\r\n\tIt has been established that energy/nutrient depletion, calcium flux injury, or oxidative stress disrupt endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and even induce accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, an adaptive mechanism of coordinated signaling pathways, defined unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated to return the endoplasmic reticulum to its healthy functioning state. The aging causes a decrease of the protective adaptive response of the UPR and an increase of the pro-apoptotic pathway together with endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural injury. Controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress response, maintaining the appropriate endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure and homeostasis, and retaining mitochondria interplay are crucial aspects for cellular health.
\r\n
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1. Introduction
The human organism is a dynamic, deterministic, non-linear system that shows a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The amount of cells in the human body is extraordinarily large. A study carried out by Eva Bianconi with collaborators from Italy, Greece and Spain, concluded with the number of 3.72 ± 0.81 × 1013, or approximately 37 trillion cells. There is already an estimate of the amount of cells that need to be removed daily in a healthy human adult, seeking to maintain the body’s stability. That number reaches the extraordinary value of 150 billion cells a day! If we remember that the total amount of cells is approximately 37.2 trillion, we conclude that, per day, a healthy human individual loses 0.4% of its cell mass [1].
It is inferred, then, that for the maintenance of life through the proper, harmonious and stable functioning of these cells, in addition to the restoration of lost elements, it is mandatory to spend energy. The clinical concept that refers to this condition of maintenance of conditions of stability is Alostasia. Through Alostasia, Homeostasis is maintained.
The name Homeostasis was created by Walter B. Cannon, in 1932. Literally translated, homeostasis means “staying the same”, but this is not entirely accurate. In reality, homeostasis is not a static state; rather, it is a dynamic state.
In biology, homeostasis is classical, the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits, and which we will call from now on, as the Homeostatic Level.
One of the fundamental elements for the control of the Homeostatic Level is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), with its different components, the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system [2].
The effects of aging on the autonomic nervous system are multiple and vary between and within both sympathetic and parasympathetic portions. Normal human aging is associated with changes in autonomic control of several bodily functions, particularly those served by cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems [3].
The assessment of the autonomic nervous system has been possible through the quantification of a biological marker called Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The literature is extremely rich in studies on HRV, and its high applicability in terms of diagnosis and prognosis is a consensus.
It is possible to study HRV in different domains, namely time, frequency and non-linear. In these domains, different variables have already been described, each with its greater or lesser sensitivity.
Briefly, however, we can highlight three of them among those with the greatest clinical applicability: heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD) and the HF band representing the power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz (HFms2) [4].
2. Heart rate
Resting heart rate has ceased to be just another vital sign and has become a relevant cardiovascular risk marker. It has long been known that life span is inversely related to resting heart rate in most organisms. The classic article by Levine [5], shows the existence of an inverse semilogarithmic relation between heart rate and life expectancy among mammals, suggesting a predetermined number of heart -beats in a lifetime, with a magic average number of 7.3 ± 5.6 × 108 heart-beats/lifetime.
Boudoulas KD et al. [6], make an excellent review relating heart rate, life expectancy and the cardiovascular system. They conclude that many factors regulate heart rate, and it may be these factors, rather than the heart rate itself, which determine survival, but heart rate has multiple direct effects on the cardiovascular system, regardless of the regulatory mechanisms. These effects directly affect the cardiovascular system in multiple ways that, in turn, may affect survival.
From a pathophysiological point of view, the main finding is that resting heart rate is associated with shear and endothelial function in humans [7].
The impact of increased resting heart rate on prognosis is validated in the general population in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, or heart failure and irrespective of age, cardiovascular risk factors, or comorbidities, although there is still no definitive confirmation of the prognostic effect of heart rate reduction with the use of drugs such as ivabradine, on primary combined events [8].
3. RMSSD
RMSSD is the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval, expressed in millisseconds, and is the primary time domain measure used to assess parasympathetic sources of HRV [4].
Several studies have shown a reduction in RMSSD values in the presence of disease or aging, reflecting a reduction in heart rate variability. Maurer CW et al., in 2016 [9], evaluated the behavior of the autonomic nervous system in 35 patients with functional movement disorders (FMD) compared to 38 healthy controls. They found a significant reduction in RMSSD in patients with FMD (P = 0.02), as well as an increased mean heart rate (P = 0.03), concluding that decreased vagal tone may reflect increased stress vulnerability in patients with FMD.
