Comparison of the separation techniques.
\r\n\tIn sum, the book presents a reflective analysis of the pedagogical hubs for a changing world, considering the most fundamental areas of the current contingencies in education.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-793-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-792-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-794-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b01f9136149277b7e4cbc1e52bce78ec",bookSignature:"Dr. María Jose Hernandez-Serrano",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10229.jpg",keywords:"Teacher Digital Competences, Flipped Learning, Online Resources Design, Neuroscientific Literacy (Myths), Emotions and Learning, Multisensory Stimulation, Citizen Skills, Violence Prevention, Moral Development, Universal Design for Learning, Sensitizing on Diversity, Supportive Strategies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 14th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 12th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 11th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 30th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Phil. Maria Jose Hernandez Serrano is a tenured lecturer in the Department of Theory and History of Education at the University of Salamanca, where she currently teaches on Teacher Education. She graduated in Social Education (2000) and Psycho-Pedagogy (2003) at the University of Salamanca. Then, she obtained her European Ph.D. in Education and Training in Virtual Environments by research with the University of Manchester, UK (2009).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"187893",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Serrano",slug:"maria-jose-hernandez-serrano",fullName:"María Jose Hernandez-Serrano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187893/images/system/187893.jpg",biography:"DPhil Maria Jose Hernandez Serrano is a tenured Lecturer in the Department of Theory and History of Education at the University of Salamanca (Spain), where she currently teaches on Teacher Education. She graduated in Social Education (2000) and Psycho-Pedagogy (2003) at the University of Salamanca. Then, she obtained her European Ph.D. on Education and Training in Virtual Environments by research with the University of Manchester, UK (2009). She obtained a Visiting Scholar Postdoctoral Grant (of the British Academy, UK) at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford (2011) and was granted with a postdoctoral research (in 2021) at London Birbeck University.\n \nShe is author of more than 20 research papers, and more than 35 book chapters (H Index 10). She is interested in the study of the educational process and the analysis of cognitive and affective processes in the context of neuroeducation and neurotechnologies, along with the study of social contingencies affecting the educational institutions and requiring new skills for educators.\n\nHer publications are mainly of the educational process mediated by technologies and digital competences. Currently, her new research interests are: the transdisciplinary application of the brain-based research to the educational context and virtual environments, and the neuropedagogical implications of the technologies on the development of the brain in younger students. Also, she is interested in the promotion of creative and critical uses of digital technologies, the emerging uses of social media and transmedia, and the informal learning through technologies.\n\nShe is a member of several research Networks and Scientific Committees in international journals on Educational Technologies and Educommunication, and collaborates as a reviewer in several prestigious journals (see public profile in Publons).\n\nUntil March 2010 she was in charge of the Adult University of Salamanca, by coordinating teaching activities of more than a thousand adult students. She currently is, since 2014, the Secretary of the Department of Theory and History of Education. Since 2015 she collaborates with the Council Educational Program by training teachers and families in the translation of advances from educational neuroscience.",institutionString:"University of Salamanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Salamanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"29671",title:"Intensified Chemotherapy with Stem Cell Support for Solid Tumors in Adults: 30 Years of Investigations Can Provide Some Clear Answers?",doi:"10.5772/26627",slug:"intensified-chemotherapy-with-stem-cell-support-for-solid-tumor-30-years-of-investigations-can-provi",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29671.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29671",totalDownloads:1144,totalViews:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 10th 2011",dateReviewed:"July 4th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/29671",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/29671",book:{slug:"new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation"},signatures:"Paolo Pedrazzoli, Giovanni Rosti, Simona Secondino, Marco Bregni and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",email:"Taner.Demirer@medicine.ankara.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Ankara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"813",title:"New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/813.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29654",title:"Generation of Patient Specific Stem Cells: A Human Model System",slug:"generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stina Simonsson, Cecilia Borestrom and Julia Asp",authors:[{id:"106347",title:"Dr.",name:"Stina",middleName:null,surname:"Simonsson",fullName:"Stina Simonsson",slug:"stina-simonsson"}]},{id:"29655",title:"Importance of Non-HLA Gene Polymorphisms in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"importance-of-non-hla-gene-polymorphisms-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jeane Visentainer and Ana Sell",authors:[{id:"63282",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeane",middleName:"Eliete Laguila",surname:"Visentainer",fullName:"Jeane Visentainer",slug:"jeane-visentainer"},{id:"64275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Sell",fullName:"Ana Sell",slug:"ana-sell"}]},{id:"29656",title:"Relevance of HLA Expression Variants in Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"relevance-of-hla-expression-variants-in-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:2059,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Britta Eiz-Vesper and Rainer Blasczyk",authors:[{id:"67742",title:"Dr.",name:"Britta",middleName:null,surname:"Eiz-Vesper",fullName:"Britta Eiz-Vesper",slug:"britta-eiz-vesper"},{id:"72037",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Blasczyk",fullName:"Rainer Blasczyk",slug:"rainer-blasczyk"}]},{id:"29657",title:"The T-Cells’ Role in Antileukemic Reactions - Perspectives for Future Therapies’",slug:"the-t-cells-role-in-anti-leukaemic-reactions-perspectives-for-future-therapies-",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Helga Maria Schmetzer and Christoph Schmid",authors:[{id:"64883",title:"Prof.",name:"Helga",middleName:null,surname:"Schmetzer",fullName:"Helga Schmetzer",slug:"helga-schmetzer"},{id:"125644",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",fullName:"Christoph Schmid",slug:"christoph-schmid"}]},{id:"29658",title:"Determination of Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokines in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"determination-of-th1-th2-th17-cytokines-in-patients-undergoing-an-allogeneic-hematopoietic-stem-cell",totalDownloads:1392,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya, Rubén López-Santiago, Jorge Vela-Ojeda, Laura Montiel-Cervantes, Octavio Rodríguez-Cortes and Martha Moreno-Lafont",authors:[{id:"65309",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha C.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Lafont",fullName:"Martha C. Moreno-Lafont",slug:"martha-c.-moreno-lafont"}]},{id:"29659",title:"Licensed to Kill: Towards Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy",slug:"licensed-to-kill-towards-natural-killer-cell-therapy",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Diana N. Eissens, Arnold van der Meer and Irma Joosten",authors:[{id:"70311",title:"Prof.",name:"Irma",middleName:null,surname:"Joosten",fullName:"Irma Joosten",slug:"irma-joosten"},{id:"119873",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:"N.",surname:"Eissens",fullName:"Diana Eissens",slug:"diana-eissens"},{id:"119874",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Meer",fullName:"Arnold Van Der Meer",slug:"arnold-van-der-meer"}]},{id:"29660",title:"Dendritic Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"dendritic-cells-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1722,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yannick Willemen, Khadija Guerti, Herman Goossens, Zwi Berneman, Viggo Van Tendeloo and Evelien Smits",authors:[{id:"64957",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelien",middleName:null,surname:"Smits",fullName:"Evelien Smits",slug:"evelien-smits"},{id:"71494",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadija",middleName:null,surname:"Guerti",fullName:"Khadija Guerti",slug:"khadija-guerti"},{id:"71495",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannick",middleName:null,surname:"Willemen",fullName:"Yannick Willemen",slug:"yannick-willemen"},{id:"78017",title:"Prof.",name:"Zwi",middleName:null,surname:"Berneman",fullName:"Zwi Berneman",slug:"zwi-berneman"},{id:"118891",title:"Prof.",name:"Viggo",middleName:null,surname:"Van Tendeloo",fullName:"Viggo Van Tendeloo",slug:"viggo-van-tendeloo"},{id:"118892",title:"Prof.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Goossens",fullName:"Herman Goossens",slug:"herman-goossens"}]},{id:"29661",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Immunomodulators in Transplantation",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-as-immunomodulators-in-transplantation",totalDownloads:2348,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nadia Zghoul, Mahmoud Aljurf and Said Dermime",authors:[{id:"70914",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Aljurf",fullName:"Mahmoud Aljurf",slug:"mahmoud-aljurf"},{id:"83887",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Dermime",fullName:"Said Dermime",slug:"said-dermime"},{id:"83903",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Zghoul",fullName:"Nadia Zghoul",slug:"nadia-zghoul"}]},{id:"29662",title:"Endovascular Methods for Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"endovascular-methods-for-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1692,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Johan Lundberg and Staffan Holmin",authors:[{id:"66141",title:"Prof.",name:"Staffan",middleName:null,surname:"Holmin",fullName:"Staffan Holmin",slug:"staffan-holmin"},{id:"119151",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Lundberg",fullName:"Johan Lundberg",slug:"johan-lundberg"}]},{id:"29663",title:"Dynamic Relationships of Collagen Extracellular Matrices on Cardiac Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells",slug:"dynamic-relationships-of-extracellular-matrices-on-cardiac-differentiation-of-human-mesenchymal-stem",totalDownloads:1676,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pearly Yong, Ling Qian, YingYing Chung and Winston Shim",authors:[{id:"69052",title:"Dr.",name:"Winston",middleName:null,surname:"Shim",fullName:"Winston Shim",slug:"winston-shim"}]},{id:"29664",title:"Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells",slug:"sources-of-hematopoietic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Piotr Rzepecki, Sylwia Oborska and Krzysztof Gawroński",authors:[{id:"63469",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylwia",middleName:null,surname:"Oborska",fullName:"Sylwia Oborska",slug:"sylwia-oborska"},{id:"70988",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Rzepecki",fullName:"Piotr Rzepecki",slug:"piotr-rzepecki"},{id:"70990",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Gawronski",fullName:"Krzysztof Gawronski",slug:"krzysztof-gawronski"}]},{id:"29665",title:"Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic and Non-Hematopoietic Stem Cells – A Review for the Clinician",slug:"cryopreservation-of-hematopoietic-and-non-hematopoietic-stem-cells-a-review-for-the-clinician",totalDownloads:5379,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David Berz and Gerald Colvin",authors:[{id:"66651",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Berz",fullName:"David Berz",slug:"david-berz"}]},{id:"29666",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-for-adult-acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia",totalDownloads:2270,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Stefania Paolini, Francesca