the injury, she recognized a needed help with work/life balance. The concussion helped her back off what she described as a tendency to be a “workaholic,” and pay special attention to diet, nutrition, and social networks. “So one of the things that I’ve noticed is that I have to make time for my hobbies and I have to make time for other people. […] I needed to reexamine my sense of identity and commitment to priorities. I needed to make time away from work to be with others.”
\nFinding meaning in injury and illness is an important part of what physician and philosopher of medicine Aaron Antonovsky has called sense of coherence (SOC). Patients that have a high SOC rehabilitate more quickly and live longer and more satisfying lives.
\nParticipants credited social support for their ability to establish new forms of identity and purpose in their lives following TBI. Philip described the efforts of his teammates, family, peers, and coaches as beneficial for navigating the abrupt end of his football career. He describes a conversation with his father after Philip was sidelined with a concussion:
\n\n
Philip finds comfort in his father’s empathy. He also found support from the team’s linebacker coach who explained “if you were my son, I’d tell you to shut it down.” Reflecting on his decision to retire from football, Philip explained that everybody around him was supportive:
\n\n
Support from coaches at an NCAA division I program, whose professional livelihoods are tied to young players like Philip, is difficult to overstate. With so much professional capital at stake, coaches can easily adopt a utilitarian relationship towards their players, squeezing every drop of performance from their players until there is nothing left. His position coach deliberately chooses to place himself in the position as Philip’s mentor and caretaker, placing the personal well-being of his player above the productive value he might have had to the team as a starting linebacker. The whole coaching staff makes it clear that player health and well-being is more important than winning. Philip explains:
\n\n
Even with the family and coaching support, Philip still loses his typical in-season routines of training, practice, and competition. Though his coaches allow him to stay with the team in a quasi-coaching role, there’s a noticeable hole left by physical training and performance.
\nRoger was also surprised by the support he received from university football coaches following his most serious concussion. After ignoring them for weeks for fear of being rejected, he finally told them what had happened. “It was just a big change. They checked in on me. They called to see if I was okay rather than getting on me about stuff I was doing wrong. […] And that meant the world to me.”
\nRoger took a break from school to adjust and began working in an athletic shoes store. This gave him an opportunity to build relationships outside of football while also maintaining continuity—from athletics to athletic equipment. “That was very good for me, being in a social, interactive environment helping people getting something that they need, which is shoes.” Despite the lack of glamor, there are a series of factors in Roger’s new job that support well-being: strong relationships with his new coworkers, a sense of purpose and identity in his work, and unique knowledge of the field.
\nBeyond strong relationships, empathy, and social support from peers and loved ones, another significant factor in building a sense of well-being for participants was their ability develop a new post-injury personality. We have seen the changes accepted by Maryann in the classroom. The loss for Roger and Philip was more significant, since the injury forced them into early retirement. Something new and significant had to replace football.
\nAs mentioned, Roger’s football career ended abruptly after a series of TBI’s during the preseason of his senior year in college. He describes the process of refocusing his identity and relationships:
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Research shows that the shift in identity for athletes, especially after abrupt retirement due to injury, can be distressing and lead to psychosocial tension (Petitpas, et al., 2000). However, this line of research also speaks to the real benefits that retired athletes can receive from engaging in a flexible sense of identity. Roger continues, describing the process of refocusing his identity and relationships:
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Finally, Philip admits that nothing in life will match the feeling you get running out onto the football field but hopes to experience it in bits and pieces throughout life. “There’s going to be aspects of my life later on where it’s going to be those same emotions, those same strong feelings that I’m going to get while I’m playing football.” Ultimately, Philip’s combination of flexible identity and social solidarity offer a clear sense of career perspective for him, and allows him to be open, adaptable, and hopeful about the inevitable shift in life he faces.
\nBeyond strong relationships, empathy, and social support from peers and loved ones, another significant factor in building a sense of well-being for participants was their ability to carve out novel behaviors, goals, and routines in the aftermath of the TBI. For both participants Roger and Philip, their respective careers in sport were definitively ended after their final TBI. Therefore, moving forward into novel endeavors was essential for a myriad of professional, motivational and emotional reasons. Though she was not forced into definitive retirement, Maryann chose to step away from rock-climbing after her serious TBI as the presence of being in the arena caused psychological and somatic symptoms that were difficult to bear. Ultimately, all participants in this study were put in a position where carving out new behaviors, goals, and routines would be essential in moving forward in their professional and recreational lives.
\nMaryann expresses sentiments of needing to, in some ways, fundamentally restructure her habits, routines, and professional approach. She expresses how she experienced relief through streamlining her professional approach at work and establishing a sense of stoic efficiency:
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As mentioned throughout, Maryann feels a tremendous sense of accountability to her students and peers. Originally, this led to her decision to not take the proper amount of recovery time after her serious TBI. However, Maryann is able to find a novel way to move forward despite the limiting circumstances due to PCS. Her ability to adjust - to shift course and construct novel tendencies and behaviors in her day to day work - opens a space for her to overcome the immediate psychological and cognitive deficiencies in the aftermath of her TBI. As is the case with all three participants in this study, we argue that it is this ability to adapt after the TBI that supports wellbeing, psychosocial functionality, and the amelioration of symptoms for participants.
