Students’ population.
\r\n\t
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Technology was called upon to play this pivotal teaching/learning online role, as it has influenced people’s task accomplishment in various ways. It has become a part of our ever changing lives. It is an important part of e-learning to create relationship-involving technology, course content and pedagogy in learning/teaching environment. Therefore, e-learning is becoming unavoidable in a virtual teaching environment where students can take control of their learning and optimize it in a virtual classroom and elsewhere. So, learning today has shifted from the conventional face to face learning to online learning and to a direct access to information through technologies available as e-learning has proven to be more beneficial to students in terms of knowledge or information acquisition. Online teaching promotes learning by encouraging the students’ use of various learning strategies at hand and increases the level of their commitment to studying their majors. Virtual world represents an effective learning environment, providing users with an experience-based information acquisition. Instructors set up the course outcomes by creating tasks involving problem or challenge-based learning situations and offering the learner a full control of exploratory learning experiences. However, there are some challenges for instructors such as the selection of the most appropriate educational strategies and how best to design learning tasks and activities to meet learners’ needs and expectations. Various approaches can lead towards strong students’ behavioral changes especially when combined with ethical principles. However, with careful selection of the learning environment, pedagogical strategies lining up with the concrete specifics of the educational context, the building of learners’ self-confidence and their empowerment during the learning process becomes within reach. Another benefit of using online teaching/learning is that here is a need to explore new teaching strategies and principles that positively influence distance education, as traditional teaching/learning methods are becoming less effective at engaging students in the learning process. Finally, e-learning can solve many of the students’ learning issues in a conventional learning environment, as it helps them to attend classes for various reasons, as it has made the communication/interaction between them and their instructors much easier and the access to lectures much more at hand. Students can attend online university courses and at the same time meet other social obligations. Therefore, the circumstances in a learner’s life, and whatever problems or distraction he/she may have such as family problems or illnesses, may no longer be an impediment to his education. Learners can practice in virtual situations and face challenges in a safe environment, which leads to a more engaged learning experience that facilitates better knowledge acquisition.
The work presents the educational processes as a modern strategy for teaching/learning. e-learning tends to persuade the users to be virtually available to act naturally. There are a few factors affecting the outcomes such as learning aims and objectives, and different pedagogical choices. Instructors use various factors to measure the learning quality like Competence, Attitude, Content Delivery, Reliability, and Globalization [2, 3, 4]. In this work, we are going to pass in review positive and negative impacts of online learning followed by recommendations to increase awareness regarding online learning and the use of this new strategic technology. Modern teaching methods like brainstorming, problem solving, indirect-consultancy, and inquiry-based method have a significant effect in the educational progress [5].
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of using modern teaching methods, such as teacher-student interactive and student-centered methods, on students’ academic performance. Factors that may affect students’ performance and success- the technology used, students’ collaboration/teamwork, time management and communication skills are taken into consideration [6]. It also attempts to identify and to show to what extent online learning environment, when well integrated and adapted in course planning and objectives, can cater for students’ needs and wants. Does online teaching make a significant improvement in students’ academic performance and their personal skills such as organizations, communications, responsibilities, problem-solving tasks, engagement, learning interest, self-evolution, and abilities to reach their potential? Is students’ struggle is not purely academic, but rather related to the lack of personal skills?
There are many motives behind the implementation of the online learning experience. The online learning is mandatory nowadays to all audience due to COVID −19 pandemic, which forced the higher educational authorities to start the online teaching [1]. We believe that we reached a tipping point where making changes to the current learning process is inevitable for many reasons. Today learners have instant access to information through technology and the web, can manage their own acquisition of knowledge through online learning. As a result, traditional teaching and learning methods are becoming less effective at engaging students, who no longer rely exclusively on the teacher as the only source of knowledge. Indeed, 90% of the respondents use internet as their major source of information. So the teacher is new role is to be a learning facilitator, a guide for his students. He should not only help his students locate information, but more importantly question it and reflect upon it and formulate an opinion about it. Another reason for the adoption of the online learning is that higher institution did not hesitate one moment to integrate it as a primary tool of education. So, it transformed the conventional course and current learning process into e-learning concept. The integration of the online teaching into the curriculum resulted in several issues to instructors, curriculum designer and administrators, starting from the infrastructure to online teaching and assessment. Does the current IT infrastructure support this integration? What course content should the instructor teach and how it should be delivered? What effective pedagogy needs to be adopted? How learning should be assessed? What is the direct effect of the online learning on students’ performance? [7].
With reference to the survey findings, the majority of students were among the staunch supporters of online learning taking into consideration the imposed COVID-19 lockdown circumstances, as they expressed their full support and confidence in computer skills to share digital content, using online learning and collaboration platforms with their peers, and expressed their satisfaction with the support of the online teaching and learning [8].
However, a small percentage of the survey respondents, expressed their below average satisfaction when higher educational institutions have invested in digital literacy and infrastructure, as they believe they should provide more flexible delivery methods, digital platforms and modernized user-friendly curricula to both students and teachers [9]. On the same lines, the higher education authorities regard the quick and unexpected development of the UAE’s higher education landscape, ICT infrastructure, and advanced online learning/teaching methods, imposed by COVID-19, have had a tremendous adverse impact on the students’ culture, thus leading to students’ social seclusion from their peers, imposing new social norms and behavior regarding plagiarism, affecting students’ cultural ethics and learning and collaboration with their peers, when adopting the digital culture [10].
A current study emphasized the need for adoption of technology in education as a way to lessen the effects of Coronavirus pandemic lockdown in education to palliate the loss of face- to- face teaching/learning which has more beneficial aspects of learning for students than online learning as it offers more interactive learning opportunities.
We recommend that all these questions should be taken into consideration when designing a new course i.e. the e-learning strategies, the learners’ and instructor’s new roles, course content and pedagogy and students’ performance/achievement assessment (Figure 1). In this experience, we focus only on the implementation of new learning academic objectives- how they are infused into the curriculum and how they are assessed. The ultimate objective of implementing a new learning process is to design a curriculum conveyed by a creative pedagogy and oriented towards the cultivation of a creative person yearning for the exploration of new ideas [11]. The afore-mentioned objectives lead to design a comprehensive learning experience with new learning outcomes where instructors infuse new practical skills - Critical thinking and Problem-Solving Tasks, Creativity and Innovation, Communication and Collaboration. Other skills are implicitly infused into the curriculum such as, self-independent learning, interdependence, lifelong learning, flexibility, adaptability, and assuming academic learning responsibilities. Online learning is defined as virtual learning using mobile and wireless computing technologies in a way to promote learners’ learning abilities [12]. In (Figure 2), each component of the e-learning process is defined clearly below [13].
E-learning approach.
E-learning process.
His role is to facilitate learning process in the virtual classroom, to engage students in the learning process, to allow them to participate in designing their own course content and to contribute to design learning assessment parameters.
He can access course content anytime and from anywhere, engage with his peers in a collaborative environment, formulate his opinions continuously, interact with other learning communities, communicate effectively, share and publish their findings with others in online environment.
Both instructors and learners decide on what to learn online and how it should be learned. This experience is designed to promote an inquiry and challenge-based learning models where teachers and students work together to learn about compelling issues, propose solutions to real problems and take actions [11]. The approach involves students to reflect on their learning, on the impact of their actions and to publish their solutions to a worldwide audience [14].
A core curriculum is designed, but the facilitator has the freedom to innovate and customize course content accordingly up to the aspiration of the learners; this means that the learner’s knowledge of the material will mainly come from his own online research (formal and informal content), and from his own creativity and collaboration with his peers (teamwork).
This allows a group of students to formulate real-world context research question, connect with local learning and global communities to find creative solutions to their problems, create opportunities to connect themselves with international communities. These opportunities will foster students’ social and leadership skills [15].
According to students’ observation, more than 70% of instructors found that the online learning using Blackboard ultra-collaboration boosts students’ learning interest, engagement and motivation. 84% of teachers use required to use interactive tools in order to engage students in presenting and sharing a five minutes presentation to their classmates, write a reflective essay on their experience, be involved in a collaborative project (interest- based learning project). 97% of students contributed to self and peer assessments, and 97% interacted using online management systems. Students were also encouraged to interact with their peers using blackboard group collaborate. Thanks to the online teaching strategy, 70% of students were able to deliver on time their work.
For the study purpose, several assessments components incorporate both individual and group work. For the individual work, each student was required to make an individual presentation on any subject of his own interest, write a reflective essay, self -assessment, class peer assessment, midterm and final exams. For the collaborative work, students were assigned teams and each student should contribute to the project delivered every two weeks in the form of a final presentation and a final project. Rubrics were designed and all students were well instructed to use them. Teachers were trained to monitor and facilitate the experience and the internal learning management systems such as Blackboard.
The subsequent (Figure 3) shows the feedback loop of content mapping of factors and their relationships in relation to students’ performance and intake. The first feedback loop begins at the node called “Students”. The second one begins at the node entitled “Teacher”. There are two major positive feedback loops. For instance, a good team improves co-operation and creativity which increase the team’s learning experience. Setting clear goals and interactive strategies will enhance online learning and performance results. The E-learning process and the project outcomes are influenced by technology use [13].
Conceptual model of students’ E-learning environment parameters.
We studied the impact of online learning using technology in virtual classrooms and the effect of performance factors on students’ learning behavior and achievement. The study focused on a sample of 6045 students, collected from the enrolment of University College students in spring 2020, at United Arab Emirates University has used online teaching strategy in comparison to fall 2019 teaching/learning experience, which used conventional teaching strategy involving 7369 students (See Table 1). The study shows the learning outcomes are similar for both virtual and conventional learning, although the assessment methods are different. They include students’ learning outcomes assessment, testing (assessing prior and post knowledge acquisition) and quantitative versus conventional research. The findings of the survey are discussed below. Descriptive statistics were obtained to summarize the sample characteristics and performance variables. Pearson Correlation was used to evaluate the association between the learning outcomes dimensions. Independent Samples t-test was used to compare the mean overall performance of the online learning. Linear Regression was used to determine the impact of the learning characteristics (Critical thinking, Creativity, Communication and Collaboration) on the overall performance score. Factor Analysis was used to study the inter-relationships among the learning characteristics and compare the online methods.
