\r\n\r\nThis book has been produced and distributed with the support from The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine.\r\n',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1724-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4231-7",doi:"10.5772/58896",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-trends-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine-official-book-of-the-japanese-society-for-regenerative-medicine",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"5547a6eaad83d9d20529e0e4be54caaf",bookSignature:"Hideharu Hibi and Minoru Ueda",publishedDate:"September 18th 2014",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4580.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17237,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 25th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 15th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 17th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 19th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:'
\n\n\nThis book has been produced and distributed with the support from The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine.\n\n
',editors:[{id:"93125",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideharu",middleName:null,surname:"Hibi",slug:"hideharu-hibi",fullName:"Hideharu Hibi",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Hideharu Hibi received his DDS and PhD degrees from Tokyo Medical and Dental University \nin 1987 and 1991, respectively. He served as an associate professor at the Center for Genetic \nand Regenerative Medicine in Nagoya University School of Medicine from 2004 to 2008. \nSince 2009, he has been an associate professor at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial \nSurgery in Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. His academic interests include \ntranslational research on bone tissue engineering for maxillomandibular reconstruction.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"114616",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",middleName:null,surname:"Ueda",slug:"minoru-ueda",fullName:"Minoru Ueda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/114616/images/1590_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Minoru Ueda received a DDS degree from Tokyo Medical and Dental University in 1978 and a PhD degree in medical science from Nagoya University in 1982. He was appointed Professor and Chair of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Nagoya University School of Medicine in 1994, also Visiting Professor of Stem Cell Engineering at Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo in 2003 and Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea in 2011. He became Chairman of scientific advisory board at Japan Tissue Engineering, Inc. which was the first tissue engineering company in 1999 to commercialize the cultured skin. He received the “2004 President Award” from the Science Council of Japan for his contribution to the development of tissue engineered skin and cartilage. He is former President at Japanese Tissue Engineering Society, Asian Tissue Engineering Society, and Vice-President at Tissue Engineering International & Regenerative Medicine Society.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"47335",title:"Cell Sheet Engineering for Periodontal Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/58901",slug:"cell-sheet-engineering-for-periodontal-regeneration",totalDownloads:1928,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takanori Iwata, Kaoru Washio, Toshiyuki Yoshida, Isao Ishikawa,\nTomohiro Ando, Masayuki Yamato and Teruo Okano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47335",authors:[{id:"93125",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideharu",surname:"Hibi",slug:"hideharu-hibi",fullName:"Hideharu Hibi"},{id:"172980",title:"Dr.",name:"Takanori",surname:"Iwata",slug:"takanori-iwata",fullName:"Takanori Iwata"}],corrections:null},{id:"47340",title:"The Cell-Multilayered Periosteal Sheet — A Promising Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Grafting Material",doi:"10.5772/58902",slug:"the-cell-multilayered-periosteal-sheet-a-promising-osteogenic-and-osteoinductive-grafting-material",totalDownloads:1664,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomoyuki Kawase, Kazuhiro Okuda, Masaki Nagata and Hiromasa\nYoshie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47340",authors:[{id:"172981",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Kawase",slug:"tomoyuki-kawase",fullName:"Tomoyuki Kawase"}],corrections:null},{id:"47343",title:"Pulp Regeneration by Harnessing Dental Pulp Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/58905",slug:"pulp-regeneration-by-harnessing-dental-pulp-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Misako Nakashima and Koichiro Iohara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47343",authors:[{id:"172984",title:"Dr.",name:"Misako",surname:"Nakashima",slug:"misako-nakashima",fullName:"Misako Nakashima"}],corrections:null},{id:"47400",title:"Regenerative Medicine in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region",doi:"10.5772/58903",slug:"regenerative-medicine-in-the-oral-and-maxillofacial-region",totalDownloads:1808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hideto Saijo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47400",authors:[{id:"172982",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideto",surname:"Saijo",slug:"hideto-saijo",fullName:"Hideto Saijo"}],corrections:null},{id:"47334",title:"Feasibility of Molecularly Targeted Therapy for Tooth Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/58904",slug:"feasibility-of-molecularly-targeted-therapy-for-tooth-regeneration",totalDownloads:1741,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Katsu Takahashi, Honoka Kiso, Kazuyuki Saito, Yumiko Togo,\nHiroko Tsukamoto, Boyen Huang and Kazuhisa Bessho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47334",authors:[{id:"172983",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsu",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"katsu-takahashi",fullName:"Katsu Takahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"47338",title:"Multifaceted Neuro-Regenerative Activities of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/58906",slug:"multifaceted-neuro-regenerative-activities-of-human-dental-pulp-stem-cells-for-functional-recovery-a",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Akihito Yamamoto, Kohki Matsubara, Kiyoshi Sakai, Fumiya Kano\nand Minoru Ueda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47338",authors:[{id:"172985",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihito",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"akihito-yamamoto",fullName:"Akihito Yamamoto"}],corrections:null},{id:"47325",title:"Potential Cell-Based Therapies for Irreversibly Damaged Salivary Glands and Atrophic Alveolar Bone",doi:"10.5772/58913",slug:"potential-cell-based-therapies-for-irreversibly-damaged-salivary-glands-and-atrophic-alveolar-bone",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yoshinori Sumita, Izumi Asahina, Simon D. Tran, Hideki Agata,\nMinoru Inoue, Arinobu Tojo and Hideaki Kagami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47325",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47325",authors:[{id:"161306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshinori",surname:"Sumita",slug:"yoshinori-sumita",fullName:"Yoshinori Sumita"}],corrections:null},{id:"47327",title:"Bone and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration by the Secretomes from Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/58907",slug:"bone-and-periodontal-tissue-regeneration-by-the-secretomes-from-bone-marrow-derived-mesenchymal-stem",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wataru Katagiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47327",authors:[{id:"172986",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",surname:"Katagiri",slug:"wataru-katagiri",fullName:"Wataru Katagiri"}],corrections:null},{id:"47348",title:"Whole Tooth Regeneration Using a Bioengineered Tooth",doi:"10.5772/58908",slug:"whole-tooth-regeneration-using-a-bioengineered-tooth",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masamitsu Oshima and Takashi Tsuji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47348",authors:[{id:"172987",title:"Dr.",name:"Masamitsu",surname:"Oshima",slug:"masamitsu-oshima",fullName:"Masamitsu Oshima"},{id:"172990",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Tsuji",slug:"takashi-tsuji",fullName:"Takashi Tsuji"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3348",title:"Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39bb39271df3b373edb7d5e2cdeffb18",slug:"tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3361",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe914d49a96b3dcd00d27292ae23536e",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Jose A. Andrades",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40914",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose A.",surname:"Andrades",slug:"jose-a.-andrades",fullName:"Jose A. Andrades"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"786",title:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06d8a9addc021349418ffcc670142467",slug:"advances-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Sabine Wislet-Gendebien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/786.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65329",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Wislet",slug:"sabine-wislet",fullName:"Sabine Wislet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"560",title:"Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"293cde681a800f168d0b3ceb13bac38a",slug:"bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Haim Tal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97351",title:"Prof.",name:"Haim",surname:"Tal",slug:"haim-tal",fullName:"Haim Tal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"637",title:"Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bef0b1c31f0555294c7d49580c8d241",slug:"tissue-engineering-for-tissue-and-organ-regeneration",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2631",title:"Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues",subtitle:"From Molecules to Humans",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34fa138dc948d7121e2915ac84ea30cf",slug:"current-basic-and-pathological-approaches-to-the-function-of-muscle-cells-and-tissues-from-molecules-to-humans",bookSignature:"Haruo Sugi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140827",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Haruo",surname:"Sugi",slug:"haruo-sugi",fullName:"Haruo Sugi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4486",title:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c333e655d47208db36f2a886b49c160",slug:"cells-and-biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"824",title:"Tissue Regeneration",subtitle:"From Basic Biology to Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b540e4a2d901e0b3c940f69d0fc058",slug:"tissue-regeneration-from-basic-biology-to-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Jamie Davies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/824.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63994",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamie",surname:"Davies",slug:"jamie-davies",fullName:"Jamie Davies"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4610",title:"Muscle Cell and Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2719cb06d2a1327298528772eacec55",slug:"muscle-cell-and-tissue",bookSignature:"Kunihiro Sakuma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173502",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunihiro",surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66066",slug:"erratum-microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",title:"Erratum - Microbial Responses to Different Operating Practices for Biogas Production Systems",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66066.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66066",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66066",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66066",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66066",chapter:{id:"65614",slug:"microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",signatures:"Maria Westerholm and Anna Schnürer",dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"November 30th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 12th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"262546",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Anna Schnürer",slug:"anna-schnurer",email:"anna.schnurer@slu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263116",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Westerholm",fullName:"Maria Westerholm",slug:"maria-westerholm",email:"Maria.Westerholm@slu.se",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65614",slug:"microbial-responses-to-different-operating-practices-for-biogas-production-systems",signatures:"Maria Westerholm and Anna Schnürer",dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"November 30th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 12th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"262546",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Anna Schnürer",slug:"anna-schnurer",email:"anna.schnurer@slu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263116",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Westerholm",fullName:"Maria Westerholm",slug:"maria-westerholm",email:"Maria.Westerholm@slu.se",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6839",title:"Anaerobic Digestion",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"anaerobic-digestion",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"J. Rajesh Banu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11717",leadTitle:null,title:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - A Growing Concern",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis nowadays. GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to block the stomach content to go up into the esophagus. The refluxate not only contains strong acid but sometimes also bile from the duodenum. Chronic GERD can lead to esophageal cancer, which is one of the deadliest malignancies in the world. A recent study shows that GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma by 8.6 fold. GERD is usually treated with acid-suppressive drugs like PPI, or with surgical procedures, but multiple side effects are reported repeatedly. Moreover, these treatment strategies have not been found to lower the risk of esophageal cancer. This book aims to cover every aspect of GERD, particularly its epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular biology, as well as treatment options. Through this book, we hope to raise more awareness of this common disease, leading to more effective treatment strategies.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-958-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-957-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-959-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0396d89369495b63682157e938f788fa",bookSignature:"Dr. Jianyuan Chai",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11717.jpg",keywords:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD, Heartburn, Obesity, Diet, Esophagitis, Barrett's Esophagus, Esophageal Cancer, Acid Reflux, Bile Reflux, Proton Pump Inhibitor, Acid-Suppressive Drugs",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"19 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Jianyuan Chai completed his postdoctoral training at Harvard University in 2001 and afterward served at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs as a Principal Investigator. He is a member of several professional organizations including the American Gastroenterological Association, Expertscape in Obesity, and the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/28281/images/system/28281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chai received his Ph.D. in Biology from the City University of New York in 1998 and completed his postdoctoral training in molecular medicine at Harvard University in 2001. Then he served the Department of Veterans Affairs of the United States as a Principal Investigator (2002-2016) in affiliation with the School of Medicine, University of California in Irvine. Currently, he is a professor at Baotou Medical College in China. He has published dozens of research articles on various subjects including zoology, cardiovascular biology, gastroenterology, and cancer biology. He has been a member of AGA, AHA, ASBMB, and several other professional organizations, and has also served on the editorial board of multiple journals. His current research mainly focuses on the molecular dynamics of esophageal cancer.",institutionString:"Baotou Medical College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Baotou Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"225",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d739f4ee9bd8e8521a50ab44d67dd160",slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/225.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3439",title:"Research Directions in Tumor Angiogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe5692f82fb9709aca8d230560dc38d5",slug:"research-directions-in-tumor-angiogenesis",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3439.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7091",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ecda741df661e21f77858de31105346",slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9481",title:"Celiac Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6e11ac5ac7485c2653e734fafdc7b64",slug:"celiac-disease",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9481.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35783",title:"Properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ Superconducting Films on Sr2YSbO6 Buffer Layers",doi:"10.5772/37912",slug:"properties-of-superconductor-films-on-sr2ysbo6-buffer-layers",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35783.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35783",totalDownloads:1742,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:12,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"January 6th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 20th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35783",book:{id:"1342",slug:"superconductors-properties-technology-and-applications"},signatures:"Omar Ortiz-Diaz, David A. Landinez Tellez and Jairo Roa-Rojas",authors:[{id:"114759",title:"MSc.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Diaz",fullName:"Omar Ortiz-Diaz",slug:"omar-ortiz-diaz",email:"oortizd@unal.edu.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"117597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Roa-Rojas",fullName:"Jairo Roa-Rojas",slug:"jairo-roa-rojas",email:"jroar@unal.edu.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"117599",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Landinez Tellez",fullName:"David Landinez Tellez",slug:"david-landinez-tellez",email:"dalandinezt@unal.edu.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1342",type:"book",title:"Superconductors",subtitle:"Properties, Technology, and Applications",fullTitle:"Superconductors - Properties, Technology, and Applications",slug:"superconductors-properties-technology-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Yury Grigorashvili",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1342.