DeGiorgio, CM et al. [10], studied 19 subjects with intractable partial seizures, at least three per month, in a randomized clinical trial of omega-3 fatty acids in epilepsy. They looked for whether or not there was a correlation between heart rate variability and the estimated risk of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy, quantified by the SUDEP-7 Inventory. They found that the RMSSD was inversely correlated with the SUDEP-7 score, r = −0.64, p = 0.004. Subjects with higher SUDEP-7 scores had reduced levels of HRV (RMSSD). Other time-dependent measures of HRV (SDNN, SDANN) were not significantly correlated with SUDEP risk scores.
In another study, Maheshwari A et al. [11] evaluated a large group of 12,543 individuals from the general population, participating in The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. They were looking for a relationship between low HRV and sudden cardiac death (SCD). During a median follow-up of 13 years, 215 SCDs were identified. In the group in which sudden deaths occurred, there was a statistically significant difference in heart rate (70.3 ± 13.8 bpm versus 67.7 ± 10.3 bpm; P = 0.008) and in HF power ms2 (1.6 ± 1.5 Ln versus 2.1 ± 1.3 Ln; P < 0.0001). As for the RMSSD, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups, but in both conditions, the values were below the ideal values for normality (27.3 ± 28.3 ms versus 29.2 ± 23.3 ms; P = 0.25).
Based on the knowledge that sepsis is associated with marked alterations in hemodynamic responses, autonomic dysfunction and impaired vascular function, Bongiorno Junior et al. [12], explored the prognostic utility of cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), indices of vagal modulation (RMSSD and SD1), total heart rate variability (HRV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (%FMD) in 60 patients recruited at an intensive care unit. They found that in the group of 39 patients who did not survive, HR was higher (105 ± 27 bpm versus 84 ± 15 bpm; P = 0.02) and it was observed that the RMSSD and SD1 indices could be predictors of endothelial function and RMSSD could predict the risk of death in these patients.
The ROC Curve of RMSSD was useful in predicting 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis. The area under the curve was 0.784 (0.656–0.881). The value of 10.8 ms was chosen as the cut-off point for RMSSD (sensitivity of 77.1%, specificity of 73.9%, the positive likelihood ratio of 2.96 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.31. With RMSSD ≤10.8 ms, the mean survival time was 23.1 days and with RMSSD>10.8 ms, the mean survival time was 23.1 days).
4. HF ms2
There are three main spectral components in an HRV spectrum named as high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) bands. The HF band represents the power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz. HF power is generally believed to represent respiration-linked changes in heart rate and is generally accepted as a measure of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), or the parasympathetic contribution to HRV. RSA refers to the acceleration in heart rate that occurs during inspiration (due to the cardiovascular control center’s inhibition of vagal outflow) and the subsequent heart rate deceleration that occurs during expiration, due to vagal restoration [13, 14].
Doheny et al. in 2015 [15], evaluated the possibility of using a non-invasive biomarker that allows early detection of patients at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), that is an acute neonatal inflammatory disease that may lead to intestinal necrosis, multi-system failure and death. For that, they used the high frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability. They studied 70 stable preterm infants (gestational age 28-35 week). HF ms2 was 21.5 ± 2.7 ms2 in infants that remained healthy and 3.9 ± 0.81 ms2 in those that later developed stage 2 + NEC (P < 0.001). The cut-off value in the ROC curve was 4.68ms2, predictive for developing NEC with sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 87%, and positive and negative predictive values of 50% and 98%, respectively. They concluded that HF ms2 may serve as a potential, non-invasive predictive biomarker of NEC-risk in infants.
In 2004, Abramkin et al. [16], studied 188 patients to compare the prognostic value of different noninvasive reflex tests on days 4-11 of myocardial infarction. The age varied from 34 to 75 years, 68% were men, and 93.6% were on beta-blockers, all without heart failure NYHA IV on the day of tests. HF power < 65 ms2 during active standing (OR 28.8, 95% CI 4.1-104.2; p = 0.001, positive predictive value 29.4%) was an independent predictor of sudden cardiac death.
