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Pacheco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4586.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170323",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricio",surname:"Pacheco",slug:"patricio-pacheco",fullName:"Patricio Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79799",title:"Evaluation of Camouflage Coloration of Polyamide-6,6 Fabric by Comparing Simultaneous Spectrum in Visible and Near-Infrared Region for Defense Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101537",slug:"evaluation-of-camouflage-coloration-of-polyamide-6-6-fabric-by-comparing-simultaneous-spectrum-in-vi",body:'Camouflage textiles are incorporated with clothing of special workers and multidimensional equipment in the vein of army, air force, navy, marines, coastal guards, paramilitary forces, uniforms for officers and soldiers in defense forces, tents, shelters and sheets, sandbags, flak jackets, helmets, camouflaged combat and flight uniforms, covering airplanes, guns and boats, creating deceptions, making armored vehicles, and so on [1]. Key parameters of camouflage coloration are spectral bandwidth of target signature, spectral characteristics of combat background, and reflectivity [2, 3]. Reflection of pigment formulation must match with combat background for design of high-performance camouflage textiles. Polyamide and polyester fabric coloration were experimented with carbon black pigment (CBP). The camouflage effect of CBP was recommended in near infrared (NIR), 1000–1200 nm [4]. Camouflage coloration was trialed with CBP for formulation of colorant on synthetic and regenerated textiles [5]. Visible-camouflage coloration was also investigated with pigment, reactive and vat dyes. Combination of CBP with other synthetic colorant depicted more prominent hue of black [6, 7]. CBP was used for camouflage coloration of polyethylene terephthalate textiles in comparison with natural brown hue against desert combat background. Hence, CBP property was also suggested for NIR camouflage [8]. In this experiment, reflection of CBP was compared with a synthetic dyes telon violet 3R (TVR).
CBP has versatile industrial applications as a pigment, which imparts a black hue [9, 10]. CBP is the most suitable for defense textiles due to having maximum properties of protection textiles. CBP has weatherability, chemical resistance [11, 12], abrasion resistance [13], electroconductivity [11], alkali resistance, light fastness [7], hydrophobicity [14], which are major considerations for coloration of defense textiles. CBP has ester bond, thioester bond, amide bond, amino bond, carbonyl bond, thiocarbonyl bond, sulfonyl bond [12], aldehyde bond, hydroxyl bond, hydrogen bond [9]. Crystalline CBP shows a high order of reactivity [15]. Quantitatively more application of CBP is found in the rubber industry to accelerate its mechanical properties, such as resistance to abrasion. CBP is generally termed as active carbon for improving the mechanical properties of rubber. CBP is widely used for black coloration in paints, varnishes, carbon paper, ribbons, printing inks [13, 16, 17]. Plastic articles, metal articles, wood, paper, inorganic materials [11], and polyamide fabric coloration with 70% nitric acid (NA) [18]. Oxidization process was used to improve the coloring property of printing inks, paint, and black coloration [13, 16, 17]. Due to hydrophobicity of CBP, it is difficult to apply textile substances. So CBP needs to be oxidized for improving jetness by chromic acid, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochloride, potassium permanganate, NA [14, 19] and sulfuric acid [7, 14]. CBP was grafted with hydrophilic polymeric monomer (alkali or ammonium carboxylate) for improving water compatibility and dispersibility [20]. CBP has dusting tendency [21], it is combined with the carrier to impart chromatic hue. CBP constituted generally as a pigment [22]. CBP with acid surface groupings is particularly suitable with binders [23]. Particle size, surface structure, surface size, pH, and dispersibility of CBP need to be considered for every polymeric binding system [24, 25, 26]. Diameter and nigrometer index of CBP critically modify the color of CBP. CBP shows high color for diameter 13 and 15 nm and nigrometer index 63 and 68, respectively. CBP depicts medium color for diameter 17, 20 nm and nigrometer index 71, 76. CBP shows regular color for diameter 25 nm and nigrometer index 80 [11]. Different categories of CBP are fisher lampblack (particle size 44 nm, pH 7, carbon 96.7%, oxygen 0.9%, nitrogen 0.0%, sulfur 1.5%, hydrogen 0.6%), degussa special black (particle size 20 nm, pH 7, carbon 85.6%, oxygen 13.1%, nitrogen 0.3%, sulfur 0.4%, hydrogen 0.6%) and degussa color black FW 200 (particle size 13 nm, pH: 7, carbon 79.2%, oxygen 19.3%, nitrogen 0.4%, sulfur 0.4%, hydrogen 0.7%) [27]. Natural gas and hydrocarbon are the raw materials of CBP [28]. Coarser particle of CBP shows lower depth of color, and finer particle shows higher depth of color [23] due to its difference in scattering values with difference in size and surface area. Hence CBP can be applied for chromatic modification of textile substances such as PA-6,6, cotton, wool, and acrylic fabric.
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers are a cross-linking agent having low density and high resiliency [29], dispersibility, and polymeric film forming ability was considered the criterion for applying in acid medium coating. TPU is also applicable for printing paste formulation of synthetic fabric coloration [30]. TPU creates capsule shell of CBP [31]. TPU was formulated for the dispersion of pigment [18]. TPU has structural form of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene and polyether-ester based prepolymers with diisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate [32]. Chemical reaction between polyols and polyisocyanates compounds existing hydroxyl groups reacts with isocyanates [18]. Therefore, structural features and properties of TPU are suitable for textile coating, textile finishing and printing.