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0545-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6200-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"115989",title:"Dr.",name:"Yury",middleName:null,surname:"Grigorashvili",slug:"yury-grigorashvili",fullName:"Yury Grigorashvili"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"958"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35772",type:"chapter",title:"Role of Antiferromagnetic Fluctuations in High Temperature Superconductivity",slug:"role-of-spin-fluctuations-in-high-temperature-supeconductivity",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sung-Ho Suck Salk, Jae-Hyeon Eom, Seung Joon Shin, Jae-Gon Eom and Sung-Sik Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114466",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Salk",fullName:"Sung Ho Salk",slug:"sung-ho-salk"}]},{id:"35773",type:"chapter",title:"Pairing Symmetry and Multiple Energy Gaps in Multi-Orbital Iron-Pnictide Superconductors",slug:"pairing-symmetry-and-multiple-energy-gaps-in-multi-orbital-superconductors",totalDownloads:2400,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Liang-Jian Zou and Feng Lu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111934",title:"Prof.",name:"Liang-Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Liang-Jian Zou",slug:"liang-jian-zou"}]},{id:"35774",type:"chapter",title:"Josephson Current in a Ferromagnetic Semiconductor/Semiconductor/Ferromagnetic Semiconductor Junction with Superconducting Contacts",slug:"josephson-current-in-a-ferromagnetic-semiconductor-semiconductor-ferromagnetic-semiconductor-junctio",totalDownloads:1442,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Y.C. Tao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117809",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Tao",fullName:"Yong-Chun Tao",slug:"yong-chun-tao"}]},{id:"35775",type:"chapter",title:"Investigating Superconductivity with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectrometer",slug:"investigating-superconductivity-with-electron-paramagnetic-resonance-epr-spectrometer",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. Shaltiel, H.A. Krug von Nidda, B.Ya. Shapiro, A. Loidl, T. Tamegai, T. Kurz, B. Bogoslavsky, B. Rosenstein and I. Shapiro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115874",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Shaltiel",fullName:"David Shaltiel",slug:"david-shaltiel"},{id:"118113",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans-Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Krug Von Nidda",fullName:"Hans-Albrecht Krug Von Nidda",slug:"hans-albrecht-krug-von-nidda"}]},{id:"35776",type:"chapter",title:"Non Resonant Microwave Absorption (NRMA) Anomalies in High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) Relevance of Electromagnetic Interactions (EMI) and Energy Stabilized Josephson (ESJ) Fluxons",slug:"non-resonant-microwave-absorption-nrma-in-superconductor-relevance-of-electromagnetic-interactions",totalDownloads:1730,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"G.K. Padam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gursharan",middleName:null,surname:"Padam",fullName:"Gursharan Padam",slug:"gursharan-padam"}]},{id:"35777",type:"chapter",title:"Superconductivity in Nanoscale Systems",slug:"superconductivity-in-nanoscale-systems",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Meenakshi Singh, Yi Sun and Jian Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116389",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jian Wang",slug:"jian-wang"},{id:"138959",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Meenakshi Singh",slug:"meenakshi-singh"},{id:"138960",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Yi Sun",slug:"yi-sun"}]},{id:"35778",type:"chapter",title:"Josephson Vortices in High Tc Superconductors",slug:"josephson-vortices-in-high-tc-superconductors",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kazuto Hirata",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114195",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuto",middleName:null,surname:"Hirata",fullName:"Kazuto Hirata",slug:"kazuto-hirata"}]},{id:"35779",type:"chapter",title:"Shapiro Steps in BSCCO Intrinsic Josephson Junctions",slug:"shapiro-steps-in-bscco-intrinsic-josephson-junctions",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michihide Kitamura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114115",title:"Prof.",name:"Michihide",middleName:null,surname:"Kitamura",fullName:"Michihide Kitamura",slug:"michihide-kitamura"}]},{id:"35780",type:"chapter",title:"Magnetical Response and Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, YBaCu3O7-X Materials",slug:"review-magnetical-response-and-mechanical-properties-of-second-generation-htsc-ybco-materials",totalDownloads:2191,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J.J. Roa, F.T. Dias and M. Segarra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114244",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan Josep",middleName:null,surname:"Roa",fullName:"Joan Josep Roa",slug:"joan-josep-roa"},{id:"117397",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio T",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Fabio T Dias",slug:"fabio-t-dias"},{id:"117398",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercè",middleName:null,surname:"Segarra",fullName:"Mercè Segarra",slug:"merce-segarra"}]},{id:"35781",type:"chapter",title:"Magnetic Irreversibility and Resistive Transition in YBaCuO Superconductors: Interpretations and Possible Correlations",slug:"magnetic-irreversibility-and-resistive-transition-in-ybacuo-superconductors-interpretations-and-pos",totalDownloads:1842,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fábio Teixeira Dias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117068",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:"Teixeira",surname:"Dias",fullName:"Fábio Dias",slug:"fabio-dias"}]},{id:"35782",type:"chapter",title:"Manufacturing Technology of the (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 High-Temperature Superconductor",slug:"manufacturing-technology-of-the-bi-pb-2sr2ca2cu3o10-high-temperature-superconductor",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yury Evgenevich Grigorashvili",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115989",title:"Dr.",name:"Yury",middleName:null,surname:"Grigorashvili",fullName:"Yury Grigorashvili",slug:"yury-grigorashvili"}]},{id:"35783",type:"chapter",title:"Properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ Superconducting Films on Sr2YSbO6 Buffer Layers",slug:"properties-of-superconductor-films-on-sr2ysbo6-buffer-layers",totalDownloads:1742,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Omar Ortiz-Diaz, David A. Landinez Tellez and Jairo Roa-Rojas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114759",title:"MSc.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Diaz",fullName:"Omar Ortiz-Diaz",slug:"omar-ortiz-diaz"},{id:"117597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Roa-Rojas",fullName:"Jairo Roa-Rojas",slug:"jairo-roa-rojas"},{id:"117599",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Landinez Tellez",fullName:"David Landinez Tellez",slug:"david-landinez-tellez"}]},{id:"35784",type:"chapter",title:"Structural Characteristic and Superconducting Performance of MgB2 Fabricated by Mg Diffusion Process",slug:"structural-characteristic-and-superconducting-performance-of-mgb2-fabricated-by-mg-diffusion-process",totalDownloads:2325,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Minoru Maeda, Jung Ho Kim and Shi Xue Dou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"10861",title:"Prof.",name:"Shi-Xue",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",fullName:"Shi-Xue Dou",slug:"shi-xue-dou"},{id:"24527",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jung Ho Kim",slug:"jung-ho-kim"},{id:"114820",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",fullName:"Minoru Maeda",slug:"minoru-maeda"}]},{id:"35785",type:"chapter",title:"Measurement of Levitation Forces in High Temperature Superconductors",slug:"measurement-of-levitation-forces-in-high-temperature-superconductors",totalDownloads:2688,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"İbrahim Karaca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115702",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Karaca",fullName:"Ibrahim Karaca",slug:"ibrahim-karaca"}]},{id:"35786",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of Superconductor/Photosemiconductor Contact Structures in Electronics",slug:"applications-of-superconductor-photosemiconductor-contact-structures-in-electronics",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Viktor V. Bunda and Svitlana O. Bunda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115324",title:"Prof.",name:"Viktor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Bunda",fullName:"Viktor Bunda",slug:"viktor-bunda"},{id:"115326",title:"Dr.",name:"Svitlana",middleName:null,surname:"Bunda",fullName:"Svitlana Bunda",slug:"svitlana-bunda"}]},{id:"35787",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Application of YBCO Ring and Closed Loop with DC and AC Magnetic Flux Transformation",slug:"novel-application-of-ybco-ring-and-closed-loop-with-dc-and-ac-magnetic-flux-transformation",totalDownloads:2376,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Janos Kosa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113195",title:"Dr.",name:"Janos",middleName:null,surname:"Kosa",fullName:"Janos Kosa",slug:"janos-kosa"}]},{id:"35788",type:"chapter",title:"Superconductor Application to the Magnetic Fusion Devices for the Steady-State Plasma Confinement Achievement",slug:"superconductor-application-to-the-magnetic-fusion-devices-for-the-steady-state-plasma-confinement-ac",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yeong-Kook Oh, Keeman Kim, Kap-Rai Park and Young-Min Park",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114817",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeong-Kook",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Yeong-Kook Oh",slug:"yeong-kook-oh"},{id:"118697",title:"Dr.",name:"Keeman",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Keeman Kim",slug:"keeman-kim"},{id:"118699",title:"Mr.",name:"Kap-Rai",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Kap-Rai Park",slug:"kap-rai-park"},{id:"118700",title:"Dr.",name:"Young-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Young-Min Park",slug:"young-min-park"}]},{id:"35789",type:"chapter",title:"MgB2 SQUID for Magnetocardiography",slug:"mgb2-squid-for-magnetocardiography",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yoshitomo Harada, Koichiro Kobayashi and Masahito Yoshizawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118528",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahito",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshizawa",fullName:"Masahito Yoshizawa",slug:"masahito-yoshizawa"},{id:"118529",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitomo",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",fullName:"Yoshitomo Harada",slug:"yoshitomo-harada"},{id:"118530",title:"Prof.",name:"Koichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Koichiro Kobayashi",slug:"koichiro-kobayashi"}]},{id:"35790",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Behaviour and Refrigeration of High-Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiters and Microlimiters",slug:"thermal-behaviour-and-refrigeration-of-high-temperature-superconducting-fault-current-limiters-and-m",totalDownloads:2120,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J.A. Veira, M.R. Osorio and F. Vidal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118034",title:"Dr.",name:"J.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Veira",fullName:"J.A. Veira",slug:"j.a.-veira"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7671",title:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"549e8caa1b260cea0dd3fe688cd126f5",slug:"concepts-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman, Anish Khan, Abdullah Asiri and Inamuddin Inamuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"69599",title:"Introductory Chapter: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",slug:"introductory-chapter-fundamentals-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",signatures:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",authors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman"}]},{id:"68467",title:"Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Visible Light Photocatalysis of Water Pollutants",slug:"semiconductor-nanocomposites-for-visible-light-photocatalysis-of-water-pollutants",signatures:"Fatima Imtiaz, Jamshaid Rashid and Ming Xu",authors:[{id:"292882",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamshaid",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",fullName:"Jamshaid Rashid",slug:"jamshaid-rashid"},{id:"302498",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Imtiaz",fullName:"Fatima Imtiaz",slug:"fatima-imtiaz"},{id:"308434",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Ming Xu",slug:"ming-xu"}]},{id:"67697",title:"TiO2 Nanoparticles Supported on Hierarchical Meso/Macroporous SiO2 Spheres for Photocatalytic Applications",slug:"tio-sub-2-sub-nanoparticles-supported-on-hierarchical-meso-macroporous-sio-sub-2-sub-spheres-for-pho",signatures:"Keyla M. Fuentes, Margarita Sánchez-Dominguez and Sara A. Bilmes",authors:[{id:"93593",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Dominguez",fullName:"Margarita Sanchez-Dominguez",slug:"margarita-sanchez-dominguez"},{id:"290978",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Keyla M.",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",fullName:"Keyla M. Fuentes",slug:"keyla-m.-fuentes"},{id:"300173",title:"Prof.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Aldabe Bilmes",fullName:"Sara Aldabe Bilmes",slug:"sara-aldabe-bilmes"}]},{id:"66250",title:"Toward the Creation of Highly Active Photocatalysts That Convert Methane into Methanol",slug:"toward-the-creation-of-highly-active-photocatalysts-that-convert-methane-into-methanol",signatures:"Yuichi Negishi, Seiichiro Watanabe, Marika Aoki, Sakiat Hossain and Wataru Kurashige",authors:[{id:"198877",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Negishi",fullName:"Yuichi Negishi",slug:"yuichi-negishi"},{id:"294421",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",middleName:null,surname:"Kurashige",fullName:"Wataru Kurashige",slug:"wataru-kurashige"},{id:"294422",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakiat",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Sakiat Hossain",slug:"sakiat-hossain"},{id:"294423",title:"Ms.",name:"Marika",middleName:null,surname:"Aoki",fullName:"Marika Aoki",slug:"marika-aoki"},{id:"294424",title:"Mr.",name:"Seiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Seiichiro Watanabe",slug:"seiichiro-watanabe"}]},{id:"67490",title:"Rare-Earth-Based Materials for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis",slug:"rare-earth-based-materials-for-heterogeneous-photocatalysis",signatures:"Sahar Zinatloo-Ajabshir and Zahra Sayyar",authors:[{id:"292583",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahar",middleName:null,surname:"Zinatloo_Ajabshir",fullName:"Sahar Zinatloo_Ajabshir",slug:"sahar-zinatloo_ajabshir"},{id:"296400",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Sayyar",fullName:"Zahra Sayyar",slug:"zahra-sayyar"}]},{id:"68791",title:"Radiative Transference Equation Algorithm as an ANSYS® User-Defined Function for Solar Technology Applications",slug:"radiative-transference-equation-algorithm-as-an-ansys-user-defined-function-for-solar-technology-app",signatures:"Diana Barraza-Jiménez, Adolfo Ruiz-Soto, Sandra Iliana Torres-Herrera, Elva Marcela Coria-Quiñones, Raúl Armando Olvera-Corral, David José Romero-Soto and Manuel Alberto Flores-Hidalgo",authors:[{id:"198497",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hidalgo",fullName:"Manuel Alberto Flores-Hidalgo",slug:"manuel-alberto-flores-hidalgo"},{id:"304002",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Barraza-Jiménez",fullName:"Diana Barraza-Jiménez",slug:"diana-barraza-jimenez"},{id:"304003",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Iliana",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Herrera",fullName:"Sandra Iliana Torres-Herrera",slug:"sandra-iliana-torres-herrera"},{id:"306132",title:"MSc.",name:"Elva Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Coria-Quiñones",fullName:"Elva Marcela Coria-Quiñones",slug:"elva-marcela-coria-quinones"},{id:"306133",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Olvera-Corral",fullName:"Raúl Armando Olvera-Corral",slug:"raul-armando-olvera-corral"},{id:"308422",title:"MSc.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz-Soto",fullName:"Adolfo Ruiz-Soto",slug:"adolfo-ruiz-soto"},{id:"309838",title:"BSc.",name:"David José",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Soto",fullName:"David José Romero-Soto",slug:"david-jose-romero-soto"}]},{id:"64785",title:"Effect of Annealing on Metal-Oxide Nanocluster",slug:"effect-of-annealing-on-metal-oxide-nanocluster",signatures:"Naorem Khelchand Singh and Rajshree Rajkumari",authors:[{id:"263847",title:"Dr.",name:"Naorem Khelchand",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Naorem Khelchand Singh",slug:"naorem-khelchand-singh"},{id:"276260",title:"Ms.",name:"Rajshree",middleName:null,surname:"Rajkumari",fullName:"Rajshree Rajkumari",slug:"rajshree-rajkumari"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7671",title:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"549e8caa1b260cea0dd3fe688cd126f5",slug:"concepts-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman, Anish Khan, Abdullah Asiri and Inamuddin Inamuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6083",title:"Semiconductors",subtitle:"Growth and Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"53bed47ef5d839f8d10d5f1a3b050c49",slug:"semiconductors-growth-and-characterization",bookSignature:"Rosalinda Inguanta and Carmelo Sunseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174858",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosalinda",surname:"Inguanta",slug:"rosalinda-inguanta",fullName:"Rosalinda Inguanta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6845",title:"Graphene and Its Derivatives",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63a9783e678fc42ce981efb35be02096",slug:"graphene-and-its-derivatives-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ishaq Ahmad and Fabian I. Ezema",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishaq",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"ishaq-ahmad",fullName:"Ishaq Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8866",title:"Silicon Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7cfb39af7a429ef119b71a2e1f221e7",slug:"silicon-materials",bookSignature:"Beddiaf Zaidi and Slimen Belghit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230574",title:"Dr.",name:"Beddiaf",surname:"Zaidi",slug:"beddiaf-zaidi",fullName:"Beddiaf Zaidi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66879",title:"Laser Based Additive Manufacturing Technology for Fabrication of Titanium Aluminide-Based Composites in Aerospace Component Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85538",slug:"laser-based-additive-manufacturing-technology-for-fabrication-of-titanium-aluminide-based-composites",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Aerospace engine components are exposed to high temperatures as a result of enormous heat generation in the engine and formation of large temperature rise across the structural parts. These components are generally expected to possess a high strength-to-weight ratio in order to give high thrust, improved fuel efficiency at minimal fuel consumption while increasing speed of flight. Aircraft engines are usually fabricated by titanium alloys, nickel-based super alloys, superior steels or ultrahigh-temperature ceramics. Moreover, an important engineering material for manufacturing of gas turbine and aircraft engine components are alloys of titanium (Ti) because of good properties like corrosion resistance, excellent specific strength and most especially their low density [1]. Also, due to the biocompatibility of these alloys, they have been applied in biomedical industries as implants [2, 3, 4] and prosthetic beak [5]. The poor wear performance and low hardness of titanium alloys constrained their adoption in fabricating components to be subjected in contact forces of friction and wear [3, 6]. Likewise, titanium alloys have not been impressive for load-bearing components (LBC) in the aerospace industry because of uneven stress distribution on parts [7].