Bonifazi, Giuseppe Bandini, Giuseppe Visani and Sebastian Giebel",authors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga"},{id:"79487",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Visani",fullName:"Giuseppe Visani",slug:"giuseppe-visani"},{id:"119687",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Paolini",fullName:"Stefania Paolini",slug:"stefania-paolini"},{id:"119688",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bandini",fullName:"Giuseppe Bandini",slug:"giuseppe-bandini"},{id:"119689",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Bonifazi",fullName:"Francesca Bonifazi",slug:"francesca-bonifazi"},{id:"119691",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Giebel",fullName:"Sebastian Giebel",slug:"sebastian-giebel"}]},{id:"29667",title:"Treatment Options in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",slug:"treatment-options-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Klara Gadó and Gyula Domján",authors:[{id:"69128",title:"Dr.",name:"Klara",middleName:null,surname:"Gadó",fullName:"Klara Gadó",slug:"klara-gado"}]},{id:"29668",title:"Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Decision Making for Transplant",slug:"mantle-cell-lymphoma-decision-making-for-transplant",totalDownloads:1910,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yener Koc and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer"}]},{id:"29669",title:"Autologous Peripheral Blood Purified Stem Cells Transplantation for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",slug:"autologous-peripheral-blood-purified-stem-cells-transplantation-for-treatment-of-systemic-lupus-eryt",totalDownloads:1837,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ledong Sun and Bing Wang",authors:[{id:"63291",title:"Prof.",name:"Ledong",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Ledong Sun",slug:"ledong-sun"},{id:"119829",title:"Dr.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Bing Wang",slug:"bing-wang"}]},{id:"29670",title:"Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria",slug:"allogeneic-hematopoietic-cell-transplantation-for-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria",totalDownloads:1868,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Markiewicz Miroslaw, Koclega Anna, Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka Malgorzata, Dzierzak-Mietla Monika, Zielinska Patrycja, Frankiewicz Andrzej, Bialas Krzysztof and Kyrcz-Krzemien Slawomira",authors:[{id:"65460",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Markiewicz",fullName:"Miroslaw Markiewicz",slug:"miroslaw-markiewicz"},{id:"71260",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka",fullName:"Malgorzata Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka",slug:"malgorzata-sobczyk-kruszelnicka"},{id:"71262",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Dzierzak-Mietla",fullName:"Monika Dzierzak-Mietla",slug:"monika-dzierzak-mietla"},{id:"71263",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrycja",middleName:null,surname:"Zielinska",fullName:"Patrycja Zielinska",slug:"patrycja-zielinska"},{id:"71264",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Koclega",fullName:"Anna Koclega",slug:"anna-koclega"},{id:"71265",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:"Leslaw",surname:"Frankiewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Frankiewicz",slug:"andrzej-frankiewicz"},{id:"71266",title:"Prof.",name:"Slawomira",middleName:null,surname:"Kyrcz-Krzemien",fullName:"Slawomira Kyrcz-Krzemien",slug:"slawomira-kyrcz-krzemien"},{id:"118332",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Bialas",fullName:"Krzysztof Bialas",slug:"krzysztof-bialas"},{id:"119766",title:"Dr.",name:"Agata",middleName:null,surname:"Wieczorkiewicz-Kabut",fullName:"Agata Wieczorkiewicz-Kabut",slug:"agata-wieczorkiewicz-kabut"}]},{id:"29671",title:"Intensified Chemotherapy with Stem Cell Support for Solid Tumors in Adults: 30 Years of Investigations Can Provide Some Clear Answers?",slug:"intensified-chemotherapy-with-stem-cell-support-for-solid-tumor-30-years-of-investigations-can-provi",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paolo Pedrazzoli, Giovanni Rosti, Simona Secondino, Marco Bregni and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer"}]},{id:"29672",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Malignant Solid Tumors in Children",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-for-malignant-solid-tumors-in-children",totalDownloads:2720,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Toshihisa Tsuruta",authors:[{id:"64743",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuruta",fullName:"Toshihisa Tsuruta",slug:"toshihisa-tsuruta"}]},{id:"29673",title:"Stem Cells in Ophthalmology",slug:"stems-cells-in-ophtamology",totalDownloads:5688,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sara T. Wester and Jeffrey Goldberg",authors:[{id:"65383",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Wester",fullName:"Sara Wester",slug:"sara-wester"},{id:"71250",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"L",surname:"Goldberg",fullName:"Jeffrey Goldberg",slug:"jeffrey-goldberg"}]},{id:"29674",title:"Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation and Corneal Neovascularization",slug:"limbal-stem-cell-deficiency-and-corneal-neovascularization",totalDownloads:4413,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kishore Reddy Katikireddy and Jurkunas V. Ula",authors:[{id:"68078",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishore Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Katikireddy",fullName:"Kishore Reddy Katikireddy",slug:"kishore-reddy-katikireddy"},{id:"68079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ula",middleName:null,surname:"Jurkunas",fullName:"Ula Jurkunas",slug:"ula-jurkunas"}]},{id:"29675",title:"Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord",slug:"bone-marrow-stromal-cells-for-repair-of-the-injured-spinal-cord",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. S. Nandoe Tewarie Rishi, Oudega Martin and J. Ritfeld Gaby",authors:[{id:"73437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rishi",middleName:null,surname:"Nandoe Tewarie",fullName:"Rishi Nandoe Tewarie",slug:"rishi-nandoe-tewarie"},{id:"120205",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Oudega",fullName:"Martin Oudega",slug:"martin-oudega"},{id:"120206",title:"MSc.",name:"Gaby",middleName:null,surname:"Ritfeld",fullName:"Gaby