In a meta-analytic study carried out in 2021 by Heimrich et al. [17], the objective was to verify whether the analysis of heart rate variability could indicate decreased parasympathetic tone in patients with Parkinson’s disease. A total of 47 studies were evaluated, including 2772 individuals, 1566 of which had Parkinson’s Disease (65.0 ± 0.6 years) and 1206 were healthy controls (62.6 ± 1.0 years). Based on 24 studies, it was possible to detect that the FH ms2 was significantly lower in the group of patients with the disease (145.2 ± 41.1 versus 219.4 ± 48.8 ms2; P = 0.002; heterogeneity 91%).
5. Objective
Considering that the heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD) and the HF band power in the frequency range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz (HFms2), can help to differentiate the homeostatic level between individuals with severe impairment and high risk, and healthy individuals, we performed an intensive review of the literature by collecting published data involving the aforementioned variables, in search of a cutoff value for defining homeostatic reference levels and creating an individualized diagnostic coding.
6. Method
Based on research projects linked to FAPESP - Brazil (2017/12529-7) and CNPq -Brazil (308,555/2018-0), studies involving the use of one or more of the three variables mentioned above were evaluated. In total, it was possible to analyze 164 studies involving the heart rate of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL_ic), 181 studies involving the heart rate of apparently healthy individuals (HL_ah), 179 studies involving the RMSSD of individuals with HL_ic, 221 studies involving the RMSSD from HL_ah subjects, 125 studies involving the HF ms2 of subjects with HL_ic and 155 studies involving the HF ms2 of HL_ah subjects. Obviously, there were concurrent studies in certain situations. Due to a large number of references, they are cited separately and available in a supplementary file.
7. Statistical analysis
Data were presented as mean and standard deviation, weighted mean, quantities, percentages and correlation coefficients. Comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test and its post-tests, according to the indication. Correlation graphs were constructed and Box-Whisker graphs were used for illustration. An alpha error of 5% was accepted, with P values less than or equal to 0.05 being considered significant. The statistical software used was StatsDirect version 3.3.5 (03/22/2021).
8. Results
The total amount of data analyzed was extremely high. Table 1 below indicates the amounts for each variable under conditions of significantly compromised and apparently healthy homeostasis, as well as the mean and standard deviation values for the age of the group, the mean and standard deviation of the variable, and the weighted mean of the variable.
N References
N Data
Age [Mean ± SD]
Variable [Mean ± SD]
Variable [weighted mean]
P-value
HR HL_ic bpm
164
365,195
48.7 ± 20.7
97.6 ± 20.1
85.7
HR HL_ah bpm
181
22,443
32.9 ± 21.7
75.9 ± 18.9
69.7
P < 0.0001
RMSSD HL_ic ms
179
10,014
54.4 ± 16.5
22.8 ± 19.9
27.4
RMSSD HL_ah ms
221
35,531
30.1 ± 19.3
45.6 ± 18.8
32.5
P < 0.0001
HF ms2 HL_ic ms2
125
6830
54.2 ± 15.2
173.7 ± 181.4
155.9
HF ms2 HL_ah ms2
155
25,953
32.7 ± 19.7
565.2 ± 459.1
468.1
P < 0.0001
Table 1.
Distribution of the number of studies included, amount of data per variable, according to homeostatic level (importantly compromised [HL_ic] or apparently healthy [HL_ah].
As the behavior of heart rate variability is related to age, linear correlation calculations were made between age (predictor) and the variable to be predicted (HR, RMSSD or HFms2) in the HL_ic and HL_ah groups (Table 2; Figures 1–6).
Distribution of simple linear regression, correlation coefficients (r and r2) and two-sided P-values, by homeostatic condition.
Correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero.
Figure 1.
Correlation graphs (age x heart rate) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Figure 2.
Correlation graphs (age x RMSSD) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Figure 3.
Correlation graphs (age x HF ms2) in the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL-ic) and apparently healthy (HL_ah).
Figure 4.
Scattergram (HR in bpm) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
Figure 5.
Scattergram (RMSSD in ms) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
Figure 6.
Scattergram (HF in ms2) for the groups of individuals with importantly compromised homeostatic level (HL- ic; red circles) and apparently healthy (HL_ah; blue squares).
A moderate negative correlation was found between heart rate and age, both in cases with significant homeostatic impairment and in apparently healthy cases. There was also a moderate negative correlation between RMSSD and age, and between HFms2 and age in the apparently healthy group. The fact that there was only a weak negative correlation between HFms2 and age in the group with significant homeostatic impairment and also the absence of correlation between RMSSD and age in this impaired group, was noteworthy. This may suggest that RMSSD is a more effective or sensitive biological marker of homeostasis, revealing changes regardless of age.
