Summary of plant species with chromosomal abnormalities.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5767",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery, is written by leading experts in natural products in cancer therapy. The first two sections describe new applications of common herbs and foods for treatment of cancer. Section 3 deals with the development of new chemotherapeutics from Cannabis and endophytic fungi. Section 4 presented formulations of natural products for treatment of malignant melanoma. Made-to-order anticancer therapy from natural products using computational and tissue engineering approaches is addressed in the fifth section. It is our hope that this book may motivate readers to approach the evidence of anticancer natural products with an open mind and thereby spark an interest in making further contributions to the cancer treatment efforts.",isbn:"978-953-51-3314-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3313-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4765-7",doi:"10.5772/65205",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",numberOfPages:316,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6d12d5b2fe98bfc2a6411f1b26d8f028",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",publishedDate:"July 5th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5767.jpg",numberOfDownloads:21005,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 20th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 11th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 7th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 7th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 6th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1076",title:"Chronooncology",slug:"chronooncology"}],chapters:[{id:"55831",title:"African Plants with Antiproliferative Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68568",slug:"african-plants-with-antiproliferative-properties",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Plant-derived compounds have been an integral component in man’s quest to discover ideal anticancer agents. A number of new agents are currently in clinical development with promising selective activity against cancer cell lines and cancer-related molecular targets. This book chapter discusses 14 of such compounds isolated from African plants from 15 plant families. Also contained in this book chapter are compounds from African plants that hold prospect as potential anticancer agents as informed by their in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. It is, therefore, worthwhile that researchers in the African continent and the world over should keep on working on identifying biomolecules with potential in cancer management.",signatures:"Newman Osafo, Yaw Duah Boakye, Christian Agyare, Samuel\nObeng, Judith Edem Foli and Prince Amankwaah Baffour Minkah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55831",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55831",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"186987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw Duah",surname:"Boakye",slug:"yaw-duah-boakye",fullName:"Yaw Duah Boakye"},{id:"196452",title:"Dr.",name:"Newman",surname:"Osafo",slug:"newman-osafo",fullName:"Newman Osafo"},{id:"201381",title:"Ms.",name:"Judith",surname:"Edem Foli",slug:"judith-edem-foli",fullName:"Judith Edem Foli"},{id:"201382",title:"Mr.",name:"Prince",surname:"Minkah",slug:"prince-minkah",fullName:"Prince Minkah"},{id:"204731",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Obeng",slug:"samuel-obeng",fullName:"Samuel Obeng"}],corrections:null},{id:"54518",title:"Anticancer Effects of Some Medicinal Thai Plants",doi:"10.5772/67648",slug:"anticancer-effects-of-some-medicinal-thai-plants",totalDownloads:1863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ethanolic extracts from thirty Thai edible plants collected from Sa Keao province, Thailand, were screened for in vitro antiproliferative effect on HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line using cell titer 96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay. It was found that leaf extract of Crateva adansnii, fruit and leaf extracts of Ardisia elliptica, shoot extract of Colocasia esculenta, leaf extract of Cratoxylum fomosum, and leaf extract of Millettia leucantha exhibited antiproliferative activities. The fruit extract of Ardisia elliptica showed the highest antiproliferative activity. Ethanolic extract of the stems from C. fenestratum and its dichloromethane and aqueous fractions showed antiproliferative activity to human colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116) determined by cell growth assay. Berberine, one of the major alkaloid in the stems of C. fenestratum, also promoted antiproliferative effect. Extracts from the leaves of three Azadirachta species in Thailand, A. indica, A. indica var. siamensis, and A. excelsa, were reported to promote in vitro antioxidant effects determined by various methods. Ten Russula mushroom collected from northeastern part of Thailand were tested for in vitro antioxidant activities using photochemiluminescence assay for both lipid-soluble and water-soluble antioxidant capacities. R. medullata extract exhibited the highest antioxidant effects in both lipid-soluble and water-soluble models.",signatures:"Pongtip Sithisarn and Piyanuch Rojsanga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54518",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54518",authors:[{id:"197837",title:"Dr.",name:"Pongtip",surname:"Sithisarn",slug:"pongtip-sithisarn",fullName:"Pongtip Sithisarn"},{id:"197945",title:"Dr.",name:"Piyanuch",surname:"Rojsanga",slug:"piyanuch-rojsanga",fullName:"Piyanuch Rojsanga"}],corrections:null},{id:"55790",title:"Phytocompounds Targeting Cancer Angiogenesis Using the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68506",slug:"phytocompounds-targeting-cancer-angiogenesis-using-the-chorioallantoic-membrane-assay",totalDownloads:1832,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide. Angiogenesis is an important process involved in the growth of primary tumors and metastasis. New approaches for controlling the cancer progression and invasiveness can be addressed by limiting the angiogenesis process. An increasingly large number of natural compounds are evaluated as angiogenesis inhibitors. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay represents an in vivo attractive experimental model for cancer and angiogenesis studies as prescreening to the murine models. Since the discovery of tumor angiogenesis, the CAM has been intensively used in cancer research. The advantages of this in vivo technique are in terms of low time-consuming, costs, and a lower number of sacrificed animals. Currently, a great number of natural compounds are being investigated for their effectiveness in controlling tumor angiogenesis. Potential reducing of angiogenesis has been investigated by our group for pentacyclic triterpenes, in various formulations, and differences in their mechanism were registered. This chapter aims to give an overview on a number of phytocompounds investigated using in vitro, murine models and the chorioallantoic membrane assay as well as to emphasize the use of CAM assay in the study of natural compounds with potential effects in malignancies.",signatures:"Stefana Avram, Roxana Ghiulai, Ioana Zinuca Pavel, Marius Mioc,\nRoxana Babuta, Mirela Voicu, Dorina Coricovac, Corina Danciu,\nCristina Dehelean and Codruta Soica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55790",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"},{id:"186372",title:"Prof.",name:"Corina",surname:"Danciu",slug:"corina-danciu",fullName:"Corina Danciu"},{id:"186680",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Ghiulai",slug:"roxana-ghiulai",fullName:"Roxana Ghiulai"},{id:"197894",title:"Prof.",name:"Codruta",surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"197929",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana",surname:"Avram",slug:"stefana-avram",fullName:"Stefana Avram"},{id:"202529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana Zinuca",surname:"Pavel",slug:"ioana-zinuca-pavel",fullName:"Ioana Zinuca Pavel"},{id:"205584",title:"Mr.",name:"Marius",surname:"Mioc",slug:"marius-mioc",fullName:"Marius Mioc"},{id:"205585",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Racoviceanu (Babuta)",slug:"roxana-racoviceanu-(babuta)",fullName:"Roxana Racoviceanu (Babuta)"},{id:"205586",title:"Ms.",name:"Mirela",surname:"Voicu",slug:"mirela-voicu",fullName:"Mirela Voicu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54312",title:"Chemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Native Blue Corn Extract",doi:"10.5772/67574",slug:"chemical-antioxidant-and-cytotoxic-properties-of-native-blue-corn-extract",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, natural products such as dietary phytoconstituents have been the focus of scientific studies for cancer prevention. Among these are polyphenols, which have shown anticancer properties. Pigmented cereals such as blue maize are a rich source of polyphenols such as anthocyanins. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of blue maize extract in several cancer cell lines. The total polyphenol content, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity of 16 blue corn samples from the Mixteco race were analyzed. From these, the sample with the highest content of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity was selected and its anthocyanin fraction was isolated using an amberlite column and analyzed by means of HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The total polyphenol content ranged from 142.8 to 203.2 mg GAE/100g. The total anthocyanin contents varied between 19.02 and 66.92 mg C3G/100g. The antioxidant activity ranged from 18.5 to 27.8 µmol TE/g. The anthocyanin profile showed eight different compounds, mainly acylated anthocyanins. Cytotoxicity of blue corn extract on cancer cell lines was determined at concentrations of 100 and 500 µg/mL using the SRB assay. A cytotoxic effect was mainly observed on SKLU‐1 and HTC‐15 cell lines.",signatures:"Rosa Guzmán‐Gerónimo, Edna Alarcón Aparicio, Oscar García\nBarradas, Jose Chávez‐Servia and Tania Alarcón‐Zavaleta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54312",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54312",authors:[{id:"195746",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Guzmán-Gerónimo",slug:"rosa-guzman-geronimo",fullName:"Rosa Guzmán-Gerónimo"},{id:"195750",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna",surname:"Alarcón-Aparicio",slug:"edna-alarcon-aparicio",fullName:"Edna Alarcón-Aparicio"},{id:"195751",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"García-Barradas",slug:"oscar-garcia-barradas",fullName:"Oscar García-Barradas"},{id:"195752",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Chavez-Servia",slug:"jose-chavez-servia",fullName:"Jose Chavez-Servia"},{id:"204660",title:"MSc.",name:"Tania",surname:"Alarcón-Zavala",slug:"tania-alarcon-zavala",fullName:"Tania Alarcón-Zavala"}],corrections:null},{id:"54745",title:"Lycopene: Multitargeted Applications in Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/68131",slug:"lycopene-multitargeted-applications-in-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:1893,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Cancer is an uncontrolled growth and division of cells, leading to significant morbidity and mortality and economic burden to the society. Natural products as anticancer molecules have drawn the attention of researchers and have resulted in the development of many successful anticancer drugs, which include camptothecins, epipodophyllotoxins, vinca alkaloids, and taxanes. Another group of compounds with anti-cancer effects include botanicals (phytochemicals) found in the diet. In recent years, a tomato carotenoid lycopene (LYC) has gained attention for its potential health benefits, especially in prevention and treatment of cancer. The studies suggest that the consumption LYC in food or by itself may reduce cancer risk. However, there are insufficient clinical trial data to support the hypothesis. LYC may play a preventive role in a variety of cancers, especially in prostate cancer. It acts by multiple mechanisms including the regulation of growth factor signalling, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis induction, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as by modulating the anti-inflammatory and phase II detoxification enzymes activities. The effects can be attributed to the unique chemical structure of the carotenoid which confers it a strong antioxidant property. In this chapter, we discuss the chemopreventive and anti-cancer properties of LYC, a dietary carotenoid.”",signatures:"Kazim Sahin, Shakir Ali, Nurhan Sahin, Cemal Orhan and Omer\nKucuk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54745",authors:[{id:"39589",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazim",surname:"Sahin",slug:"kazim-sahin",fullName:"Kazim