Reviewed patent and publications of CBP-based coloration exhibit that CBP has enumerated applications of coloring agent but limited applications on textile coloration. Simultaneous spectrum probe camouflage coloration is almost new concept in camouflage engineering. CBP has harmonized with the demanded textile properties for defense textiles such as low reflection, weatherability, chemical resistance, good rubbing fastness, and light-fastness properties, etc. Light scattering/absorbing principle of CBP materials have been predicted the possibility of deceiving reflection against combat background. CBP has multidimensional color forming functional groups such as carbonyl group, amide group, carboxyl group, which can deceive the surrounding color. The color tone of this functional group differs in spectral responses in Vis–NIR absorbance or reflectance-based spectrophotometric color evaluation and Vis–NIR spectral responses against wavelength. CBP has possibility to modify the hue of other color forming functional group. Light falling on CBP treated fabric diffuses or light is absorbed by the CBP influencing the chromatic hue/hiding the color hue. Hence the chromatic behavior of CBP on textile surface and its moiety with other colorant need to be identified for camouflage coloration. Color combination with CBP may conceal the chromatic hue of red, green, yellow, blue. CBP can be applied on textile substances for special worker’s clothing like camouflage textiles as defense wear or protection tents for special requirements. There is very limited research on CBP formulated properties introduced for augmentation of camouflage textiles. Camouflage textiles can be identified by illumination properties of chromatic hue by spectral responses in both visible and NIR ranges as the chromatic hue in Vis and NIR range are not same. The reflectance can be identified by simultaneous spectrum in Vis and NIR region easily by using VIS–NIR/UV–Vis/UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectroscopy.
130 GSM PA-6,6 knitted fabric collected from local supplier was used for experimentation. Water-insoluble and laboratory-grade CBP was used for PA-6,6 fabric coloration. TPU-Texalon 598 A in tiny pellet, white color in appearance was selected as cross-linking agent. N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as solvent for making a viscous solution of TPU. Laboratory-grade NA (70%) moiety was used for liquid-phase oxidation of CBP surface, functioning as hydrophilic vehicle of CBP-TVR into PA-6,6 and overall enhancement of rheopectic property in composite mixture (CM). The components of CM were used without further purification as received from supplier. Mathis laboratory hot plate, Werser Mathis AG, Rutisbergstrasse 3, CH-8156, Oberhasli/Zurich, Switzerland, automatic temperature controllable dryer, and a hand-operated coating processor with 2 mm roller were used for camouflage coloration.
The chemical structure of CBP [9], TVR [33], TPU compounds [29], and PA-6,6 fabric [34] have been shown below in Figures 1–4.
Chemical structure of CBP used in this experimentation.
Structure of TVR used in this experimentation.
Polymeric structure of TPU cross-linker used in this experimentation.
Polymeric structure of PA-6,6 used in this experimentation.
Solution of TPU-DMF and its other variant of five more composite-mixed-complex formation of TPU-DMF were categorized and coded by CM-01 (TPU-DMF), CM-02 (CBP-TPU-DMF), CM-03 (TVR-TPU-DMF), CM-04 (CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF), CM-05 (NA-TVR-TPU-DMF), and CM-06 (CBP-NA-TVR-TPU-DMF).
Tiny pellet of TPU (3%) was solubilized into DMF to form TPU-DMF solution, using a mini magnetic stirrer and an automatic shaker for 10 days in room temperature. The stirring and shaking periods were repeatedly checked and waited for maximum label of solubilization of TPU. The extended time was used for highest level of solubilization as no additional testing was implemented for this process of solubilization. TPU-DMF solution was added for each complex formation of CBP-TVR-NA.
CBP 0.50 g and solution of 3% TPU-DMF were mixed in a beaker. It was kept on hot plate for 40 min at 80°C temperature for complex formation of CBP-TPU-DMF. TPU shell wall was kept just higher than the softening point. The droplet of TPU-DMF solution was poured into CBP until the viscous paste formation of CBP. It was continuously stirred in heating condition for making globule formation of CBP-TPU-DMF.
The mixing process of TVR, 1.50 g and solution of 3% TPU-DMF were continued in a beaker. TVR-TPU-DMF was kept on hot plate for 40 min at 80°C temperature for complex formation. The droplet stirring process was followed for making bead formation of TVR-TPU-DMF. The droplet of TPU-DMF solution was poured into TVR until the viscous paste formation of TVR and continuously stirred for making bead formation of TVR-TPU-DMF.
CBP 0.50 g, TVR 1.50 g, and solution of 3% TPU-DMF were mixed in a beaker and kept on hot plate for 40 min at 80°C temperature for complex formation of CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF. Firstly, the droplet of TPU-DMF solution was discharged into CBP until the viscous paste formation of CBP and continuously stirred for making bead formation of CBP-TPU-DMF. Consecutively and individually, the droplet of TPU-DMF solution was poured into TVR until the viscous paste formation of TVR and continuously stirred for making blob formation of TVR-TPU-DMF. Finally, a simultaneous complex formation was generated with the CBP-TPU-DMF and TVR-TPU-DMF (1:1) and formed a complex of CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF.