Ritfeld",slug:"gaby-ritfeld"}]},{id:"29676",title:"What Do We Know About the Detailed Mechanism on How Stem Cells Generate Their Mode of Action",slug:"stem-cell-transplantation-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Riess and Marek Molcanyi",authors:[{id:"64818",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Riess",fullName:"Peter Riess",slug:"peter-riess"}]},{id:"29677",title:"Autologous Stem Cell Infusion for Treatment of Pulmonary Disease",slug:"five-cases-of-autologous-stem-cell-infusion-for-treatment-of-pulmonary-disease",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Neal M. Patel and Charles D. Burger",authors:[{id:"71318",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Burger",fullName:"Charles Burger",slug:"charles-burger"}]},{id:"29678",title:"Neurologic Sequealae of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)",slug:"neurologic-sequelae-of-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ami J. Shah, Tena Rosser and Fariba Goodarzian",authors:[{id:"65784",title:"Dr.",name:"Ami",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Ami Shah",slug:"ami-shah"},{id:"73936",title:"Dr.",name:"Fariba",middleName:null,surname:"Goodarzian",fullName:"Fariba Goodarzian",slug:"fariba-goodarzian"},{id:"73937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tena",middleName:null,surname:"Rosser",fullName:"Tena Rosser",slug:"tena-rosser"}]},{id:"29679",title:"Adenoviral Infection – Common Complication Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"adenoviral-infection-common-complication-following-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Iwona Bil-Lula, Marek Ussowicz and Mieczysław Woźniak",authors:[{id:"64803",title:"Dr.",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Bil-Lula",fullName:"Iwona Bil-Lula",slug:"iwona-bil-lula"},{id:"70971",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Ussowicz",fullName:"Marek Ussowicz",slug:"marek-ussowicz"},{id:"70972",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczysław",middleName:null,surname:"Woźniak",fullName:"Mieczysław Woźniak",slug:"mieczyslaw-wozniak"}]},{id:"29680",title:"A Systematic Review of Nonpharmacological Exercise-Based Rehabilitative Interventions in Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"exercise-based-rehabilitative-interventions-in-adults-with-haematological-disease-undergoing-allogen",totalDownloads:1870,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Jarden",authors:[{id:"71242",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"Jarden",fullName:"Mary Jarden",slug:"mary-jarden"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4609",title:"Progress in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"abbff25d9b960e013b0623b89cdf7367",slug:"progress-in-stem-cell-transplantation",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4609.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"48956",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Source and Storage",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-source-and-storage",signatures:"Sinem Civriz Bozdag and Osman İlhan",authors:[{id:"160957",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem Civriz",middleName:null,surname:"Bozdag",fullName:"Sinem Civriz Bozdag",slug:"sinem-civriz-bozdag"},{id:"173675",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Ilhan",fullName:"Osman Ilhan",slug:"osman-ilhan"}]},{id:"48779",title:"Progress in Cryopreservation of Stem Cells and Immune Cells for Cytotherapy",slug:"progress-in-cryopreservation-of-stem-cells-and-immune-cells-for-cytotherapy",signatures:"Zhiquan Shu, Shelly Heimfeld, Zhongping Huang, Carolyn Liu and\nDayong Gao",authors:[{id:"100298",title:"Prof.",name:"Dayong",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Dayong Gao",slug:"dayong-gao"},{id:"173780",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiquan",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Zhiquan Shu",slug:"zhiquan-shu"},{id:"175497",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelly",middleName:null,surname:"Heimfeld",fullName:"Shelly Heimfeld",slug:"shelly-heimfeld"},{id:"175498",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongping",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zhongping Huang",slug:"zhongping-huang"}]},{id:"49596",title:"Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Conditioning Regimen in Transplantation",slug:"use-of-monoclonal-antibodies-in-conditioning-regimen-in-transplantation",signatures:"Pervin Topcuoglu, Sinem Civriz Bozdag and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"160954",title:"Prof.",name:"Pervin",middleName:null,surname:"Topcuoglu",fullName:"Pervin Topcuoglu",slug:"pervin-topcuoglu"}]},{id:"49639",title:"Progress in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"progress-in-haploidentical-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",signatures:"Stefan O. Ciurea and Ulas D. Bayraktar",authors:[{id:"176456",title:"Dr.",name:"Darda",middleName:null,surname:"Bayraktar",fullName:"Darda Bayraktar",slug:"darda-bayraktar"}]},{id:"48754",title:"Cell Therapy in Huntington’s Disease",slug:"cell-therapy-in-huntington-s-disease",signatures:"Hyun Sook Kim and Jihwan Song",authors:[{id:"160503",title:"Prof.",name:"Jihwan",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Jihwan Song",slug:"jihwan-song"},{id:"174011",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun Sook",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyun Sook Kim",slug:"hyun-sook-kim"}]},{id:"48749",title:"Antiaging — Effect of Stem Cells on Aging and Stem Cell Aging",slug:"antiaging-effect-of-stem-cells-on-aging-and-stem-cell-aging",signatures:"Jisook Moon and Sang-Hun Bae",authors:[{id:"173648",title:"Prof.",name:"Jisook",middleName:null,surname:"Moon",fullName:"Jisook Moon",slug:"jisook-moon"},{id:"175638",title:"MSc.",name:"Snag-Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",fullName:"Snag-Hun Bae",slug:"snag-hun-bae"}]},{id:"49156",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Manufacturing for Clinical Use",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cell-manufacturing-for-clinical-use",signatures:"Franca Fagioli and Ivana Ferrero",authors:[{id:"173434",title:"Dr.",name:"Franca",middleName:null,surname:"Fagioli",fullName:"Franca Fagioli",slug:"franca-fagioli"}]},{id:"49004",title:"Trends in Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Applications for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration",slug:"trends-in-mesenchymal-stem-cells-applications-for-skeletal-muscle-repair-and-regeneration",signatures:"A.R. Caseiro, T. Pereira, P.J. Bártolo, J.D. Santos, A.L. Luís and A. C.