Term | Pass | Not Pass | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Fall 2019 (FOF) | 6839 | 530 | |
Spring 2020 (OLA) | 5488 | 557 |
Students’ population.
The objectives of the learning process consist of providing a diversified learning environment. The positive impact of this diversity is reflected in the students’ performance. Students in various represented colleges have similar passing grades as high (80–98%) for both Online Approach (OLA) and Conventional learning -Face-to-Face (FoF). The University College is the largest college in the University with more than 4000 students. Most of UAEU students start their study in UC; they take English, Arabic, IT and Math (Figure 4).
University college percentage passing rate.
This study was limited to GEIL101 foundation students. Surveys were sent out to all information literacy sections at the end of the first semester 2019/2020, but there were only 87 respondents. The survey had 2 parts, one part is about students’ achievement/performance, and the second part use is about online learning in a virtual classroom. All sessions were conducted online by trained instructors in tandem with the University library delivered by professional librarians. In this report, fall 2019 students’ data are used as the sample for the study (Table 2).
Course title | GEIL101 Information Literacy | Cohort: | Fall 2019 |
---|---|---|---|
Total number of students | 930 | Passing | 889 |
Average class size | 30 | Average grade | 95.59% |
GEIL students.
Overall, the results indicate the online learning was beneficial for students as it shown in their academic achievements and in tables below. A significant number of students reported high comfort levels of attending online courses in virtual classroom instead of conventional learning. Results indicated students have a positive reception to online approach rather than traditional classrooms. Additionally, qualitative data identified a clearconsiderations for the integration of new technology into the new teaching and learning experience.
Table 3 shows the IL students’ pre and post tests performance. The analysis on the pre and post-tests, using the means comparison and one sample test, shows an increase of students’ performance by 84%, the mean of the pre-test is around 7.5 and the post test is 13.85, a significant difference of 6.35. 65% of students score above 60% (passing rate for the course) in the post-test, only 2.4% of students scored above 60% in the pre-test. This means that 97.6% of students did not have basic information literacy knowledge, but after going through intensive 12 week learning under e-learning conditions, 65% achieved the course outcomes with higher scores.
Aspect | %Yes |
---|---|
Operational Skills | 89% |
Use of Technology | 90% |
Communications Skills | 69% |
Problem Solving | 69% |
Formulate Critical opinion | 79% |
Evaluate information | 84% |
Collaboration | 88% |
Sharing findings and ideas | 86% |
Taking academic responsibilities | 88% |
Students’ academic performance.
The following tables (Tables 3 and 4) shows the students’ performance by each learning activity:
Item | Participation Engagement (5%) | Individual Presentation (5%) | Reflective Essay (5%) | Quizzes (10%) | Midterm (20%) | Final (20%) | Project (35%) | Final Grade (100%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.61 | 4.42 | 4.04 | 8.85 | 14.60 | 12.90 | 30.55 | |||
796 | 4.59 | 4.44 | 4.02 | 8.83 | 14.19 | 12.44 | 30.71 | ||
930 | 4.64 | 4.33 | 4.12 | 8.94 | 16.43 | 14.78 | 30.10 |
Students’ learning activity.
The scores in the post-test ranged between 11 and 20, whereas it ranged between 6 to 9 in the pre-test (Figure 5).
Pre and post-tests comparison distribution.
The above results show that OLA students scored higher than the FoF in the majority of the learning activities. There is an important performance of online students in the midterm and final exams though both approaches where offered the similar assessments criteria under the same test conditions. In the next section, the online learning process validity, the learning activities, and the learning outcome achievements, will be discussed in greater details. Several statistical models, qualitative and quantitative analysis have been applied for this purpose.
It is important for an educator to evaluate which type of learning activity that has an important impact on students’ performance. It will help the curriculum designers to adjust and improve the syllabus content accordingly. Two types of analyses are conducted quantitatively and qualitatively; the first analysis relies on the learning activities grades and course final scores. The second one relies on students’ feedback through reflective essays and teachers’ perception towards their students’ learning progress.
To analyze the significance of each learning activity on students’ performance, a regression linear model was used to analyze the impact of each learning skill on students’ performance. According to the output report, the model is significant at 95% (p < 0.000), and there is a strong correlation between 95.8% of the learning skills and students’ performance (r2 = 0.919).
Overall, all learning skills strategies have a significant impact on students’ performance. Each student’s learning skills and their impact will be analyzed. The following graph shows that individual contribution has less impact on the student’s performance, but the course component is very important where students demonstrate their interaction with the course content. The quality of the students’ online participation, their assiduity and interaction with others and their contribution in the projects are different from class participation. Therefore, statistically speaking, it has a lower impact. So, it is highly recommended to review how this component is graded.
The following table describes the impact of each individual learning skill on students’ performance. To do this analysis, we used Pearson Correlation Coefficient to measure the strength of the linear relationship between the learning skills. The following figure shows the relationship between the learning skills.
From the table below, the test 1 (Midterm Exam) and test 2 (Final Exam) have the strongest impact (754 and 758) respectively on the final grades, even though students scored lower in these activities compared to other assessed learning activities. They are still the most efficient assessment methods to evaluate students’ achievement. The projects, individual presentation and reflective essays have also a significant impact on students’ performance. The only learning activity with the lowest impact is the individual participation and engagement in the class, which is an important learning activity, and it needs a review on how to assess it in an effective way.
Students’ e-learning performance data is processed and presented. The six characteristic attributes are identified. Each characteristic is divided into further sub-items that are rated from 1 to 5 by the respondents. Then, for each of the six main characteristics, the average of the sub-items rating is calculated. The box plot (see Figure 6) shows a detailed distribution of each response. This is made up of the results, comparing the responses given to the different factors affecting learning. The result shows that the teachers rating of the effect of online learning in the following table. Example: 50% of teachers think that 70% of students improved their creativity skills.
Using e-learning in the virtual classroom.
Descriptive statistics for the learning variables are shown below in Table 5. In general, the mean and median of all the characteristics are quite high-around 3.5 (Table 6). Regarding correlations between learning parameters, the results show that almost all characteristics are highly inter-correlated (p < 0.001) (See Table 7).
Coefficientsa | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | 95.0% Confidence Interval for B | |||
B | Std. Error | Beta | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
1 | (Constant) | 19.445 | .992 | 19.601 | .000 | 17.497 | 21.393 | |
IndivContribution | 1.122 | .147 | .090 | 7.653 | .000 | .834 | 1.410 | |
IndivP resentation | 1.878 | .151 | .161 | 12.403 | .000 | 1.581 | 2.175 | |
ReflectiveEssay | 1.719 | .099 | .237 | 17.431 | .000 | 1.526 | 1.913 | |
Assignments | 1.348 | .090 | .187 | 14.060 | .000 | 1.159 | 1.536 | |
Testi | 1.884 | .045 | .323 | 22.400 | .000 | .916 | 1.092 | |
Test; | 1.858 | .035 | .407 | 29.210 | .000 | .986 | 1.129 |
Regression model on learning skill of students’ performance.
Dependent Variable: FinalGrades.
Correlations | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IndivContribution | IndivPresentation | ReflectiveEssay | Assignments | Testi | Test2 | FinalProject | FinalGrades | ||
IndivContribution | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .130** | .141** | .186** | .159** | .168** | .127** | .299** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .001 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .002 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
IndivPresentation | Pearson Correlation | .130** | 1 | .406** | .328** | .31 7** | .262** | .420** | .539** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .001 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
ReflectiveEssay | Pearson Correlation | .141** | .406** | 1 | .429** | .328** | .302** | .473** | .624** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
Assignments | Pearson Correlation | .186** | .328** | .429** | 1 | .350** | .240** | .352** | .569** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
Test1 | Pearson Correlation | .159** | .31 7** | .328** | .350** | 1 | .549** | .261** | .754** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
Test2 | Pearson Correlation | .168** | .262** | .302** | .240** | .549** | 1 | .256** | .758** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
FinalProject | Pearson Correlation | .1 27** | .420** | .473** | .352** | .261** | .256** | 1 | .681 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .002 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | |
FinalGrades | Pearson Correlation | .299** | .539** | .624** | .569** | .754** | .758** | .681** | 1 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
N | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
Correlation between the learning skills on students’ academic performance.
. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Correlations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Creativity Innovation Skills | Technology Used | Collaboration Team Work | Better Thinker Skills | Time Management Organizing Skills | Communication Skills | ||
Creativity Innovation Skills | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .393* | .685** | .767** | .659** | .653** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .019 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
Technology Used | Pearson Correlation | .393* | 1 | .632** | .599** | .575** | .543** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .019 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .001 | ||
Collaboration Team Work | Pearson Correlation | .685** | .632** | 1 | .845** | .773** | .836** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
Better Thinker Skills | Pearson Correlation | .767** | .599** | .845** | 1 | .862** | .897** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
Time Management Organizing Skills | Pearson Correlation | .659** | .575** | .773** | .862** | 1 | .796** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
Communication Skills | Pearson Correlation | .653** | .543** | .836** | .897** | .796** | 1 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .001 | .000 | .000 | .000 |
E-learning characteristics.
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The survey was to collect feedback from students after they started using online learning courses. The effects of this methods on students’ learning and understanding A scale of 1–5 range from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1). Different dimensions of online approach are analyzed and Eighty-seven UAE College Students coming from different Universities were asked to give their perception on different aspects of online learning methods.
For the question (1), “Do you like online learning technology?” 84 respondents representing 97.6% of the students said they do. As for the question (2), “Do you feel ready to use online environment?”, 61 students representing 71.2% said they do.
While 7 students or 8% said, they do not. Only 19 student or 21.8% were neutral (see Table 8).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Agree | 61 | 71.2% |
Neutral | 19 | 21.8% |
Disagree | 7 | 8% |
Ready for online transformation.
As for question (3), “whether students have all the required technology tools for online learning”, 71 of the respondents representing 83.53% agreed but only 4 students disagreed (See Table 9).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Agree | 71 | 83.53% |
Neutral | 10 | 11.76% |
Disagree | 4 | 4.70% |
Do students have the required tools for online learning?