It became also relevant to evaluate the data of the three selected variables, in the group composed of individuals named as being from the general population (HL_gp). Thus, from the global data survey carried out, a number of 10,121,910 were obtained from individuals from the general population, in different age groups. The values of mean, standard deviation, weighted mean, mean age ± standard deviation and number of articles consulted are found in Table 3 and Figure 7.
Heart rate
RMSSD
HF ms2
Data (N)
144,817
5,098,117
4,878,976
Mean
71.1
30.3
273.1
Standard Deviation
5.8
12.5
266.2
Weighted mean
68.3
43.2
569.2
Age (mean ± SD)
51.0 ± 15.3
48.9 ± 16.8
50.9 ± 13.8
References
110
138
118
Table 3.
Data and values were obtained in the assessment of the general population (HL_gp).
Figure 7.
Box-whisker graphs of the distributions of values for heart rate (A), RMSSD (B) and HF ms2 (C) variables, by the homeostatic level group.
Comparative statistical analysis between the 3 groups (HL_ah, HL_ic and HL_gp) for the three selected variables, using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-test Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner, showed a non-significant difference between HR HL_ah versus HR HL_gp (P = 0.6228); the statistically significant difference between HR HL_ah versus HR HL_ic (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between HR HL_gp versus HR HL_ic (P < 0.0001).
Regarding the variable RMSSD, there was a statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_gp (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001); the statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_gp versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001).
In the comparative analysis of the variable HF ms2, there was a statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_gp (P < 0.0001); statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_ah versus RMSSD HL_ic (P < 0.0001); statistically significant difference between RMSSD HL_gp versus RMSSD HL_ic (P = 0.0002).
Therefore, it is concluded that data from the so-called general population are not suitable to be considered as a normal condition and this must be taken into account when this group is used as a control group.
Finally, based on the weighted average of the results in Table 1, on the scatter plots involving the group of individuals with significant homeostatic impairment and the group of apparently healthy individuals, we propose a classification model for the individual homeostatic level. This classificatory model is a three-level, three-stage alphanumeric coding, designed as follows:
Level A: Heart Rate (bpm)
Stage A1: Heart Rate less than 70 bpm
Stage A2: Heart Rate between 70 and 85 bpm
Stage A3: Heart Rate above 85 bpm
Level B: RMSSD (ms)
Stage B1: RMSSD above 32 milliseconds.
Stage B2: RMSSD between 32 and 28 milliseconds.
Stage B3: RMSSD less than 28 milliseconds.
Level C: HF ms2
Stage C1: HF ms2 above 468 ms2
Stage C2: HF ms2 between 468 and 156 ms2.
Stage C3: HF ms2 less than 156 ms2.
Thus, a totally healthy individual, with an excellent Homeostatic Level and, therefore, with very low risk, would receive the A1B1C1 classification. An individual with a high basal heart rate, a very low RMSSD value and a very low HF power value would be classified as A3B3C3 indicating high severity, low homeostatic level and, therefore, at high risk. Several intermediate combinations would be possible characterizing the current state of each case. The figure below illustrates the full set of possibilities (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Set of possibilities in the alphanumeric classification of the individual homeostatic level (Created by the authors).
In conclusion, the present analytical study, based on an extensive amount of data published in the literature (more than 10.5 million values), referring to three recognized variables of heart rate variability markers of the level of homeostasis, allowed us to define cut-off levels indicative of apparently healthy or with important homeostatic compromise. It was possible to conclude that values obtained in the general population are not equivalent to normal values, a fact that must be considered when this group is used as a control. It was also possible, to elaborate a very simple alphanumeric classification with practical applicability in the characterization of the individual homeostatic level.