\nThough Philip still seems to be struggling with aspects of leaving sport - especially the emotional void that can come with leaving competition - he consistently describes how there a series of behaviors and outlets in his life that can replicate this emotional void. He expresses how he is optimistic about the possibility of his future career and its ability to fill any emotional void after football:
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Furthermore, he explains how deeper engagement in his academic work as a student and volunteer work outside of the classroom was deeply beneficial in the aftermath of TBI and, consequently, retirement:
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Philip is fortunate enough to be at a college and in a social-professional culture that worked to promote a more holistic sense of identity beyond any exclusive notion of athletic identity. He describes how he feels like he can move between student-identity and service-identity after his athletic-identity is no longer available. These complementary forms of identity form a holistic sense of self and open space for him reconceptualize and broaden identity after sport. This allows him to experience how novel behaviors - intellectual engagement and service - can allow for a similar sense of satisfaction, solidarity, and competition after sport.
\nFinally, Philip expresses how he is relatively at peace with the end of his career and is anticipating the next chapter of life after football. He expresses how the combination of social support from his family, personal and team accomplishments have left him in a place where he is comfortable walking away:
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Philip’s experience of PCS in the aftermath of a series of severe TBI and his consequent transition out of sport was undoubtedly the most expedited and successful in this study. This passage almost fully encapsulates the psychosocial factors that convalesce for P3 in order to navigate this transition so smoothly. The combination of both flexible identity and social solidarity, offer a clear sense of career perspective for him. Ultimately, this provides him a space to be open, adaptable, and hopeful about the inevitable shift that his life is undergoing.
\nParticipants experienced a higher level of life-satisfaction by gaining a new sense of purpose. TBI forces individuals to make significant alterations to their lives, routines, habits, and careers. This came more easily for Maryann and Philip than for Roger.
\nRoger’s university playing career had only just begun, and his identity as a football player (which provided a full-tuition scholarship) was tied to his identity as a student, and he withdrew from school. After building relationships at his new job, Roger is able to look back with a heavy heart at those who suffer similarly from TBI, and has a compassion that only comes from having lived through it:
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TBI’s have fundamentally shifted the course of Roger’s life and career. They have forced him to fully retire from football and withdraw from college. However, over time Roger describes how he begins to gain a sense of perspective on his own personal trauma. This leads to a deepening desire to offer solidarity and support to peers and former athletes who may have shared a similar experience of trauma. Roger continues, expressing a sense of compassion and desire to forward his support and care to other former contact-sport athletes who may also be suffering from the effects of head trauma:
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Roger feels compelled to take up a greater sense of commitment to supporting individuals who, like himself, are possibly struggling in the aftermath of excessive TBI and career transition out of sport. He is able to recognize the stark reality that many face in the aftermath of their careers and the aftermath of head trauma. Though he did not make it to the NFL, he finds a shared sense of connection and experience with former NFL players who are facing a similar dark journey in the aftermath of TBI and their careers. He is clear here in recognizing that the difficulties of retirement are not merely limited to head trauma.
\nFinally, Roger mentions how symptoms of PCS are ameliorated when he is engaged in an activity that he is passionate about. He describes how his level of focus increases significantly when reading articles that are in the range of either his academic or personal interest:
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Put simply, the presence of somatic and cognitive symptoms do not present universally for Roger. Instead, when he is engaged in an activity that finds personal passion and meaning in, many of the cognitive difficulties and symptoms are ameliorated. His description elucidates the role that meaning is likely to have on building focus and cognitive endurance even after a severe amount of TBI.
\nMaryann finds a sense of purpose in her recovery process and establishing a novel sense of purpose brings her to a greater position of well-being in the midst of her experience of PCS. She describes how getting back to the work she felt she owed her students was what drove her forward and helped her overcome the most difficult aspects of PCS:
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Similar to Roger, Maryann experiences a sense of cognitive endurance and the amelioration of symptoms when she is engaged in purpose-directed and meaningful activity. As mentioned throughout, she feels a sense of accountability to her peers and students and this drives her to return so quickly to work. Despite the difficulties of this early return, she gains a sense of cognitive strength through reorienting her own existential commitments through the trauma as a deep connection to her work and students.