TVR 1.50 g, NA (50%) and solution of 3% TPU-DMF were combined in beaker and heated for 40 min at 80°C temperature for complex formation of NA-TVR-TPU-DMF. The droplet of TPU-DMF and NA solution was poured into TVR until the viscous paste formation of TVR and continuously stirred for making bead formation of NA-TVR-TPU-DMF.
CBP 0.50 g, TVR 1.50 g, NA (50%), and solution of 3% TPU-DMF were formed as paste in a beaker and kept on hot plate for 40 min at 80°C temperature for complex formation of CBP-NA-TVR-TPU-DMF. Firstly, the droplet of NA solution and the droplet of TPU-DMF (1:1) were poured into CBP for liquid phase oxidation of CBP and bead formation of CBP-TPU-DMF. The process was continued until the viscous paste formation, continuously stirred for making bead formation of CBP-TPU-DMF. Sequentially and separately, the droplet of TPU-DMF-NA was poured into TVR until the viscous paste formation of TVR and continuously stirred for making bead formation of NA-TVR-TPU-DMF. Finally, the paste of CBP-TPU-DMF and NA-TVR-TPU-DMF were combined for complex formation of CBP-NA-TVR-TPU-DMF.
PA-6,6 fabric was cut into required sizes (width-3inch × length-6inch) was uncontaminated with dipping in deionized water, then dried 50 min at 80°C in a heating chamber, and then the fabric was relaxed and cooled for 30 min at room temperature. Back part of PA-6,6 fabric was wrapped with aluminum foil paper, having thickness less than 0.2 mm for creating the artificial plain surface on the backside of fabric. This method can be repeated and applied for different types of plain roller surface of industrial coating machine. The fabric ends were tightly attached and laid on coating plate by thin adhesive paper and then the coating roller was used for hand coating system. This method was followed repeatedly for three-stroke coating process for even dispersion of TPU-DMF and its other variant of five more composite-mixed-complex mixture on fabric surface. Decontaminated PA-6,6 was coated with TPU-DMF, a three-stroke coating process following first stroke coating-by second stroke coating and then third stroke coating for even dispersion of TPU-DMF. Similar coating process was thus carried out with CM-02 (CBP-TPU-DMF), CM-03 (TVR-TPU-DMF), CM-04 (CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF), CM-05 (NA-TVR-TPU-DMF) and CM-06 (CBP-NA-TVR-TPU-DMF). Also, for further research experimentation purpose, sequential overlapped coating of one formulation over other was also carried out by coating sequentially CM-2 (CBP-TPU-DMF) in first stroke coating process, and then CM-03 (TVR-TPU-DMF) coating was made on it by second stroke coating and finally then CM-04 (CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF) was coated on it by third stroke coating process. Similarly, CM-02 (CBP-TPU-DMF) was coated by first stroke coating process and then CM-03 (TVR-TPU-DMF was coated by second stroke coating and finally CM-06 (CBP-NA-TVR-TPU-DMF) was sequentially coated by third stroke coating process. All the coated PA 6,6 fabrics were dried at 60°C for 60 min to proceed for testing.
CIE, color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured by Hunter lab reflectance spectrophotometer, Color Flex EZ; model, 45/0 LAV; under testing conditions with geometry, 45°/0°; viewing area, large; D65 illumimnant/10°standard observer; room temperature, 18°C. This hunter lab illuminant spectrophotometer uses a xenon flash lamp to illuminate the test specimen, PA-6,6. The tonal variation of PA 6,6 fabric was subjected to colorimetric evaluation for determining CIE color coordinates L*, a*, b* values. The Hunter Lab reflectance spectrophotometer was calibrated in terms of highest darker and highest lighter by using standard black and white standard, for checking and matching standard values kept in machine software. To ensure sample opaqueness by minimizing the transparency of incident light; test specimen, fabric size (width-3inch × length 6-inch) was single folded in lengthwise (width 3-inch × length 3-inch) for placing on reflectance port.
NIR scanning of treated and untreated PA-6,6 fabric was performed by FTIRS. A NIR background was standardized under diffuse reflection standard. Every sample is covered by sample cup to create reflection environment under a specified black standard, which is termed as “spectralon reflection.” The sample port has sapphire/crystal window to capture reflection of sample. Machine-specified glass vial was used for powder sample measurement of CBP-TVR. Figure 5a shows the sapphire window-sample port of FTIRS-NIR. Figure 5b shows the sample scanning condition under machine specified black standard.
Front view of FTIRS-NIR (a) uncovered diffuse sample port, (b) covered sample port with standardized black reference.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image was captured by TM 4000Plus model, Tabletop SEM, HITACHI, Japan. 15 KV electron acceleration was selected for every scanning of SEM. 100 magnification was performed for all image except NA treated fabric. NA-TPU-DMF and NA-TVR-TPU-DMF were captured at 25 magnifications to connote TPU effect in NA-CM-PA-6,6. Carbon conductive black tape was used for each sample mounting.