\n
Beta titanium (β-Ti) alloys is reported to have been used to fabricate landing gears in Boeing aircraft from the Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr because of better strength-toughness mishmash in β-Ti alloys compared to α + β and α alloys [8]. Titanium intermetallic alloys have great potentials in aerospace, automotive and power plants especially titanium aluminides (TiAl) because of their excellent creep and light-weight in relation to nickel-based superalloys [9]. The most feasible TiAl alloys with engineering interest are those of 44–48 at.% Al content because of the eutectoid transformation reaction occurring during solidification and cooling process [10]. \nFigure 1\n displays the phase diagram of Ti-Al between 0 and 60 at. % aluminum. Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) reinforced with ceramics has increased due to improvement in heavy load-bearing, wear and friction performance in service due to material efficiency with lower cost of parts fabrication.
\n
Figure 1.
Ti-Al binary phase diagram.
\n
A possible replacement of Ni-based superalloys is gamma-titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl) considered in manufacturing aero-engine and automobile engine parts because of their high strength, high stiffness, light weight good oxidation and corrosion resistance [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. The choice of γ-TiAl is hinged on the fact that its density is almost half of Ni-based superalloy and high temperature creep properties [21, 22] with application temperature up to 750°C [23]. These has made γ-TiAl to be favorably accepted in aerospace industry. However, aero engine component like turbocharger operate at temperatures between 700 and 950°C which presents a concern of oxidation reaction apart from its room temperature ductility [22]. γ-TiAl of 48 at.% Al generally comprise of a γ-phase and α2-phase with L1o and DO19 structure respectively (major: γ-TiAl, minor: α2-Ti3Al) typically referred to as γ-TiAl [10, 24]. This γ-TiAl-based alloy are continuously been improved upon in the manufacturing nozzles, low pressure turbine blade (LPTB) and turbochargers in aerospace engines [25].
\n
General Electric has applied the Ti48Al2Cr2Nb alloy called the GE4822 to manufacture the Boeing-787 Dreamliner’s engine known as GEnx-1B that reduces both fuel consumption and CO2 emission by 15% [11, 21, 26]. Due to the GE4822 alloys high-temperature capability, there has been works on improving the ductile property of γ-TiAl which have been used for low-pressure turbine (LPT) blades [11, 16, 18, 27] and to expand the temperature range 800–850°C [11]. High Nb-containing TiAl known as TNM have been produced with higher yield strength, oxidation resistance and better creep than conventional TiAls [15, 19, 23, 26, 28, 29].
\n
However, the extremely poor tensile ductility (<1% elongation) of TiAl-based alloys at room temperature, poor fracture toughness and high-temperature poor workability makes it difficult to fabricate and strongly limits their applications in the industry [10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 30]. This has made conventional processing techniques very problematic in manufacturing TiAl-based components. Hence, a lot of interest in improving the ambient temperature characteristics and oxidation resistance at elevated temperature, methods such as alloying and post-processing heat treatment has been suggested to help advance its properties.
\n
Apart from the potentially improved geometrical complexity, additive manufacturing (AM) permits manufacturing of innovative materials with functionally graded capabilities during fabrication [14]. The applicability of TiAl alloys is becoming more progressive due to the growing knowledge of the connections concerning mechanical properties and microstructural evolution as well as modifications in processing operations [18]. However, even with AM technologies issues of the mass production quantities is still not making the technique cost-effective [31].
\n
Currently, AM has gained acceptance for manufacturing customized products with complex geometrical freedom, more homogeneous microstructure and functionally enhanced parts gradually replacing traditional processes [14, 28, 32]. Due to this property, it is possible to manufacture components and finished parts which could not be implemented with conventional manufacturing technologies or only at great expense. AM routes is poised to produced γ-TiAl parts for aerospace applications.
\n
Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is a class of AM process that makes use of high-powered laser beam in melting and fabricating metal powders into three-dimensional (3D) components from a predesigned computer-aided design (CAD) model. One of the highly desirable LAM techniques is laser engineered net shaping (LENS®) regarded for producing ceramics, composites and functionally graded materials (FGMs) which are difficult to produce [33, 34].
\n
The objective of this work is to give an overview of LAM of TiAl alloys and composites while presenting a review of crucial matters, investigation tendencies, fabrication and progress achieve on γ-TiAl based materials for aerospace. A succinct overview of TiAl was first presented followed by AM of titanium alloys particularly those applied in aerospace industries. The paper subsequently highlights a comprehensive appraisal of latest studies on γ-TiAl laser processing and post-processing effects on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Prospects, challenges and suggested findings were discussed at the end of this work.
\n
\n
\n
2. Additive manufacturing (AM)
\n
AM is a material joining process from a three-dimensional (3D) CAD model data to build an object, in typically layer by layer [32, 35]. AM has been known by names which includes freeform fabrication (FFF), additive layer manufacturing (ALM), rapid prototyping (RP) and 3D-printing (3DP). AM have been widely adopted in industries especially the aerospace and medical field with recent application in radio-frequency (RF) for microwave and millimeter wave devices [32]. The distinguishing feature of this technology is ability to manufacture objects through layer upon layer building [36] and consistent component functions requiring little or no additional process [37].
\n
The two key classes of AM technologies are direct energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF) as depicted in \nTable 1\n. The DED methods offers prospects in engineering applications for producing functional parts with intricate geometries from metallic powders [31]. The powder particles used are preferably spherical with the DED being more sensitive in size distribution and wires are adopted as precursor for certain DED processes for higher production rate [38]. The process melts the material feedstock (powder or wire) using a high-powered laser beam. The most commonly used lasers are CO2 and ND: YAG which has been used for fabricating complex and customized parts, prototyping of metallic parts and repairing/cladding of components [31]. This method is ideal to directly make components with limited tooling but the produced parts exhibits relatively low fracture toughness and prone to defects like cracks and pores due to fast heating and cooling rates involved [39, 40].
\n
In the PBF techniques, a heating source (laser or electron beam) scans metallic powders on a preplaced build platform to melt the powders in a predefined path. This is controlled based on CAD model to build the object in a layer by layer tool path. It has the benefits of reduced lead time and material waste [41] and control of melt pool dynamics and stability [42].
\n
There have been remarkable improvements in AM primarily by the Ti alloys production for aerospace components. Though, PBF is competent to make near-net shaped objects and DED also can be applied to refurbish/repair parts and modify features apart from fabricating 3D objects. The high-temperature gradient due to focused instant heating and cooling is the main difficulty encountered by these techniques.
\n
The majority of investigations on AM materials demonstrates that their mechanical properties of better than the traditionally manufactured titanium alloys. The principal application of additive manufactured Ti-alloy is the aerospace industry followed by the medical industry while its gradually been accepted in automotive industry. AM presents encouraging platform to produce highly effective Ti-alloy component with intricate geometry [43, 44]. Whereas, these alloys are continuously been studied, the problem encountered is due to their additional processing requirements.
\n
Laser-based AM, however, achieves the built parts defined in a CAD model by melting and solidifying powder on a layer by layer basis [45]. This method is known to have been adopted in aerospace to manufacture and create components of graded material using Ti-based alloys. The LAM technologies produce fully dense parts from wire or powder feedstock [46, 47]. It has the merit of cost and time saving in comparison to traditional methods of casting and forging. A pertinent problem encountered in LAM when processing titanium matrix composites form various literatures is the unevenness of particle distribution. Also, the appearance of non-melted particles leading to reduced plasticity.
\n
\n
2.1 Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys
\n
One of the titanium alloys that are ideal for aerospace applications is the β-Ti alloy because it has a combined property of high strength and lightweight [48]. Titanium alloys have proven to be extremely attractive and important materials in aerospace applications because of excellent combinations of outstanding corrosion and mechanical properties [39, 47, 49, 50]. Recently, there has been increased interests in the development of additively manufactured titanium (and their alloys) parts in industries. However, the widespread applications are mitigated by expensive processing involved compared to some material of similar function [39].
\n
A lot of studies have shown that Ti-alloys produced by AM possess considerable better mechanical properties than the conventional materials. Also, recent development has led to increased acceptance of the technologies, contributing new potential concerning functional incorporation and lightweight components.
\n
Saboori et al. [31] presented a review of AM on titanium components by direct laser deposition (DLD) analyzing the significance prospects of DED process. The connection among titanium alloys microstructural characteristics and process parameters were outlined. It was understood that DED processed parts undergo complex thermal history severely induced due to process uncertainties and process parameters. Even with attempts in optimizing process parameters to curtail flaws, enhance mechanical properties and microstructure of the component, there still existed the challenge of striking a balance. However, titanium parts fabricated by DED still had increased strength and poor ductile properties. It was stated that this alloy suffer anisotropy in the tensile characteristics because components fabricated horizontally demonstrate increased ductile strength compared with those build vertically.
\n
In the work of Hu et al. [3], titanium matrix composites (TMC) has been fabricated by LENS using a 3D quasi continuous network (3DQCN) and TiB as reinforcement. The author examined the influence of energy input and reinforcement on parts quality and wear resistance. Superior wear performance was recorded as a result of TiB addition as a reinforcement. In a related work by Hu et al. [6], the author examined the influence of laser power and TiB reinforcement on mechanical properties. It was shown that laser power greatly affects the resulting microstructures but the strengthening of TiB increases the ultimate compressive strength (UCS) and microhardness of TiB-TMCs. \nTable 2\n shows influence of laser power in varying microhardness of LENS processed TiB-TMCs.
Also, the mechanical properties and defects (porosity) of TiB-TMCs parts fabricated using an innovative ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) LENS have been investigated by Ning, Hu and Cong [51]. The procedure adopted exhibited remarkable influences on porosity, pore size, TiB whisker size and distribution, QCN microstructural grain size and microhardness. Consequently, fine microstructures were obtained due to refinements of both TiB whiskers and QCN microstructural grains UV-A LENS providing larger area of grain boundaries to hinder the dislocation motion, thus improving the microhardness of fabricated parts.
\n
A research was conducted by Grove et al. [50] to investigate and compare the surface integrity and machinability of Ti-5553 alloy with composition Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr produced by casting, SLM and SLM + heat treatment (in-situ). Higher tool wear was noticed in the in-situ heat treated alloy while the tool wear for the other two does not seem to differ. Therefore, it proves titanium alloys’ machinability is extremely affected further processing methods.
\n
According to Uhlmann et al. [52], the aviation industry requires a drastic reduction in NOx and CO2 emission in the coming years ahead. The authors’ study was focused on highly effective and efficient titanium alloys with optimizing process parameters for structures manufactured by the SLM machine. The post-processing of TiAl6V4 parts fabricated by SLM display vast possibility of enhancing surface quality. Examination of computed tomography and microstructure confirms that porosity of titanium alloy parts can be minimized through HIP-process.
\n
Silica (SiCO2) coatings have been created on commercially-pure titanium (Cp-Ti) by Heer and Bandyopadhyay [53] using LENS with subsequent stress relieve heat treatments and post-deposition laser passes. Ti5Si3 phase was formed leading to high hardness of ∼1500 HV in the coatings and wear rate was mostly reduced in comparison to Cp-Ti irrespective of heat treatment as well as rise in laser pass commonly reduce wear rates. The microstructures revealed dendrite shaped and morphology of columnar deposit around primarily matrix of α-titanium.
\n
A process of reactive deposition AM was adopted by Traxel and Bandyopadhyay [45] for maintaining Ti-Zr-BN composite parts using commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) with addition of Zr and BN. This was aimed at improving elevated temperature and wear resistance abilities if TMC using LENS. The as-fabricated BN-containing components shows TiB2, TiN and TiB as reinforcement with SEM image of CpTi-BN and CpTi-Zr-BN presented in \nFigure 2\n below. Zr-addition displays a combination of composites of composites and alloys leading to high hardness and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) with enhanced wear resistance. This method is expected to be used in creating novel coatings and structures from vast powder feedstocks to develop the bulk and surface characteristics of titanium related metals.
\n
Figure 2.
SEM images of (A) CPTi-BN [45] (B) CPTi-Zr-BN [45] compositions.
\n
Effects of thermal history and build direction were studied by Mantri and Banerjee [48] on β-Ti alloys containing Mo-12 wt% and V-20 wt%, produced through LENS technique. A specific single β-phase is identified in 20 wt% V while the dual-phase microstructure in Ti-12 wt% Mo system revealed α-phase in β-grain morphology. This was accredited to the build directions that had different thermal cycles at various portion of the builds.
\n
In the work of Li et al. [47], LAM was used to fabricate Ti-6Al-2V-1.5Mo-0.5Zr-0.3Si alloy in order to examine tensile strength and microhardness of the alloy. Mixed columnar β-grains with no equiaxed microstructure was observed for as-deposited alloy. The addition of Zr, Mo and Si causes increase in microhardness value because of hardening effect of their solid solution. Also noticed, was the rise in ductility in comparison to Ti-6Al-4V.
\n
Song et al. [5] reported the titanium alloy to fabricate a prosthetic beak as shown in (\nFigure 3\n) for a bird (Grus japonensis) using SLM. A model was first developed for the titanium alloy customized beak and was successfully completed to save the endangered bird.