Regarding the question (4), as to “whether students have reliable internet connection for online learning, 56 of the respondents representing 64% said that they agreed, while 7 students said that they disagree (See Table 10).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Agree | 56 | 64% |
Neutral | 24 | 27.59% |
Disagree | 7 | 8% |
Do students have the reliable internet connection for online learning?
For question (5), “Did Online learning help your study when you have flexible schedule?” 53 students representing 63% of the respondents said it helped them because of time restriction. On the other hand, 31 students representing 37% said that time was not visible (See Table 11).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Yes | 53 | 63.10% |
No | 31 | 37% |
Did you have a flexible schedule when online learning was used?
For question (6), “Did online learning help you to be more productive?” 38 students representing 45% of the respondents said that online class helped them to be more organized and productive. On the other hand, 19 students representing 23% said that it was not productive for them (See Table 12).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Agree | 38 | 45% |
Neutral | 27 | 32.14% |
Disagree | 19 | 23% |
Did online learning help you be more productive?
For question (7), “How do rate your experience with your team online” 58 students representing 60% of the respondents said that online learning class is like normal class. On the other hand, 9 students representing 10% said that they were not satisfied with online learning (See Table 13).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Satisfied | 52 | 60% |
Neutral | 25 | 29.07% |
Unsatisfied | 9 | 10% |
How do you rate your online experience with your team?
For question (7), “How do rate your internet connectivity and how often problems occurred?” 37 students representing 43% of the respondents said that online class runs into technical issues which lead to reduce their productivity and confidence. On the other hand, 42 students representing 48% said that there were no issues with their internet connections (See Table 14).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Perfect | 42 | 48% |
Neutral | 28 | 32.18% |
Sometimes / Never | 37 | 43% |
How often do you face technical problems?
For question (8), “Did you develop any health issues since the start of online learning? 41 students representing 48% of the respondents said that online class causes health issues which lead to reduce their productivity and confidence. On the other hand, 25 students representing 29% said that there were no health issues using online learning (See Table 15).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Agree | 41 | 48% |
Neutral | 20 | 23.26% |
Disagree | 25 | 29% |
Did you develop any health issues since the start of online learning?
For question (9), “Rate the distractions you have had online”, 31 students representing 37% of the respondents said that online class did not face distractions. On the other hand, 23 students representing 27% said that there were not issues concerning online distraction (See Table 16).
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Unsatisfied | 31 | 37% |
Neutral | 30 | 35.71% |
Satisfied | 23 | 27% |
Rate the distractions you have had at home.
The ultimate purpose of this investigation was to explore the impact of online learning on students’ academic achievement as the demand has increased in recent times for online courses among institutions and college students who solely rely on flexible and comfortable education. We tried to measure in quantifiable terms the students’ final academic performance after their exposure to online learning during this pandemic lockdown. The final results obtained in this study were quite self-eloquent, as they unequivocally show the tremendous impact of e- learning on students’ academic performance and achievements, as it can benefit students in many ways, including enhancing and maximizing their learning independence and classroom participation. It is a good experience for students’ transitional preparation to pursue college education and seek employment. Students were more engaged in the learning process than in conventional teaching, and online learning experience has revealed that didactic teaching style is no longer effective. They no longer regard teachers as the only source of information, but as learning facilitator and online learning from different internet sources as their main source of information. They have proved that they can assume their responsibilities, contribute to course design assessment and learning process personalization. Online learning also helped overcome time and space constraints imposed by the convention learning process and helped students to effectively communicate their findings and share their ideas with their peers locally and globally. The introduction of a new technology such as the online learning will undoubtedly have more impact on the learning outcomes only if we reconsider the delivery mode, content redesign, new assessment system. A suitable pedagogy and an appropriate content are the most important sources of students’ learning motivation. Finally, e-learning has a bright future, tremendous learning potentialities and excellent organizational culture. Universities will incontrovertibly use many of the lessons learned during this pandemic lockdown period of this forced online teaching to adjust curriculum contents, teaching methods/lesson delivery, and assessment tools.
E-learning is here to stay and can make a much stronger contribution to higher education in the years to come. However, there are some negative effects of online class as it does not offer real a face to face contact and interaction with instructors and imposes time commitment and less accountability on students. There are also many online struggles that students face such as the impossibility to stay motivated all the time, as they sometimes feel that they are completely isolated. In addition, instructors feel impotent to control students’ cheating, impose classroom discipline. In addition to that, poor students struggle to get the necessary electronic equipment to access this new mode of learning to interact in due time with their instructor, make necessary comments and raise questions to clear ambiguities and any equivocal statements and get appropriate feedback from their instructor.
There are other academic issues that need to be investigated deeply such as the perspectives of higher education quality focusing on the study of cultural, emotional, technological, ethical, health, financial or academic achievements. Furthermore, more academic research should be done about e-learning theories/distance learning to truly improvise a new and adequate teaching/learning approach.
Our knowledge of the relationship between human beings and the microorganisms we harbor in our gut has greatly increased in the past years, even if we are still far from having understood all their functions. We no longer consider these living entities as simply commensal, and we start to realize that humans are “super organisms” governed also by the microorganisms living inside us. There are approximately 100 trillion cells in the human body, and more than 90% of them are microbes. They make up the human microbiota, consisting of bacteria, fungi and even viruses, mainly located in the intestine where they are referred to as the intestinal microbiota.
The terms currently employed in this field are the following:
The first consideration that we have to do is that the microbial ecosystem of the intestine called gut microbiota, is one of the most dense communities that we know, surpassing for complexity those present in soil, subsoil and also oceans [1].
The second consideration is that the microbiota does not represent an inheritance dependent on our species or genes, but rather an environmental inheritance, mainly due to the type of environment to which we have been exposed in the first 3–4 years of our life [2]. This also implies that we can act during life with the aim of improving our microbiota (Figure 1).
The microbiota present in human gut is strictly connected with the whole organism state of health or illness. Major factors capable of modulating the gut microbiota in adults are represented in this picture.
The last one is that our gut microbiota and microbiome are strictly connected with our state of health or illness and, together with genetics and environment, certainly represent a discriminating point in predisposing us to the onset of some particular diseases rather than that of others. The gut microbiota is closely related to our metabolic balance as well as to the development and functioning of our immune system, as studies on germ-free animals have clearly shown. It is also closely connected with the intestinal and systemic endocrine system, and indirectly with the central nervous system, via the enteric nervous system, within what is commonly called the gut-brain axis [3].
These considerations must not make us think of the microbiota and microbiome as something fixed and stable in the course of our life. The aging of our organism physiologically leads to a change in the gut microbiota with a decrease in some specific populations, such as the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing families
In addition to the physiological and irreversible increase in our biological age, there are other conditions that have a decisive impact on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. The first for importance and for the daily life with which it is implemented, is certainly our diet, which can cause, as we will see in the next paragraph, positive or negative changes in the microbiota. Another, often overlooked, condition is our lifestyle. Smoking and alcohol, for example, can negatively alter the microbiome [6], while regular physical activity seems to be capable of significantly improving it [7].
Finally, as we will analyze in the following paragraphs, there are many different pathologies, and consequent therapies, that can alter our intestinal microbiota, sometimes irreversibly. The most illuminating example concerns the transmissible pathologies of bacterial origin, encountered at an early age. The antibiotic therapies that often become necessary can, in the first 3 years of life, irreversibly alter the developmental trajectory of the intestinal microbiota leading, in the adult age, to a microbiota substantially different from that which would have developed in the absence of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapies [8]. On the contrary, antibiotic therapy in adults only reversibly alters the intestinal microbiota, which returns exactly to the starting point after the end of the therapy [9] Other intestinal pathogens, such as
However, we must not think that the pathologies correlated to alterations of the microbiota are essentially limited to the gastro-intestinal or metabolic ones. In recent years, many studies have linked alterations in the gut microbiome with a plethora of various diseases, including the neurodegenerative ones, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s [11]. Despite our limited mechanistic understanding of how the microbiota can predispose to neurodegenerative diseases, efforts to manipulate the microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic treatment, or other nutritional strategies, highlight the potential for microbial improvement in successfully preventing or decreasing the symptoms of these diseases, at least in laboratory animals [12]. It is therefore not surprising that some studies today are explicitly aimed at microbiome-targeted interventions for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
To conclude this paragraph of premises, we can state that while conventional medicine aimed at maximum specialization, with branches such as organ and cellular medicine, on the other side of the pond the role of the intestinal microbiota has gradually assumed more and more importance, to remind us that our “super organism” is unique and that alterations of our gut microbial component, that is not even part of our cellular pool, can have a broad-spectrum negative impact on many if not all the organs and apparatuses that make up our organism. The microbiota well represents the complex relationships that exist between our health and the environment in which we are born and spend the first years of our life. A compromised environment, due to excessive sterilization or pollution, certainly has a strong impact on the structure of our microbiota in adulthood and, consequently, also on our state of health and well-being. Although fecal microbiota transplantation has opened new frontiers on the prevention and treatment of many pathologies, it is indisputably true that this community of microorganisms represents a central node in the functioning of all our organs and systems, and at the same time it denotes a fundamental point of interaction between us and the environment in which we spend our lives.
Intestinal dysbiosis is mainly characterized by lower bacterial diversity and it is often associated with an increase in bacterial species with pathogenic potential (
Food, lifestyle, xenobiotics and aging are the main causes that can lead to dysbiosis and consequently to an alteration of the intestinal barrier function. These two conditions are linked immune system impairment and to the possible onset of many pathologies. PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Moreover, together with the dysbiosis-related inflammation, the depletion of specific bacterial taxa involved in endocrine signaling may directly affect the function of different organs, and for these reasons dysbiosis has also been linked to metabolic, endocrine (e.g. thyroid-related) and also psychiatric disorders [14].