\nAs we have alluded to, compared to the other participants in this study (especially Roger), Philip was able to commit himself to a new sense of purpose with relative ease in the midst of experiencing PCS after the TBI that ended his career. He describes how he was able to establish a new purpose on the team after realizing his contributions on the field were no longer possible:
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Despite his inability to contribute to his team’s success on the field, P3 is offered the opportunity to take up a pseudo-coaching and staff-support role for the team. Through this, he is able to bring some of his on the ground knowledge to his coaching staff while also offering an extra set of eyes and hands to the day-to-day work of practice and game day operations. Yet, he still expresses initial lament about not being able to physically contribute on the field to his team’s efforts. P3 continues, explaining how he was able to establish a new sense of purpose and meaning through support from his coaches:
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P3 expresses, without equivocation, that the support of his coaching staff and the opportunity to reorient his identity and role on the team in the aftermath of a career ending TBI created a space for him to feel a novel sense of purpose for his life after football. His ability to take a role on the team and embrace these new behaviors, mindsets, and opportunities made him feel connected to his teammates and improved his sense of psychosocial wellbeing. This role allows him to feel that he is making a contribution to the team despite his inability to play. Ultimately, he does not stay stuck in a rigid sense of identity in the aftermath of the TBI. These new routines and behaviors are well within his acumen and ability after the TBI and build a sense of confidence and a novel concept of identity in his relationship to football. His embrace of this novel role is a new existential commitment that opens space for a reexamined life after football. This effort is aligned with both the amelioration of his symptoms and the increase in his psychosocial sense of wellbeing after the trauma.
\nThe intention of this study was to demonstrate the need to deeply examine the psychosocial and existential realm present in individuals who are recovering from TBI. As mentioned throughout, each participant had a deeply singular experience of recovery from their major head injury. Participants who were able to conjure perspective, context, and a sustained sense of meaning around ending of their athletic career were able to recover a high level of psychosocial functioning, existential purpose, and, coincidentally or not, their symptoms were ameliorated.
\nMaryann and Philip were able to offer some unique perspective around the end of their career and the experience of no longer having the ability to participate in endeavors that caused their original TBI. Despite the myriad of trauma associated with her experience, Maryann continually described how she is grateful for rock climbing and how she can contextualize this experience with the longevity of her career. However, despite a traumatic ending and an injury that almost cost her health and life, she is able to put her career into perspective and expresses a sense of gratitude for her ability to engage in rock climbing. She knows that she cannot return to this arena of competition, however, she is cognizant of the sense of strength and confidence the sport offered her. The sport built her body and offered a consistent emotional release for her throughout the physical and somatic ailments she carried through her life. Even without the ability to return to this arena for the physical, emotional, and psychological strength it provides, she conceptualizes her career in sport as having deep and lasting meaning and is grateful for this experience despite any trauma incurred.
\nSimilar to Maryann, Philip expresses a sense of gratitude and context around his full playing career despite experiencing a bevy of head injuries and abrupt ending to his career during his senior year. Though Philip acknowledges that sacrifices were made and injuries were incurred throughout his commitment to the sport, similar to Maryann, there is a sense of sustained meaning from and gratitude for his career and experiences in football. There is a similar sense of cognizance around what the sport offered despite what was taken from him through the trauma of his career ending injuries. The connection to his teammates, the emotional catharsis of competing and engaging in a contact sport, and the lessons learned and mindsets formed through discipline and commitment form a sense of sustained meaning for Philip. Ultimately, he is not blinding his awareness from the sacrifices made and asked. Instead, he is grateful for the game along with the trauma and struggles that were incurred in his career. Like Maryann, this sense of gratitude correlates with a sense of psychosocial wellbeing after the TBI and after his career has ended.
\nThe aftermath of Roger’s injury was undoubtedly the most physically, somatically, and psychosocially traumatizing. At least initially, he was offered little social support and struggled deeply to conjure a new identity without football. As he described, for some time, he felt like he was having a dissociative break from his identity, purpose, and experience of reality. However, in time, a novel sense of purpose and identity are conjured and the cognitive, somatic, and psychological symptoms of his TBI begin to subside.
\nMoving forward, more phenomenological research should be devoted to unearthing the lived experience of human beings who are recovering from traumatic brain injuries. Our argument is not that these psychosocial and existential factors have a causal effect on ameliorating somatic symptoms of TBI, however, it is possible that they play some significant role in aiding the holistic recovery of the traumatized person. The less we medicalize these injuries, the more we can build a holistic conceptualization of the traumatized human being. Ultimately, further phenomenological analysis of these lived experiences might be able to unravel the nuanced and complicated relationships between these systems.
\nSuitable food approaches for attaining nutrient requirements in resource-poor communities are not well documented [1, 2]. Existing evidence indicates that not less than two billion individuals worldwide lack vital nutrients needed by the human body for its growth and proper functioning. Also, more than 0.84 billion people have no sufficient food to eat, whereas 1.4 billion people are morbidly obese or overweight. Overall, half of the world’s population suffers from malnutrition [3]. The world’s population is estimated to reach nine billion people by 2050, and these will require nutritious diets for healthy lives [4]. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that sustainable food approaches are initiated to achieve the global demands for nutrient-rich foods since the state of malnutrition is anticipated to be worse, if not addressed [1].