\n',keywords:"autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability, homeostatic level",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80895.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80895.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80895",totalDownloads:26,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 3rd 2022",dateReviewed:"January 5th 2022",datePrePublished:"March 20th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 20th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Many variables have been used as homeostatic level markers. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been frequently cited as an indicator of homeostatic status. Low levels of HRV are associated with aging, disease, or increased risk of death. We present a study based on more than 10.5 million data collected from the literature, associating the degree of global clinical impairment of individuals, with their respective HRV data, seeking to establish a classification of Homeostatic Levels. Three specific variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD) and the HF band (HF ms2). It was possible to detect significant differences between the 83,927 data from healthy individuals and the 382,039 data from individuals with significant homeostatic impairment. It was demonstrated that the RMSSD is very sensitive to the worst homeostatic state, presenting a behavior independent of age and that the values found in the general population do not match the values of apparently healthy individuals. An alphanumeric classification of the homeostatic level in a three-level architecture was proposed, with three stages for each level, which may be extremely useful in prognostic assessment and decision-making about individual people.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80895",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80895",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",book:{id:"10835",type:"book",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Aslanidis and M.Sc. Christos Nouris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-193-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-192-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-194-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"305849",title:"Dr.",name:"Moacir",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Godoy",fullName:"Moacir Godoy",slug:"moacir-godoy",email:"mf60204@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"305851",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Gregório",fullName:"Michele Gregório",slug:"michele-gregorio",email:"michele.mirassol@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Heart rate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. RMSSD",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. HF ms2",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Objective",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Statistical analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Results",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Annals of Human Biology. 2013;40(6):463-471. DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878 Epub 2013 Jul 5. Erratum in: Ann Hum Biol. 2013 Nov-Dec;40(6):471'},{id:"B2",body:'Deutekom AW. The origins of children’s Energy balance-related behavior and physical fitness (thesis). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Vrije Universiteit; 2017'},{id:"B3",body:'Kuchel GA, Hof PR. Autonomic nervous system in old age. Basel: Karger; 2004'},{id:"B4",body:'Vanderlei LC, Pastre CM, Hoshi RA, Carvalho TD, Godoy MF. Basic notions of heart rate variability and its clinical applicability. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 2009;24(2):205-217. DOI: 10.1590/s0102-76382009000200018'},{id:"B5",body:'Levine HJ. Rest Heart Rate and Life Expectancy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997;30(4):1104-1106'},{id:"B6",body:'Boudoulas KD, Borer JS, Boudoulas H. Heart rate, life expectancy and the cardiovascular system: Therapeutic considerations. Cardiology. 2015;132:199-212. DOI: 10.1159/000435947'},{id:"B7",body:'Fox BM, Brantley L, White C, Seigler N, Harris RA. Association beween resting heart rate, shear and flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults. Experimental Physiology. 2014;99:1439-1448. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.080960'},{id:"B8",body:'Custodis F, Reil J-C, Laufs U, Böhm M. Heart rate: A global target for cardiovascular disease and therapy along the cardiovascular disease continuum. Journal of Cardiology. 2013;62:183-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.02.018'},{id:"B9",body:'Maurer CW, Liu VD, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Wu T. Impaired resting vagal tone in patients with functional movement disorders. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;30:18-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis. 2016.06.009'},{id:"B10",body:'DeGiorgio CM, Miller P, Meymandi S, Chin A, Epps J, Gordon S, et al. RMSSD, a measure of vagus-mediated heart rate variability, is associated with risk factors for SUDEP: the SUDEP-7 Inventory. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2010;19(1):78-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.011), 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.011)'},{id:"B11",body:'Maheshwari A, Norby FL, Soliman EZ, Adabag S, Whitsel EA, Alonso A, et al. Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute electrocardiogram recording is associated with na increased risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. PLoS One. 2016, 2016;11(8):e0161648. 