Sahin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54967",title:"Phytochemical Aspects and Therapeutic Perspective of Cannabinoids in Cancer Treatment",doi:"10.5772/67746",slug:"phytochemical-aspects-and-therapeutic-perspective-of-cannabinoids-in-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:2290,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cannabinoids comprise the plant‐derived compounds and their synthetic derivatives as well as endogenously produced lipophilic mediators. Phytocannabinoids are terpenophenolic secondary metabolites predominantly produced in Cannabissativa L. The principal active constituent is delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which binds to endocannabinoid receptors to exert its pharmacological activity, including psychoactive effect. The other important molecule of current interest is non‐psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD). Since 1970s, phytocannabinoids have been known for their palliative effects on some cancer‐associated symptoms such as nausea and vomiting reduction, appetite stimulation and pain relief. More recently, these molecules have gained special attention for their role in cancer cell proliferation and death. A large body of evidence suggests that cannabinoids affect multiple signalling pathways involved in the development of cancer, displaying an anti‐proliferative, proapoptotic, anti‐angiogenic and anti‐metastatic activity on a wide range of cell lines and animal models of cancer. These findings have led to the development of clinical studies to investigate potential anti‐cancer activity in humans, but reliable clinical evidence for this therapeutic option is still missing.",signatures:"Sanda Vladimir‐Knežević, Biljana Blažeković, Maja Bival Štefan and\nMarija Kindl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54967",authors:[{id:"71793",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",surname:"Blazekovic",slug:"biljana-blazekovic",fullName:"Biljana Blazekovic"},{id:"76050",title:"MSc.",name:"Maja",surname:"Bival Štefan",slug:"maja-bival-stefan",fullName:"Maja Bival Štefan"},{id:"196734",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanda",surname:"Vladimir-Knežević",slug:"sanda-vladimir-knezevic",fullName:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević"},{id:"197944",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",surname:"Kindl",slug:"marija-kindl",fullName:"Marija Kindl"}],corrections:null},{id:"55925",title:"Endophytic Fungi as Alternative and Reliable Sources for Potent Anticancer Agents",doi:"10.5772/67797",slug:"endophytic-fungi-as-alternative-and-reliable-sources-for-potent-anticancer-agents",totalDownloads:2029,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In comparison with other natural sources like plants, highly diverse microorganisms are narrowly explored, especially with respect to their limitless potentials as repositories of exceptionally bioactive natural products. Of these organisms, fungi inhabiting tissues of plant in a noninvasive relationship (endophytic fungi) have proven undeniably useful and unmatchable as sources of potent bioactive molecules against several diseases such as cancer and related ailments. In general terms, endophytic fungi are highly prevalent organisms found in the tissue (intracellular or intercellular) of plants and at least for reasonable portion of their lives. It has been proven that virtually every plant, irrespective of habitat and climate, plays host to wide varieties of endophytes. Endophytic fungi produce metabolites produced by different biosynthetic pathways to that of the host plant, and this robustness equips them to synthesize unlimited structural entities and scaffolds of diverse classes. Interestingly too, the cohabitation/culture of these fungi with certain bacteria offers even stronger hopes for anticancer drug discovery. The endless need for potent drugs has necessitated the search of bioactive molecules from several sources, and endophytic fungi appear to be a recipe. This chapter is an attempt to present the current trend of research with these very promising organisms.",signatures:"Edwin O. Omeje, Joy E. Ahomafor, Theophilus U. Onyekaba, Philip\nO. Monioro, Ibekwe Nneka, Sunday Onyeloni, Charles Chime and\nJonathan C. Eboka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55925",authors:[{id:"197824",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin",surname:"Omeje",slug:"edwin-omeje",fullName:"Edwin Omeje"},{id:"198038",title:"Dr.",name:"Nneka",surname:"Ibekwe",slug:"nneka-ibekwe",fullName:"Nneka Ibekwe"},{id:"198039",title:"MSc.",name:"Joy",surname:"Ahomafor",slug:"joy-ahomafor",fullName:"Joy Ahomafor"},{id:"198040",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunday",surname:"Onyeloni",slug:"sunday-onyeloni",fullName:"Sunday Onyeloni"},{id:"198041",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Monioro",slug:"philip-monioro",fullName:"Philip Monioro"},{id:"204822",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Chime",slug:"charles-chime",fullName:"Charles Chime"}],corrections:null},{id:"54517",title:"Flavonoids: Promising Natural Products for Treatment of Skin Cancer (Melanoma)",doi:"10.5772/67573",slug:"flavonoids-promising-natural-products-for-treatment-of-skin-cancer-melanoma-",totalDownloads:1968,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Melanoma, which is the most malignant skin cancer type, has got one of the fastest increasing incidence rates of all cancer types in the world. When belatedly diagnosed, melanoma is extremely invasive and metastatic. Although there are effective drugs used to treat melanoma, some cell lines have proven resistant to chemotherapy. In this context, several research groups on natural products have investigated the anticancer effect of new natural molecules in the treatment of melanoma. Flavonoids have shown to play an important role in chemoprevention and inhibition of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. In this chapter, we present a systematic review performed through a literature search over a period of 20 years, using specialized databases. Analysis of all selected manuscripts demonstrated that at least 97 flavonoids have already been investigated for the treatment of melanoma using in vitro or in vivo models. Most of the bioactive flavonoids belong to the classes of flavones (38.0%), flavonols (17.5%), or isoflavonoids (17.5%). Apigenin, diosmin, fisetin, luteolin, and quercetin were considered as the most studied flavonoids for melanoma treatment. In general, flavonoids have