A marked dysbiosis has been found to be associated with the main intestinal disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and coeliac disease (CD). IBD are chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by the chronic activation of the immune system with an unbalanced production of inflammatory cytokines. Despite the pathogenesis of these diseases is unclear, there is evidence that, other than genetic and environmental factors, an abnormal immune response against the microbial component of the gut may be involved in inflammation development and maintenance. It has been supposed that dysbiosis could trigger an aberrant activation of immune system in IBD patients, resulting in an unbalanced inflammatory cytokine production. In particular, compared to controls, the anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing species
IBS is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with a change in the bowel habits. IBS patients are divided into four subtypes: diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), constipation-predominant (IBS-C), mixed diarrhea and constipation (IBS-M), and patients with non classifiable IBS symptoms (IBS-U) [19]. These patients are characterized by a lower microbial diversity compared to the healthy population, and also by increased proportions of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes members, such as
Coeliac disease (CD) is a well-characterized gut autoimmune disorder triggered by the interaction between the gut-associated lymphoid immune system and the undigested gluten peptides that translocate through the epithelial barrier into the lamina propria. About 30% of the world population is genetically predisposed to develop CD, but only a small amount (about 1% in developed countries) develops the disease, so a multifactorial etiology is supposed for this disorder. CD patient microbiota is characterized by an increased relative abundance of
There is rising evidence that the intestinal microbiota compositional structure may impact on thyroid function, since microbial components can regulate iodine, selenium, iron and zinc uptake, and also enterohepatic cycling of thyroid hormones. Moreover, the microbiota may also impact on the bioavailability and metabolism of L-thyroxine and the anti-hyperthyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) [23]. The gut microbiota influences the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, which can inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and modulate hypothalamus-pituary axis. It is therefore reasonable to affirm that intestinal dysbiosis may contribute to the abnormal immune activation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) [24] but also in Grave’s disease (GD), which is the second leading autoimmune thyroid disease. Studies on animals showed that microbiota transplant may increase the susceptibility to HT in rats. A proposed mechanism of action, is that
HT and GD evolve, respectively, in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, with two distinct immunological patterns. HT is characterized by antibodies against thyreoperoxidase and thyroglobulin while GD is characterized by the presence of antibodies against TSH receptor. Nevertheless, in both disorders, anti-gliadin, anti-transglutaminase and anti-
Obesity, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are all metabolic disorders that manifest in comorbidity, and lead to an exacerbation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases [28]. These disorders are characterized by different microbial signatures, which may contribute to their chronicization. The intestinal microbiota has an active role in regulating host metabolism, indeed experiments on mice showed that conventionally raised mice had more total body fat than mice raised in germ-free condition, and that a fecal transplant in these mice was able to restore nutrient adsorption, metabolic function and body fat [29].
In obese subjects, a lower bacterial richness was detected, along with a predominance of “pro-inflammatory” taxa, such as
Intestinal dysbiosis has also been found in subjects with a high risk for cardiovascular diseases compared to subjects with low risk. In particular, some bacterial genera, such as
Intestinal microbiota disruption has been linked to the development of cancer, and different specific strains have been linked to the development of different tumors. In colorectal cancer (CRC) a particular strain of
In hepatocellular cancer, the translocation of gut microbiota and its products via the portal vein seems to be a condition able to trigger inflammation and chronic liver disease that predisposes patients to the development of cancer [38].
Leukemia patients showed a marked dysbiosis. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, a lower microbial diversity has been found, along with an enrichment in
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, a depletion of butyrate producers such as
There is evidence that psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety are linked to gut inflammation and that inflammatory status could be sustained by gut microbiota eubiosis breakdown [43]. Epidemiological studies link autoimmune and atopic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to affective, personality, and neurotic disorders [44].
A study conducted on Danish population demonstrated that individuals with SCZ have a 50% lifetime prevalence of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, given a history of autoimmune disorders, the relative risk for SCZ increased by 45% [45].
An association between SCZ and RA, autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), SLE, Guillain-Barre´ syndrome, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and autoimmune hepatitis has been described [46]. Interestingly, all these diseases have been associated with CD and non–celiac gluten sensitivity, with a higher prevalence of immunological markers of CD among these patients [47].
Clinical and animal preclinical studies support the relationship between gut inflammation and mental disorders. Indeed, high levels of pro-inflammatory circulating cytokines such as IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α, have been found in patients suffering from SCZ. Moreover, immunomodulatory drugs have been used to effectively treat psychosis [43]. In patients with a high risk of psychosis, Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales were found to be significantly higher than in healthy controls [48].
It has been hypnotized that the excessive rise of SCFA synthesis could be one of the causes of microglia activation. Studies on SCZ patients showed heterogeneous results on the microbiota dysbiosis so, despite such a dysbiosis was always confirmed in these patients, it is difficult to link specific taxa to this disorder [43]. Anyway, fecal transplantation from SCZ patients to germ-free mice resulted in the development of SCZ-like behaviors in receiving mice, providing final evidence of the gut microbiota involvement in SCZ. An unbalanced microbiota was also detected in bipolar disorders and autism spectrum disorders, to underline that our gut microbiome may contribute, probably with varying importance, to most mental and stress-related disorders [43].
The implication of gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders has been widely investigated. Several clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients showed modifications in the gut microbiota, characterized by a rise in the relative abundance of
For what concerns Alzheimer’s disease (AD), animal experiments on mice with induced dysbiosis and on germ-free mice showed that microbiota manipulation can impact on disease severity and cognitive impairments. LPS seems to be involved in fibrillogenesis of β-Amiloid (Aβ), and some bacterial species, such as
Since the second half of the 19th century, with Metchnikoff’s studies on the possibility of using lactic acid bacteria to decelerate the process of self-intoxication and infection by intestinal microbes [52] probiotics have been recognized as a tool to modulate the gut microbiota while conferring benefits to health. Their economic value was recognized shortly thereafter, and their global market is estimated to reach USD 69.3 billion by 2023 [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/probiotics.asp]. Nowadays, probiotics represent one of the most commonly consumed food supplements worldwide, being present in yogurt, cheese, ice cream, snacks and nutritional bars, breakfast cereals, infant formulas and more recently also added to cosmetic products. They are also marketed as lyophilized pills, and their consumption is widely supported by physicians, particularly gastroenterologists [53]. The administration of probiotics is indeed a more than feasible approach in clinical practice, compared for example to diet, despite its recognized role as a pivotal determinant of the structure and function of the gut microbiota, able to support homeostasis or
According to the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus meeting in October 2013 [55], the framework “probiotics” must include microbial species that have been shown in properly controlled studies to confer health benefits. Probiotics are also new commensals and consortia that include defined strains from human samples, for which adequate evidence of safety and efficacy exists. On the other hand, live cultures, traditionally associated with fermented foods (with no evidence of health benefits), and undefined, fecal microbiota transplants must be kept outside this framework.
Probiotics may have several effects on the host, including certainly the modulation of the gut microbiota but also the metabolism of lactose with improved digestion or bile salts with various systemic effects, vitamin synthesis, direct and indirect pathogen antagonism, regulation of intestinal transit and alleviation of visceral pain, strengthening of the gut barrier, production of specific bioactives and neurological, immunological and endocrinological effects. As expected, some underlying mechanisms are observed across taxonomic groups, such as the inhibition of potential enteropathogens or the production of useful metabolites or enzymes, while others, especially those at the extra-intestinal level, are more likely to be strain specific. These effects can be contact-dependent and/or mediated by surface molecules, e.g. lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, cell surface proteins, exopolysaccharide, pili or other appendages, or by secreted molecules, e.g. SCFAs and bacteriocins [56]. In light of this, it is not surprising that paraprobiotics and postbiotics have recently been proposed as an alternative with a longer shelf-life and enhanced safety, especially for compromised individuals, with the former being non-viable (intact or broken) microbial cells or crude cell extracts [57] and the latter microbial cell constituents and metabolites, which act as bioactive compounds with local and systemic effects [58].
With specific regard to the gut microbiota, probiotics may impact resident communities through at least three different mechanisms: trophic interactions (
Among the main (although sometimes only suggested) prophylactic and therapeutic indications and claims of probiotics, we can certainly mention gastrointestinal diseases, including the prevention or treatment of acute, antibiotic-associated and
In this regard, the awareness that one size does not fit all is rapidly gaining ground. It is now a fact that distinct baseline features of the host (e.g. age and underlying medical condition) and its microbiota (taxa represented and functions performed), including varying environmental exposure (mainly diet), can actually lead to differing outcomes even with the same probiotic preparation. As discussed recently, this could for example be due to the fact that the individual configuration of the gut microbiota may be permissive or resistant to even transient colonization of probiotics [64]. Moreover, it has been shown that probiotics could even perturb rather than aid in the recovery process of the gut microbiota after antibiotic treatment [9]. It is therefore now clear not only that their validity is not to be considered absolute but also that, if not tailored, probiotic-based interventions could not be entirely risk-free.
Future directions will be the adoption of a mechanism-based approach, in which probiotic strategies are designed
Alongside traditional probiotics, it should be mentioned that novel candidate microorganisms with potential health benefits have been discovered thanks to recent research on the composition and function of the gut microbiota, deeply accelerated by massive sequencing. These microorganisms are referred to as next-generation probiotics or live biotherapeutics [65], as they fit well within the US Food and Drug Administration definition of live biotherapeutic as “a biological product that contains live organisms, such as bacteria, is applicable to the prevention, treatment or cure of a disease or condition of human being and is not a vaccine”. Unlike currently used probiotics, they are generally strict anaerobes and therefore present a number of manufacturing challenges, and they should undergo a formal regulatory approval process similar to drugs or any other medical intervention. Among them, we can list SCFA producers, e.g.
Alternatively, it has been thought to engineer GRAS organisms or commensals as a delivery vehicle for bioactive molecules or to express certain functionality. In this approach, the bacterial vehicle is known not to produce any virulence factors, it will be tolerated by the host and, if chosen carefully, may not even colonize the host. As an example, some researchers have used
However, in addition to the limitations discussed above, it should be emphasized that for most of these next-generation probiotic candidates, the available evidence is currently mostly preclinical,
In the future it is expected that overcoming all these challenges in the probiotics field will improve the state of evidence, regulation of use and, finally yet importantly, public awareness, for a precision, informed use. The current limitations in the field and future strategies to be undertaken to overcome them are summarized in Figure 3.
From traditional to next-generation probiotics: Current limitations and future directions.
Food is a primordial need for our survival and well-being. However, diet is not only essential to maintain human growth, reproduction and health, but it also modulates and supports the symbiotic microbial communities that colonize the digestive tract, the gut microbiota. Type, quality and origin of our food shape our gut microbes and affect their composition and function, impacting on host–microbe interactions. Macronutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrate) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, polyphenols) directly interact with gut microbes and are involved in the production of key metabolites such as SCFAs and vitamins. Moreover, dietary fiber impacts on gut microbial ecology, host physiology, and health.