\nMaurício",authors:[{id:"40796",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Bártolo",fullName:"Paulo Bártolo",slug:"paulo-bartolo"},{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio"},{id:"56292",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lúcia",middleName:null,surname:"Luís",fullName:"Ana Lúcia Luís",slug:"ana-lucia-luis"},{id:"161695",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Domingos",fullName:"José Domingos",slug:"jose-domingos"},{id:"174264",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Caseiro",fullName:"Ana Rita Caseiro",slug:"ana-rita-caseiro"},{id:"174267",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Tiago Pereira",slug:"tiago-pereira"}]},{id:"48953",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells — Their Antimicrobial Effects and Their Promising Future Role as Novel Therapies of Infectious Complications in High Risk Patients",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-their-antimicrobial-effects-and-their-promising-future-role-as-novel-therapie",signatures:"K.A. Al-Anazi and A.M. Al-Jasser",authors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Anazi",fullName:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-ahmed-al-anazi"},{id:"158060",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Jasser",fullName:"Asma Al-Jasser",slug:"asma-al-jasser"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72671",title:"Oil–Water Separation Techniques for Bilge Water Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91409",slug:"oil-water-separation-techniques-for-bilge-water-treatment",body:'\nShipping has a vital role in developing human society over the years, at which the shipping activities have linked the widely separated parts of the world through commercial relationships. In fact, the shipping industry is still developing from time to time with rapid industrial and digital economy growth. In Canada, the shipping industry has been established since 1840 and now undergone significant technological advances, where the size of ships that carry containers for international use continues to increase [1]. Even in Malaysia, the government has launched an initiative, namely, Malaysia Shipping Master Plan, that ensures the shipping industry is focused on developing itself and has a guide for future development. This initiative takes place from 2017 until 2022 with a “Revitalizing Shipping for a Stronger Economy” theme [2].
\nGenerally, there are three main classifications for the global cargo shipping industry, which are:
Wet bulk: Transportation of crude oil and other petroleum products
Dry bulk: Shipment of bulk goods
Liners: Small shipments of general commercial goods
Each of wet bulk, dry bulk, and liner shipping needs their specialized vessels, which are tankers, bulkers, and container ships, respectively [3].
\nFirstly, for wet bulk shipping, approximately a quarter of the goods transported by sea is dominated by crude oil [4]. The oils are transported from its production point to the purchasers by the wet bulk shipping or known as tankers. Majority of the crude oil is moved from the most significant oil-producing region, which is the Middle East, to the dominant importers like the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. Other than that, North America imports oil from the Caribbean and West America meanwhile West and North Africa export their oils to Europe [4].
\nNext, the largest group out of these three classifications is dry bulk shipping, where more than 50% of all loaded goods are handled by the bulkers, while 30 and 16% are for tankers and containers, respectively [5]. There is a vast range of solid cargoes transported by containers. Generally, there are five primary crucial bulk goods, which are coal, grain, iron ore, bauxite, and phosphates, in which iron ore and coal are the two goods that are transported the most [4]. Meanwhile, chemical packages and steel products are the example of the shipped minor bulk goods [6]. The main routes for iron ore transportation are from Australia and Brazil to Japan as well as from Brazil to Western Europe. While for coal, which is commonly used as steam coal in power stations to generate electricity, the leading exporters are from South Africa, Australia, Colombia, the East and West Coast of the United States, as well as Indonesia. Moreover, Australia, South Africa, Colombia, and the East Coast of the United States export their coal to Western Europe, whereas Japan receives the coal from the West Coast of the United States, Australia, and South Africa [4].
\nLiner shipping, also known as container shipping, provides services by transporting goods in containers with scheduled sailings. The variety of goods transported by liner shipping are packed in a smaller unit. One of the contributors to the continuation and development of liner shipping is the increment of the digital economy. According to Ref. [7], companies that produce and process raw materials, commodities, and manufacturing goods are the previous world’s fastest-growing and biggest corporations. However, currently, Internet-related service and technology-based manufacturers, such as Alibaba, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft, have become the world’s most valuable and most prominent companies, where e-commerce, online communication and cashless Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C) transactions are practiced [7]. This development has contributed more to the growth of the shipping industry, where it is considered as a catalyst for economic development by facilitating world trade, due to the cheaper mode of transportation.
\nHowever, aside from on-the-ground activities such as lubricants, refineries, and petrochemical industries, it is undeniable that shipping activities have contributed to marine pollution, especially in this twentieth century where carriage of the cargoes by the ships is increasing. According to [8], millions of tons of oily wastes and waste oils are generated as the by-products of the ships, every year. One of the contributors to water pollution by the operating marine vessels is the discharging of oily bilge water. Typically for marine vessels, the oily wastes and waste oil that come from various sources accumulate in the bilge space, which is the lowest part of the vessel.