shown to be a promising source of molecules with great potential for the treatment of melanoma.",signatures:"Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Júnior, Christiane Adrielly Alves\nFerraz, Mariana Gama e Silva, Érica Martins de Lavor, Larissa Araújo\nRolim, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Audrey Fleury, Laurent Picot,\nJullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior\nand Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54517",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54517",authors:[{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"203273",title:"Dr.",name:"Jullyana",surname:"de Souza Siqueira Quintans",slug:"jullyana-de-souza-siqueira-quintans",fullName:"Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans"},{id:"203426",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",surname:"Picot",slug:"laurent-picot",fullName:"Laurent Picot"},{id:"204628",title:"Mr.",name:"Raimundo",surname:"Oliveira-Junior",slug:"raimundo-oliveira-junior",fullName:"Raimundo Oliveira-Junior"},{id:"204629",title:"MSc.",name:"Christiane",surname:"Ferraz",slug:"christiane-ferraz",fullName:"Christiane Ferraz"},{id:"204630",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Silva",slug:"mariana-silva",fullName:"Mariana Silva"},{id:"204631",title:"Ms.",name:"Erica",surname:"Lavor",slug:"erica-lavor",fullName:"Erica Lavor"},{id:"204632",title:"Prof.",name:"Julianeli",surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"204633",title:"Prof.",name:"Larissa",surname:"Rolim",slug:"larissa-rolim",fullName:"Larissa Rolim"},{id:"204634",title:"Prof.",name:"Audrey",surname:"Fleury",slug:"audrey-fleury",fullName:"Audrey Fleury"}],corrections:null},{id:"54360",title:"An Update On Natural Compounds and Their Modern Formulations for the Management of Malignant Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/67647",slug:"an-update-on-natural-compounds-and-their-modern-formulations-for-the-management-of-malignant-melanom",totalDownloads:1533,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter includes a brief presentation of the types of skin cancer. The most aggressive type of skin cancer, melanoma, is discussed from the point of view of incidence, molecular, and immunohistochemical mechanism along with the most important biomarkers for identification. Recent studies containing active phytocompounds with chemopreventive activity pointing toward phytochemicals used for melanoma prevention and therapy are reviewed. Modern physicochemical formulations for the enhancement of bioavailability of some active phytochemicals with chemopreventive activity for malignant melanoma are discussed.",signatures:"Danciu Corina, Soica Codruta, Antal Diana, Alexandra Popescu,\nRoxana Ghiulai, Ioana Zinuca Pavel, Stefana Avram, Minda Daliana\nand Cristina Dehelean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54360",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"186372",title:"Prof.",name:"Corina",surname:"Danciu",slug:"corina-danciu",fullName:"Corina Danciu"},{id:"186680",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Ghiulai",slug:"roxana-ghiulai",fullName:"Roxana Ghiulai"},{id:"202529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana Zinuca",surname:"Pavel",slug:"ioana-zinuca-pavel",fullName:"Ioana Zinuca Pavel"},{id:"186678",title:"Dr.",name:"Codruta",surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"186679",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Antal",slug:"diana-antal",fullName:"Diana Antal"},{id:"186682",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Popescu",slug:"alexandra-popescu",fullName:"Alexandra Popescu"},{id:"202526",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana",surname:"Avram",slug:"stefana-avram",fullName:"Stefana Avram"}],corrections:null},{id:"54388",title:"Computational Studies and Biosynthesis of Natural Products with Promising Anticancer Properties",doi:"10.5772/67650",slug:"computational-studies-and-biosynthesis-of-natural-products-with-promising-anticancer-properties",totalDownloads:1966,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We present an overview of computational approaches for the prediction of metabolic pathways by which plants biosynthesise compounds, with a focus on selected very promising anticancer secondary metabolites from floral sources. We also provide an overview of databases for the retrieval of useful genomic data, discussing the strengths and limitations of selected prediction software and the main computational tools (and methods), which could be employed for the investigation of the uncharted routes towards the biosynthesis of some of the identified anticancer metabolites from plant sources, eventually using specific examples to address some knowledge gaps when using these approaches.",signatures:"Aurélien F.A. Moumbock, Conrad V. Simoben, Ludger Wessjohann,\nWolfgang Sippl, Stefan Günther and Fidele Ntie‐Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54388",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54388",authors:[{id:"177615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludger",surname:"Aloisius Wessjohann",slug:"ludger-aloisius-wessjohann",fullName:"Ludger Aloisius Wessjohann"},{id:"197160",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidele",surname:"Ntie-Kang",slug:"fidele-ntie-kang",fullName:"Fidele Ntie-Kang"},{id:"197406",title:"Mr.",name:"Conrad Veranso",surname:"Simoben",slug:"conrad-veranso-simoben",fullName:"Conrad Veranso Simoben"},{id:"197408",title:"Prof.",name:"Wolfgang",surname:"Sippl",slug:"wolfgang-sippl",fullName:"Wolfgang Sippl"},{id:"199056",title:"Mr.",name:"Aurelien F. A.",surname:"Moumbock",slug:"aurelien-f.-a.