During or shortly after birth, the human gut is colonized by microbes. The fact that babies born spontaneously have higher bacterial counts in the gut at 1 month of age than those born by the cesarean section indicates that colonization of the gut by microbes starts and is improved during natural birth [75]. The growth and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota is essential for the development of the immune system and continues during breastfeeding, a stage that seems essential to the individual’s long-term health. Oligosaccharides found in breast milk encourage the growth of
A standard Western style diet offers about 50 g daily of potentially fermentable substrate, primarily dietary fiber, to the colonic microbiota. Non-starch polysaccharides are major components of dietary fiber and constitute 20–45% of the dry matter supplied to the colon. Simple sugars and oligosaccharides also account for another 10%, whereas starch (and starch hydrolysis products) supply less than 8% of dry matter. Some sugar alcohols also avoid the absorption of the small intestine and are minor dietary substrates for colonic microbiota [77]. Approximately 90% of dietary polyphenols (approximately 1 g/day) avoid digestion and absorption in the small bowel and can have a major effect on microbial composition and activities.
About 5–15 g of proteins and 5–10 g of lipids, mainly of dietary origin, pass daily through the proximal colon. Various other minor dietary constituents, including catechins, lignin, tannins and others, also nourish colonic microbes [78]. The action of all these macro and micronutrients is certainly synergistic and complex at the level of the intestinal microbiota, however in the following paragraphs we will analyze separately the effects of individual macro and micronutrients, trying not to lose the overall vision that is fundamental when it comes to microbial ecology.
These changes have also been observed in weight gain-resistant mice, which implies a direct effect of dietary lipids on the microbiota. It has recently been found that microbes in the small intestine are highly susceptible to fat load and are essential for lipid digestion and absorption. These data suggest that the regional microbiota composition may have significant functional implications, and highlight the need for distinct microbiota and microbiome analysis along the gastrointestinal tract [79]. The lipid-mediated effects on the microbiota depend on the form and source of lipids. For example, mice fed with an isocaloric diet rich in long-chain saturated fats derived primarily from meat products showed greater insulin resistance and inflammation of the adipose tissue compared to mice fed with a high-fish oil diet. In addition, transgenic mice that constitutively generate n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have higher phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome, which provides protection against the metabolic consequences of a high-saturated, high-sugar diet. One mechanism by which gut microbes can mediate the negative metabolic effects of high-fat intake could be by translocating LPS, a membrane toxin of gram-negative bacteria. An increase in circulating LPS after a high-fat meal has also been documented in humans, with amplified effects in obese people. Once in circulation, LPS induces a powerful inflammatory response by activating Toll-like 4 receptor signaling, which has been involved in cardiovascular and metabolic disease development [80].
Inflammation appears to be the common denominator among the seemingly unrelated biological negative effects of fats on the gut microbiome, involving the immune system and n-3 PUFAs. It is currently accepted that inflammation plays a key role in the progression of several chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative syndromes [81]. Moreover, as described above, several evidence supports the role of n-3 PUFAs on the microbiota and on the regulation of inflammation and the immune system [82]. In addition, dietary n-3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce clinical colitis in IBD patients [83]. In clinical human studies, n-3 PUFA administration resulted in decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, reduced relative abundance of Coprococcus and Facecalibacterium, and increased proportions of health-associated genera, i.e., Bifidobacterium, Lachnospira, Roseburia and Lactobacillus [84]. These data were consistent with those obtained in a subsequent study in which the authors also found a significant correlation between the plasma levels of n-3 PUFAs and the relative abundance of SCFA producers [85]. In addition, a diet supplemented with n-3 PUFAs has been able to prevent neuropsychiatric disorders and dysbiosis caused by social instability stress during adolescence, and these effects have been maintained through adulthood, supporting the concept that a healthy diet enriched in fish or n-3 PUFAs can have beneficial long-lasting effects and may help to prevent neuropsychiatric disorders [86]. Taken together, all these data allow us to hypothesize the existence of a strong link between n-3 PUFA intake, gut microbiome shaping and modulation of the immune system, with the ultimate objective of hampering the existing loop between bowel inflammation and gut dysbiosis.
In the fat dietary component, n-3 PUFAs can rightly be considered prebiotics. Therefore, the consumption of an n-3-rich diet is currently thought to be beneficial for microbiota health, even if the gut microbiome changes induced in humans by n-3 PUFA supplementation deserve further clinical investigations.
What we can conclude for the fat dietary component is that the lipid excess present in HFD diet is dangerous for the microbiota and, on the other hand, that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs protects the microbiota from possible alterations. However, n-3 PUFA sources, mainly fish, should not considered completely safe, considering the pollution of the sea and the growing presence of microplastics and xenobiotics in the trophic chain of marine animals. In particular, scientific data suggest that shellfish and other small marine organisms consumed with their intestine pose particular concern because they accumulate and retain microplastics. The biological effects of microplastics in human gut are poorly understood, but it has been supposed that in high amounts they could cause an alteration of the gut microbiome, with cascading effects on host physiology [87].
Fiber intake impacts on host metabolism and immunity by affecting the gut microbiota. Under a fiber-rich diet, the gut microbiota metabolizes undigested dietary fiber into SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), affecting host metabolism and immunity. Microbial metabolites from this process improve host metabolism. In particular, the secretion of peptide hormones, such as PYY and GLP-1, is promoted by microbial metabolites: PYY decreases appetite and GLP-1 lowers blood glucose level via promotion of insulin secretion. Among SCFAs, butyrate and propionate activate intestinal gluconeogenesis and improve systemic glucose profiles. Meanwhile, acetate promotes secretion of ghrelin, a hunger hormone, and increases food intake, consequently causing hyperphagia and obesity. Nevertheless, acetate has anti-inflammatory function like butyrate. Butyrate enhances gut barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells and increases regulatory T (Treg) cells. In addition, the gut microbiota suppresses expression of fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf), an inhibitor of LPL, promoting fat storage in adipocytes. Under fiber-deficient diet, mucus-degrading bacteria expand and impair the integrity of the mucus layer. Thereby, endotoxemia-induced metabolic inflammation ensues. SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; PYY, peptide YY; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; LPL, lipoprotein lipase. From [
Digestible carbohydrates are enzymatically degraded in the small intestine and contain starches and sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. All these compounds release glucose into the bloodstream upon degradation, triggering an insulin response. Human subjects fed high levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the form of fruit, had increased relative abundance of bifidobacteria, with reduced
The administration of retinoic acid (physiologically active vitamin A metabolite) in patients with norovirus infection significantly increased the abundance of
Vitamin C is the most important antioxidant agent, and it must be obtained from dietary sources (mainly fruits and vegetables). This vitamin regulates the redox state and can considerably modulate the gut microbiota. In weaned piglets, vitamin C levels correlated positively with Firmicutes and negatively with Bacteroidetes relative abundances [103]. Vitamin D is thought to be a multifunctional vitamin involved in calcium homeostasis and in a list of systemic physiological functions that include the modulation of gut microbiota [104]. A randomized controlled trial showed that weekly vitamin D supplementation (50,000 ergocalciferol IU) over 12 months increased SCFA fecal levels and the relative abundance of SCFA-producing genera such as
Some vitamins of the B group have been shown to promote bacterial colonization of the gut, modulate bacterial virulence and participate in pathogen clearance [106]. However, they may also have a role in the growth of enteropathogens, such as
It is evident that there is a high and complex interaction between vitamins and the gut microbiota: some vitamins are produced by the microbiota itself and others, particularly liposoluble vitamins, are responsible for its modulation. On the other hand, some of these vitamins may also contribute to enhanced virulence and colonization of potential pathogenic microbes. These studies together suggest that vitamin supplementation could modulate the gut microbiota, but its effects depend on the level of vitamin in the host and the microbiota status. Further clinical trials should be carried out to understand the effects of multivitamin supplementation, in order to evaluate possible effects linked to over-supplementation.
Conceptually, it is difficult to isolate the activity of polyphenols from the overall activity of the foods that contain them. Nevertheless, overall we can conclude that a diet rich in foods with high polyphenol content, can have positive effects on the human intestinal microbiota.
Artificial sweeteners such as saccharin, sucralose and aspartame have been considered as options that might be used to replace natural sugar to prevent and control glucose dysmetabolism. However, recent evidence suggests that consumption of all types of artificial sweeteners may induce glucose intolerance. It is important to note that artificial sweeteners are thought to mediate this effect also by altering the gut microbiota. For example, it was noted that saccharin-fed mice had intestinal dysbiosis with increased relative abundance of
Even on the large category of xenobiotics it is very difficult if not impossible to generalize. Just as an example, analysis of the microbiome of children with Crohn’s disease developed at a very young age showed that the most altered metabolic patterns in the gut microbiome were those related to xenobiotic metabolism [113].
Several popular diets have been studied for their ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota, including Western, ketogenic, omnivore, vegetarian, vegan and Mediterranean diets. The Western diet (high in animal protein and fat, low in fiber) has led in several studies to a marked decrease in microbial diversity and in some beneficial genera, such as
Ketogenic diets are characterized by a very low consumption of carbohydrates (5 to 10 percent of total caloric intake), sufficient to increase the production of ketone bodies. They were originally developed as a treatment for refractory childhood epilepsy, and the gut microbiota responses to a ketogenic diet seem to play a role in the effectiveness of this intervention in epileptic infants [41, 42]. In recent years, these diets are commonly adopted in order to obtain rapid weight loss and in some studies, they have been shown to improve longevity and reduce the onset of disease in experimental animals. Conversely, some human studies in which ketogenic diets were examined, suggest negative impacts on microbial ecology and gut health. These studies, however, were carried out in small cohorts with specific metabolic conditions, limiting the generalization to larger populations [115].