Although Sub-Saharan Africa has widely been regarded as the basket of foods rich in essential nutrients, malnourishment is still a great challenge, particularly, among children and women of reproductive age. More than 0.056 billion children, for example, are reported to be stunted due to chronic malnutrition, 0.03 billion are underweight, greater than 0.015 billion are wasted, nearly 50% of children are susceptible to blindness as a result of vitamin A deficiency, and four million low-birth-weight babies are born annually in the region [3]. In that regard, maternal undernutrition in Africa is considerably larger than in other parts of the world [1]. Nearly 5–20% of African women, for instance, have a low body mass index (BMI) attached to chronic hunger. Prevalence of anaemia varies from 21 to 80% of females across the African region. Moreover, vitamin A, zinc, and iron deficiencies are more prevalent in the continent [5]. To a great degree, maternal malnutrition accounts for millions of infancy morbidity, and death every year in less developed countries [6].
In Tanzania, for instance, more than 35.5% of all children below 2 years are reported to be chronically undernourished [7]. Also, nutritional deficiencies are widespread. For example, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and anaemia among children aged below 2 years are reported to be 33%, 42%, and 73%, respectively [8]. Equally, according to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) report of 2010, more than 30% of women of reproductive age had iron deficiency, 36% had iodine deficiency, 37% had vitamin A deficiency, and 40% had anaemia [8]. As a consequence, undernutrition affects the nutritional status of potential mothers, thereby leading to long-term negative health and economic consequences for their offspring [1].
The adverse effects of undernutrition are pervasive, long-lasting, and irreversible, particularly when it happens during the critical first 1000 days of an individual’s life commencing at the onset of pregnancy and stretching through his/her second year after birth [1]. Undernutrition intensifies not only the risks of morbidity and death but also weakens the initial physical and intellectual development of survivors [6]. The short and long-term adverse effects of malnutrition are expounded below:
More than 45% of avertable child mortalities are attributed to undernutrition [6]. A report by Global Panel on agriculture and food systems for nutrition, for instance, showed that severely malnourished children are nine times more likely to die than well-nourished children [9]. Nevertheless, the underlying undernourishment is usually disguised by an immediate cause of mortality that frequently exhibits itself as an infection [1]. Maternal death has a substantial causal association with undernutrition, of which the most common maternal death linked to the perinatal period manifests itself either through pregnancy snags or death at childbirth [1]. Generally, undernutrition insidiously minimises the natural life span of women [10, 11]. Thus, evertable death signifies a loss of human resources which distress households by subjecting children to more helplessness [12, 13], and the community at large by debasing social interactions which were built by mothers [1].
Over many years, it has been acknowledged that malnutrition causes nutrient deficiency-related diseases. For example, protein deficiency causes kwashiorkor and overall poor physical and mental development; vitamin A deficiency results in impaired vision; mineral deficiency, for example, iron causes iron-deficiency anaemia [14]. The devious effects of malnourishment are a general increase in vulnerability to infection, the severity of resultant ailments and dwindled outcomes of recovery periods and the high cost of handling the illness. In less developed countries, families bear a significant portion of the treatment costs, and to a certain extent, the national health care or health insurance companies. This causes a drain on the family budget, nation’s resources, and the diversion of limited resources to other endeavours [1]. As described in the Global Panel Report, for instance, a full course of remedies for saving the life of a sternly wasted child costs between US$ 100 and US$ 200 per child [9], which is more or less two times the average family earnings per month in affected communities. It is possible to save about USD18 on every dollar invested in thwarting chronic undernourishment. In the USA, where there is a crisis of obesity, the per capita healthcare expenses are 80% higher for perversely overweight people than those with healthy normal weight [9]. While the healthcare system in the USA noticeably differs from those in underdeveloped nations, it is obvious that as some sections of the population turn overweight (particularly among the escalating urban poor), the fiscal burden will be exacerbated by a triple helix of undernutrition, infection, and obesity [1].
Sub-optimal physical development, often accompanied by life-long exposure to diseases, weakens economic output through reduced labour efficiency or absence from work. While the losses to individuals from malnutrition in poor countries have been projected at 10% or more of lifetime incomes [9, 15], the cost of productivity foregone in resources-poor countries because of undernourishment has been estimated at 3–16% of country’s GDP [9, 16]. This lost income is equivalent to or surpasses the amount of GDP spent on agriculture or education, and this is likely to be more than what African states have devoted themselves to spending on scientific research and development [1]. It is useful to point out that the most developed countries like the United States, employment malingering associated with obesity causes lost output equal to US$ 4.3 billion per annum, and costs firms US$ 506 yearly per corpulent employee [9].