-moumbock",fullName:"Aurelien F. A. Moumbock"},{id:"199057",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Günther",slug:"stefan-gunther",fullName:"Stefan Günther"}],corrections:null},{id:"54281",title:"Towards Metabolic Engineering of Podophyllotoxin Production",doi:"10.5772/67615",slug:"towards-metabolic-engineering-of-podophyllotoxin-production",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The pharmaceutically important anticancer drugs etoposide and teniposide are derived from podophyllotoxin, a natural product isolated from roots of Podophyllum hexandrum growing in the wild. The overexploitation of this endangered plant has led to the search for alternative sources. Metabolic engineering aimed at constructing the pathway in another host cell is very appealing, but for that approach, an in-depth knowledge of the pathway toward podophyllotoxin is necessary. In this chapter, we give an overview of the lignan pathway leading to podophyllotoxin. Subsequently, we will discuss the engineering possibilities to produce podophyllotoxin in a heterologous host. This will require detailed knowledge on the cellular localization of the enzymes of the lignan biosynthesis pathway. Due to the high number of enzymes involved and the scarce information on compartmentalization, the heterologous production of podophyllotoxin still remains a tremendous challenge. At the moment, research is focusing on the last step(s) in the conversion of deoxypodophyllotoxin to (epi)podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin by plant cytochromes.",signatures:"Christel L. C. Seegers, Rita Setroikromo and Wim J. Quax",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54281",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54281",authors:[{id:"196901",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",surname:"Quax",slug:"wim-quax",fullName:"Wim Quax"},{id:"197867",title:"MSc.",name:"Christel L.C.",surname:"Seegers",slug:"christel-l.c.-seegers",fullName:"Christel L.C. Seegers"},{id:"197868",title:"Ms.",name:"Rita",surname:"Setroikromo",slug:"rita-setroikromo",fullName:"Rita Setroikromo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9086",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b13e06123db7a16dcdae682eb47ac66",slug:"drug-repurposing-hypothesis-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. 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Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",title:"Corrigendum to: Evaluation of Psoriasis Patients",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65200.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65200",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65200",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65200",chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic 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Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",middleName:"Sandra",surname:"Orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",email:"meda2002m@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",email:"andrei.coneac@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin 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It elaborates on innovations and developments in the field that have the potential to improve ART outcomes. Chapters cover such topics as newer techniques for evaluating sperm, DNA, and ovarian reserve, including proteomic analysis, sonoendocrinology, preparation and administration of platelet-rich plasma, and in vitro maturation. Authors also address the structure, function, and role of low molecular weight ligands of gonadotropins, as well as the ethical and legal aspects of ART.",isbn:"978-1-83880-549-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-548-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-871-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77538",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9695,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220214/images/system/220214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nidhi Sharma received a MBBS and MS from Banaras Hindu University,\nVaranasi, India. She is a fellow of the Indian College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, fellow of assisted reproductive techniques, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Saveetha University, India. Dr. Sharma has 80 indexed publications and has authored several chapters in textbooks. She received her PhD in Obstetrics and Gynecology from Saveetha University, India, and Diploma in IVF and Reproductive Medicine from UKSH Universitätsklilikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Dr. Sharma has been a member of the teaching faculty of MBBS, MS, and PhD for 15 years. She is course coordinator and academic supervisor of BSc in Reproductive Biology, MSc in Clinical Embryology, Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine, and PhD in Reproductive Medicine at Saveetha University.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224544/images/13039_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sudakshina Chakrabarti is Associate Professor of Anatomy at Saveetha Medical College and hHospital, Chennai, India. She obtained a MBBS from Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. Chakrabarti completed a postgraduate degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology from J.J.M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India; an MD in Anatomy from Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, India; and is currently pursuing a PhD at Saveetha University, Chennai, India.\nShe is an ACLS, BLS, and PALS instructor under the American Heart Association and involved in simulation education. She has recently completed an Advanced Course in Medical Education and is an active member of the Medical Education Unit at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Chennai with experience in conducting faculty development programs.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"209136",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yona",middleName:null,surname:"Barak",slug:"yona-barak",fullName:"Yona Barak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209136/images/9827_n.png",biography:"Dr. Yona Barak obtained a BSc MSc and PhD from Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology Faculty of Life science . Both theses for these degrees dealt with in vitro maturation of mammalian oocytes. Dr. Barak established IVF laboratories and programs worldwide: one in 1984 at the Tel Aviv Medical Center where she was director of the IVF laboratory for 12 years, and one in 1986 at the Herzliya Medical Center where she served as scientific lab director for about 25 years. She established other programs in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, India, Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. \nIn 2001, she established, owned, and led the InviMed clinics in Poland. \nThroughout her career, Dr. Barak trained many embryologists worldwide. In 1996, she established and became a lecturer and the clinical director of the MSc program of Gametology and Embryology at Bar Ilan University, Israel. From 1998 to 2003, she was a member of the Faculty Scientific Advisory Board and lecturer of the MSc course for Clinical Embryology at Danube University, Krems Austria, an international program of clinical embryology in cooperation with Bourn Hall, UK and Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine. In 1996, she was elected by the members of Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine as an executive board member. In 1999, she became a vice president of Alpha, and in 2001, she became president and served until 2004\\' and is an honorary member until today. Honorary member of embryologists in Mexico, Argentina, and Italy, and a member of the Israeli National Advisory Committee of Gynecology, Embryology and Neonatology. Dr. Barak is an active scientist who has published research in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. She is a pioneer for Hyaluronate as a replacement for polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) (Breakthrough paper; 2002); in vivo maturation (IVM); human oocyte vitrification in closed systems; and more. She is owner and director of Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories for fertility services, and specializes in IMSI.",institutionString:"Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"216719",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ellenbogen",slug:"adrian-ellenbogen",fullName:"Adrian Ellenbogen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/216719/images/6788_n.jpg",biography:"Adrian Ellenbogen, MD, is Clinical Assistant Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. He conceded fellowship at the IVF Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England. He is also the founder and director (retired) of the IVF unit at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel. In addition, he is Scientific Director for the postgraduate course in Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility at the Rappaport School of Medicine, as well as Fertility Advisor and head of the Fertility Clinic, Meuheded Female Health Center, Bnai-Brack, Israel. \nDr. Ellenbogen is a member of American Society of Reproductive Medicine, European Society of Human Reproduction, International Society for Mild Approaches in Assisted Reproduction, International Society for In Vitro Fertilization, International Federation of Fertility Society, Israeli Fertility Association, and Israeli Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for the Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, and a reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Harefuah. He has published 52 papers in scientific journals, two book chapters, and has presented 33 plenary lectures in international congresses and organized 12 international scientific meetings. He has presented more than 120 lectures in international and national congresses.\nDr. Ellenbogen pioneered IVF treatment with minimal stimulation and egg donation law in Israel. 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Konovalov, Dmitry V. Mogilenskikh, Vitaly V. Vlasov and Andrey N. Kiselev",authors:[null]},{id:"368",title:"AMR Vision System for Perception, Job Detection and Identification in Manufacturing",slug:"amr_vision_system_for_perception__job_detection_and_identification_in_manufacturing",signatures:"Sarbari Datta and Ranjit Ray",authors:[null]},{id:"369",title:"Symmetry Signatures for Image-Based Applications in Robotics",slug:"symmetry_signatures_for_image-based_applications_in_robotics",signatures:"Kai Huebner and Jianwei Zhang",authors:[null]},{id:"370",title:"Stereo Vision Based SLAM Issues and Solutions",slug:"stereo_vision_based_slam_issues_and_solutions",signatures:"D.C. Herath, K.R.S. Kodagoda and G. Dissanayake",authors:[null]},{id:"371",title:"Shortest Path Homography-Based Visual Control for Differential Drive Robots",slug:"shortest_path_homography-based_visual_control_for_differential_drive_robots",signatures:"G. Lopez-Nicolas, C. Sagues and J.J. 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Every day, living organisms ingest all kinds of food, taking in energy and nutrients to nourish, maintain, and develop their bodies. As such, food security is vitally important to survival. Attaining food security, however, has been a challenge. Potential solutions to food insecurity might lie in the genetic mechanisms regulating the reproductive process of plants. Different organisms reproduce in different ways, either via sexual combining of male and female gametes or asexually. Asexual reproduction generates a new plant by using parts of the parent plants. Some artificial asexual reproduction methods include grafting, layering, and micropropagation. Genetic identicalness to the progenitor plant is an outstanding feature of plants produced asexually. Reproductive chromosome abnormalities derive from mistaking meiosis and mitosis occur [1]. For instance, observing meiotic processes revealed evidence that the trio of genes
With advances in genetic engineering and continual elucidation of genes governing the reproductive pathway, humanity is on the verge of being able to control the expression and regulation of these genes [1, 3]. Key genes related to flowering, such as
In terms of biodiversity, speciation, and evolution, there are thousands of existing plant species that can adapt to various topographies and climates. This means that plant species not only increase the abundance of genetics but also enhance the ability to adapt to boost genome evolution in harsh environments [1, 6]. The best examples are those that involve autopolyploids, allopolyploids, and aneuploidy. There are more than 4000 potato varieties, including more than 180 wild potato relatives [7]. More specifically, potato, one of the most multifaceted genetic modes with a variety of ploidy levels, such as 76%, recognizes diploids, 3% triploids, 12% tetraploids, 2% pentaploids, and 7% hexaploids, among which the highest yield is tetraploid due to a further level of genetic heterogeneity [8, 9, 10]. Based on practical empirical proof, two clusters of cultivated potato have been categorized: the Andigenum group located in the high Andes of northern and central South America that exhibit a wide range of ploidy levels, and the Chilotanum group from the lowlands of southern Chile, which are tetraploids [11].
Plant karyotypes at individual, species, and genera levels exhibit an abnormal number of chromosomes. A typical example is Chayote (
Species | n | 2n | Source |
---|---|---|---|
11, 12, 13, 14 | 22, 24, 26, 28 | [13, 14, 15, 16, 17] | |
14, 14, 16 | 28, 30, 32 | [18] | |
21 | 63, 64 | [19, 20, 21, 22, 23] | |
21 | 62, 63, 64 | [19, 20, 21, 22, 24] | |
10 | 50, 51 | [25] | |
20 | 30, 31 | [26] | |
10 | 20, 24 | [27] |
Summary of plant species with chromosomal abnormalities.