Figure 6, uncoated PA 6,6 fabric (a); TPU-DMF coated PA 6,6 fabric (b); CBP-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (c); TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (d); CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (e); NA-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (f); NA-CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (g); blended CBP in water (h); blended CBP after 24 hour precipitation (i); blended CBP after 48 hour precipitation (j); 3% TPU in DMF (k), 3% TPU in DMF after addition of five drop NA; 5% of 70% NA (l); solidification slice of TPU-DMF in the presence of NA (l); SEM magnification of CBP particle (m) and its color thresholding structure of CBP particle (n); particle size of CBP (o); SEM magnification of TVR particle (p) and its color thresholding image of particle size (q); SEM magnification of PA 6,6 uncoated fabric (r); TPU-DMF coated PA 6,6 fabric (s) and its color thresholding image to refine TPU-DMF on fabric surface (t); CBP-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (u) and its color thresholding image to signify TPU-DMF on fabric surface (v); TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (w) and its color thresholding image to identify TPU-DMF on fabric surface (x); CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (y) and its color thresholding image to signify TPU-DMF on fabric surface (z); NA-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (z1); NA-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (z2); NA-CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF coated PA-6,6 fabric (z3).
Photograph of treated and untreated fabric (a-h), CBP and TPU-DMF derivative solution (i-l), SEM and color thresholding image of treated and untreated PA 6,6 fabric (m-z3).
Figure 6 (i, j), water medium diluted CBP has been shown to signify the dispersibility of raw CBP. 0.5gm CBP was blended (30 minutes) with 150 ml deionized water. The solution showed a precipitation/aggregation after keeping 24 and 48 hours in non-shaking condition. Figure 6 (m) shows the structure of CBP. CBP particles are aggregated in different direction like a net structure which is demonstrated by red threshold, imageJ, Figure 6 (n). The magnified cross section of CBP signifies the particle size, water insolubility, and randomly oriented microstructure of surface for diffuse reflection due to surface roughness, Figure 6 (m-q). Particle size of CBP denotes the higher degree of cracking on CBP coated PA-6,6 fabric rather than TVR coated surface, Figure 6 (u-x). The existing of CBP-TPU-DMF has been clearly identified on PA 6,6 coated fabric, Figure 6 (u, v, z3). The cementing of CBP-TPU-DMF-PA-6,6 is higher in comparison with NA-CBP-TPU-PA-6,6. CBP-TPU formed a darker appearance due to higher prominence of black region on CBP-coated surface. CBP coating with TPU-DMF binder showed a cross-linking in CBP-TPU-DMF-PA-6,6. The functional group of CBP (-COOH) and the functional group of TPU (-NHCO) was formed a CBP-TPU matrix on the surface of PA-6,6 fabric. Figure 6 (t, v, x, z, z1, z2, z3), TPU was visualized in SEM image as whitish color surface. The prominence of TPU was recorded as minor when it was formed matrix with CBP. TPU binder was almost uniformly distributed on PA-6,6 fabric surface, Figure 6 (t-z, z3). TPU-CBP was implanted and well dispersed on PA-6,6 surfaces. Figure 6 (k, l), NA-TPU-DMF was also characterized in the presence of NA and TPU was showed freezing tendency. The application of TPU on PA-6,6 fabric was also confirmed by SEM, Figure 6 (z1, z2).
Figure 6 (o- z3) shows the evidence of almost suitability of CBP material. The simultaneous applications of NA-TPU-CBP-TVR on PA-6,6 fabric surface have been confirmed by SEM image. The structural representation and coupling with similar functional groups have been revealed with individual coupling reactions with PA-6,6 Figures 7–12. Oxidized and aqueous CBP have amide group. PA-6,6 has also similar group, thus it may create a coupling of CBP-PA-6,6. CBP has amine group and TVR has also amine group. There is a possibility of bonding between CBP-TVR. Similarly, CBP has carbonyl group and TPU has also carbonyl group, thus CBP-TPU moiety may form in CBP modified PA-6,6 fabric. Carbonyl carbon of CBP may be bonded with two hydrogen atoms of TPU. Hence there is possibility of cross-linking. TPU may be adsorbed by CBP and dispersed the carbon black due to its structural formation of steric hindrance.
Coupling of TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Coupling of CBP-TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Coupling of TVR-TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Coupling of CBP-TVR- TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Coupling of NA-TVR-TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Coupling of NA-CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6.
Figure 6 (s, t) shows that polymeric coupling of PA-6,6-TPU, which are bonded with common functional group carbonyl (Figure 7). Structural resemblance of carbonyl and amine functional group in TPU-PA-6,6 may show the evidence of yellowish and greenish illumination on TPU treated PA-6,6 and without treated PA-6,6.
Figure 6 (u, v) shows the coupling among PA-6,6-CBP-TPU. CBP shows multifunctional group including carboxyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, carbonyl, ether, and it may have other functional group including color forming groups (Figure 8). CBP-TPU has amino group and carbonyl group. PA-6,6 has amino group and carbonyl group. Amino group and carbonyl group remaining PA-6,6 surface may generate reddish and yellowish hue but the reflectance of yellowish may be weakened and, it may be turned to bluish coordinates. So, the mechanism of tonal variation on textile surface/hiding of color hue may have occurred due to multidimensional color reflection of different hue as CBP has various numbers of functional groups for different color formation on same surface. Structure of CBP surface may also vibrate the camouflage concept of illumination due to spherical surface of CBP. COOH, carbonyl group, and OH group presence in CBP may reflect reddish hue. Amine group may be an indication of yellowish hue. Therefore, color combination of CBP may show darker hue by reflecting almost black hue. When any group with colorant of yellow, blue, and red are mixed with CBP, it may hide the chromatic intensity of added colorant and makes the dull shade to the observer due to remaining multifunctional and multicolored forming group. The multifunctional mechanism of hiding tendency of color hue of CBP may be functioning as key principle of camouflage coloration on textile substances.