\nRoutinely, the accumulated oily bilge water must be discharged out of the bilge spaces to maintain the stability of the vessel, hence eliminating the possibility of the ship to be in the conditions that can cause a hazard to it [9]. The wastes discharged can eventually cause water pollution, which leads to many negative impacts on the human, environment, and marine populations. Oily bilge water may poison marine organisms because it might cover plants and tiny animals when it floated on the surface of the water and is carried into the shoreline, causing life cycles of the plant and the respiration of the animals be interfered [10].
\nHence, many governments and international industries are working on the marine pollution issue, mainly originated from the shipping industry, such as the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. In order to solve the problem, oily wastewater separator is essential and needs to be installed and operated effectively to prevent the pollution as well as to ensure that the water discharged overboard is within legal limits.
\nThe lowest compartment of the vessels and directly above the keel is known as bilge, where water that drains off from various sources is captured. The water might be originated from rain, interior spillage, rough seas, or minor leakage in other main parts of the vessel. Depending on a few factors such as ship size, design of engine room, and components’ age, the amount of accumulated bilge water onboard varies from one to another. In order to maintain the stability of the vessel and to avoid conditions that can cause hazard (such as vessel’s propulsion systems and ancillary machinery damage and fire hazard) due to too much of bilge waste accumulation, it is crucial to remove the bilge water into a holding tank, periodically [9]. There are two options to manage the bilge water, which are whether installing bilge separator to treat it onboard or holding it in a tank on the vessel before discharging it to the shore’s treatment facility. Somehow, treating it onboard has an advantage where a smaller volume of oily bilge water has to be stored in the vessel. Meanwhile, the treated wastewater can be removed according to the related regulations and standards.
\nThe composition of bilge water depends on the design and function of the ship. The wastewater is commonly comprised of water, oily fluids, cleaning fluids, lubricant, and grease as well as other wastes that originated from piping, engines, and other operational and mechanical sources in the vessel’s machinery spaces [9] as well as urine and chemicals. Other than that, extra waste streams in massive vessels contain sludge, waste oil, and oily water mixtures. Sludge is formed from the continuous fuel purification to remove contaminants in order to enhance low-quality fuels as well as to avoid ship’s engines and highly machined components from being damaged.
\nThe regulation stipulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) highlighted on the oil content of the bilge water discharged to the sea. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) has set the maximum limit of 15 mg/L for the oil content in the wastewater to be discharged to the sea. According to the US EPA (2008), passenger ships produce the highest amount of bilge water with huge difference as compared to the other types of ships. This is due to their more complex constructions and support for crowds of passengers [9].
\nTypically, the small volumes of treated bilge water are released above the water line and instantly diluted in the sea water. Hence, the obvious effects of oil spill is most likely not going to occur. However, a long-term effect might happen to the marine living organisms around the shipping lanes. The negative consequences that will take place may be due to the excessive concentration of biodegradable compounds, including oil, as well as continuous increment of nondegradable compound concentration such as metals [11].
\nOther than that, surfactant is one of the significant chemicals contained in the bilge water. The mixtures of oil and surfactants may cause higher toxicity since the oil and surfactants alone are toxic themselves. This may be due to the synergistic effects or the crude oil that has been dissolved, causing it to be consumable for the exposed organisms [12, 13, 14, 15].
\nTypically, OWS is made up of three segments, which are separator unit, filter unit, and oil content monitor and control unit. The separator and filter units are included as treatment units, where many designs and different principles are applied. The gravity and centrifugal separators are commonly used as the first stage of the treatment, followed by other separation techniques, which is called as polishing treatment. The examples of the polishing unit are flotation, coagulation and flocculation, filtration, biological treatment, as well as absorption and adsorption [16]. Normal techniques, such as gravitational and centrifugation, are used for oily wastewater that has two distinct phases; meanwhile, addition of chemical or biological de-emulsification is required for separation of emulsified oily bilge water [17].
\nTypically, oily bilge water treatment onboard starts with a gravitational method in order to remove heavy fractions and lighter fractions based on density difference. In this method, coalescing materials made of oleophilic polymer in the form of loose-packed media or parallel plate are used to attract the oil droplets to adhere to the plate [16]. Examples of oleophilic polymer used as the coalescing plate separators are polyethylene, fiberglass, and nylon [18].
\nThe free-moving dispersed oil droplets continue to adhere to the plate or media until it can break from the coalescing material and float up to the surface of the tank. The presence of the oil detected by the sensors then automatically triggers the OWS to remove the collected oil to a waste oil tank. However, this method can only be effective when the phase of the oil and water is separated distinctively [19]. In other words, in some instances, the gravitational method is not suitable since the bilge water typically consists of emulsified oil formed due to the chemical emulsifiers (solvents and cleaning agents) as well as mechanical means such as ship’s motion and transfer system pump [16]. Figure 1 shows the gravitational separator process.
\nGravitational separator [20].
As can be seen from the figure above, as the oily bilge water flows through the parallel plate, oil globules are formed and float up to the surface to form oil layer. Oil skimmer is used to skim off the oil layer. Then, oil discharge valve and purge water valve are opened, where the oil is removed from the unit by the purge water.