Vegan/vegetarian diets are both plant-rich diets associated with positive health outcomes and reduced risk of some diseases [116]. The beneficial effects of these diets on human health could also be linked to intestinal microbiota modulation. Plant-based foods are the primary source of dietary MACs, and it has been found that individuals who consume vegetarian or predominantly plant-based diets have a microbiota metabolically optimized for MAC fermentation. However, some intervention and cross-sectional studies have found only modest differences in microbiota composition between omnivores and vegetarians, and suggest that the effects of dietary patterns on the microbiota are greatest at the level of genus and species, but relatively minimal on broader compositional features such as diversity [117]. Despite the absence of a wide microbiota compositional shift, the species-level changes appear to be sufficient to alter metabolic outputs as SCFA production, which in vegetarians is typically increased. It is still unclear to what extent these microbiota-dependent metabolic outputs can mediate the beneficial effects of vegetarian diets.
Plant-based foods, in addition to supplying MACs, provide a diverse source of vitamins, polyphenols and other biologically active phytochemicals. Many phytochemicals may often reach the lower intestinal tract and have direct antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in the intestine. Furthermore, microbial enzymes can modify phytochemicals into metabolites with increased bioactivity [118, 119]. So, microbiome-mediated changes in phytochemical bioavailability can be an additional mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of plant-based diets.
Several studies classify the Mediterranean diet as the most healthy and balanced human diet. It is characterized by a beneficial fatty acid profile, rich in both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, high polyphenols and other antioxidants and high fiber intake. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes and nuts are at the basis of this diet, as well as consumption of fish and red wine [120]. The potential benefits of Mediterranean diet on the gut microbiota are linked to the increased levels of fecal SCFAs together with an increase of
Even if there are different types of Mediterranean diet, as well as several ketogenic diets (e.g. normo- or iper-proteic) and even vegetarian diets (with or without eggs, with or without fish), what can be concluded in general about the effects of dietary patterns on the intestinal microbiota is that all those patterns which, for various reasons, tend to restrict the amount of vegetables, seem to be inadvisable. Thus the Western diet, which is poor in fruit and vegetables, and the ketogenic diets, which necessarily eliminate fruit for its carbohydrate content, appear to be diets with a probable negative impact on the intestinal microbial ecology. Despite this, comparative controlled clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate the possible short-term and long-term effects of these dietary patterns on the gut microbiome.
Microbiota and its multiple connections, already described in the previous paragraphs, remind us that every human being is an unrepeatable and unique Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immuno-Somatic-Environmental unit that is constantly dynamic and interactive in its parts [121]. From this perspective, the gastrointestinal system should be evaluated and treated as a neuro-immuno-endocrine-visceral-microbial interface of the human body. The modulation of the gut microbiota and, consequently, of the immune system is a key function of this complex network. Any disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, be it functional or with organic inflammatory basis, involves cells belonging to multiple tissues, including the sphere of the microbiota, and is therefore continuously reflected at the systemic level.
Consequently, even medicinal plants can, indeed should, act at multiple levels of the organism through direct and indirect actions that certainly, with various types of mechanisms, involve the Intestinal Immune System (IIS) and the intestinal microbiota. The action of fungi and medicinal plants is exerted on the gastrointestinal system through the immunomodulating, antioxidant and protective properties of the microbiota. Furthermore, the protection of the biofilm and the intestinal barrier, in the structuring of which the microbiota directly and actively participates, also fall within these therapeutic actions. These effects on the intestinal barrier and on the gastrointestinal system can obviously also have systemic consequences.
Several medicinal plants and fungi are described in the scientific literature as being able to act positively on various acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal system, most of these are also part of the medical tradition of one or more regions of the world.
Medicinal mushrooms that have been used in most preclinical and clinical studies are
In this brief discussion, we will limit ourselves to analyzing the scientific literature supporting possible therapeutic use of some of these fungi and these plants, in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis, the two components that are always associated in almost all pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.
The drugs used are the fruiting body and/or the mycelium in aqueous or hydroalcoholic or alcoholic extracts titrated and standardized in one or more of the following components: polysaccharides and beta-glucans (with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action), alpha-glucans, diterpenes and triterpenes and polyphenols [125, 126].
The most studied activities of this fungus relate to its immunomodulatory effects on the gut, its anti-inflammatory systemic activity, but also its prebiotic activities on the intestinal microbiota [127].
A single protein, called HEP3, isolated from
Similar results were obtained in a model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. DSS treatment resulted in increased relative abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria and decreased amounts of Bacteroidetes in fecal samples, compared to the control group. Treatment of colitic mice with dry power of fermented
The most studied activities of this mushroom are the immunostimulatory effect exerted on the gut but also at systemic level. However, there is also evidence of prebiotic activity on the microbiota, although this could be secondary to a direct effect on immune system components. Its powerful immunomodulatory effects led to extend its field of use also to the therapy of tumors, a topic which, however, goes beyond the themes of this chapter [138]. In DSS-induced colitis in rats,
In a mouse model of pancreatitis, induced by diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), polysaccharides from
Finally, it should be emphasized that even if all these mushroom preparations can be easily found for free sale, and even if they do not seem to have side effects, it is a good practice to never use them in self-prescriptions as their direct interactions with drugs, or their effects on detoxifying enzymes such as CYP, have not yet been studied or poorly known. For example, Chaga extract inhibited platelet aggregation in mice. It may also have synergistic effects when used with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs, but the clinical relevance in humans is not known [143]. Chaga may also interact with hypoglycemic agents drugs, since it has demonstrated to possess hypoglycemic activity in animals [144, 145]. A single case-report described oxalate nephropathy as a side effect associated with the ingestion of Chaga mushroom powder (4–5 teaspoons daily for 6 months), in a 72-year-old Japanese woman with liver cancer [146].
Chaga effects on detoxifying enzymes such as CYP have not yet been studied. Reishi may increase the risk of bleeding, interfering with anticoagulants/antiplatelets drugs [147]. Reishi can also enhance immune response and this effect should be taken into account in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Finally, at least
As for
Aromatic plants are a wide group of herbs with characteristics aroma due to the presence of high amounts of volatile compounds known as EOs. Consequently, aromatic plants have always constituted a characteristic aspect of the gastronomic traditions. In recent years, the use of these aromatic plants has been replaced, especially in countries with high per capita income, with artificial flavors that allow the elaboration of more sophisticated aromas that in many cases are kept secret by the food industry, to avoid plagiarism. This replacement is certainly part of the transition from the traditional cuisines to the so-called western diet, the process called westernization of the diet that has taken place in many countries, parallel to the increase in the incidence of many intestinal diseases related to alterations of the gut microbioma, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) [157]. EOs have multitarget effects on the intestine due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory but also antimicrobial properties directed on the bacterial, yeasts, fungi and viruses components of the human microbioma [158]. The antibacterial activity of EOs depends on the concentration that they reach into the gut, but also on the species of bacteria that they encounter. In fact, some OEs have more marked effects (i.e. lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations or MICs) for bacterial species considered pathogenic, while showing less activity (i.e. higher MICs) towards components of the microbiota such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli [159]. This multitarget positive effects of EOs on the intestinal microbiota, different from those obtained with the use of probiotics and prebiotics, has not found a definition in the literature yet. Hence, we propose here for the first time the term “eubiotic” activity since EOs restore the intestinal microbiota back to a physiological state of eubiosis, when a dysbiosis has been established into the gut.
There is no doubt that EOs are able to modulate the intestinal microbioma for their antimicrobial activities, which is one of the reasons why nature has selected these complex mixtures of active molecules with evolution. EOs may have “eubiotic” effects thanks to their capability to control and modulate bacterial growth, acting both as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents [160]. In fact, due to their lipophilic properties, EOs can penetrate membranes, and damage bacterial cells structure making their membranes more unstable and permeable. Membrane disruption may also lead to bacterial death caused by the significant leak of ions and other essential cytosolic components. These EO effects are generally more pronounced on Gram positive bacteria respect to Gram negative ones [161]. However, it has been demonstrated that EOs can also affect bacterial cell wall in Gram-negative bacterial strains [162]. Despite this, there are very few clinical studies of their eubiotic activity on humans, while the scientific data obtained on animals bred for human consumption or on experimental animal models are numerous and really convincing.
In broiler chickens, EOs have been widely adopted to improve intestinal microbiota and, as a consequence, to boost the growth performances of farmed animals. For example, the effects of liquidambar essential oils (LEO) isolated from Turkish sweet gum leaves (
Broiler chicken is not the only farmed animal treated with EOs for the purpose of modifying microbiota and reduce the susceptibility to infection by pathogenic bacteria. In farmed rainbow trout, the treatment with a mixed EO (containing eucalyptus, oregano, thyme and sweet orange EOs) caused significant microbiota changes in alpha and beta diversity, increasing also their growth performance and the final product quality. [165]. In farmed pigs, oral administration of a EO mixture (containing cinnamon and oregano EOs) caused a significant decrease of infections caused by two porcine diarrhetic enterotoxigenic
Two different essential oils were tested on farmed ducks, again in order to improve their growth performance and also to replace the use of antibiotics in animal farming. One consisted of oregano oil, the second of thyme and cinnamon oil. Both of these EO preparations were able to decrease the cecal populations of coliforms and lactose-negative enterobacteria, demonstrating also in these animals an eubiotic effect of these OE on the gut microbiota [167].
Even on farmed crustaceans, a blend of organic acids and essential oils was tested for the improvement gut microbiota and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimps. Results demonstrated that this mixture was capable to enhance microbiota diversity and richness, increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and reducing the abundance of Proteobacteria. Also, a significant increase in the abundance of
All these studies as a whole demonstrate without doubt the eubiotic potential of orally administered EOs. Furthermore, they clearly demonstrate that dosages effective for modulating the microbiota are free of toxic effects on animals. Nevertheless, it remains rather difficult to understand which components of EOs are most active for modulating the microbiota, because of their natural complexity and their use in mixtures. For these reasons, several studies have explored the eubiotic properties of EO single molecules. The most studied was certainly geraniol, for its interesting antimicrobial potential. Geraniol antibacterial activity seems to be linked to his property to destabilize bacterial cell wall and damage transmembrane efflux pumps [168]. Despite being absorbed very quickly and in an active manner by the small intestine mucosa, geraniol is reported to positively modulate the colitis-associated dysbiosis when administered by oral route by using a controlled delivery system based on microencapsulation [169]. In mice but also in humans, geraniol has demonstrated to act as an excellent modulator of intestinal microbiota, capable to boost populations of butyrate-producer bacteria such as
Another interesting EO molecule with antibacterial activities is eugenol (2-Methoxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl) phenol), the major compound present in clove oil, but also found in many other EOs. Eugenol has demonstrated antimicrobial activities based on a non-specific permeabilization of the bacterial membrane with depletion of adenosin triphosphate (ATP), an energy moiety necessary for bacterial metabolism and survival [170]. This effect has been observed against gut pathobionts such as
Cinnamaldehyde (2E-3-Phenylprop-2-enal) is a phenylpropanoid naturally present in the plant of the genus
Other molecules, such as thymol do not seem to show eubiotic effects in the gut, being non-selective and affecting all the intestinal bacteria and therefore behaving like a broad-spectrum antibiotics, depleting the microbiota even when administered at low dosages with a negative impact also on commensal bacteria [159].