Figure 6 (w, x) shows the coupling of amide group among PA-6,6-TPU-TVR (Figure 9). TVR dyes has nitro group, amino group, and azo group. Nitro group may create blueish/yellowish hue, azo group may contain red/yellowish hue and amine group may prominent the yellowish reflection on the surface.
Figure 6 (y, z) represents the NH coupling between CBP and PA-6,6 (Figure 10). Benzene coupling may occur between CBP and TVR. Correspondingly carbonyl bonding is also evidenced between TPU and PA-6,6 due to structural view in SEM magnification. TVR dyes has nitro group, azo group and amino group. PA-6,6 and TPU has also amino group. Nitro group in TVR may create bluish and yellowish hue, azo group depicts red/yellowish hue and amine group may enhance the reflection of yellow hue. CBP and TVR has similarity in benzene group and amino group. TVR encompasses nitro group and azo group, which may reflect bluish and yellowish tone, azo group may illuminate red/yellowish hue and amine group may accelerate the yellow color reflection. Hydrophilic coupling between amine group of TVR and PA-6,6 may not be happened due to absence of hydrophilic vehicle NA. CBP has COOH, OH group, amino group, and carbonyl group, which may create chromatic change of color hue with another functional group.
Figure 6 (z2) shows that amine group of TVR has related to both PA-6,6 and TPU, it seems the structural similarity (Figure 11). TVR has nitro group. Amino group of PA-6,6 and TPU may create a good color combination in NA-TVR-TPU-DMF when oxidized CBP has not been used in this process of coloration. For comparison, the reaction of oxidized carbon has been remarked with arrow sign connected with nitro group. In this coupling, there is no function of oxidized carbon due to missing of CBP in CM.
Figure 6 (z3) shows amide linkage between CBP and PA-6,6 (Figure 12). Amine bonding may create between TVR and PA-6,6. Carbonyl bonding may form among CBP-TPU-PA-6,6. Oxidized carbon produces NO2 and it has been showed with arrow marked to mention the similar group of TVR dyes (NO2). The structure of oxidized carbon may be changed due to NA oxidation of CBP. The mechanism may influence the altering of reflection/wavelength in visible-NIR spectrum. The simultaneous combination of oxidized carbon and CBP modified PA-6,6 may replace the surface reflection significantly. The color forming functional group has been predicted the changing factors of chromatic hue. PA-6,6 has carbonyl group and amine group. TPU has also carbonyl group. Remaining unusual functional group of CBP like COOH, OH may reflect reddish hue, carbonyl group may reflect greenish/yellowish hue and amine group may illuminate greenish/reddish hue. Spherical shape of CBP may hide the real illumination of nitro and azo group in TVR when nitro group may reflect bluish and yellowish tone and azo group may illuminate red/yellowish hue. Hence the actual prominence of hue is being decisively changed/hided by the multifunctional tonal group of CBP.
Established Beer–Lambert law [35] of optical absorption of material, A = εlc, A = optical absorption of materials, ε = absorptivity of the materials, l = optical path length, c = concentration of the materials. The Beer–Lambert law can be implemented for the optical absorption on PA-6,6 fabric surface in different wavelength. The variation of optical absorption of CBP can be predicted for the feasibility of camouflage coloration. Optical absorption on PA-6,6 fabric surface versus replacement of CIE color hue is proportionally related for camouflage coloration. Higher degree of optical absorption depicts the reduced intensity of chromatic hue. In this experimentation, A = optical absorption of PA-6,6 fabric surface, ε = absorptivity of CBP-TVR-TPU, I = optical path length in 400–700 nm and c = concentration of CM which are TPU-DMF, CBP-TPU-DMF, TVR-TPU-DMF, CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF, NA-TVR-TPU-DMF, NA-CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF. CIE optical absorption and reflection of chromatic hue have been studied in optical path length, 400–700 nm. The concept demonstrates that “more optical absorption on textile surface = less reflection on textile surface = altering the chromatic hue = deceiving the target detection”. Therefore, CBP can create chromatic variation on textile surface and confuse the target detection to the observer. But optical path length 400–700 nm and concentration of surface CBP materials can alter the chromatic behaviors of PA-6,6 fabric. Camouflage coloration was observed in complex formation of CBP for surface hue modification of PA 6,6 fabric. The color outcome was identified based on light absorption and reflection of CIE color hue,
Figures 13–16 illustrate that CBP-TPU-DMF, CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF and NA-CBP-TVR-TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6 fabric modified the light absorption and intensity of chromatic hue in CIE
CIE comparison of lightness hue (L*) of treated and untreated PA-6,6 fabric.
CIE comparison of greenish/reddish hue (a*) of treated and untreated PA-6,6 fabric.
CIE comparison of bluish/yellowish hue (b*) of treated and untreated PA-6,6 fabric.