A comparative study of SLM and electron beam melting (EBM) carried out by Zhao et al. [54] to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V parts. Both components largely contained α + β and α′ phase, respectively. SLM samples had higher tensile strength but lower ductility than EBM fabricated parts. Even though porosity was observed in both cases it was much higher in SLM parts. While generally, samples fabricated in the vertical direction had increased ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and improve ductility than those in the horizontal orientation.
\n
Direct metal deposition (DMD) has been used by Pouzet et al. [55] to build samples with varying volume fractions of TiB + TiC. The Coaxial deposition process fabricated TMC from powder mixture of T-6Al-4V + B4C. Pure and consistent Ti-6Al-4V-TiB microstructure was noticed and boron isolation during solidification of β-Ti resulted in grain refinements. At low B4C, TiC was not observed which was ascribed to high solubility of C in α-Ti at high solidification rate leading to decreased tensile strength at elevated and room temperature.
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of titanium aluminides
\n
TiAl are known to be favorable for high-temperature component because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, high melting point, attractive creep and superior modulus of elasticity [56]. Recently, TiAl-based alloys have been effectively applied in aircraft engine productions with increase in demand for these alloys expected in the near future [57].
\n
Microstructure and phase composition are immensely determining the properties of intermetallic TiAl-based alloys. Elements like Mo, V, Zr, Mn, Nb, Cr, Ni and Fe are known to be employed in developing enhanced mechanical properties for TiAl [58, 59]. The site effects for most of the elements remains unchanged with the different alloy compositions. However, Cr, Mn and V site substitution vary subject to Ti:Al ratio [59]. It is commonly accepted that a microstructure of equiaxed fine grains are desirable to enhance strength and ductility whereas coarse microstructure of fully lamellar is better for high creep.
\n
The lack of ductility of TiAl at room temperature makes it problematic to machine and fabricate components by traditional methods. AM is very promising to incorporating design freedoms and processing when building components [60]. LENS and selective laser melting/sintering (SLM/SLS) are primarily known as LAM techniques. Various AM technologies are called by their trade names from the manufacturers or company of establishments [61]. A laser engineered net shaping (LENS) Optomec 850R machine for AM system is shown in \nFigure 4\n. This technique is suitable for manufacturing and realization of complex geometries with reduced lead time and material loss [62]. The process uses a focused laser beam for melting and fusion producing 3D parts from feedstock powder. Apart from building components (\nFigure 5\n), it refurbishes components through a process called laser cladding. This is believed to be the state-of-the-art technique for aero engine parts repairing [63].
\n
Figure 4.
LENS Optomec 850R additive manufacturing system.
\n
Figure 5.
LENS Fabricated Object.
\n
For aerospace components materials, when compared with conventionally applied materials like Ni-based superalloys, TiAl is far harder and offers close to 50% weight savings. This results in decrease cost of turbine operations and emission levels due to highly efficient fuel usage [63]. Advances in recent development techniques has led to collaborations among manufacturers. This is made possible to fabricate turbine blades using electron beam melting (EBM) from pre-alloyed Ti4822 powder, presently employed in GEnx engines [60, 64].
\n
For aerospace components materials, when compared with conventionally applied materials like Ni-based superalloys, TiAl far harder and offers close to 50% weight savings. This results in decrease cost of turbine operations and emission levels due to highly efficient fuel usage [63]. Advances in recent development techniques has led to collaborations among manufacturers. This is made possible to fabricate turbine blades using electron beam melting (EBM) from pre-alloyed Ti4822 powder, presently employed in GEnx engines [60, 64].
\n
DED was adopted by Hoosain et al. [10] to create clads of γ-TiAl using in-situ elemental Ti and Al powder. The purpose of the study was to optimize formation of γ-phase during laser processing through mass flow rates. Depending on flow rate of Al and heat treatment both duplex and lamellar phases are observed. Also, Al content largely determines the microhardness and twinning existence. In another work, Hoosain et al. [56] investigated the consequences of Al flow rate on microstructure of in-situ alloy composition. The γ-TiAl was compared with Ti4822, a duplex phase microstructure was observed as Al feed rate increase. Fine lamellar grains were not generated for heat treatment temperature at 1200°C because it was below the temperature of α-transus. \nFigure 6\n presents the microstructure of commercial GE alloy Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys.
\n
Figure 6.
Microstructure of the commercial GE alloy Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (a) showing the lamellar type microstructure [56] and heat treated of at (b) 1200°C [10] and (c) 1430°C [10].
\n
In the feasibility study carried out by Dilip et al. [65], Ti-6Al-4V and Al powder was employed to samples of TiAl using binder jetting AM and reactive sintering. Initially, Al3Ti formation was obtained in the liquid phase due to Ti64 and Al reaction. Afterwards, TiAl was formed has diffusion of Al continues with sintering time. Other intermetallic together with TiAl phases were obtained in the final microstructure.
\n
Todai et al. [41] presented a study to manipulate Ti4822 alloy microstructure fabricated through EBM process. Duplex-like and γ-bands of layered microstructure were formed by recurring heat treatment of melt pool area. The angle of building substantially makes the tensile elongation and yield strength (YS) to vary. The XRD patterns of the EBM built Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy in different directions are displayed in \nFigure 7\n. The anisotropy of YS reduces as temperature rises. The heat treatment at 700°C gave the highest YS which show decrease in value as temperature rises. EBM was also adopted by Murr et al. [66] in fabricating TiAl from precursor powders to investigate to hardness and microstructure produced. Microstructure of α2-Ti3Al was noticed for powder precursor whereas lamellar colony at γ/α2 with equiaxed γ-TiAl was obtained for EBM samples. It was reported that the EBM-fabricated TiAl had microhardness of ∼4.1GPa which makes the YS far exceed that of EBM-fabricated Ti64.
\n
Figure 7.
XRD pattern of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy specimens fabricated by EBM at 0°, 45° and 90° [41].
\n
Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) was adopted by Chen et al. [67], to investigate the microstructural variations of TiAl alloy samples and their impact on microhardness. A near lamellar structure was observed TiAl alloys. During the process, three phase transformation of α2 + γ → B2, α2 → B2, α2 → γ was noticed. An increase in hardness was ascribed to rapidly raising quantity of lamellar colonies α2/γ has the built height increases.
\n
The structure of TiAl alloys was examined by Li et al. [68] for detailed characterization of SLM processed Ti-45Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy. Anisotropy of microstructure were obtained has the sides contained columnar grains while the top showed equiaxed microstructure. The processed sample was overshadowed with high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) which is favored by the energy density. Also, evenly dispersed minute quantities of B2 and γ phases (nano meters range) were found in α2 matrix γ and B2 phase reduces with raising energy density whereas α2 content increases.
\n
Sharman, Hughes and Ridgway [61] stated that previous works on LAM had concluded that it was merely impossible to manufacture component of TiAl that are crack free without additional heating to influence the solidification process. It was demonstrated that by defocusing the laser across build surface heats the particles ahead of entering melting zone. Hence, decrease rate of cooling lower than the critical level that permits crack formation.
\n
Oxide dispersion strengthen (ODS) has been used by Kenel et al. [14] to fabricate Ti-45Al-3Nb- < 0.2Y2O3 at.% and studied the microstructure. The traditional microstructure of α2 + γ and near-lamellar were observed. The ODS-TiAl alloy displays greater hardness than ones without the reinforcement. β-solidifying TiAl was studied by Gussone et al. [69] fabricated by SLM of γ-TiAl pre-alloyed powder. Under cooling of β occurred due to tremendous Al loss leading to β/B2 microstructure. During SLM and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), the raise in content of oxygen make the sample less ductile.
\n
Seifi et al. [70] conducted and experiment to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of EBM γ-TiAl with HIP. The two conditions presented microstructure of heterogenous interchanging γ-grains of coarse and fine bands. It is worthy to note that the EBM samples revealed microcracks at secluded sections all over the builds. The consequence of beam current on microstructure and grain boundary orientation had been studied by Yue et al. [71] for Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb manufactured by selective electron beam melting (SEBM). Increases beam current resulted in resulted in microstructural transformation to near-γ structure to fine duplex phase and B2-phase volume fraction steadily rises. Also, HAGB increases progressively with beam current while the low angle grain boundary (LAGB) reduces.
\n
In establishing a relationship among scan speed, microstructure and mechanical properties, Li et al. [18] fabricated Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb parts using SLM. The grain size reduces with laser scan while crystallographic topography basically remains unchanged. The phases of B2 and γ rises with increased scan speed whereas α2-phase is lowered. It was also reported that nanohardness and compressive strength rises with improved scan speed for the SLM TiAl alloy.
\n
Chen, Yue and Wang [72] studied SEBM sample using various scan speed to produce Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys. Microstructural changed occurred to duplex from near-γ structure as the scan speed rises. However, both α2 and B2 phases are homogenously dispersed in the matrix of γ. Ultimate compressive strength (UTS) of SEBM-produced TiAl alloy generally increased with the scanning speed.
\n
Statistical examination was used by Shi et al. [73] to optimize process parameter of SLM Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb on Ti-6Al-4V substrate. It was understood that unsuitable amalgamation of process parameters would lead to instability of melt pool, cracks balling and other defects. To optimize the process, Al loss need to be taken into account. The ideal process parameter obtained was able to build TiAl components with 97.34–98.95% densities.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Development of titanium aluminide composites for aerospace applications
\n
LENS technique uses high-powered laser to deposit materials and it has been significant in repairing and building of metallic components [74]. Nevertheless, the qualities and mechanical properties of built components are greatly affected by imperfections like porosity, crack cavitation and inhomogeneous microstructure. Composite are of very high demand in aerospace industry because of requests for property combination like high stiffness, fracture toughness, strength, oxidation resistance and lightweight. Moreover, the impetus for composites in aerospace is the ever-increasing demand, thus substitute for metal alloys as weight reduction, cost-saving and fuel efficiency [75]. The aviation industry needs components made with materials with high thermal and mechanical properties at reduced cost [75, 76]. Presently, AM of TiAl is developing, but cracks do emanate due to the integrally brittle nature of the material [77].
\n
According to Kablov et al. [78], the qualitative improvement of the technical and performance indicators of aviation gas turbine engines (AGTEs) and power plants largely depends on the implementation of new materials with a previously unachieved combination of properties. It was established that alloying intermetallic titanium ortho alloy with gadolinium in the amount of 0.1 at.% results to the rise in strength at room temperatures owing to the realization of the mechanism of dispersion strengthening with finely dispersed gadolinium oxides [78].
\n
A crucible-less technique was adopted by Kartavykh et al. [79] to cast TiAl alloy with composition with composition of Ti-44Al-5Nb-3Cr-1.5Zr (at.%) and high-gradient float zone (FZ) re-solidification. Dual phase of γ + α2 lamellar with small quantities of B2 + γ was observed for the FZ processed alloy. This alloy had high tensile strength which is promoted by Cr accumulation in B2 phase.
\n
A third-generation Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (TNM) fabricated with casting+HIP was studied by Dahar, Tamirisakandala and Lewandowski [27] to determine the influence of thermo mechanical treated specimen and applied force fracture behavior. Noteworthy alterations of phases were noticed due to the processing.
\n
A coating of TiAl resistant to oxidation was developed by Sienkiewicz et al. [80], for thermal shield structures of material. A coating of titanium-aluminum-silicon system of varying chemical configurations was produced through warm spraying. Silicide of Ti5(Si,Al)3 was observed for two kind of morphologies. Generally, the coating shows attractive cyclic and isothermal resistance.
\n
A complete processing chain develop by Juechter et al. [81], to demonstrated that Ti-45Al-4Nb-C processed by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) could be applied in manufacturing turbocharger wheels. This was made possible by enhanced optimization scan approach coupled with heat treatment.
\n
The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V and Ti45Al7Nb powder mixtures in ratio 1:1 was studied by Wenjun, Chao and Feng [82] using Electron beam selective melting (EBSM) to build samples resulting in Ti22Al3.5Nb2V alloy. Two distinct portions of microstructure were noticed, a dual (α2 + β) phase and martensite portion. The dual phase region had lower microhardness value compared to the other portions.
\n
The effects of carbon (C) addition was studied by Klein et al. [76], on γ-TiAl based alloys. Generally, C induces more α2-phase formation and reduces βo-phase. However, substantial hardening of γ and α2 phases occurred with rise in C concentration.
\n
Laser cladding TiN/Ti3Al intermetallic composite coatings have been successfully used to increase the elevated temperature resistance to oxidation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy [83]. The clads were largely constituted by phases of α-Ti, Ti3Al and TiN. The intermetallic of TiN/Ti3Al are high oxidation resistant with microhardness far above the value of Ti6Al4V.
\n
An examination of the connection between boron (B) content and microstructural characteristics of TiAl/B (Ti-46.5Al-2.5Cr-2Nb-0.5Y/B) composites produced by SLM was carried out [84]. The grain size reduces as B increases but the HAGBs also rises with B. Owing to grain refinement strengthening system, the highest value of 1610.53 MPa and 5.17% was recorded for compressive strength and strain respectively.
\n
The effects of Nb, Ta and Zr had been investigated by Bresler et al. [85], for Ti-44Al-5X (X = Nb, Ta, Zr) to examine creep properties (\nFigure 8\n). All alloying elements mostly improve creep performance substantially and reduce interspacing of α2/γ while enhancing stability of microstructure.
\n
Figure 8.
Primary creep regime and minimum strain rate of binary Ti-44Al and Ti-44Al-5X (X = Nb, Ta, Zr) alloys, tested at 900°C and 100 MPa [85].
\n
TiAl-based alloys of two molybdenum (Mo) content was fabricated by Jiang et al. [86] through vacuum levitation melting (VLM). Mo addition is understood to refine lamellar size colonies. It also encourages twining capabilities and reduces cracks in β phase.
\n
Laser metal deposition (LMD) was adopted by Carrullo, Falcón and Borrás [87], to analyzed films produced on Ti48Al2Cr2Nb coating during oxidation through optimization of parameters. The coatings demonstrated high oxidation resistance at 800°C. The layers of oxides formed showed complex microstructure and development of consecutive layers on coating.
\n
Ambient temperature mechanical characteristics were evaluated by Dai et al. [88], for coatings of Ti-Al-Si on the substrate of Ti6Al4V through laser surface alloying. Thermal expansion between coating and substrate resulted in crack formation and propagation. The coating basically consists of Ti5Si3 reinforcement in Ti-Al-phase. Si content increase causes resultant rise in brittle Ti5Si3 which had increased hardness than Ti-Al. The process of high-temperature oxidation resistance of Si in Ti-Al-Si system coatings involves increased refining of oxide grains and boosting the creation of Al2O3.