Undernutrition from conception to 2 years of age and extending through school age and adolescence leads to a series of damages beginning with reduced cognitive development, delayed school starting, and poor educational achievements. As a result, the affected individuals miss opportunities related to lost employment and social relations during the course of life [1, 6, 9]. A longitudinal study conducted in Guatemala which involved 2392 children below 8 years, for example, revealed that malnourished children aged 6 years had a relatively high risk of losing the equivalent of four grades of schooling because of poor cognitive abilities [17]. Furthermore, a comparable long-term study piloted in Western Tanzania indicated that undernourished children are more likely to delay entry into school and perform poorer than well-nourished children of similar age [18].
Overall, malnutrition carries a substantial economic burden for the affected individuals, families, and communities as well as national and global economies [1]. The global analysis on nutrition economics indicates that a combined burden of malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity cost the world economy up to US$ 3.5 trillion [3, 9]. This level of economic burden is the main obstacle to efforts that are done by many governments to alleviate poverty and attain key development goals stipulated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [9, 19]. These consequences emphasise the necessity of establishing suitable nutritional interventions for mitigating the problem of undernutrition in resource-poor communities [1].
It is clearly understood that undernutrition among individuals in poverty-stricken families and societies is caused by insufficient intake of nutritious foods. Nonetheless, this hypothesis is a generalisation because the insufficiency of food intake is itself caused by underlying factors, including poverty as chief among them [1]. Another aspect of the underlying causes of undernourishment is linked to eating habits that are monotonous, mainly cereal-based intakes, which tend to have low dietary diversity, low nutrient density, and meagre micronutrient bioavailability [20]. Also, for a long time, it has been widely acknowledged that most poor families concentrate on tackling the challenge of hunger and normally forget to take into account the quality and quantity of essential nutrients in foods [21]. A study on the formulation of evidence-based dietary references for women and children, for instance, revealed that foods rich in carbohydrates are more frequently consumed than locally available micronutrient-rich foods in Guatemala [22]. Likewise, an analysis of data from the TDHS indicated that highly sugared foods are more frequently consumed than foods with high content of essential micronutrients, suggesting that eating habits among toddlers in Tanzania are certainly poor [23]. Most Tanzanian families trade nutrition for food, meaning that they would rather sell their high-value nutrient-dense foods in exchange for bulky low-nutrient dense cereal, sugar, and other foodstuffs [1]. Undoubtedly, this is mainly because most of people in Tanzania have no enough nutritional education about the health benefits of nutrient-rich foods. This evidence indicates that it is necessary to have a robust nutrition intervention that would help households in disadvantaged communities to make informed choices on what, when, and how to eat.
For the past 50 years, initiatives to addressing malnourishment in underprivileged communities have focused mainly on three areas of intervention. The interventions include (1) nutritional education to the public, (2) provision of micronutrients via salt iodisation, vitamin A supplements etc., and (3) the treatment of severe acute undernutrition through clinical intensive care fortification [1, 2].
Public nutrition education intervention aims to improve the consumption of available nutrient-dense foods for the nutritional benefits of disadvantaged groups. This intervention intends to change the purchasing, preparations, and eating behaviours to counter some deleterious food-related practices that tend to exist in diverse communities [1]. Precisely, nutrition education aims at creating changes in feeding habits based on the supposition that such changes will improve the nutritional status of the target community. For that matter, knowledge and attitude changes are expected to contribute to behavioural changes among individuals. In case the changes in behaviour do not positively impact the nutritional status of the target population, it might imply that the messages promoted in nutritional education were incorrect or that other causes were the major constraints to impaired growth [1, 24].
Fortification is normally done by adding micronutrient powder, ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) and lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) in diets consumed in household. On the other hand, supplementation is usually done by providing a single nutrient (say vitamin A or D, iron) to infants and toddlers in the form of drops or syrups [1]. Regrettably, LNS and RUTFs cannot be afforded by many families in low-income countries and they are intended for use under clinical prescriptions only [25, 26]. Fortification and supplementation interventions have been based on the aids from donors who are always more reactive than proactive as their strategy has for a long time been on the treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) rather than prevention of malnutrition [5, 27, 28]. Although these approaches are indispensable for mitigating life or death circumstances on an emergency basis, these efforts are generally considered to have been inadequate, leaving more than one-third of the global population to suffer from malnutrition [27].
At present, the WHO recommends the food-based strategy as a favoured long-term solution to addressing the problem of malnutrition in developing countries. The approach intends to enhance the nutritional quality through improved intake of local foods rich in essential nutrients [29]. Yet, for the intervention to work better, it must be specific to the culture and local context. The approach needs to be executed based on the acceptance, local availability, and affordability of the nutrient-rich foods in the community [30]. Studies from countries such as Cambodia, Guatemala, Indonesia, and Myanmar have shown that different vicinities may have diverse local foods with variable nutrient densities [7, 31, 32]. The fact that local foods can vary from one location to another highlights the need for examining how local diets in a specific locality can attain the nutritional goals of disadvantaged groups towards food-based interventions [1]. The local analysis helps nutrition stakeholders and practitioners resolve the obstacles that may be caused by factors like access and high prices of nutrient-rich foods, particularly in under-resourced settings [1].