Tristimulus intensity for variations and comparison of CIE L*, a*, b* and representation of spectrophotometric color combination on a (PA-6,6), B (PA-6,6 + TPU-DMF), C (PA-6,6 + CBP+ TPU-DMF), D (PA-6,6 + TVR + TPU-DMF), E (PA-6,6 + CBP + TVR + TPU-DMF), F (PA-6,6 + NA + TVR + TPU-DMF), G (PA-6,6 + NA + CBP + TVR + TPU-DMF).
Figures 13–16; TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6 fabric and untreated PA-6,6 fabric was compared for identification of three-dimensional chromatic hue (L*, a*, b*) and its effects on PA-6,6 fabric surface. Spectrophotometric color combination of PA-6,6 shows greenish (a* = −0.79) and yellowish (b* = 2.1) hue, which are the nearest of neutral hue. A maximum value of L* = 92.29 indicates almost white color in gray hue on fabric surface. Hence color combination of PA-6,6 indicates the maximum reflection of hue. Oppositely TPU-DMF treated PA-6,6 depicts greenish (
Complex application of CM-2 shows red (
Complex application of CM-3 states reddish (
CBP added CM-04 indicates minor decreasing the R/color hue in reddish and bluish hue although it seems the combination of CBP-TVR was not properly dispersed on the surface due to absence of hydrophilic vehicle, NA. Spectrophotometric color combination shows reddish (
NA added CM-05 shows that reflection of color hue increases. Spectrophotometric color combination of NA-TVR-TPU-DMF depicts reddish (
CBP added CM-06 may be concealed the red and yellow hue of PA-6,6 surface when gray color wheel tends to black color hue. It seems that NA is functioning as hydrophilic transformation of CBP-TVR into PA-6,6. Combination of CBP mixture shows more absorbency of light as per less value of
Maximum reflection percentage of CM has been summarized in Figure 17 for comparison among raw CBP, untreated and treated PA-6,6 fabric. The original FTIR spectra has been cited in supporting information, Figures S1 and S2. FTIRS was used to reveal camouflage phenomenon of CBP in terms of low reflection principle in NIR, 1000–2500 nm. The range is covered by hyperspectral camera for target detection. CBP almost absorbs all spectrum in NIR, the intensity of color forming group is very minor for target identification. A narrow reflection profile is visualized for FTIRS scanning of raw CBP and CBP treated PA 6,6 fabric. CBP treated PA 6,6 fabric was detected as low reflection materials for camouflaging in NIR. CBP has maximum number of absorptions, and it has minimum intensity which may generate low reflection chromatic signal against combat background in NIR. Reflection of CBP spectra is always lower than any other combination of PA-6,6 fabric. Comparatively TVR combination cannot decline the reflectance of PA-6,6-TPU-DMF. CBP-TVR combination can highly decrease the reflection of PA-6,6-TPU-DMF. This concept of CBP-reflection can be implemented for synthetic dyes combination with CBP. It has been clearly signified that CBP treated fabric may act as target concealment under low reflection principle in NIR spectrum.
Comparison of maximum reflection (%) in NIR spectrum.
Comparison of reflection (%) in NIR spectrum (part-a).
Comparison of reflection (%) in NIR spectrum (part-B).
L* coordinates reflect the lightness of color intensity to the observers ranges from 0 (completely black) to 100 (completely white). The luminous intensity and degree of lightness can be perceived by the target observers in remote sensing device. The amount of CBP adsorbed on PA-6,6 surface controls a* coordinates (red/green) and b* coordinates (yellow/blue), which identify the lightness of color perception for CBP modified PA-6,6 fabric to the observers. Hence, CBP influences a* coordinates for reflection of red or green hue to the target observers. Correspondingly CBP also effects on b* coordinates, which reflect yellow or blue color tone to the observers. The intensity of object reflection modifies the perception of red, green, blue, yellow color hue to the observers. Furthermore, CBP treated PA-6,6 fabric may generate diffuse reflection to hide the color hue of combat background. SEM, color measurement spectrophotometer and FTIRS have been confirmed the low reflection coloration of PA-6,6 fabric both in visible-NIR spectrum. The experimentation on CBP based camouflage textiles can confirm the feasibility of camouflage properties development on textile substances. So, it can be suggested that CBP can be implemented for camouflage coloration of textile materials in terms of low reflection principle. CBP can be combined with synthetic dyes of camouflage design for camouflage textiles in simultaneous spectrum probe in visible-NIR. CBP may be accepted for versatile applications of weapon/vehicle coloration in terms of low reflection principle of camouflage coloration. TPU can also be recommended as a suitable cross-linking agent due to transparent property of TPU without influencing the reflection properties of CBP on PA-6,6 fabric.
Author Md. Anowar Hossain acknowledges RMIT University & Australian Government for funding through RTP Stipend Scholarship. Author acknowledges to “Professor Lijing Wang” and “Emeritus Professor Robert Shanks,” School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University for their draft review. Author is indebted to Dr. Olga Gavrilenko and Mr. Imtiaz Ahmed Khan, Ph.D. researcher for sharing their materials to continue this research works. Author is also thankful to Ms. Shelley MacRae, technical officer (research) for her training support of SEM and FTIRS.
Author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author declare no conflict of interest to publish this article.