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Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko"}]},{id:"36178",doi:"10.5772/36323",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",totalDownloads:20770,totalCrossrefCites:81,totalDimensionsCites:248,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"maria-gonzalez",fullName:"María González"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas"}]},{id:"53973",doi:"10.5772/66927",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7209,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:152,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"36184",doi:"10.5772/36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",totalDownloads:7767,totalCrossrefCites:74,totalDimensionsCites:149,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9257,totalCrossrefCites:73,totalDimensionsCites:137,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55500",title:"Interpretation of Mass Spectra",slug:"interpretation-of-mass-spectra",totalDownloads:12288,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"The chapter includes an introduction to the main ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry and the way the resulting fragments can be analysed. First, the fundamental notions of mass spectrometry are explained, so that the reader can easily cover this chapter (graphs, main pick, molecular ion, illogical pick, nitrogen rule, etc.). Isotopic percentage and nominal mass calculation are also explained along with fragmentation mechanism. A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"57909",title:"Validation of Analytical Methods",slug:"validation-of-analytical-methods",totalDownloads:6777,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Method validation is a key element in the establishment of reference methods and within the assessment of a laboratory’s competence in generating dependable analytical records. Validation has been placed within the context of the procedure, generating chemical data. Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"55440",title:"Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts",slug:"solubility-products-and-solubility-concepts",totalDownloads:2888,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The chapter refers to a general concept of solubility product Ksp of sparingly soluble hydroxides and different salts and calculation of solubility of some hydroxides, oxides, and different salts in aqueous media. A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems.",book:{id:"5891",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",fullTitle:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds"},signatures:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, Aneta Spórna-Kucab and\nTadeusz Michałowski",authors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"},{id:"203867",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk",slug:"anna-maria-michalowska-kaczmarczyk",fullName:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk"},{id:"203868",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Spórna-Kucab",slug:"aneta-sporna-kucab",fullName:"Aneta Spórna-Kucab"}]},{id:"62736",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4454,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:7865,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"8",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81908",title:"Behaviors of Multi-Droplets Impacting on a Flat Wall",slug:"behaviors-of-multi-droplets-impacting-on-a-flat-wall",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105007",abstract:"Microscopic characteristics of fuel spray are very important for atomization and mixture formation. The droplet size, number density, velocity distribution as well as minimum distance reveal the quality of spray and atomization, which affects the subsequent combustion and emissions for different engines such as vehicle, marine and aircraft. Moreover, in the internal combustion engine, the spray-wall impingement is difficult to avoid, which is the main source for soot emissions. Nowadays, regulations for emissions become straight by governments. Therefore, it is urgent for us to alleviate the energy and emissions crisis. In this study, the droplets behaviors will be characterized under the related engine working state. Firstly, the experimental setup and measurement were explained in detail. Then, images process method was induced to calculate the droplet size, velocity and distance among them. Finally, results of the impinging spray were presented. One thing should be noted, as the dense region is not available to detect the droplets by the observation. Therefore, a spray “slicer” was designed and applied to cut the spray slim. Finally, multi-droplets were generated, and the results can be concluded as well. All the results could provide insights into the impacting behaviors for better understanding the droplet dynamics.",book:{id:"11205",title:"Droplet Dynamics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11205.jpg"},signatures:"Hongliang Luo and Feixiang Chang"},{id:"81902",title:"Green Methods of Chemical Analysis and Pollutant Removal",slug:"green-methods-of-chemical-analysis-and-pollutant-removal",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104829",abstract:"This chapter deals with chemical analysis and pollutant removal methods that follow some of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry. In this chapter, the 12 principles of the Green Chemistry along with the short description are highlighted. Several chemical analysis methods are presented, that are both used for chemical identification and concentration determination, whether conventionally or instrumentally. The conventional chemical analysis methods evaluated in this chapter include volumetric and gravimetric, while the instrumental ones presented are limited to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for determination of the analyte concentration, and Infrared spectrometry (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for chemical identification. Additionally, the pollutant removal methods involving conventional and advanced processes, are reviewed. The conventional chemical removal methods such as precipitation, coagulation, and adsorption are illustrated. The advanced methods in removing chemical pollutants discussed in this chapter are photocatalytic degradation, photo-oxidation/reduction, Fenton and Photo-Fenton, and ozonation. In the description of the chemical analysis and the chemical pollutant removal methods, the evaluation of the unsuitableness or suitableness toward some of the Green Chemistry principles are also accompanied. In addition, the ways to make the less green methods to be greener are also proposed.",book:{id:"11211",title:"Green Chemistry - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11211.jpg"},signatures:"Endang Tri Wahyuni and Eko Sri Kunarti"},{id:"81907",title:"Fundamental Principles to Address Green Chemistry & Green Engineering for Sustainable Future",slug:"fundamental-principles-to-address-green-chemistry-green-engineering-for-sustainable-future",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104717",abstract:"The