\nCentrifugal separators are the alternative option for the gravity separators. The same principle is applied, in which the oil is separated based on the different density of oil and water as well as coalescence of the oil droplets. Somehow, the centrifugal acceleration causes the gravity to increase more, and the coagulation and flocculation processes are enhanced in order to separate the emulsified oil. This type of separator has many advantages as compared to gravity OWS. Since it can separate more oil from the bilge water, including emulsified oil, less oil content is loaded to the next treatment step, which is usually called a polishing unit. Thus, the polisher’s service life might last long, reducing the cost of maintenance and repair. Centrifugal separators are also more compact and require smaller bilge water holding tanks [16]. However, high capital cost is needed for the centrifuges, and regular maintenance must be done since large horsepower motors are used during the process.
\n\nFigure 2 shows an example of manufactured separator (PureBilge by Alfa Laval).
\nPatented Alfa Laval XLrator [21].
In the inlet stream of the unit, the bilge water is accelerated by the XLrator with less shearing and foaming in order to prevent the oil drops from separating and further emulsion formation. Then, it flows into the separator, in which coalescence occurs due to high centrifugal force. Flocculation of small oil drops takes place and flocculants is added to promote bigger flocs for easier separation [21].
\nSeparation of oil by flotation occurs due to the difference in density of oil and water, where water is denser than oil, forming a scum layer on top of the water. Floatation technique can be divided into many different techniques, including electroflotation, froth flotation [22], and dissolved air flotation (DAF). Electroflotation separates oil from water through electrochemical reactions by electrolysis, where tiny bubbles produced from electrolysis will cause the pollutants to float to the water body surface [23]. In froth flotation, the separation takes place when the oil adheres onto the fine bubbles generated when air is introduced into the system. Surfactant is added to adsorb the air or water interface of the bubbles of air with the head groups (hydrophilic) in the water and the tail groups (hydrophobic) in the air. Hence, when the bubbles rise through the solution, the oil will concentrate on the bubble surfaces and foam is formed [24].
\nMeanwhile, dissolved air flotation (DAF) introduces micro gas bubbles into the flotation chamber that has been formed when water is saturated with gas under pressure [25]. The oil droplet will spread around the gas, and conglomerate will continue to rise to the surface of the solution. The advantages of flotation treatment are the following: less investment needed, low energy consumption, and easy to maintain [26]. However, the statement contradicts with Yu et al. [27] who stated that flotation requires high energy consumption and has repairing and maintenance problem as well as issue in manufacturing of the device.
\nAccording to Yu et al. [27], coagulation process is a robust oil–water separation technology because it is able to separate dissolved and emulsified oil; hence, it is vastly applied in the latest oily wastewater treatment method [28]. In the coagulation process, coagulant, a chemical substance, is added to the wastewater to destabilize the charge of colloidal particles in the solution [29] which is too tiny for gravitational settling. When the particles are destabilized, larger flocs are formed making it easier to settle and then are skimmed off to the clarifier or sludge thickener.
\nAnyhow, many experiments might be needed if the coagulation method is going to be used in treating oily wastewater. This is because of the complexity of oily wastewater, making it hard to choose the most suitable coagulants for effective separation of oil and water to take place [27]. In a study done by Zeng et al. [30], oil removal efficiency is improved up to 99% when aggregation of poly-zinc silicate (PZSS) with anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) is used as the coagulating and flocculating chemicals. Somehow, higher costs are needed, and it could cause water bodies’ secondary pollution and difficulties to the next process [27].
\nSome bilge water treatment units include biological treatment, which is called as a bioreactor. In this method, microorganisms are used to eliminate or reduce the organic and inorganic compounds before the treated wastewater being discharged to the sea or to a collection system [29]. The microorganisms convert the dissolved and particulate carbonaceous organic matter, including oil, in the bilge water into simple end products through the oxidation process. The equation below is representing the aerobic biological oxidation of organic matter [29].
\nAs can be seen from Eq. 1 above, the oxidation process needs oxygen (O2) and nutrients, which are nitrate (NH3) and phosphate (PO4\n3−), in order to convert the organic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Other than that, the new cells generated are referring to the biomass produced after the oxidation of organic matter takes place.
\nThere are two principals of biological processes used to treat wastewater, which are suspended growth and attached growth, or also known as biofilm, processes. Suspended growth process maintains the microorganisms in liquid suspension by proper mixing methods. Meanwhile, attached growth attach the microorganisms to an inert packing material, where the wastewater will flow past the biofilm to remove the organic materials [29]. For OWS onboard, biofilm is used, in which the bacteria are attached to a synthetic support media. In this bioreactor, aerators are installed under the media to supply oxygen to the bacteria for bacterial growth as well as for oxidation of the organic contaminants to take place. Other than that, a clarifier is needed in order to remove the biomass formed at the end of the processes [16].
\nBiological treatment, with flexible operation, simple maintenance and management, as well as stable effluent quality [26], is indeed a suitable method since no waste oil is produced by the process [16]. Small oil droplets of emulsified oil, which are hardly removed by physical and chemical treatment, can be degraded easily by the bacteria [31]. However, CO2 will be produced from the process, resulting in increment in greenhouse gases. Even though the operating cost is low, the capital cost needed is high and skillful personnel to be in charge is required to ensure the treatment functioned well.