CBP | Carbon black pigment |
CM | Composite mixture |
NR | Near infrared |
NA | Nitric acid |
TVR | Telon violet 3R |
TPU | Thermoplastic polyurethane |
DMF | N, N-dimethylformamide |
PA-6,6 | Polyamide-6,6 |
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Material properties are continually being improved to meet safety and operational standards in line with prevailing technological developments. Modern technological requirements, together with the consumers’ demands for systems and machines that are more energy efficient, stronger, light-weight, cost-effective, etc., dictate that the search for new and advanced materials will remain a subject of interest all the time. The difficulty in designing materials for such stringent specifications cannot be overstated, owing to the conflicting nature of these specifications. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are a class of materials that have proven successful in meeting most of the rigorous specifications in applications where light-weight, high stiffness and moderate strength are the requisite properties. With a variety of reinforcement materials and flexibility in their primary processing, AlMMCs offer great potential for the development of composites with the desired properties for certain applications. In this review, the development, utilisation and future potential of AlMMCs in various industrial and commercial applications is discussed, together with the existing challenges hindering their full market penetration.",book:{id:"8862",slug:"aluminium-alloys-and-composites",title:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites",fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites"},signatures:"Francis Nturanabo, Leonard Masu and John Baptist Kirabira",authors:[{id:"286492",title:"Mr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Nturanabo",slug:"francis-nturanabo",fullName:"Francis Nturanabo"},{id:"299246",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Masu",slug:"leonard-masu",fullName:"Leonard Masu"},{id:"299247",title:"Prof.",name:"John Baptist",middleName:null,surname:"Kirabira",slug:"john-baptist-kirabira",fullName:"John Baptist Kirabira"}]},{id:"58367",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71826",title:"Creep Lifing Models and Techniques",slug:"creep-lifing-models-and-techniques",totalDownloads:1933,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The deformation of structural alloys presents problems for power plants and aerospace applications due to the demand for elevated temperatures for higher efficiencies and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The materials used in such applications experience harsh environments which may lead to deformation and failure of critical components. To avoid such catastrophic failures and also increase efficiency, future designs must utilise novel/improved alloy systems with enhanced temperature capability. In recognising this issue, a detailed understanding of creep is essential for the success of these designs by ensuring components that do not experience excessive deformation which may ultimately lead to failure. To achieve this, a variety of parametric methods have been developed to quantify creep and creep fracture in high temperature applications. This study reviews a number of well-known traditionally employed creep lifing methods with some more recent approaches also included. The first section of this paper focuses on predicting the long-term creep-rupture properties which is an area of interest for the power generation sector. The second section looks at pre-defined strains and the re-production of full creep curves based on available data which is pertinent to the aerospace industry where components are replaced before failure.",book:{id:"6172",slug:"creep",title:"Creep",fullTitle:"Creep"},signatures:"Zakaria Abdallah, Karen Perkins and Cris Arnold",authors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}]},{id:"69724",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89797",title:"Experimental Investigations on AA 6061 Alloy Welded Joints by Friction Stir Welding",slug:"experimental-investigations-on-aa-6061-alloy-welded-joints-by-friction-stir-welding",totalDownloads:893,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Aluminum and aluminum composites play important role in aerospace, automobile, marine and structural applications. Literature shows that some of the conventional fusion welding processes in joining of aluminum metals result in defects like porosity, distortion owing to elevated thermal conductivity and solidification shrinkage. To overcome such issues, experimental investigations are conducted using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process in joining of metal plates of aluminum 6061 alloy. Weld joint samples are cut to required sizes and secured them in position by mechanical clamps. The setup is loaded onto Vertical Machining Centre. Nonconsumable tool tips of four different shapes of tungsten carbide and H13 materials are prepared and attached to the spindle. The machine is started and allowed spindle to rotate the tool to plunge onto metal plates along joint line. An axial force is continuously applied until sufficient heat is generated at mating surfaces for joining. Experiments are repeated at different levels by varying welding parameters. Joints are tested for their mechanical properties. The microstructural analysis is studied by SEM. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) simulation model is developed for validation. ANOVA is applied for validation of output results of mechanical properties and optimal process parameters are determined. Research shows that joints are influenced by profile of tool pin and, therefore, the rotational speed of the tool.",book:{id:"8862",slug:"aluminium-alloys-and-composites",title:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites",fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites"},signatures:"Pothur Hema",authors:[{id:"285121",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hema",slug:"p.-hema",fullName:"P. 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As such, significant effort is now being placed in identifying suitable alternative characterisation techniques. The small punch creep (SPC) test is now widely regarded as an effective tool for ranking and establishing the creep properties of a number of critical structural materials from numerous industrial sectors. Over recent years, the SPC test has become an attractive miniaturised mechanical test method ideally suited for situations where only a limited quantity of material is available for qualification testing. Typically, the method requires only a modest amount of material and can provide key mechanical property information for highly localised regions of critical components. As such, SP creep testing offers a feasible option of determining the creep properties of novel alloy variants still at the experimental stage and the residual life of service-exposed material.",book:{id:"6172",slug:"creep",title:"Creep",fullTitle:"Creep"},signatures:"Robert J. Lancaster and Spencer P. Jeffs",authors:[{id:"207762",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Joseph",surname:"Lancaster",slug:"robert-lancaster",fullName:"Robert