Carvacrol, a major component of oregano EO, showed to inhibit bacterial adhesion, invasion and biofilm development in cultured intestinal cells [144, 145]. In farmed broiler, treatment with carvacrol-rich EO was tested to control the pathogenic bacteria spreading inside the farms. Results of these studies demonstrated that carvacrol reduced the microbial counts of
Limonene (1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclohex-1-ene) is a cyclic monoterpene present in high amount in EO of citrus fruit peels that has widely demonstrated antimicrobial and eubiotic effects
Eucalyptol (1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid. It is the major compound in
Menthol (5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol) is a chiral alcohol and the main molecule present in cornmint and peppermint EOs. It has been well known for its use in foods as a cooling and minty-smell aroma. Many
Fungi were reported to represent about 0,1% of all the microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tracts. Maybe also for this reason, despite the presence of fungi in the intestine has been known for many years, in depth studies of the human mycobiome were only recently performed [183]. Together with bacteria, fungi contribute to the modulation of the intestinal immune system [184]. Many of them have a clear pathogenic potential even if, physiologically, they are commensals in our bodies. Only in some specific conditions their overgrowth can lead to well-known mycosis. The best known fungal pathogen of humans is certainly
EOs antimycotic activities are characterized by a broad spectrum of actions [189].
Limonene has shown to possess strong antifungal properties [192] and in particular an excellent anti-
Mentha EOs have demonstrated good antimycotic activities against different fungi genus, including
Clove EO has been traditionally used in dentistry for its anesthetic and antimicrobial activities [197]. Its anti-fungal action has been attributed to eugenol, the major clove oil molecule. A recent study indicated that Clove EO, at concentrations that ranged between 0,03% and 0.25% (v/v), inhibited the biofilm formation in many
EOs have also been shown to have strong antiviral activities, which could affect the gut virome, which is an integral part of the human microbiota [200]. To date, no study has been performed to understand the impact of EOs on the intestinal virome. The main physiological viral component of the gastrointestinal tract is represented by prophages or phages [201]. The bacteriophage component is mainly composed by temperate virus of the Caudovirales order, but most of the detected viral sequences in human gut virome could not be attributed to known viruses [202] and to date it is estimated that the number of virus in human stools is up to 109 per gram [203]. Despite it is clear that EOs may impact on the intestinal virome composition by modulating all the microbiota components, it could be really difficult to understand the direct impact of EOs on the intestinal viruses and the consequences of this modulation on the intestinal ecology.
The scientific data present in the literature undoubtedly demonstrate that some EOs and some of their components are able to positively modulate the human intestinal microbiota, acting in a differentiated way on pathobiontic microorganisms, without altering or even improving the component of microorganisms defined as healthier commensals. This selective antimicrobial activity is certain for the bacterial component of the intestinal microbiota, conceivable for fungi, but at the moment completely unknown for viruses. It is therefore possible to define with certainty an eubiotic activity for some EOs and some of their components, such as for example geraniol, eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde and limonene, which can properly be considered as eubiotics. Finally, it is interesting to note that the antibacterial activities of these compounds are always multitarget and that for this reason the bacteria are unable to develop resistance. These data associated with the low toxicity of these compounds (by oral administration), suggests that these EOs may be part of a long-term therapy aimed at restoring an eubiotic and resilient microbial ecosystem.
The authors thank Dr. Alberto Sardo for illuminating us on the infinite potential of essential oils.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This research received no external funding.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5096.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof. Dr. Maged",middleName:null,surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.-dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof. Dr. Maged Marghany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49930",doi:"10.5772/62242",title:"Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques",slug:"monitoring-the-coastal-environment-using-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques",totalDownloads:2711,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The coastal zone has been of importance for economic development and ecological restoration due to their rich natural resources and vulnerable ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the monitoring of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere on a global, regional, and even local scale, by providing important coverage, mapping and classification of land cover features such as vegetation, soil, water and forests. This chapter introduced the methods for monitoring the coastal environment using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Case studies of port expansion monitoring in typical coastal regions, together with the coastal environment changes analysis were also presented.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao and Jingying Fu",authors:[{id:"25222",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"dong-jiang",fullName:"Dong Jiang"},{id:"176843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingying",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"jingying-fu",fullName:"Jingying Fu"},{id:"176844",title:"MSc.",name:"Mengmeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",slug:"mengmeng-hao",fullName:"Mengmeng Hao"}]},{id:"49825",doi:"10.5772/62132",title:"Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf",slug:"management-of-marine-protected-zones-case-study-of-bahrain-arabian-gulf",totalDownloads:2929,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Coastal and marine environments in Bahrain are characterized by a variety of habitats, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and mangroves that support some of the most endangered species such as dugongs and turtles. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered the most advocated approach for marine conservation. Several MPAs have been established in Bahrain. This study explores the ecological and legal contexts of MPAs in Bahrain and evaluates the effectiveness of these MPAs in achieving their conservation goals. Although MPAs are contributing to the protection of critical coastal and marine habitats and their associated flora and fauna, there is yet further need to strengthen efforts on conserving coastal and marine environments in Bahrain. Effectiveness of MPAs in Bahrain could be enhanced by developing management plans, implementing the necessary regulatory measures, and investing in long-term monitoring and research programs. Findings of this study could contribute to wider regional and international experience of the effectiveness of MPAs in protecting important coastal and marine environments.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Humood A. Naser",authors:[{id:"50322",title:"Dr.",name:"Humood",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",slug:"humood-naser",fullName:"Humood Naser"}]},{id:"49642",doi:"10.5772/61979",title:"Engineering Tools for the Estimation of Dredging-Induced Sediment Resuspension and Coastal Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-tools-for-the-estimation-of-dredging-induced-sediment-resuspension-and-coastal-environme",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to environmental impacts that may result from resuspension, sedimentation and increase in concentration of chemicals during dredging activities. Dredging dislodges and resuspends bottom sediments that are not captured by dredge-head movements. Resuspended sediments are advected far from the dredging site as a dredging plume and the increase in the suspended solid concentration (SSC) can strongly differ, in time and space, depending on site and operational conditions. Well-established international guidelines often include numerical modelling applications to support environmental studies related to dredging activities. Despite the attention that has been focused on this issue, there is a lack of verified predictive techniques of plume dynamics at progressive distances from the different dredging sources, as a function of the employed dredging techniques and work programs, i.e., spatial and temporal variation of resuspension source. This chapter illustrates predictive techniques to estimate the SSC arising from dredges with different mechanisms of sediment release and to assess the spatial and temporal variability of the resulting plume in estuarine and coastal areas. Predictive tools are aimed to support technical choices during planning and operational phases and to better plan the location and frequency of environmental monitoring activities during dredging execution.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Iolanda Lisi, Marcello Di Risio, Paolo De Girolamo and Massimo\nGabellini",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"},{id:"116232",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Gabellini",slug:"massimo-gabellini",fullName:"Massimo Gabellini"},{id:"176998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lisi",slug:"iolanda-lisi",fullName:"Iolanda Lisi"},{id:"177000",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo"}]},{id:"49688",doi:"10.5772/61991",title:"Review of Mercury Circulation Changes in the Coastal Zone of Southern Baltic Sea",slug:"review-of-mercury-circulation-changes-in-the-coastal-zone-of-southern-baltic-sea",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Despite its undoubted usability, mercury (Hg) is the most toxic metal and one of the most toxic elements. The problem of mercury toxicity was only widely explored in the second half of the 20th century, following cases of fatal poisonings as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish and grains preserved with mercury compounds. According to HELCOM reports, Hg emission in the Baltic region at the beginning of the 21st century was lower than during the 1980s. In addition to mercury transformation, climate warming, particularly in the autumn-winter season, is another factor contributing to the changes in mercury circulation, especially in the area of land-sea contact. The increase in rainfall, particularly in the summer, is of particular importance for the marine environment. This is related to an increased inflow of Hg with wet precipitation, but the warm season is also favourable for intensive growth of sea organisms and, consequently, a faster accumulation of chemical substances, including toxic ones. As a result, the concentration of mercury in organism biomass increases.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Magdalena Bełdowska",authors:[{id:"176840",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Bełdowska",slug:"magdalena-beldowska",fullName:"Magdalena Bełdowska"}]},{id:"49999",doi:"10.5772/62205",title:"Fabrication and Properties of Zinc Composite Coatings for Mitigation of Corrosion in Coastal and Marine Zone",slug:"fabrication-and-properties-of-zinc-composite-coatings-for-mitigation-of-corrosion-in-coastal-and-mar",totalDownloads:1742,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Deterioration of metals and alloys during service due to corrosion and wear phenomena shortens materials’ life span and structural integrity particularly in aggressive environments such as coastal and marine. This degradation also limits the use of these materials in most industrial applications. Therefore, the improvement of the quality of these materials in order to combat these challenges in industry remains critical. Surface modification techniques are employed to enhance materials’ properties to enable better performance and to extend their applications in demanding environments. Electrodeposition has been a useful method developed to improve the corrosion and mechanical properties of materials. In the present contribution, ample knowledge about electrodeposition of Zn composite/nanocomposite coatings and their characteristics are reviewed to address coastal and marine degradation of metals and alloys.