\n
An investigated of microstructure carried out by Maliutina et al. [89], on laser cladding of TA6Zr4DE using Ti48Al2Cr2Nb powders. The coatings had γ-TiAl and α2-Ti3Al phases of fully lamellar microstructure. The occurrence of niobium as an alloying element restrains the oxygen dispersion making impact in the creation of more favored alumina films.
\n
LENS was employed by Zhang and Bandyopadhyay [90], to deposit Ti6Al4V and Al2O3 powders on Ti6Al4V substrate. For the pure Ti6Al4V, α-laths of Widmanstätten Ti was obtained while Ti6Al4V + Al2O3 parts revealed equiaxed grains with non-melted Al2O3. Microhardness results showed that Al2O3 section possessed the maximum hardness value followed by Ti6Al4V + Al2O3 sections.
\n
Direct laser cladding (DLC) of Ti45Al5Nb0.5Si had been studied by Majumdar et al. [91], to determine the consequence of varying parameters on titanium aluminide. Dual phase α2 + γ was revealed in DLC Ti45Al5Nb0.5Si alloy. The processing parameters had little effect on the microhardness of the clad. Rise in Si quantity improved the propensity to produce cracks.
\n
\n
\n
4. Heat treatment of laser processed titanium aluminide components
\n
The microstructural evolution of γ-TiAl clearly affects the end products mechanical properties as a result of processing and post-processing operations. Dependent on the characteristics anticipated for parts, several techniques could be utilized to fix microstructure. It has been reported that lamellar of coarse grains display comparatively superior fracture toughness, creep but lack ductility, notably at room temperature whilst duplex of fine grains connotes low fracture toughness, creep resistance nonetheless modest ductile property [27].
\n
SLM of Ti-44.8Al-6Nb-1.0Mo-0.1B was investigated by Gussone et al. [62] and influence of heat-treatment during and after fabrication. The results showed that considerable changes stimulated by heating the unstable Ti-44.8Al-6Nb-1.0Mo-0.1B varies sharply. The initial heat treating of samples produces microstructures exemplified by increased orbicular γ and β/βο at the α2/γ boundaries colony.
\n
Alloy Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr (at%) fabricated through selective electron beam melting (SEBM) by Guangyu et al. [92], examined the influence of post processing heat treatment on microstructure. Lamellae microstructure was revealed for the samples (\nFigure 9\n) because of SEBM cyclic heating. Hence, transformation of phases was clearly through β-phase. Though, various structures are gotten at different temperatures, oil quenching at 1250°C+ heating to 1200°C for 2 h produces a refined and homogeneous microstructure.
\n
Figure 9.
Microstructures of heat-treated Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy at (a) 1250°C for 2 h air cooled (b) 1300°C for 10 min air cooled (c) 1250°C for 10 min oil quenched (d) 1250°C for 10 min oil quenched followed heat treating at 1200°C for 2 h air cooled [92].
\n
Klein et al. [93] investigated the microstructural formations of Ti-Al-Nb-Cr-Mo in understanding the requirements for controlling the microstructure formation and concomitant properties. Upon annealing, γ-platelets arise initially from the precipitating βo-phase. Cr and Mo are repelled throughout the γ-grain development.
\n
The influence of annealing temperature was investigated by Ren et al. [19], on Ti-45Al-8.5Nb formation of controlled in lamellar structure. The regulated α2 lamellae appears in alloys annealed at lesser than 650°C and vanishes beyond 700°C. Extensive hardening stimulates O phase on α2 lamellae and the γ/(α2 + O) been obtained attributed to refined α2 lamellae. The schematic of the heat treatment procedure is depicted in \nFigure 10\n below.
\n
Figure 10.
Heat Treatment Pattern Adopted by Ren et al. 19 for the γ-Ti-45Al-8.5Nb alloy annealed at 900 oC for 2 hrs followed by air cooling with (a) annealing at 600 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C for 6 hrs each followed by air cooling (b) isothermal annealing at 600 °C for annealing time range from 0.5 to 500 hrs followed by air cooling.
\n
Analysis of microstructure of high-Nb TiAl alloy carried out by Qiang et al. [94], for Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2 W-0.2B-0.02Y (at.%) resulting from numerous cooling rate. The transformation path α → α2 + γ for lamellar microstructure is controlled chiefly by its rate of cooling. Fast rate of cooling causes the retention of α/α2 phase of supersaturated microstructure. It was suggested that a rapid cooling rate and slow rate of cooling for α → α2 + γ and β → α transformation respectively.
\n
In the repair of defective or worn blade parts by Rittinghaus et al. [95], LMD of TNM™ β-containing alloy with composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (at.%) was studied. Small fraction of βo reduces the microhardness of the LMD alloy. Lamellar orderings are moderately greater in the LMD microstructure because annealing is achieved in the (γ + α) phase with noticeable coarsening of the non-melted γ lamellae.
\n
Also, phase transformations were examined by Kastenhuber et al. [28] for β-containing γ-TiAl based alloy in gas atomization of fast cooling. Initial variations of composition caused a primary β-phase, indicating to an uninterrupted escalation of the Al and lessening of Nb, Mo and Ti at the previous β-grain boundaries. Therefore, following L → L + β reaction the solidification path continues unevenly, subject to Al-content and quantities of Nb and/or Mo. At room temperature the γ-phase appears in three different morphologies.
\n
The consequence of heat treatments was studied by Li et al. [96], to evaluate grains features, transformation of phases and hardness of Ti-45Al-2Cr-5Nb (at.%) produced through SLM. The grains of heat-treated parts are overshadowed with HAGBs that rises as temperature of annealing increases. SLM-fabricated alloy has D019 structure of α2 phase but the B2-phase is a bcc structure and γ-phase illustrate a L1o (bcc) structure.
\n
The microstructural evolution and room temperature fracture toughness β-solidifying TiAl alloy studied by Chen et al. [30], for Ti-45Al-2Nb-1.5V-1Mo-0.3Y(at.%). Fine near-lamellar containing majorly of fine grains and combinations of γ + β phases with lamellar colony boundaries. The precipitation of fine β and γ grains is deemed an inherent toughness system due to α2/β and α2/γ boundaries creating limited displacement movement successfully.
\n
The influence of heat treatment was studied by Tebaldo and Faga [97], on hardness of Ti48Al2Nb2Cr manufactured through EBM technology. It was noticed that only minor different in density occurred due heat treatment and micro porosity. Near-γ with equiaxed lamellar was obtained for samples not heat treated and fully lamellar achieved for heat treated samples. It was concluded that the developed alloy would be appropriate for manufacturing components in aircraft engines.
\n
An incorporation of both HIP and heat treatment was developed by Chen et al. [13], to enhance mechanical properties of TiAl alloy. Corresponding increment in elongation and YS was noticed for both duplex and lamellar structures. Reduction in TiAl alloy mechanical properties was evident from the observed microcracks. However, the combined production method showed a microcrack free microstructure, thereby enhancing the properties. Illustration of the processing routes are shown in \nFigure 11\n.
\n
Figure 11.
The processing routes adopted by Chen et al. [13] (a) separately (b) combined processing.
\n
Mechanical and microstructure governing techniques was investigated by Zhao et al. [98], for Ti-46Al-2Nb-2V-1Mo-Y (at%). The α + β + γ phase pre-treatment by annealing actually gave raise to the breakdown of lamellar α/γ structures. Fully-lamellar was attained with prolong annealing whereas for two-step process, duplex phase were observed. The duplex phase reveals greater room temperature tensile property, whilst fully-lamellar had better strength.
\n
The influence of cooling rate was investigated by Fan et al. [99], on mechanical and microstructural attributes of Ti-49Al alloy. Increased rate of cooling results in reduction of interlamellar and dendrite spacings. Whereas rise in cooling rate causes corresponding improvement in tensile strength and hardness values. Consequently, microhardness value rises as tensile strength increases for Ti-49Al (at.%) directionally solidified alloy.
\n
\n
\n
5. Challenges and critical issues
\n
According to Bünck et al. [58], recent manufacturing processes for aerospace parts are expected to be well developed and cost-effectively competitive methods. LAM parts have high surface roughness and structural inhomogeneity and usually necessitate supplementary treatments to diminish irregular microstructure. Inadequate ambient temperature ductile property of TiAl alloys deters processing. Even during forging using isothermal process, dies are preserved at considerably high temperatures. Practical issue still to be stopped is the reactivity of melting crucible with TiAl, besides the matters of cost [25]. Novel methods are required that permit the modification of satisfactory amount of ductility though preserving the exceptional strength and creep characteristics that aforementioned research works has unlocked. The solution to unravel this difficulty rests in essential consideration of fundamental relationship between the properties and microstructure mechanisms. Grain morphology control is a challenging issue for LAM of large metallic components. Numerous practices have extensively considered the additional characteristics of TiAl-based aerospace parts, comprising the practice of surface modeling, application of coatings and heat-treatment.
\n
Presently, LAM has the prospective to develop typical manufacture techniques, specifically in creating of small size of extremely complicated components [100]. Manufacturers have previously presented low-pressure turbine blades (LPTB) of TiAl alloy in aero engines and more interest is shown for the development of TiAl, demonstrating the distinctiveness of the alloy. This is with a view that engine efficiency would be substantially better-quality, indicating decreased fuel utilization, CO2 emission and noise. Consequently, increases stress is envisaged for TiAl-LPTBs and necessitates adjusting processing routes to produce functional materials.
\n
LAM is suggested to have benefits for aircraft engine components because it can easily translate designs to 3D component, produce customized parts and functional designs with complex and intricate features [36]. It also has potential of manufacturing parts with no waste, lightweight and minimal lead time of manufacturing. Hence, it has the ability to be exceptional scalable and manufacture final product with little or no post-processing.
\n
\n
\n
6. Summary and conclusions
\n
Based on the reviewed works, it can be generally deduced that LAM processing of titanium aluminide suffers several set-backs militating against its wider acceptance in aerospace application. Although, it has attractive features making it to be qualified as a candidate material for aerospace applications, the processing and post-processing problems still needs to be looked into. It is expected that combined processes of alloying and heat treatment (in-situ and ex-situ) could result in appreciable ductility while maintaining other mechanical properties. Consequently, researchers would be able to develop a mechanism of fabricating TiAl with better room and elevated temperature properties.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of African Laser Centre-National Laser Centre; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (ALC-NLC; CSIR), Project Number LHIP500 Task ALC S100.