This chapter focuses on chromosomal abnormalities in whole genome doubling, such as autopolyploid, allopolyploid, and aneuploidy plants, and then discusses the effects and benefits of these abnormalities to evolution and ecological adaptation at the individual and population levels. It also discusses some advantages and disadvantages of polyploid animals in comparison with polyploid plants.
That chromosomal abnormality outranks other plants in terms of parts of plant size and biochemical compounds characteristically states that gene regulation plays an important role. Regarding the upregulation of genes, cell division and cell expansion are related to genes such as ARGOS,
Similarly, chromosomal abnormalities also alter secondary metabolites, especially phytochemical compounds, in several plant species [43]. For example, natural components observed in tetrasomic tetraploid opium poppy (
The chromosomal abnormality of the level of ploidy variation is useful for breeding both within and among autopolyploid and allopolyploid plant species [25]. Another view is that chromosomal abnormalities contribute to plants’ ability to withstand detrimental environmental conditions. As far as the first idea is concerned, a chromosomal abnormality is not appropriate for sexual reproduction in aneuploidy due to chromosomal abnormalities in gametes. Another utilization of polyploidy is that grafted crops can use artificial polyploidy as parts of rootstock and scion with potential agronomic traits in the context of climate variability [53].
Chromosomal abnormalities in plants enhance both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. For example, many studies have proven that several pathways respond to salinity stress. Chromosomally abnormal flora use several processes to adapt to high salt concentration conditions, including accumulating Na+ extrusion in roots, increasing Na+ transport to leaves, regulating osmotics, enhancing gene expression related to antioxidants, mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS), photosynthesizing cues, changing SNP markers related to salt stress, upregulating aquaporin genes, phytohormone transduction cues, protein processing, regulating transcription factors, upregulating ATP synthase to enhance ion transport and changing protons, and using miRNAs [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. Chromosomally abnormal plants can also adapt to water insufficiency through miRNA mechanisms and target genes controlling transcriptional regulation, hormone metabolism, and plant defense. An increase in abscisic acid (ABA) content in response to drought stress in several polyploid plants such as
Chromosomal abnormalities are one of the major adaptation ecologies and climate changes, such as fixing on growth, potential morphological traits and ecological invasion, pollinators, and the factors supporting pollination in nature [79]. After appearance of chromosomal abnormality in some rare cases, the increasing cell size leads to alteration of physiological manners with their environmental condition, augmenting multiple novel alleles and changing regulatory pathways to create new potentially beneficial phenotypic variations. For instance, studying the transcriptome in aneuploidy maize revealed qualitative changes in gene expression in comparison to wild-type plants [80]. The number of expanding ecological spaces to polyploid plants has been recorded in various studies [81]. Polyploid
For the most part, polyploidy is probably less popular in the animal kingdom than in the plant kingdom. More specifically, polyploids have been observed in amphibia (African clawed frog,
It is unquestionable whether chromosomal abnormalities derived from sex or asexual reproduction are essential for the successful existence of organisms on this planet. With climate variability becoming more alarming than ever, chromosomal abnormality has been occurring naturally as a way to address the issue of food security by expanding breeding opportunities to develop seedless triploid plants, increase ornamental features, increase environmental tolerance, enhance biomass, and more. Chromosomal abnormalities are also vital to human beings mainly because their exploration can open opportunities for securing food security. For example, breeders who are experienced in hybrid development are more likely to find desired agronomic traits. More importantly, several breeders today require at least a desired trait of novel crops before considering using them for production. Chromosomal abnormalities are essential for success in adapting ecology and play a vital role in evolution due to generating variation in a natural population.
The author thanks the financial support and convenient conditions from HCMC Biotechnology Center.