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Patricia A.I. Popoola, Nicholus Malatji and Ojo Sunday Fayomi",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola"},{id:"174331",title:"Dr.",name:"Ojo Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Fayomi",slug:"ojo-sunday-fayomi",fullName:"Ojo Sunday Fayomi"},{id:"176997",title:"Mr.",name:"Nicholus",middleName:null,surname:"Malatji",slug:"nicholus-malatji",fullName:"Nicholus Malatji"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49582",title:"Geological Evolution of Coastal and Marine Environments off the Campania Continental Shelf Through Marine Geological Mapping - The Example of the Cilento Promontory",slug:"geological-evolution-of-coastal-and-marine-environments-off-the-campania-continental-shelf-through-m",totalDownloads:1448,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The geological evolution of coastal and marine environments offshore the Cilento Promontory through marine geological mapping is discussed here. The marine geological map n. 502 “Agropoli,” located offshore the Cilento Promontory (southern Italy), is described and put in regional geologic setting. The study area covers water depths ranging between 30 and 200 m isobaths. The geologic map has been constructed in the frame of a research program financed by the National Geological Survey of Italy (CARG Project), finalized to the construction of an up-to-date cartography of the Campania region. Geological and geophysical data on the continental shelf and slope offshore the southern Campania region have been acquired in an area bounded northward by the Gulf of Salerno and southward by the Gulf of Policastro. A high-resolution multibeam bathymetry has permitted the construction of a digital elevation model (DEM). Sidescan sonar profiles have also been collected and interpreted, and their merging with bathymetric data has allowed for the realization of the base for the marine geologic cartography. The calibration of geophysical data has been attempted through sea-bottom samples. The morpho-structures and the seismic sequences overlying the outcrops of acoustic basement reported in the cartographic representation have been studied in detail using single-channel seismics. The interpretation of seismic profiles has been a support for the reconstruction of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the Quaternary continental shelf successions and the outcrops of rocky acoustic basement in correspondence to the Licosa Cape morpho-structural high. These areas result from the seaward prolongation of the stratigraphic and structural units, widely cropping out in the surrounding emerged sector of the Cilento Promontory. The cartographic approach is based on the recognition of laterally coeval depositional systems, interpreted in the frame of system tracts of the Late Quaternary depositional sequence.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Gemma Aiello and Ennio Marsella",authors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}]},{id:"49642",title:"Engineering Tools for the Estimation of Dredging-Induced Sediment Resuspension and Coastal Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-tools-for-the-estimation-of-dredging-induced-sediment-resuspension-and-coastal-environme",totalDownloads:2337,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to environmental impacts that may result from resuspension, sedimentation and increase in concentration of chemicals during dredging activities. Dredging dislodges and resuspends bottom sediments that are not captured by dredge-head movements. Resuspended sediments are advected far from the dredging site as a dredging plume and the increase in the suspended solid concentration (SSC) can strongly differ, in time and space, depending on site and operational conditions. Well-established international guidelines often include numerical modelling applications to support environmental studies related to dredging activities. Despite the attention that has been focused on this issue, there is a lack of verified predictive techniques of plume dynamics at progressive distances from the different dredging sources, as a function of the employed dredging techniques and work programs, i.e., spatial and temporal variation of resuspension source. This chapter illustrates predictive techniques to estimate the SSC arising from dredges with different mechanisms of sediment release and to assess the spatial and temporal variability of the resulting plume in estuarine and coastal areas. Predictive tools are aimed to support technical choices during planning and operational phases and to better plan the location and frequency of environmental monitoring activities during dredging execution.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Iolanda Lisi, Marcello Di Risio, Paolo De Girolamo and Massimo\nGabellini",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"},{id:"116232",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Gabellini",slug:"massimo-gabellini",fullName:"Massimo Gabellini"},{id:"176998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lisi",slug:"iolanda-lisi",fullName:"Iolanda Lisi"},{id:"177000",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo"}]},{id:"50060",title:"Depositional Environment of Phosphorites of the Sonrai Basin, Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India",slug:"depositional-environment-of-phosphorites-of-the-sonrai-basin-lalitpur-district-uttar-pradesh-india",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Phosphates are regarded as one of the most important fertilizer minerals used by man. In Sonrai basin of Lalitpur the phosphorites are found to occur as lenticular and detached bodies throughout the Formation of the Bijawar Group. Individual bodies range from a few meters to about 4 km in length, and width varies from thin bands to about 125 meter with P2O5 concentration ranging from 10 to 20%. The Paleoproterozoic Bijawar Group are overlain by the Archaean Bundelkhand Basement Complex and underlain by Vindhyan Supergroup. The occurrence of phosphorites is confined to the Sonrai Formation which consists of massive to brecciated phosphorite within the lower reddish shales, with at least three bands identified. Megascopic study reveals that the brecciated phosphorite is reddish brown in color and fine to medium grained with angular fragments of chert and quartz embedded in a groundmass of iron oxides and secondary silica intercalated with minor veins of chert and iron oxides. The phosphorite horizon in the Lalitpur area is associated with pink to white brecciated massive quartzite, shale, dolomite and limestone of the basal unit. The concentration trends of certain major oxides indicate that the phosphorites are more enriched in CaO, P2O5 and SiO2 than Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, Na2O and K2O. The concentration trends of trace elements reveal that the phosphorites are moderately enriched in Co, Zn, Zr, Pb, U than in Sc, Ba, V, Cr, Ni, , Rb, Sr, Y and Th. The dispersion patter, correlation coefficient and mutual relationship of significant major oxides represented by plotted diagrams, indicate that SiO2, CaO, MgO are antipathetically related with P2O5. The relationship suggests a gradual replacement among these oxides during diagenesis. High values of P2O5 and CaO in the phosphorites indicate more concentration of apatite constituent. The difference in geochemical behavior of CaO and MgO may be due to ionic substitution of Ca+2 by MgO+2 in the apatite crystal lattice during alkaline environment of the basin. The strong negative relationship between P2O5 with Fe2O3 in phosphorites may be due to leaching and/mild weathering of iron from the ores and reprecipitation along with P2O5 in the pore spaces, cavities/voids, veins, etc in highly oxidizing marine environment of the basin. The minimum evidence of organic matter, absence of sulphide minerals and lower concentration of V, Ni, and Cu suggest that the phosphorites were deposited in an oxidizing environment with slightly anaerobic to highly aerobic facies.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Shamim A. Dar and K. F. Khan",authors:[{id:"176685",title:"Dr.",name:"Shamim",middleName:"A",surname:"Dar",slug:"shamim-dar",fullName:"Shamim Dar"},{id:"181312",title:"Dr.",name:"K.F",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"k.f-khan",fullName:"K.F Khan"},{id:"181314",title:"Dr.",name:"Saif A",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"saif-a-khan",fullName:"Saif A Khan"}]},{id:"49930",title:"Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques",slug:"monitoring-the-coastal-environment-using-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques",totalDownloads:2707,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The coastal zone has been of importance for economic development and ecological restoration due to their rich natural resources and vulnerable ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the monitoring of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere on a global, regional, and even local scale, by providing important coverage, mapping and classification of land cover features such as vegetation, soil, water and forests. This chapter introduced the methods for monitoring the coastal environment using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Case studies of port expansion monitoring in typical coastal regions, together with the coastal environment changes analysis were also presented.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Dong Jiang, Mengmeng Hao and Jingying Fu",authors:[{id:"25222",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"dong-jiang",fullName:"Dong Jiang"},{id:"176843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingying",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"jingying-fu",fullName:"Jingying Fu"},{id:"176844",title:"MSc.",name:"Mengmeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",slug:"mengmeng-hao",fullName:"Mengmeng Hao"}]},{id:"49825",title:"Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf",slug:"management-of-marine-protected-zones-case-study-of-bahrain-arabian-gulf",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Coastal and marine environments in Bahrain are characterized by a variety of habitats, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and mangroves that support some of the most endangered species such as dugongs and turtles. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are considered the most advocated approach for marine conservation. Several MPAs have been established in Bahrain. This study explores the ecological and legal contexts of MPAs in Bahrain and evaluates the effectiveness of these MPAs in achieving their conservation goals. Although MPAs are contributing to the protection of critical coastal and marine habitats and their associated flora and fauna, there is yet further need to strengthen efforts on conserving coastal and marine environments in Bahrain. Effectiveness of MPAs in Bahrain could be enhanced by developing management plans, implementing the necessary regulatory measures, and investing in long-term monitoring and research programs. Findings of this study could contribute to wider regional and international experience of the effectiveness of MPAs in protecting important coastal and marine environments.",book:{id:"5096",slug:"applied-studies-of-coastal-and-marine-environments",title:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Applied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments"},signatures:"Humood A. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"213308",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Manuel Víctor",middleName:null,surname:"López-González",slug:"manuel-victor-lopez-gonzalez",fullName:"Manuel Víctor López-González",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213308/images/10301_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"169212",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",middleName:null,surname:"Svorc",slug:"pavol-svorc",fullName:"Pavol Svorc",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169212/images/system/169212.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pavol Švorc is an Associate Professor, Doctor of the Natural Sciences, Philosophe Doctor. In 1982 he became a Doctor of the Natural Sciences from General Biology, Natural Faculty, Šafarik’s University in Košice. In 1995 he received a PhD. – Physiology and Patophysiology, Natural Faculty Šafarik’s University in Košice. In 2005 he became an Associate Professor from Normal and Patological Physiology, Medical Faculty, Šafarik’s University in Košice. From 1982 to 1983 Dr.Švorc worked as an independent specialist in the local museum in Poprad, Slovakia. In 1983 he started working as a lecturer at the Department of Physiology, Šafarik’s University in Kosice, Slovakia. From\r\n2011 until 2014 he was a Head of the Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. His research interest includes:\r\nChronobiology of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and autonomic nervous system.",institutionString:"Pavol Josef Safarik University",institution:{name:"University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik",country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318757",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Irina Alexandrovna",middleName:null,surname:"Savvina",slug:"irina-alexandrovna-savvina",fullName:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318757/images/18742_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"28",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",keywords:"Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, Embryos, Cryopreservation, Conservation, Breeding, Epigenetics",scope:"The advances of knowledge on animal reproductive biology and technologies revolutionized livestock production. Artificial insemination, for example, was the first technology applied on a large scale, initially in dairy cattle and afterward applied to other species. Nowadays, embryo production and transfer are used commercially along with other technologies to modulate epigenetic regulation. Gene editing is also emerging as an innovative tool. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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