\n
\n',keywords:"additive manufacturing, titanium aluminide, composites, laser additive manufacturing (LAM), aerospace components",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66879.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66879.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66879",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66879",totalDownloads:1020,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"November 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"February 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"September 27th 2019",datePublished:"February 10th 2021",dateFinished:"April 25th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Titanium aluminides has the potential of replacing nickel-based superalloys in the aerospace industries because its density is almost half that of nickel-based alloys. Nevertheless, the room temperature properties (ductility) have made the wider application of this class of intermetallic alloy far from being realized. This has led to various research been carried out in adjusting the production processing and/or material through alloying, heat treatment, ingot metallurgy, powder metallurgy and most recently additive manufacturing processing. One of the additive manufacturing processing of titanium aluminide is laser engineered net shaping (LENS). It is used to produce components from powders by melting and forming on a substrate based on a computer-aided design (CAD) to shape the components. This contribution will focus on the laser processing of titanium aluminides components for aerospace applications. Also, the challenges confronting this processing techniques as well as suggested finding to solve the problems would be outlined. The objective of this work is to present an insight into how titanium aluminides components have been developed by researchers with emphasis on aerospace applications.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66879",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66879",signatures:"Sadiq Abiola Raji, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola, Sisa Leslie Pityana, Olawale Muhmmed Popoola, Fatai Olufemi Aramide, Monnamme Tlotleng and Nana Kwamina Kum Arthur",book:{id:"8558",type:"book",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Aerodynamics",slug:"aerodynamics",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-168-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-167-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-003-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola",email:"popoolaapi@tut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"176896",title:"Dr.",name:"Sisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pityana",fullName:"Sisa Pityana",slug:"sisa-pityana",email:"spityana@csir.co.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"177716",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawale",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Olawale Popoola",slug:"olawale-popoola",email:"popoolao@tut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"283922",title:"Mr.",name:"Sadiq",middleName:null,surname:"Raji",fullName:"Sadiq Raji",slug:"sadiq-raji",email:"rajchandy2355@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"292715",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatai",middleName:null,surname:"Aramide",fullName:"Fatai Aramide",slug:"fatai-aramide",email:"AramideFO@tut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Additive manufacturing (AM)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of titanium aluminides",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Development of titanium aluminide composites for aerospace applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Heat treatment of laser processed titanium aluminide components",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Challenges and critical issues",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Summary and conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nZhang M, Shen M, Xin L, Ding X, Zhu S, Wang F. High vacuum arc ion plating TiAl coatings for protecting titanium alloy against oxidation at medium high temperatures. Corrosion Science. 2016;112:36-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.07.005\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nSallica-Leva E, Jardini AL, Fogagnolo JB. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous Ti–6Al–4V parts obtained by selective laser melting. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2013;26:98-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.05.011\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nHu Y, Ning F, Wang H, Cong W, Zhao B. Laser engineered net shaping of quasi-continuous network microstructural TiB reinforced titanium matrix bulk composites: Microstructure and wear performance. Optics & Laser Technology. 2018;99:174-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.08.032\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nMohammad A, Al-Ahmari AM, Balla VK, Das M, Datta S, Yadav D, et al. In vitro wear, corrosion and biocompatibility of electron beam melted γ-TiAl. Materials & Design. 2017;133:186-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.07.065\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nSong C, Wang A, Wu Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Wang D. The design and manufacturing of a titanium alloy beak for Grus japonensis using additive manufacturing. Materials & Design. 2017;117:410-416. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.092\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nHu Y, Zhao B, Ning F, Wang H, Cong W. In-situ ultrafine three-dimensional quasi-continuous network microstructural TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites fabrication using laser engineered net shaping. Materials Letters. 2017;195:116-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.02.112\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nLiang YJ, Liu D, Wang HM. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of commercial purity Ti/Ti–6Al–2Zr–1Mo–1V structurally graded material fabricated by laser additive manufacturing. Scripta Materialia. 2014;74:80-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.11.002\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nSanthosh R, Geetha M, Rao MN. Recent developments in heat treatment of beta titanium alloys for aerospace applications. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 2017;70(7):1681-1688. DOI: 10.1007/s12666-016-0985-6\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nTlotleng M, Lengopeng T, Seerane MN, Pityana SL. Effects of heat-treatment on the microstructure of TiAl-Nb produced with laser metal deposition technique. In: Proceedings of the Materials Science & Technology, October 8–12, 2017. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA: David L. Lawrence Convention Center; 2017. DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10204/9874\n\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nHoosain S, Pityana S, Freemantle C, Tlotleng M. Heat treatment of in situ laser-fabricated titanium aluminide. Metals. 2018;8(9):655. DOI: 10.3390/met8090655\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nKartavykh AV, Asnis EA, Piskun NV, Statkevich II, Gorshenkov MV, Korotitskiy AV. A promising microstructure/deformability adjustment of β-stabilized γ-TiAl intermetallics. Materials Letters. 2016;162:180-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.09.139\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nCheng J, Yu Y, Fu L, Li F, Qiao Z, Li J, et al. Effect of TiB2 on dry-sliding tribological properties of TiAl intermetallics. Tribology International. 2013;62:91-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2013.02.006\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nChen L, Zhu L, Guan Y, Zhang B, Li J. Tougher TiAl alloy via integration of hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2017;688:371-377. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.028\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nKenel C, Dawson K, Barras J, Hauser C, Dasargyri G, Bauer T, et al. Microstructure and oxide particle stability in a novel ODS γ-TiAl alloy processed by spark plasma sintering and laser additive manufacturing. Intermetallics. 2017;90:63-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.07.004\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nXu WC, Huang K, Wu SF, Zong YY, Shan DB. Influence of Mo content on microstructure and mechanical properties of β-containing TiAl alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2017;27(4):820-828. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60094-3\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nCho K, Kobayashi R, Oh JY, Yasuda HY, Todai M, Nakano T, et al. Influence of unique layered microstructure on fatigue properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys fabricated by electron beam melting. Intermetallics. 2018;95:1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.01.009\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nErdely P, Staron P, Maawad E, Schell N, Clemens H, Mayer S. Lattice and phase strain evolution during tensile loading of an intermetallic, multi-phase γ-TiAl based alloy. Acta Materialia. 2018;158:193-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.062\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nLi W, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li S, Wen S, Wei Q, et al. Effect of laser scanning speed on a Ti-45Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting: Microstructure, phase and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016;688:626-636. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.206\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nRen GD, Dai CR, Mei W, Sun J, Lu S, Vitos L. Formation and temporal evolution of modulated structure in high Nb-containing lamellar γ-TiAl alloy. Acta Materialia. 2019;165:215-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.041\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nAkhlaghi M, Tayebifard SA, Salahi E, Asl MS. Spark plasma sintering of TiAl–Ti3AlC2 composite. Ceramics International. 2018;44(17):21759-21764. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.272\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nBakan E, Mauer G, Sohn YJ, Schwedt A, Rackel MW, Riedlberger F, et al. Cold gas spraying of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb intermetallic for jet engine applications. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018. In Press. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.092\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nBaudana G, Biamino S, Klöden B, Kirchner A, Weißgärber T, Kieback B, et al. Electron beam melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7 Cr-0.3 Si: Feasibility investigation. Intermetallics. 2016;73:43-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.03.001\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nKastenhuber M, Rashkova B, Clemens H, Mayer S. Effect of microstructural instability on the creep resistance of an advanced intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy. Intermetallics. 2017;80:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.09.007\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nDahar MS, Tamirisakandala SA, Lewandowski JJ. Fatigue crack growth and fracture behavior of as-cast Ti-43.5 Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1 B (TNM) compared to Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr (4822). Intermetallics. 2017;91:158-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.08.015\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nMohammad A, Alahmari AM, Mohammed MK, Renganayagalu RK, Moiduddin K. Effect of energy input on microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by the additive manufacturing process of electron beam melting. Materials. 2017;10(2):211. DOI: 10.3390/ma10020211\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nTang HP, Yang GY, Jia WP, He WW, Lu SL, Qian M. Additive manufacturing of a high niobium-containing titanium aluminide alloy by selective electron beam melting. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2015;636:103-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.079\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nDahar MS, Tamirisakandala SA, Lewandowski JJ. Evolution of fatigue crack growth and fracture behavior in gamma titanium aluminide Ti-43.5 Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1 B (TNM) forgings. International Journal of Fatigue. 2018;111:54-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.01.026\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nKastenhuber M, Klein T, Rashkova B, Weißensteiner I, Clemens H, Mayer S. Phase transformations in a β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloy during rapid solidification. Intermetallics. 2017;91:100-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.08.017\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nFang H, Chen R, Chen X, Yang Y, Su Y, Ding H, et al. Effect of Ta element on microstructure formation and mechanical properties of high-Nb TiAl alloys. Intermetallics. 2019;104:43-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.10.017\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nChen Y, Niu H, Kong F, Xiao S. Microstructure and fracture toughness of a β phase containing TiAl alloy. Intermetallics. 2011;19(10):1405-1410. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2011.05.006\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nSaboori A, Gallo D, Biamino S, Fino P, Lombardi M. An overview of additive manufacturing of titanium components by directed energy deposition: Microstructure and mechanical properties. Applied Sciences. 2017;7(9):883. DOI: 10.3390/app7090883\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nCalignano F, Manfredi D, Ambrosio EP, Biamino S, Lombardi M, Atzeni E, et al. Overview on additive manufacturing technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2017;105(4):593-612. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2016.2625098\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nHu Y, Ning F, Cong W, Li Y, Wang X, Wang H. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser engineering net shaping of ZrO2-Al2O3 bulk parts: Effects on crack suppression, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Ceramics International. 2018;44(3):2752-2760. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.11.013\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nOnuike B, Heer B, Bandyopadhyay A. Additive manufacturing of Inconel 718—Copper alloy bimetallic structure using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™). Additive Manufacturing. 2018;21:133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.02.007\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nYadollahi A, Shamsaei N. Additive manufacturing of fatigue resistant materials: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Fatigue. 2017;98:14-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.001\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nTofail SA, Koumoulos EP, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S, O’Donoghue L, Charitidis C. Additive manufacturing: Scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Materials Today. 2018;21(1):22-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nXu W, Lui EW, Pateras A, Qian M, Brandt M. In situ tailoring microstructure in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V for superior mechanical performance. Acta Materialia. 2017;125:390-400. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.027\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nBourell D, Kruth JP, Leu M, Levy G, Rosen D, Beese AM, et al. Materials for additive manufacturing. CIRP Annals. 2017;66(2):659-681. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.009\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nDutta B, Froes FS. The additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys. Metal Powder Report. 2017;72(2):96-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mprp.2016.12.062\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nYan S, Wu D, Huang Y, Liu N, Zhang Y, Niu F, et al. C fiber toughening Al2O3-ZrO2 eutectic via ultrasonic-assisted directed laser deposition. Materials Letters. 2019;235:228-231. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.10.047\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nTodai M, Nakano T, Liu T, Yasuda HY, Hagihara K, Cho K, et al. Effect of building direction on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy additively manufactured by electron beam melting. Additive Manufacturing. 2017;13:61-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.001\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nHooper PA. Melt pool temperature and cooling rates in laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;22:548-559. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.032\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nAttar H, Ehtemam-Haghighi S, Kent D, Dargusch MS. Recent developments and opportunities in additive manufacturing of titanium-based matrix composites: A review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2018;133:85-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2018.06.003\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nSantos LS, Gupta SK, Bruck HA. Simulation of buckling of internal features during selective laser sintering of metals. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;23:235-245. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.002\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nTraxel KD, Bandyopadhyay A. Reactive-deposition-based additive manufacturing of Ti-Zr-BN composites. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;24:353-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.005\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nZhu YY, Tang HB, Li Z, Xu C, He B. Solidification behavior and grain morphology of laser additive manufacturing titanium alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;777:712-716. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.055\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nLi GC, Li J, Tian XJ, Cheng X, He B, Wang HM. Microstructure and properties of a novel titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2V-1.5 Mo-0.5 Zr-0.3 Si manufactured by laser additive manufacturing. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2017;684:233-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.084\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nMantri SA, Banerjee R. Microstructure and micro-texture evolution of additively manufactured β-Ti alloys. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;23:86-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.07.013\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nTang H, Tao W, Wang H, Song Y, Jian X, Yin L, et al. High-performance infrared emissivity of micro-arc oxidation coatings formed on titanium alloy for aerospace applications. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2018;15(3):579-591. DOI: 10.1111/ijac.12861\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nGrove T, Denkena B, Maiß O, Krödel A, Schwab H, Kühn U. Cutting mechanism and surface integrity in milling of Ti-5553 processed by selective laser melting. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2018;32(10):4883-4892. DOI: 10.1007/s12206-018-0936-8\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nNing F, Hu Y, Cong W. Microstructure and mechanical property of TiB reinforced Ti matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser engineered net shaping. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2018;25(3):581-591. DOI: 10.1108/RPJ-05-2018-0118\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nUhlmann E, Kersting R, Klein TB, Cruz MF, Borille AV. Additive manufacturing of titanium alloy for aircraft components. Procedia CIRP. 2015;35:55-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.061\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nHeer B, Bandyopadhyay A. Silica coated titanium using laser engineered net shaping for enhanced wear resistance. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;23:303-311. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.022\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nZhao X, Li S, Zhang M, Liu Y, Sercombe TB, Wang S, et al. Comparison of the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting. Materials & Design. 2016;95:21-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.135\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nPouzet S, Peyre P, Gorny C, Castelnau O, Baudin T, Brisset F, et al. Additive layer manufacturing of titanium matrix composites using the direct metal deposition laser process. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2016;677:171-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.002\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nHoosain SE, Pityana SL, Tlotleng M, Legopeng T. A comparative study on laser processing of commercially available titanium aluminide (TI-48Al-2Cr-2Nb) and in-situ alloying of titanium aluminide. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Rapid Product Development Association of South Africa (RAPDASA); 7–10 November 2017, Durban ICC, RAPDASA; South Africa 2017. DOI: hdl.handle.net/10204/9805\n\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nBünck M, Stoyanov T, Schievenbusch J, Michels H, Gußfeld A. Titanium aluminide casting technology development. JOM. 2017;69(12):2565-2570. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2534-0\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nImayev RM, Imayev VM, Oehring M, Appel F. Alloy design concepts for refined gamma titanium aluminide based alloys. Intermetallics. 2007;15(4):451-460. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2006.05.003\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nDoubenskaia M, Domashenkov A, Smurov I, Petrovskiy P. Study of selective laser melting of intermetallic TiAl powder using integral analysis. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2018;129:1-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2018.02.003\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nCatchpole-Smith S, Clare AT. In-situ synthesis of titanium aluminides by direct metal deposition. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2017;239:230-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.08.031\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nSharman AR, Hughes JI, Ridgway K. Characterisation of titanium aluminide components manufactured by laser metal deposition. Intermetallics. 2018;93:89-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.11.013\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nGussone J, Garces G, Haubrich J, Stark A, Hagedorn YC, Schell N, et al. Microstructure stability of γ-TiAl produced by selective laser melting. Scripta Materialia. 2017;130:110-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.028\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nKimme T, Seifert M. Laser surface cladding of titanium aluminides: Technology and engineering for the turbine blade repair. Laser Technik Journal. 2017;14(5):18-20. DOI: 10.1002/latj.201700026\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nBacos MP, Thomas M, Raviart JL, Morel A, Mercier S, Josso P. Influence of an oxidation protective coating upon hot corrosion and mechanical behaviour of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy. Intermetallics. 2011;19(8):1120-1129. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2011.03.014\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nDilip JJ, Miyanaji H, Lassell A, Starr TL, Stucker B. A novel method to fabricate TiAl intermetallic alloy 3D parts using additive manufacturing. Defence Technology. 2017;13(2):72-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2016.08.001\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nMurr LE, Gaytan SM, Ceylan A, Martinez E, Martinez JL, Hernandez DH, et al. Characterization of titanium aluminide alloy components fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting. Acta Materialia. 2010;58(5):1887-1894. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.11.032\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nChen Y, Yue H, Wang X, Xiao S, Kong F, Cheng X, et al. Selective electron beam melting of TiAl alloy: Microstructure evolution, phase transformation and microhardness. Materials Characterization. 2018;142:584-592. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.027\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nLi W, Liu J, Wen S, Wei Q, Yan C, Shi Y. Crystal orientation, crystallographic texture and phase evolution in the Ti–45Al–2Cr–5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting. Materials Characterization. 2016;113:125-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.01.012\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nGussone J, Hagedorn YC, Gherekhloo H, Kasperovich G, Merzouk T, Hausmann J. Microstructure of γ-titanium aluminide processed by selective laser melting at elevated temperatures. Intermetallics. 2015;66:133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.005\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\nSeifi M, Salem AA, Satko DP, Ackelid U, Semiatin SL, Lewandowski JJ. Effects of HIP on microstructural heterogeneity, defect distribution and mechanical properties of additively manufactured EBM Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;729:1118-1135. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.163\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nYue H, Chen Y, Wang X, Kong F. Effect of beam current on microstructure, phase, grain characteristic and mechanical properties of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018;750:617-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.343\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nChen Y, Yue H, Wang X. Microstructure, texture and tensile property as a function of scanning speed of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018;713:195-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.020\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nShi X, Ma S, Liu C, Wu Q. Parameter optimization for Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb in selective laser melting based on geometric characteristics of single scan tracks. Optics & Laser Technology. 2017;90:71-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.11.002\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nCong W, Ning F. A fundamental investigation on ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser engineered net shaping of stainless steel. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2017;121:61-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.04.008\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nToozandehjani M, Kamarudin N, Dashtizadeh Z, Lim EY, Gomes A, Gomes C. Conventional and advanced composites in aerospace industry: Technologies revisited. American Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2018;5(1):9-15. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajae.20180501.12\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nKlein T, Schachermayer M, Mendez-Martin F, Schöberl T, Rashkova B, Clemens H, et al. Carbon distribution in multi-phase γ-TiAl based alloys and its influence on mechanical properties and phase formation. Acta Materialia. 2015;94:205-213. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.04.055\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nKenel C, Dasargyri G, Bauer T, Colella A, Spierings AB, Leinenbach C, et al. Selective laser melting of an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) γ-TiAl alloy towards production of complex structures. Materials & Design. 2017;134:81-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.034\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nKablov EN, Nochovnaya NA, Panin PV, Alekseev EB, Novak AV. Study of the structure and properties of heat-resistant alloys based on titanium aluminides with gadolinium microadditives. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2017;8(4):634-641. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113317040116\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nKartavykh AV, Asnis EA, Piskun NV, Statkevich II, Gorshenkov MV, Korotitskiy AV. Room-temperature tensile properties of float-zone processed β-stabilized γ-TiAl (Nb, Cr, Zr) intermetallic. Materials Letters. 2017;188:88-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.10.103\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nSienkiewicz J, Kuroda S, Murakami H, Araki H, Giżyński M, Kurzydłowski KJ. Fabrication and oxidation resistance of TiAl matrix coatings reinforced with silicide precipitates produced by heat treatment of warm sprayed coatings. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 2018;27(7):1165-1176. DOI: 10.1007/s11666-018-0751-x\n'},{id:"B81",body:'\nJuechter V, Franke MM, Merenda T, Stich A, Körner C, Singer RF. Additive manufacturing of Ti-45Al-4Nb-C by selective electron beam melting for automotive applications. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;22:118-126. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.008\n'},{id:"B82",body:'\nWenjun G, Chao G, Feng L. Microstructures of components synthesized via electron beam selective melting using blended pre-alloyed powders of Ti6Al4V and Ti45Al7Nb. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 2015;44(11):2623-2627. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5372(16)60006-1\n'},{id:"B83",body:'\nLiu H, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Zhou R. Microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of in-situ synthesized TiN/Ti3Al intermetallic composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by laser cladding process. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016;670:268-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.168\n'},{id:"B84",body:'\nLi W, Li M, Yang Y, Wei Q, Cai D, Liu J, et al. Enhanced compressive strength and tailored microstructure of selective laser melted Ti-46.5 Al-2.5 Cr-2Nb-0.5 Y alloy with different boron addition. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018;731:209-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.042\n'},{id:"B85",body:'\nBresler J, Neumeier S, Ziener M, Pyczak F, Göken M. The influence of niobium, tantalum and zirconium on the microstructure and creep strength of fully lamellar γ/α2 titanium aluminides. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2019;744:46-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.152\n'},{id:"B86",body:'\nJiang H, Tian S, Guo W, Zhang G, Zeng S. Hot deformation behavior and deformation mechanism of two TiAl-Mo alloys during hot compression. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018;719:104-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.133\n'},{id:"B87",body:'\nCarrullo JC, Falcón JC, Borrás VA. Influence of process parameters and initial microstructure on the oxidation resistance of Ti48Al2Cr2Nb coating obtained by laser metal deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019;358:114-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.015\n'},{id:"B88",body:'\nDai J, Zhang F, Wang A, Yu H, Chen C. Microstructure and properties of Ti-Al coating and Ti-Al-Si system coatings on Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by laser surface alloying. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017;309:805-813. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.082\n'},{id:"B89",body:'\nMaliutina IN, Si-Mohand H, Sijobert J, Bertrand P, Lazurenko DV, Bataev IA. Structure and oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl coating produced by laser cladding on titanium alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017;319:136-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.04.008\n'},{id:"B90",body:'\nZhang Y, Bandyopadhyay A. Direct fabrication of compositionally graded Ti-Al2O3 multi-material structures using laser engineered net shaping. Additive Manufacturing. 2018;21:104-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.001\n'},{id:"B91",body:'\nMajumdar JD, Rittinghaus SK, Wissenbach K, Höche D, Blawert C, Weisheit A. Direct laser cladding of the silicide dispersed titanium aluminide (Ti45Al5Nb0. 5Si) composites. Optics & Laser Technology. 2018;106:182-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.03.012\n'},{id:"B92",body:'\nGuangyu Y, Wenpeng J, Pei Z, Liang J, Nan L, Jian W, et al. Microstructures of as-fabricated and post heat treated Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy produced by selective Electron beam melting (SEBM). Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 2016;45(7):1683-1686. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5372(16)30140-0\n'},{id:"B93",body:'\nKlein T, Holec D, Clemens H, Mayer S. Pathways of phase transformation in β-phase-stabilized σ/γ-TiAl alloys subjected to two-step heat treatments. Scripta Materialia. 2018;149:70-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.02.009\n'},{id:"B94",body:'\nQiang F, Kou H, Tang B, Song L, Li J. Effect of cooling rate on microstructure evolution of Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb-0.2 W-0.2 B-0.02 Y alloy during multi-step heat treatment. Materials Characterization. 2018;145:210-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.08.031\n'},{id:"B95",body:'\nRittinghaus SK, Hecht U, Werner V, Weisheit A. Heat treatment of laser metal deposited TiAl TNM alloy. Intermetallics. 2018;95:94-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.02.002\n'},{id:"B96",body:'\nLi W, Liu J, Zhou Y, Wen S, Tan J, Li S, et al. Texture evolution, phase transformation mechanism and nanohardness of selective laser melted Ti-45Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy during multi-step heat treatment process. Intermetallics. 2017;85:130-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.01.016\n'},{id:"B97",body:'\nTebaldo V, Faga MG. Influence of the heat treatment on the microstructure and machinability of titanium aluminides produced by electron beam melting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2017;244:289-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.01.037\n'},{id:"B98",body:'\nZhao ET, Niu HZ, Zhang SZ, Feng L, Yang SY. Microstructural control and mechanical properties of a β-solidified γ-TiAl alloy Ti-46Al-2Nb-1.5V-1Mo-Y. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2017;701:1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.06.065\n'},{id:"B99",body:'\nFan J, Liu J, Tian S, Wu S, Wang S, Gao H, et al. Effect of solidification parameters on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of directionally solidified binary TiAl alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015;650:8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.160\n'},{id:"B100",body:'\nMajumdar T, Eisenstein N, Frith JE, Cox SC, Birbilis N. Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys for Orthopedic applications: A materials science viewpoint. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018;20:1800172. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201800172\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sadiq Abiola Raji",address:"rajchandy2355@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa
National Laser Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (NLC-CSIR), South Africa
'}],corrections:[{id:"69565",title:"Erratum - Laser Based Additive Manufacturing Technology for Fabrication of Titanium Aluminide-Based Composites in Aerospace Component Applications",doi:null,slug:"erratum-laser-based-additive-manufacturing-technology-for-fabrication-of-titanium-aluminide-based-co",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},book:{id:"8558",type:"book",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Aerodynamics",slug:"aerodynamics",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-168-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-167-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-003-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"424945",title:"Dr.",name:"Everardo",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Flores",email:"eeverardovf@gmail.com",fullName:"Everardo Valdez-Flores",slug:"everardo-valdez-flores",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"77470",title:"The Versatility of Autologous Fat Transplantation in Abnormalities of the Craniofacial-Complex and Facial Esthetics",slug:"the-versatility-of-autologous-fat-transplantation-in-abnormalities-of-the-craniofacial-complex-and-f",abstract:"In the historical pursuit of soft tissue augmentation, fat has seemed a natural choice for plastic surgeons. The use of fat transfer to replace volume or camouflage soft tissues is an increasingly popular method in craniofacial surgery and facial esthetics. Craniofacial malformations undoubtedly have a certain psychosocial effect. Children of early age are particularly vulnerable to comments, teasing, and harassment related to their appearance; therefore, improving the facial image is of great importance. We believe that volumetric lipoinjection represents an excellent alternative to obtain greater facial esthetic harmony, which directly increases patient self-esteem in children and adults.",signatures:"Yanko Castro-Govea, Cynthia M. Gonzalez-Cantu, Gabriel A. Mecott, Everardo Valdes-Flores and Mauricio M. Garcia-Perez",authors:[{id:"344434",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yanko",surname:"Castro-Govea",fullName:"Yanko Castro-Govea",slug:"yanko-castro-govea",email:"goveayanko@hotmail.com"},{id:"344435",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia M.",surname:"Gonzalez-Cantu",fullName:"Cynthia M. Gonzalez-Cantu",slug:"cynthia-m.-gonzalez-cantu",email:"dracynthiacantu@gmail.com"},{id:"424944",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel A.",surname:"Mecott",fullName:"Gabriel A. Mecott",slug:"gabriel-a.-mecott",email:"gabriel.mecott@uanl.edu.mx"},{id:"424945",title:"Dr.",name:"Everardo",surname:"Valdez-Flores",fullName:"Everardo Valdez-Flores",slug:"everardo-valdez-flores",email:"eeverardovf@gmail.com"},{id:"424946",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio M.",surname:"Garcia-Perez",fullName:"Mauricio M. Garcia-Perez",slug:"mauricio-m.-garcia-perez",email:"drmauriciogarcia@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"73035",title:"Prof.",name:"Ercan",surname:"Karacaoglu",slug:"ercan-karacaoglu",fullName:"Ercan Karacaoglu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73035/images/322_n.jpg",biography:"E R C A N K A R A C A O G L U\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAcademic Title: Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery\r\n\r\nSpeciality: Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery\r\n\r\nMinor Speciality: Aesthetic surgery, Aestehetic Breast Surgery, Reconstructive Breast surgery\r\n\r\nPlace of Birth : Tekirdag, Turkey\r\nDate of Birth : December 18, 1967\r\n\r\nGraduated Faculty and Year: GATA School of Medicine, 1992 \r\n\r\nPlace and date of Speciality: GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital\r\nIstanbul, Turkey, 2000\r\n\r\nPlace and date of Minor Speciality: 1.Brown University, School of Medicine, Department of Plastic surgery, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., 2001\r\n\t\t\t\t 2. Brown University, School of Medicine, Department of Plastic surgery, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A., 2004\r\n\r\n\r\nForeign Languages: English\r\n\r\nVocational Awards: \r\n\r\nGrants: LifeCell Corporation\r\nAssessment of In-Vivo Integration of Allograft around implants\r\nPrinciple Researcher.\r\nAward: $30,000 (2004)\r\nHonors and Awards: The second best scientific presentation award in 22nd National Congress of Turkish Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Society (Sept 2000).\r\n\r\n-The best grade of graduation in 1990-1991 Training Year, Gulhane Military Medical \r\n Academy, School of Medicine (1991)\r\n\r\n\r\nVocational Publications: \r\n\r\n\tNumber of Foreign Publications: 26\r\n\r\n\tNumber of Turkish Publications: 14\r\n\r\n\tNumber of National Congress Presentations: 35\r\n\r\n\tNumber of International Congress Presentations: 32\r\n\t\r\n\tNumber of Book/ Chapters: 3\r\n\r\nSummary of the Career: \r\n\r\n-Since June 2009: Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery in Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Dept of Plastic Surgery\t Istanbul, Turkey.\r\n-March 2005- June 2009: Assistant Professor \r\n-Oct 2003- Dec 2004: Fellowship in Breast Surgery (Teaching and Clinical Fellow) Brown University, School of Medicine\r\nRI Hospital, Div of Plastic Surgery Providence, RI U.S.A. \r\n-Jun 2003- Sept 2003 : Private Practicing, Istanbul, Turkey. \r\n-Sept 2001- Jun 2003 : Chief (Captain, M.D), Plastic Surgery Service Golcuk 600-Bed Naval Hospital, Golcuk, Kocaeli Turkey. \r\n-Dec 2000- Aug 2001 : Fellowship in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery Brown University, School of Medicine RI Hospital, Div of Plastic Surgery Providence, RI, U.S.A. \r\n-Nov 2000 : Chief (Captain, M.D), Plastic Surgery Service Golcuk 600-Bed Naval Hospital, Golcuk, Kocaeli Turkey. \r\n-Sept '95-Oct 2000 : Residency in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. GATA Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Kadikoy, Istanbul Turkey. \r\n-May.’94-Sept ’95 : Chief of Emergency Medical Care Service Turkish Navy, Heybeliada Naval Hospital, Heybeliada, Istanbul Turkey. \r\n-June’93-May.’94 : Emergency Care Staff and Destroyer Doctor, Turkish Navy, Golcuk 600-Bed Naval Hospital, 41657 Golcuk, Kocaeli Turkey. \r\n-Sept ’92- June ’93 : Postgraduate Internship \r\nGATA 1200-Bed Military Medical Academy Hospital Etlik, Anakara Turkey\r\n\r\n\r\nMemberships in Associations/Clubs: \r\n\r\nSince 2006: Fellow, EBOPRAS Board Certificate (EBOPRAS, European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery)\r\n\r\nSince 2006: ASPS (American Society of Plastic Surgeons)\r\n\r\nSince 2004: ISAPS ( International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery)\r\n\r\nSince 2004: TASSSA (Turkish American Scientists Scholars Association)\r\n\r\nSince 2007: Society of Turkish Aesthetic Surgeons\r\n\r\nSince 1995 : Society of Turkish Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons \r\n\r\nSince 1992 : Association of Turkish Medical Doctors \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nE-Mail: drercanka@yahoo.com",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yeditepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"342452",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger E.",surname:"Amar",slug:"roger-e.-amar",fullName:"Roger E. Amar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"343312",title:"Dr.",name:"Engin",surname:"Selamioglu",slug:"engin-selamioglu",fullName:"Engin Selamioglu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bahçeşehir University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"343659",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Mulholland",slug:"stephen-mulholland",fullName:"Stephen Mulholland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"343782",title:"M.D.",name:"Igumnov Vitaliy",surname:"Aleksandrovich",slug:"igumnov-vitaliy-aleksandrovich",fullName:"Igumnov Vitaliy Aleksandrovich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"343918",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamil",surname:"Hayek",slug:"jamil-hayek",fullName:"Jamil Hayek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"344364",title:"Mr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Davies",slug:"simon-davies",fullName:"Simon Davies",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"344573",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaishali B.",surname:"Doolabh",slug:"vaishali-b.