Lancaster"},{id:"208043",title:"Dr.",name:"Spencer",middleName:null,surname:"Jeffs",slug:"spencer-jeffs",fullName:"Spencer Jeffs"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56982",title:"Fundamental Models for the Creep of Metals",slug:"fundamental-models-for-the-creep-of-metals",totalDownloads:1589,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Analysis of creep properties has traditionally been made with empirical methods involving a number of adjustable parameters. This makes it quite difficult to make predictions outside the range of the original data. In recent years, the author has formulated basic models for prediction of creep properties, covering dislocation, particle and solid solution hardening. These models do not use adjustable parameters. In the present chapter, these models are further developed and utilised. The dislocation mobilities play an important role. The high-temperature climb mobility is extended to low temperatures by taking vacancies generated by plastic deformation into account. This new expression verifies the validity of the combined climb and glide mobility that has been used so far. By assuming that the glide rate is controlled by the climb of the jogs, a dislocation glide mobility is formulated. The role of the mobilities is analysed, and various creep properties are derived. For example, secondary creep rates and strain versus time curves are computed and show good agreement with experimental data.",book:{id:"6172",slug:"creep",title:"Creep",fullTitle:"Creep"},signatures:"Rolf Sandström",authors:[{id:"191540",title:"Prof.",name:"Rolf",middleName:null,surname:"Sandström",slug:"rolf-sandstrom",fullName:"Rolf Sandström"}]},{id:"67052",title:"Novel Applications of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites",slug:"novel-applications-of-aluminium-metal-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:2795,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:"Advanced materials have offered the materials designer a wide range of options in the specification and selection of materials for various applications. Material properties are continually being improved to meet safety and operational standards in line with prevailing technological developments. Modern technological requirements, together with the consumers’ demands for systems and machines that are more energy efficient, stronger, light-weight, cost-effective, etc., dictate that the search for new and advanced materials will remain a subject of interest all the time. The difficulty in designing materials for such stringent specifications cannot be overstated, owing to the conflicting nature of these specifications. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are a class of materials that have proven successful in meeting most of the rigorous specifications in applications where light-weight, high stiffness and moderate strength are the requisite properties. With a variety of reinforcement materials and flexibility in their primary processing, AlMMCs offer great potential for the development of composites with the desired properties for certain applications. In this review, the development, utilisation and future potential of AlMMCs in various industrial and commercial applications is discussed, together with the existing challenges hindering their full market penetration.",book:{id:"8862",slug:"aluminium-alloys-and-composites",title:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites",fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites"},signatures:"Francis Nturanabo, Leonard Masu and John Baptist Kirabira",authors:[{id:"286492",title:"Mr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Nturanabo",slug:"francis-nturanabo",fullName:"Francis Nturanabo"},{id:"299246",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Masu",slug:"leonard-masu",fullName:"Leonard Masu"},{id:"299247",title:"Prof.",name:"John Baptist",middleName:null,surname:"Kirabira",slug:"john-baptist-kirabira",fullName:"John Baptist Kirabira"}]},{id:"58367",title:"Creep Lifing Models and Techniques",slug:"creep-lifing-models-and-techniques",totalDownloads:1925,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The deformation of structural alloys presents problems for power plants and aerospace applications due to the demand for elevated temperatures for higher efficiencies and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The materials used in such applications experience harsh environments which may lead to deformation and failure of critical components. To avoid such catastrophic failures and also increase efficiency, future designs must utilise novel/improved alloy systems with enhanced temperature capability. In recognising this issue, a detailed understanding of creep is essential for the success of these designs by ensuring components that do not experience excessive deformation which may ultimately lead to failure. To achieve this, a variety of parametric methods have been developed to quantify creep and creep fracture in high temperature applications. This study reviews a number of well-known traditionally employed creep lifing methods with some more recent approaches also included. The first section of this paper focuses on predicting the long-term creep-rupture properties which is an area of interest for the power generation sector. The second section looks at pre-defined strains and the re-production of full creep curves based on available data which is pertinent to the aerospace industry where components are replaced before failure.",book:{id:"6172",slug:"creep",title:"Creep",fullTitle:"Creep"},signatures:"Zakaria Abdallah, Karen Perkins and Cris Arnold",authors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}]},{id:"62120",title:"Aluminum Mineral Processing and Metallurgy: Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds",slug:"aluminum-mineral-processing-and-metallurgy-iron-rich-bauxite-and-bayer-red-muds",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Bauxite is the main source for alumina production. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry and aluminum industry, high-quality iron ore and bauxite resources become increasingly tense. However, a lot of iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud resources have not been timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and wastage of resources. The comprehensive utilization of iron-rich bauxite and red mud is still a worldwide problem. The industrial stockpiling is not a fundamental way to solve the problems of iron-rich bauxite and red mud. As to the recovery of valuable metals from iron-rich bauxite and red mud, there are a lot of technical and cost problems, which are serious impediments to industrial development. Applying red mud as construction materials like cement, soil ameliorant applications face the problem of Na, Cr, As leaching into the environment. However, the high-temperature reduction, smelting and alkaline leaching process is a feasible method to recover iron and alumina from iron-rich bauxite and red mud. 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He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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