background of green chemistry represents the dramatic module of a new millennium, the substantiable chemical process steam for evaluation in designing phase to incorporate the principles of GC (Green Chemistry) in 1990s. there has been a tremendous success in developing a new product and process which are more compatible with biological, zoological and botanical perspective to illuminate the sustainability goal, this chapter represents the simplified way to lookout different approach adopted in GC-research, the methodology enhance the chemical process economics, concomitant which deduct the environmental burden. This review merely focusing on eco-friendly protocol which replace the traditional method of synthesis followed in chemistry to synthesize lifesaving drugs, with prevention outgoing waste from industries. GC and chemical engineering or green engineering (GE) should produce eco-friendly chemical process for drug design which likely to be spread rapidly in next few decades. This chapter explains in-depth and compact with detailed glimpse of environment friendly-protocol and principle bridging continent and scientific discipline to create new solution.",book:{id:"11211",title:"Green Chemistry - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11211.jpg"},signatures:"Nikhat Farhana, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Mohammed Asif Iqbal, Natasha Naval Aggarwal, Prajitha Biju, Ashwini Somayaji, Abdul Rahamanulla, Nishmitha Gretta D’Souza, Sudhina Makuttan, Tahreen Taj, Abdullah Khan and Roshan Sayeed"},{id:"80825",title:"Contribution to the Calculation of Physical Properties of BeSe Semiconductor",slug:"contribution-to-the-calculation-of-physical-properties-of-bese-semiconductor",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102888",abstract:"We expose various physical parameters of binary compound BeSe in the stable zinc blend and NiAs structures using the functional HSE hybrid, GGA-PBE, and LDA. We deduce elastic constants, mechanical parameters, and wave velocities according to different orientations. BeSe semiconductor has Γ-X (2.852 eV) and Γ-K (0.536 eV) bandgap in zinc blend and NiAs structures. Electrons transit from Se-p site to the Be-s state and show covalent bonding. Optical absorption peaks result from electronic transitions under ultraviolet light irradiation.",book:{id:"11210",title:"Chalcogens",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11210.jpg"},signatures:"Mohamed Amine Ghebouli and Brahim Ghebouli"},{id:"80910",title:"Calorimetry to Quantify Protein-Ligand Binding",slug:"calorimetry-to-quantify-protein-ligand-binding",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102959",abstract:"Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the preferred method used to study biochemical reactions like protein-ligand binding due to its sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. ITC measures directly the heat absorbed or released (∆H) associated with a given binding process. A typical ITC experiment allows the dissection of the binding energy of a reaction into ligand-enzyme association constant (Ka), change in enthalpy (∆H), change in entropy (∆S), change in Gibbs-free energy (∆G), and the stoichiometry of association (N). The change in heat capacity (∆Cp) is obtained from the measurements of binding enthalpy over a range of temperatures. The magnitude and signs of the thermodynamic parameters that were obtained provide insight into the nature of interactions involved in the binding process. The strength of interaction is thermodynamically favorable is determined by the Gibbs free energy. ∆G is an important thermodynamic descriptor of a binding reaction since it dictates the binding affinity and is in turn defined by the enthalpy and entropy changes expressed in the following equation: ∆G = ∆H–T∆S. Up-close, this reflects the contradistinctions of two thermodynamic effects at a molecular level—the propensity to drop to lower energy (bond formation, negative ∆H), counterbalanced by the innate thermal Brownian motion’s destructive characteristic (bond breakage, positive ∆S).",book:{id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg"},signatures:"Salerwe Mosebi"},{id:"81713",title:"Transition Metals-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks, Synthesis, and Environmental Applications",slug:"transition-metals-based-metal-organic-frameworks-synthesis-and-environmental-applications",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104294",abstract:"This work illustrates examples of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived from transition metals and their environmental applications in areas of catalysis, sorption, and hydrogen evolution. Explanation of some of the techniques employed for their synthesis has been discussed. On the other hand, the advantages of the use of hybrid materials such as the metal-organic frameworks are exposed in this book as well a detailed description of the different linkers and metals used for the synthesis of this kind of porous materials going through the methodologies and techniques utilized by different authors to obtain good-quality crystalline applicable materials. Adjustments of linker geometry, length, ratio, and the functional group can tune the size, shape, and internal surface property of an MOF for a targeted application. The uses of MOFs are exploring new different areas of chemistry such as catalysis, adsorption, carrier systems, hydrogen evolution, photocatalysis, and more. Different examples of MOFs from Scandium to Zinc are well described in this book, and finally, a brief description of some common environmental applications such as metals and azo dyes sorption, hydrogen evolution, and catalyst in the transesterification process of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel is explored and commented.",book:{id:"11216",title:"Sorption - From Fundamentals to Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11216.jpg"},signatures:"Lidia E. Chiñas-Rojas, Guadalupe Vivar-Vera, Yafeth F. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). 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Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. 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Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. 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