-doolabh",fullName:"Vaishali B. Doolabh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/344573/images/15430_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"347622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michael",surname:"Kreindel",slug:"michael-kreindel",fullName:"Michael Kreindel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"351015",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Juma",slug:"ali-juma",fullName:"Ali Juma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"6",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6495/images/1947_n.jpg",biography:"Daniel Eberli MD. Ph.D. is a scientific physician working in the translational field of urologic tissue engineering. He has a medical degree from the Medical School in Zurich, Switzerland, and a Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine from Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC. He currently has a faculty position at the Department of Urology at the University Hospital Zurich, where he devotes half of his time to patient care. He is a lecturer at the Medical School of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Together with his research team, he is working on novel biomaterials for bladder reconstruction, improving autonomic innervation, cellular treatment of incontinence and tracking of stem cells.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},{id:"122240",title:"Prof.",name:"Frede",middleName:null,surname:"Blaabjerg",slug:"frede-blaabjerg",fullName:"Frede Blaabjerg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aalborg University",country:{name:"Denmark"}}},{id:"50823",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Karimi",slug:"hamid-reza-karimi",fullName:"Hamid Reza Karimi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Milan",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"22128",title:"Dr.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Haas",slug:"harald-haas",fullName:"Harald Haas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Edinburgh",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"80399",title:"Dr.",name:"Huosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"huosheng-hu",fullName:"Huosheng Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Essex",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"135796",title:"Prof.",name:"Jim",middleName:null,surname:"Van Os",slug:"jim-van-os",fullName:"Jim Van Os",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Utrecht University",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17574}],offset:12,limit:12,total:17575},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"EDCMP",topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12011",title:"Quarks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b16527443790d542ccf6ae8cf0e737a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12011.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12270",title:"Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2fa60418977e1bcde9eacc448704556",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12270.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:96},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1368",title:"Telecommunication",slug:"information-and-communication-telecommunication",parent:{id:"290",title:"Information and Communication",slug:"information-and-communication"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:137,numberOfWosCitations:255,numberOfCrossrefCitations:224,numberOfDimensionsCitations:443,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1368",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8723",title:"Telecommunication Systems",subtitle:"Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8bf1ec49936ab44fcdfc9fea042e73d7",slug:"telecommunication-systems-principles-and-applications-of-wireless-optical-technologies",bookSignature:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Paulo P. Monteiro and António L. Teixeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8383",title:"Multiplexing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57b7f473289c825517f17b8e18d893fc",slug:"multiplexing",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15cb591deb13165af8e0286da414c1bd",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6321",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e29995cd9dd6193bd198112d9549f32",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",bookSignature:"Abdelfatteh Haidine and Abdelhak Aqqal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187242",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatteh",middleName:null,surname:"Haidine",slug:"abdelfatteh-haidine",fullName:"Abdelfatteh Haidine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5740",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10f605202aae0cd293bfc2b4e5027e5c",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3720",title:"New Trends in Technologies",subtitle:"Devices, Computer, Communication and Industrial Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-trends-in-technologies--devices--computer--communication-and-industrial-systems",bookSignature:"Meng Joo Er",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121366",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhichao",middleName:null,surname:"Lian",slug:"zhichao-lian",fullName:"Zhichao Lian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3639",title:"New Advanced Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-advanced-technologies",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3639.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3617",title:"Recent Advances in Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-advances-in-technologies",bookSignature:"Maurizio A Strangio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2466",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Strangio",slug:"maurizio-adriano-strangio",fullName:"Maurizio Adriano Strangio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"12285",doi:"10.5772/10432",title:"Capabilities and Performances of the Selective Laser Melting Process",slug:"capabilities-and-performances-of-the-selective-laser-melting-process",totalDownloads:6313,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:65,abstract:null,book:{id:"3720",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies--devices--computer--communication-and-industrial-systems",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies: Devices, Computer, Communication and Industrial Systems"},signatures:"Sabina Luisa Campanelli, Nicola Contuzzi, Andrea Angelastro and Antonio Domenico Ludovico",authors:null},{id:"56113",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69734",title:"Smartphone: The Ultimate IoT and IoE Device",slug:"smartphone-the-ultimate-iot-and-ioe-device",totalDownloads:2853,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are emerging communication concepts that will interconnect a variety of devices (including smartphones, home appliances, sensors, and other network devices), people, data, and processes and allow them to communicate with each other seamlessly. These new concepts can be applied in many application domains such as healthcare, transportation, and supply chain management (SCM), to name a few, and allow users to get real-time information such as location-based services, disease management, and tracking. The smartphone-enabling technologies such as built-in sensors, Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, and near-field communications (NFC) allow it to be an integral part of IoT and IoE world and the mostly used device in these environments. However, its use imposes severe security and privacy threats, because the smartphone usually contains and communicates sensitive private data. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT and IoE technologies, their application domains, IoT structure and architecture, the use of smartphones in IoT and IoE, and the difference between IoT networks and mobile cellular networks. We also provide a concise overview of future opportunities and challenges in IoT and IoE environments and focus more on the security and privacy threats of using the smartphone in IoT and IoE networks with a suggestion of some countermeasures.",book:{id:"5740",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",fullTitle:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective"},signatures:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar and Mohammed Boulmalf",authors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",middleName:null,surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"},{id:"209424",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Boulmalf",slug:"mohammed-boulmalf",fullName:"Mohammed Boulmalf"}]},{id:"62142",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78615",title:"5G Backhaul: Requirements, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies",slug:"5g-backhaul-requirements-challenges-and-emerging-technologies",totalDownloads:3177,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"5G is the next generation cellular networks which is expected to quench the ever-ending thirst of data rates and interconnect billions of smart devices to support not only human centric traffic, but also machine centric traffic. Recent research and standardization work have been addressing requirements and challenges from radio perspective (e.g., new spectrum allocation, network densification, massive multiple-input-multiple-output antenna, carrier aggregation, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, and coordinated multi-point processing). In addition, a new network bottleneck has emerged: the backhaul network which will allow to interconnect and support billions of devices from the core network. Up to 4G cellular networks, the major challenges to meet the backhaul requirements were capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reach. However, as 5G network capabilities and services added to 4G cellular networks, the backhaul network would face two additional challenges that include ultralow latency (i.e., 1 ms) requirements and ultradense nature of the network. Due to the dense small cell deployment and heavy traffic cells in 5G, 5G backhaul network will need to support hundreds of gigabits of traffic from the core network and today’s cellular backhaul networks are infeasible to meet these requirements in terms of capacity, availability, latency, energy, and cost efficiency. This book chapter first introduce the mobile backhaul network perspective for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. Then, outlines the backhaul requirements of 5G networks, and describes the impact on current mobile backhaul networks.",book:{id:"6321",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",fullTitle:"Broadband Communications Networks - Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice"},signatures:"Md Maruf Ahamed and Saleh Faruque",authors:[{id:"215861",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Md Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Ahamed",slug:"md-maruf-ahamed",fullName:"Md Maruf Ahamed"},{id:"216864",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Faruque",slug:"saleh-faruque",fullName:"Saleh Faruque"}]},{id:"10731",doi:"10.5772/9422",title:"Ti indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti: LiNbO3) Mach-Zehnder interferometer all optical switches: A review",slug:"ti-indiffused-lithium-niobate-ti-linbo3-mach-zehnder-interferometer-all-optical-switches-a-review",totalDownloads:7604,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3639",slug:"new-advanced-technologies",title:"New Advanced Technologies",fullTitle:"New Advanced Technologies"},signatures:"G.Singh, R.P.Yadav and V.Janyani",authors:null},{id:"12289",doi:"10.5772/10428",title:"Potential for Improving HD Diesel Truck Engine Fuel Consumption Using Exhaust Heat Recovery Techniques",slug:"potential-for-improving-hd-diesel-truck-engine-fuel-consumption-using-exhaust-heat-recovery-techniqu",totalDownloads:4287,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3720",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies--devices--computer--communication-and-industrial-systems",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies: Devices, Computer, Communication and Industrial Systems"},signatures:"Dimitrios Hountalas and Georgios Mavropoulos",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59149",title:"Evolution of Broadband Communication Networks: Architecture and Applications",slug:"evolution-of-broadband-communication-networks-architecture-and-applications",totalDownloads:1573,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"With the rapid increase in users’ demand for flexibility and scalability of communication services, broadband communication networks are facing an ongoing challenge of providing various broadband services using a single communication architecture. This leads to the evolution of a challenging field of multiservice broadband network architectures. This chapter discusses the basic concepts associated with broadband communication network architectures with emphasis on provision of multiservice, and it also focuses on the evolution of broadband communication networks from the traditional architecture to the incorporation of virtualization services, that is, cloud computing. Another important aspect, which relates to the multiservice broadband network, is the “applications” which, as this chapter highlights, are a key-driving factor for the evolution of broadband communication networks. Moreover, this chapter also includes a discussion on New Zealand’s government initiatives to provide improved network coverage within the country.",book:{id:"6321",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",fullTitle:"Broadband Communications Networks - Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice"},signatures:"Sonia Gul and Jairo Gutierrez",authors:[{id:"214670",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gul",slug:"sonia-gul",fullName:"Sonia Gul"},{id:"215559",title:"Prof.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"jairo-gutierrez",fullName:"Jairo Gutierrez"}]},{id:"67713",title:"Multiplexing",slug:"multiplexing",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In any communication system that is either digital or analog, we need a communication channel for transmission. This channel can be a wired or a wireless link. It is not practical to allocate individual channels for each user. Therefore a group of signals are combined together and sent over a common channel. For this we use multiplexers. A multiplexer is a device that allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission to a single destination. A demultiplexer does the reverse operation of multiplexing. It takes digital information from a single line and distributes it to a given number of output lines.",book:{id:"8383",slug:"multiplexing",title:"Multiplexing",fullTitle:"Multiplexing"},signatures:"Vijayakumar Nandalal and M.S. Sumalatha",authors:[{id:"285973",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandalal",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"nandalal-vijayakumar",fullName:"Nandalal Vijayakumar"},{id:"297986",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sumalatha",middleName:null,surname:"M S",slug:"sumalatha-m-s",fullName:"Sumalatha M S"}]},{id:"62142",title:"5G Backhaul: Requirements, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies",slug:"5g-backhaul-requirements-challenges-and-emerging-technologies",totalDownloads:3180,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"5G is the next generation cellular networks which is expected to quench the ever-ending thirst of data rates and interconnect billions of smart devices to support not only human centric traffic, but also machine centric traffic. Recent research and standardization work have been addressing requirements and challenges from radio perspective (e.g., new spectrum allocation, network densification, massive multiple-input-multiple-output antenna, carrier aggregation, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, and coordinated multi-point processing). In addition, a new network bottleneck has emerged: the backhaul network which will allow to interconnect and support billions of devices from the core network. Up to 4G cellular networks, the major challenges to meet the backhaul requirements were capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reach. However, as 5G network capabilities and services added to 4G cellular networks, the backhaul network would face two additional challenges that include ultralow latency (i.e., 1 ms) requirements and ultradense nature of the network. Due to the dense small cell deployment and heavy traffic cells in 5G, 5G backhaul network will need to support hundreds of gigabits of traffic from the core network and today’s cellular backhaul networks are infeasible to meet these requirements in terms of capacity, availability, latency, energy, and cost efficiency. This book chapter first introduce the mobile backhaul network perspective for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. Then, outlines the backhaul requirements of 5G networks, and describes the impact on current mobile backhaul networks.",book:{id:"6321",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",fullTitle:"Broadband Communications Networks - Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice"},signatures:"Md Maruf Ahamed and Saleh Faruque",authors:[{id:"215861",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Md Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Ahamed",slug:"md-maruf-ahamed",fullName:"Md Maruf Ahamed"},{id:"216864",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Faruque",slug:"saleh-faruque",fullName:"Saleh Faruque"}]},{id:"56113",title:"Smartphone: The Ultimate IoT and IoE Device",slug:"smartphone-the-ultimate-iot-and-ioe-device",totalDownloads:2855,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are emerging communication concepts that will interconnect a variety of devices (including smartphones, home appliances, sensors, and other network devices), people, data, and processes and allow them to communicate with each other seamlessly. These new concepts can be applied in many application domains such as healthcare, transportation, and supply chain management (SCM), to name a few, and allow users to get real-time information such as location-based services, disease management, and tracking. The smartphone-enabling technologies such as built-in sensors, Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, and near-field communications (NFC) allow it to be an integral part of IoT and IoE world and the mostly used device in these environments. However, its use imposes severe security and privacy threats, because the smartphone usually contains and communicates sensitive private data. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT and IoE technologies, their application domains, IoT structure and architecture, the use of smartphones in IoT and IoE, and the difference between IoT networks and mobile cellular networks. We also provide a concise overview of future opportunities and challenges in IoT and IoE environments and focus more on the security and privacy threats of using the smartphone in IoT and IoE networks with a suggestion of some countermeasures.",book:{id:"5740",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",fullTitle:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective"},signatures:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar and Mohammed Boulmalf",authors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",middleName:null,surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"},{id:"209424",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Boulmalf",slug:"mohammed-boulmalf",fullName:"Mohammed Boulmalf"}]},{id:"57271",title:"Malware Analysis and Detection on Android: The Big Challenge",slug:"malware-analysis-and-detection-on-android-the-big-challenge",totalDownloads:2357,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The popularization of the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, has accelerated in recent years, as these devices have experienced a reduction in cost together with an increase in functionality and services availability. In this context, due to its openness and free availability, Android operating system (OS) has become not only a major stakeholder in the market of mobile devices but has also become an attractive target for cybercriminals. In this chapter, we advocate to present some current trends and results in the Android malware analysis and detection research area. We start by briefly describing the Android’s security model, followed by a discussion of the static and dynamic malware analysis techniques in order to provide a general view of the analysis and detection process to the reader. After that, a description of a particular set of software developments, which exemplify some of the discussed techniques, is presented accompanied by a set of practical results. Finally, we draw some conclusions about the future development of the Android malware analysis area. The main contribution of this chapter is a description of the realization of static and dynamic malware analysis techniques and principles that can be automated and mapped to software system tools in order to simplify analyses. Moreover, some details about the use of machine learning algorithms for malware classifications and the use of the hooking software techniques for dynamic analysis execution are provided.",book:{id:"5740",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",fullTitle:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective"},signatures:"Abraham Rodríguez-Mota, Ponciano J. Escamilla-Ambrosio and\nMoisés Salinas-Rosales",authors:[{id:"203558",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Mota",slug:"abraham-rodriguez-mota",fullName:"Abraham Rodríguez-Mota"},{id:"204121",title:"Dr.",name:"Ponciano",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Escamilla-Ambrosio",slug:"ponciano-escamilla-ambrosio",fullName:"Ponciano Escamilla-Ambrosio"},{id:"204123",title:"Dr.",name:"Moisés",middleName:null,surname:"Salinas Rosales",slug:"moises-salinas-rosales",fullName:"Moisés Salinas Rosales"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1368",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:51,paginationItems:[{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:10,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/424945",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"424945"},fullPath:"/profiles/424945",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()