As such, diet optimisation using linear programming (LP) is instrumental in formulating nutritious diets and providing sensible use of scarce high value nutrient-rich foods in a target population. LP is a mathematical tool used to optimise a linear objective function subject to a set of constraints [33]. Several objective functions can be selected, for instance, through minimising or maximising particular nutrients and the selected local food ingredients. The LP approach considers numerous factors including food costs and cultural factors in ensuring the smooth development of a reasonably priced and culturally acceptable diet [34]. The evidence from Kenya and Mozambique reveals how low-cost diverse diets can be attained from local nutrient-rich foods using linear programming. In Kenya, for example, the LP approach was used to model available wild foods to achieve nutritional goals for mothers and children aged below 2 years at a minimal cost [35]. In Mozambique, the LP technique was used to model local nutrient-dense foods to meet micronutrients necessities for children aged between 1 and 3 years [36]. Their LP diets formulated from local foods were reasonably affordable when compared to the cost of commonly used lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) [26]. These case studies confirmed the usefulness of food-based approaches that are context-specific and their ability to successfully tackle the problem of malnourishment in developing countries [1].
For a food-based intervention to succeed, programme executers need to focus on developing foodstuffs that can meet consumer preferences and experiences, especially where obstacles are too deeply rooted to be altered in the short-term by educational tactics [1]. Foods need to be nontoxic and rich in the most deficient micronutrients, and they should be consumed as per intake recommendations [37]. In some situations, one must ensure that the product is acquired by dispensing it directly to the target population. Nevertheless, in this case, investigators and programme executors cannot guarantee the actual consumption of the product by the intended customers since the target beneficiaries may not necessarily consume the presented food product as planned [1]. This may partly be attributed by the circumstance that consumers dislike the product or are not aware that the product is intended for particular persons, or consumers feel anxious to share the food with other members inside or outside their households [37]. In view of that, prior to introducing a food-based intervention, it is imperative to carry out the analysis of total nutrient intakes, including that of a specific product and the whole diet. Also, to ensure consumption, ingredients of interest need to achieve consumer preferences, preparations, and consumption experiences. Equally, one requires to know the purchasing power of consumers and their willingness to pay for the product [37, 38]. In the same vein, in order to arouse consumption as planned and limit the sharing of foods in communities, clear and well-tailored communications should be developed and delivered to the target population [37, 39].
After identifying the characteristics of target consumers such as consumers’ purchasing power and behaviours, eating manners, and food consumption patterns, products or formulations can be developed and tested at a small scale to establish consumer preferences and viable affordability. Data from such a study may act as a basis for moving into a larger micro-testing [3]. Once consumer preferences and purchasing power have been resolved, one needs to develop a well-tailored delivery system to ensure the sustainable distribution of nutritious food products to the target population [1].
A sustainable delivery model for effective distribution of nutritious products to the target population is needed in resource-poor settings. Studies have shown that in real-life situations, target consumers can be reached through health care, market networks, and community-based channels. However, according to de Pee [37], the choice of a channel or combination of channels depends on the context, type of product, consumers’ purchasing power and their preferences, likelihood for behavioural change, available platforms and assurance among the target users [37].
Segre and the team, for instance, carried out research that assessed the ‘actual’ consumers’ willingness to pay for nutrient-dense foodstuffs among urban people in Ethiopia. The study’s objectives were to: (1) explore the size of the market and purchasing power of individuals, (2) determine the local manufacturer’s business case, and (3) establish the required attributes of the distribution channel. The study found that although the majority of consumers preferred to buy the food product and that 25% of participants were ready to pay an unsubsidised price, yet, most of them were not used to buying packaged foods, and hence, the total market size was small [40]. The study’s findings suggest that to reach 75% of urban consumers who were not willing to pay the unsubsidised price for the products in Ethiopia would need a departure from the business as usual approach. It would possibly need a delivery model which embraces a public-private mix, which allows cost-sharing and efficiency gains [28].
The hybrid public-private delivery model is being proposed as a more profound and beneficial channel of distribution for nutritious foods over other channels in developing countries. This delivery model crafts an environment that forces key nutrition players and other practitioners to seriously take into account consumers’ views that are often ignored, and truly engross them as key stakeholders [28, 41]. In this model, the public sector is responsible for providing conducive environments for investments, infrastructure, and legal frameworks needed to support the private sector (both inside and outside the country) to engage more extensively in executing the nutrition business [1]. The public sector can also provide a direct subsidisation, which plays a key role in lowering the retail price of nutritious products. Likewise, the public sector can assist in reducing production costs by eliminating unnecessary trade obstacles and tariffs for key production inputs. Buyers from the public sector also have an important role to play in minimising the uncertainty related to the demand for potential nutritional products. Public sector procurers and purchasers can also sign credible and long-term contracts to stimulate private sector investments in resource-poor countries [41]. Eventually, this would ensure that there is a sustainable supply of nutritional products and formulations to the target population [1].