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Soto-Cerda and Sylvie Cloutier",authors:[{id:"93579",title:"Dr.",name:"Braulio",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Soto-Cerda",slug:"braulio-soto-cerda",fullName:"Braulio Soto-Cerda"},{id:"104021",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Cloutier",slug:"sylvie-cloutier",fullName:"Sylvie Cloutier"}]},{id:"31479",doi:"10.5772/32885",title:"Genetic Diversity in Citrus",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-citrus",totalDownloads:4501,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Aydin Uzun and Turgut Yesiloglu",authors:[{id:"93085",title:"Dr.",name:"Aydin",middleName:null,surname:"Uzun",slug:"aydin-uzun",fullName:"Aydin Uzun"},{id:"103938",title:"Prof.",name:"Turgut",middleName:null,surname:"Yesiloglu",slug:"turgut-yesiloglu",fullName:"Turgut Yesiloglu"}]},{id:"31483",doi:"10.5772/35119",title:"Genetic Diversity of Rice Grain Quality",slug:"genetics-of-grain-quality",totalDownloads:4564,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Rosa Paula Cuevas and Melissa A. Fitzgerald",authors:[{id:"103042",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Cuevas",slug:"rosa-paula-cuevas",fullName:"Rosa Paula Cuevas"},{id:"104257",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"melissa-fitzgerald",fullName:"Melissa Fitzgerald"}]},{id:"31481",doi:"10.5772/33361",title:"Genetic Diversity in Apricot",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-apricot",totalDownloads:4151,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz and Kahraman Gurcan",authors:[{id:"95067",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadir Ugurtan",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"kadir-ugurtan-yilmaz",fullName:"Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz"},{id:"130537",title:"Dr.",name:"Kahraman",middleName:null,surname:"Gurcan",slug:"kahraman-gurcan",fullName:"Kahraman Gurcan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65131",title:"Diversity of Cacao Pathogens and Impact on Yield and Global Production",slug:"diversity-of-cacao-pathogens-and-impact-on-yield-and-global-production",totalDownloads:1770,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Cacao, Theobroma cacao L., an important cash crop in foreign exchange earnings and also a major income source for many smallholder farmers in growing ecologies of West Africa. Global cocoa production has been rising fairly steadily over the years by increasing production in growing countries with most of the production taking place in areas of high pathogen biodiversity. Thus, the sustainability of the cocoa economy is under threat as diseases of various statuses now constitute the most serious constraint to production. Most important among these is the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora genus with annual losses of 30–90% of the crop. This economically important pathogen is very diverse in nature and varied across growing countries including species such as palmivora, megakarya, capsici and citrophthora distinguished based on chromosome number, sporangial characteristics and pedicel length. World losses of 20–25% in cacao production are due to black pod disease, an estimate of 700,000 metric tons on global scale reducing global cocoa production. High cacao loss to diseases is a prime factor limiting production; consequently, significant effort is required to deal with problems associated with disease control to ensure a sustainable cacao. The effective and sustainable management of black pod disease requires integrated approach encompassing different control measures.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Dele Adeniyi",authors:null},{id:"67634",title:"Cacao Growth and Development Under Different Nursery and Field Conditions",slug:"cacao-growth-and-development-under-different-nursery-and-field-conditions",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Experiments were conducted between 2004 and 2018 to examine cacao growth, development, establishment and yield under varying experimental conditions comprised of seed mucilage handling before sowing, sowing methods and its effects on seedling growth and development, timing of mycorrhizal inoculation on root and shoot growth and development and effects of shade and dry season drip irrigation on growth and yield of field-grown cacao. Results show that cleaning cacao seed mucilage before sowing enhanced sprouting rate and percent germination. The use of manure mixed with sawdust and loamy soil aided excellent seed germination, seedling vigor and root development. Inoculating cacao seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at point of sowing and early stages in the nursery aided root development and enhanced field establishment and survival during the dry season. Dense shade retarded cacao growth and development during the rainy season, while no shade enhances optimum growth and canopy development. The use of drip irrigation strategies in young cacao plantations increased seedling survival from less than 45% under no irrigation to above 95% at the end of the second dry season. This showed that irrigation during dry season can significantly enhance cacao establishment and survival.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Idowu Babadele Famuwagun and Samuel Ohi Agele",authors:null},{id:"68383",title:"Major Natural Vegetation in Coastal and Marine Wetlands: Edible Seaweeds",slug:"major-natural-vegetation-in-coastal-and-marine-wetlands-edible-seaweeds",totalDownloads:771,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"For thousands of years, seaweeds grown in coastal and marine have been used as food, materials and medicines by the people. Edible seaweeds directly consumed, especially in Asian, are used for preparing food due to the their components containing minerals, essential trace elements, and various natural compounds. At the last decades, they have been getting more and more attention in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, in the present study, we have worked on to understand the structure of edible seaweeds. It is worthy to mention that they can be considered as source of some proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Ilknur Babahan, Birsen Kirim and Hamideh Mehr",authors:null},{id:"67540",title:"Aphid-Plant Interactions: Implications for Pest Management",slug:"aphid-plant-interactions-implications-for-pest-management",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Aphids are important herbivores and important pest of many field and forest crops. They have specialized long and flexible stylets which are adapted to feeding on phloem sap. To establish successful feeding on host plant, they need to counter a range of both physical and chemical defenses. The defenses employed by plants can have direct effect on the aphid species through difficulty in establishing successful feeding due to the presence of trichomes, thick cell wall, etc. or effect on their biology with lethal consequences in extreme cases (direct defenses). In contrast to this, plants can attract natural enemies of aphids through the release of volatile compounds (the so-called “cry or call for help”) (indirect defense). The information on different defense strategies employed by plants can be utilized to enhance the level of resistance (R) to develop sustainable pest management strategies.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Sarwan Kumar",authors:null},{id:"72336",title:"Plant Phenology and An Assessment of the Effects Regarding Heavy Metals, Nanoparticles, and Nanotubes on Plant Development: Runner Bean, Artichoke, and Chickpea Seedlings",slug:"plant-phenology-and-an-assessment-of-the-effects-regarding-heavy-metals-nanoparticles-and-nanotubes-",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relationship between environmental pollution and nutrition in particular, which forms the basis of health, is fundamentally important for protecting human health. Therefore, the data obtained from the examination of how plants and animals consumed as food are affected by environmental pollution can be seen as an indicator of their effects on humans. On the other hand, the role of technology and nanotechnology in life has been increasing in this century, and a considerable amount of heavy metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanotubes (NTs) are released to the environment. The results of morphological or anatomical examination of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants subjected to copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) heavy metals and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) plants subjected to Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are presented with this study in the point of their phenological development process. The three taxa belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with high economic status and having flowers with characteristic features were chosen deliberately as representatives. 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