Given that the problem of undernutrition is far bigger than what the donor-driven and government intervention programmes can tackle alone, a context-specific food-based approach that would allow cost-sharing and efficiency gains in low-income countries is needed [1]. This approach is grounded on the fact that a mixed hybrid public-private delivery model is not donor-dependent and hence, can assure and enhance a sustainable delivery of nutritious nutrient-dense foodstuffs to the target consumers. In that way, the hybrid public-private delivery model guarantees a sustainable supply of nutritious commodities to the target population, including those who cannot manage to pay for the unsubsidised price. This delivery model considers retail channels as a potential delivery platform for sharing the cost burden with consumers. The model provides an avenue for key nutritional actors to leverage a private demand by marketing nutritious foodstuffs in the famous retail channels or outlets at a subsidised price or by charging fees at the distribution health care centres [1]. Nevertheless, market demand will set a basis not only for designing, testing, and scaling up production and delivery options but also for tackling cost-sharing issues in less developed countries.
Food-based nutrition intervention options that are context-specific can be used to address malnutrition problems in developing countries. Based on the available analysis and our recent pilot study on the nutritional framework in Tanzania [1], we recommend three key food-based nutrition intervention options in resource-poor settings.
The first intervention option is by providing new avenues for increasing the production and wide consumption of rarely consumed micronutrient-dense foods in the target population. This will ensure the availability and accessibility of nutrient-rich foods in the target population. The approach may work better in areas with high ecosystem productivity. Apart from increased production of nutrient-dense foods, this model can provide economic incentives for caregivers to generate household income that can be spent on health care and the purchase of diverse micronutrient-rich foods at the household level.
The second intervention option is to establish the hybrid public-private delivery model that enables cost-sharing and efficiency gains among stakeholders. This model is more suitable in areas with relatively lower productivity ecosystems. In this model, the primary caregivers or consumers are truly engaged as key stakeholders. The role of the public sector in this hybrid model is to provide investments, infrastructure and legal frameworks for the private sectors to engage themselves in the production and distribution of nutrient-dense foods or formulations. The public sector in this hybrid model can also lower production costs through the reduction of trade barriers and tariffs for basic production inputs. Direct subsidies from the public sector can also lower the price of the formulation and hence increase the pool of purchasers from low-income households. However, one needs to persuade the governments in developing countries to understand the economic gain of investing in nutrition through direct subsidies. This can be compared with the costs governments are incurring in treating nutrition-related diseases.
The third intervention option is to empower mothers or primary caregivers by training them on skills for formulating nutritious products and diets at the household level using locally available foods and resources. The economic returns for this model are likely to be relatively high and stable because it minimises costs associated with labour, overhead costs, production, packaging, marketing, and distribution of the nutritional formulations. This approach can expand the pool of primary caregivers from low-income households to access nutritional solutions at a relatively lower cost.
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',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
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\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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The accumulated knowledge has shown turbulent flow to be composed of islands of vortices and uniform-momentum regions, which are coherent in both time and space. Research has been concentrated on these structures, their generation, evolution, and interaction with the mean flow. Different theories and conceptual models were proposed with the aim of controlling the boundary layer flow and improving numerical simulations. Here, we review the different classes of turbulence coherent structures and the presumable generation mechanisms for each. The conceptual models describing the generation of turbulence coherent structures are generally classified under two categories, namely, the bottom-up mechanisms and the top-down mechanisms. The first assumes turbulence to be generated near the surface by some sort of instabilities, whereas the second assigns an active role to the large outer layer structures, perhaps the turbulent bulges. Both categories of models coexist in the flow with the first dominating turbulence generation at low Reynolds number and the second at high Reynolds number, such as the case in the atmospheric boundary layer.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zambri Harun and Eslam Reda Lotfy",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"},{id:"252195",title:"Dr.",name:"Eslam",middleName:null,surname:"Reda",slug:"eslam-reda",fullName:"Eslam Reda"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63059",title:"Generation, Evolution, and Characterization of Turbulence Coherent Structures",slug:"generation-evolution-and-characterization-of-turbulence-coherent-structures",totalDownloads:3624,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Turbulence stands as one of the most complicated and attractive physical phenomena. The accumulated knowledge has shown turbulent flow to be composed of islands of vortices and uniform-momentum regions, which are coherent in both time and space. Research has been concentrated on these structures, their generation, evolution, and interaction with the mean flow. Different theories and conceptual models were proposed with the aim of controlling the boundary layer flow and improving numerical simulations. Here, we review the different classes of turbulence coherent structures and the presumable generation mechanisms for each. The conceptual models describing the generation of turbulence coherent structures are generally classified under two categories, namely, the bottom-up mechanisms and the top-down mechanisms. The first assumes turbulence to be generated near the surface by some sort of instabilities, whereas the second assigns an active role to the large outer layer structures, perhaps the turbulent bulges. Both categories of models coexist in the flow with the first dominating turbulence generation at low Reynolds number and the second at high Reynolds number, such as the case in the atmospheric boundary layer.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zambri Harun and Eslam Reda Lotfy",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"},{id:"252195",title:"Dr.",name:"Eslam",middleName:null,surname:"Reda",slug:"eslam-reda",fullName:"Eslam Reda"}]},{id:"63811",title:"Performance Analysis of FSO Systems over Atmospheric Turbulence Channel for Indian Weather Conditions",slug:"performance-analysis-of-fso-systems-over-atmospheric-turbulence-channel-for-indian-weather-condition",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a line of sight (LOS) technology and has significant advantages and attractive applications. Recently, spectrum slicing wavelength division multiplexing (SS-WDM)-based FSO systems provide improved link range, high capacity, and efficiency. In this chapter, the SS-WDM-based FSO system is proposed with four channels to increase the performance of communication under various wind speed and heights of the buildings. But, atmospheric turbulence fading, scintillation, and pointing errors (PE) are the main impairments affecting the performance of FSO communication systems. Predominantly, the turbulence variation due to wind velocity, refractive index, and height of buildings has been majorly focused and analyzed for Vellore weather conditions. A case study has been experimented on how the height of buildings and the atmosphere around VIT, Vellore campus, affect the transmission of light in free space. The bit error rate of the proposed system is analyzed with distance, received power for various wind speed and different heights of the buildings.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Prabu Krishnan",authors:[{id:"243249",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabu",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"prabu-k",fullName:"Prabu K"}]},{id:"61221",title:"Laser Beam Propagation through Oceanic Turbulence",slug:"laser-beam-propagation-through-oceanic-turbulence",totalDownloads:914,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Using a recently proposed model for the refractive index fluctuations in oceanic turbulence, optical beam propagation through seawater is explored. The model provides an accurate depiction of the ocean through the inclusion of both temperature and salinity fluctuations to the refractive index. Several important statistical characteristics are explored including spatial coherence radius, angle-of-arrival fluctuations, and beam wander. Theoretical values of these parameters are found based on weak fluctuation theory using the Rytov method. The results presented serve as a foundation for the study of optical beam propagation in oceanic turbulence, which may provide an important support for further researches in applications for underwater communicating, imaging, and sensing systems.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zhiqiang Wang, Lu Lu, Pengfei Zhang, Chunhong Qiao, Jinghui\nZhang, Chengyu Fan and Xiaoling Ji",authors:[{id:"243532",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"lu-lu",fullName:"Lu Lu"},{id:"251741",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhiqiang-wang",fullName:"Zhiqiang Wang"},{id:"251742",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengfei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"pengfei-zhang",fullName:"Pengfei Zhang"},{id:"251743",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunhong",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",slug:"chunhong-qiao",fullName:"Chunhong Qiao"},{id:"251744",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinghui-zhang",fullName:"Jinghui Zhang"},{id:"251745",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoling",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"xiaoling-ji",fullName:"Xiaoling Ji"},{id:"251746",title:"Prof.",name:"Chengyu",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"chengyu-fan",fullName:"Chengyu Fan"}]},{id:"21748",title:"A Sediment Graph Model Based on SCS-CN Method",slug:"a-sediment-graph-model-based-on-scs-cn-method",totalDownloads:2544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1361",slug:"sediment-transport-flow-and-morphological-processes",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport - Flow and Morphological Processes"},signatures:"P. 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Bhunya, Ronny Berndtsson, Raj Deva Singh and S.N.Panda",authors:[{id:"36912",title:"Dr.",name:"P K",middleName:null,surname:"Bhunya",slug:"p-k-bhunya",fullName:"P K Bhunya"},{id:"55679",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronny",middleName:null,surname:"Berndtsson",slug:"ronny-berndtsson",fullName:"Ronny Berndtsson"},{id:"55680",title:"Dr.",name:"Raj Dev",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"raj-dev-singh",fullName:"Raj Dev Singh"},{id:"55681",title:"Dr.",name:"C S P",middleName:null,surname:"Ojha",slug:"c-s-p-ojha",fullName:"C S P Ojha"}]},{id:"21756",title:"On the Influence of the Nearbed Sediments in the Oxygen Budget of a Lagunar System: The Ria de Aveiro - Portugal",slug:"on-the-influence-of-the-nearbed-sediments-in-the-oxygen-budget-of-a-lagunar-system-the-ria-de-aveiro",totalDownloads:1829,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1361",slug:"sediment-transport-flow-and-morphological-processes",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport - Flow and Morphological Processes"},signatures:"José Fortes Lopes",authors:[{id:"48297",title:"Dr.",name:"José Fortes",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",slug:"jose-fortes-lopes",fullName:"José Fortes Lopes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"642",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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