\nBasically, there are three stages involved in the process [32]. The first stage is heavy phase separation, where separated oils and solids are removed. In the second stage, the bacteria are used to convert the emulsified oil into non-harmful end products. This stage is known as emulsified oil degradation stage. Then, the third stage contains clarifier in order to remove the remaining solids and water.
\nPhysicochemical sorption involved in absorption and adsorption processes can eventually separate the oil from the bilge water. Absorption occurs when two discrete physical states of substances are fused together. Meanwhile, in adsorption, molecules adhere onto the surface of different phase [16]. Both absorption and adsorption involved absorbent sorption media and adsorbent, respectively. The oil is separated by pumping the bilge water through these media until their maximum sorption capacity is achieved, which then the oil is removed. Certain used media are possible to be regenerated onboard; meanwhile, some are regenerated or disposed of onshore. Somehow, the regenerated media is replaced once it is exhausted, where it can no longer absorb or adsorb the oil molecules. Having a few advantages which include low capital and operating cost as well as compact treatment unit, these two sorption techniques are suitable for vessels with less than 400 gross tonnages [16]. Table 1 summarizes the comparison of the oil–water separation techniques.
\nTechniques | \nAdvantages | \nDisadvantages | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Gravitational | \nEffective for discrete phases of oil and water | \nNot effective to separate emulsified oils from water | \n[16, 19] | \n
Centrifugation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16] | \n
Flotation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[26, 27] | \n
Coagulation and flocculation | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16, 27, 28, 33] | \n
Biological | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16, 27] | \n
Absorption and adsorption | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[16] | \n
Comparison of the separation techniques.
Currently, many types of OWS for bilge from different manufacturers are available in the market. The separators consist of a number of separator units that use different separation techniques. Table 2 shows examples of companies that produced commercially available bilge water separators.
\nNo. | \nManufacturers | \nName of the products | \nSeparation techniques applied | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \nAlfa Laval | \nPureBilge | \nCentrifugation | \n
2 | \nEnSolve Biosystems, Inc. | \nPetroLiminator OWS | \nBiological | \n
3 | \nVillage Marine Tec. | \nVillage Marine Tec. Oily Water Separator (VMT OWS) | \nAdsorption | \n
4 | \nSeparator Spares & Equipment, LLC. | \nULTRA-SEP Bilge Water Separator | \nUltrafiltration (membrane) | \n
5 | \nCompass Water Solutions | \nCRP-SEP | \n\n
| \n
ULTRA-SEP | \n\n
| \n||
VG-SEP | \n\n
| \n||
6 | \nRecovery Energy, Inc. | \nBOSS Oily Water Separators | \n\n
| \n
Examples of commercially available bilge water separator.
Different techniques are available and being used in the oil–water separation techniques for bilge water treatment. Typically, more than one unit of separators is needed to meet the minimum allowable discharge limit value set by the regulatory bodies. Gravitational and centrifugal methods are said to be the first technique before undergoing further polishing separation. Polishing treatment unit caters smaller droplet of oil, or emulsified oil, which cannot be treated by gravitational and centrifugal methods. To conclude, oily bilge water can be treated with proper separation techniques so that the treated bilge water discharged to the sea comply with the limit and marine pollution can be minimized and prevented. Any other treatment techniques can as well be tested and introduced to enhance the oil–water separation process in treating bilge water.
\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) and Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for the support.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Unsuccessful",metaDescription:"Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-unsuccessful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Borwen You and Dr. Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10575",title:"Magnetic Skyrmions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d93d7485e8a6a30d9e069aed78fdb355",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dipti Ranjan Sahu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10575.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251855",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipti Ranjan",surname:"Sahu",slug:"dipti-ranjan-sahu",fullName:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b8dac1788dc54d12f8fc3d94a7e3e338",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5143},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"247",title:"Automation",slug:"automation",parent:{title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:205,numberOfWosCitations:232,numberOfCrossrefCitations:209,numberOfDimensionsCitations:409,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"automation",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9902",title:"Service Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b42f533ea14906bcd1e07df74b33ac2",slug:"service-robotics",bookSignature:"Volkan Sezer, Sinan Öncü and Pınar Boyraz Baykas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9902.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5809",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24727d51a5f26cb52694ad979bbbc1f8",slug:"service-robots",bookSignature:"Antonio J. R. Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5809.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5798",title:"Surgical Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b5965ad361c21e8be05cdd6cce1293a",slug:"surgical-robotics",bookSignature:"Serdar Küçük",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"889",title:"Robotic Systems",subtitle:"Applications, Control and Programming",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e560d53a4116a307638d95c63c1a78a3",slug:"robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming",bookSignature:"Ashish Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80372",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashish",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashish-dutta",fullName:"Ashish Dutta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"152",title:"Robot Arms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad134b214c187871a4740c54c479eccb",slug:"robot-arms",bookSignature:"Satoru Goto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/152.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6232",title:"Prof.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Goto",slug:"satoru-goto",fullName:"Satoru Goto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3593",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06ddc7871a0815453ac7c5a7463c9f87",slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",bookSignature:"Nicolas Mollet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6147",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Mollet",slug:"nicolas-mollet",fullName:"Nicolas Mollet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3690",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",bookSignature:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81514",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Balaguer",slug:"carlos-balaguer",fullName:"Carlos Balaguer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3694",title:"New Developments in Robotics Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new_developments_in_robotics_automation_and_control",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3692",title:"Frontiers in Robotics, Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"frontiers_in_robotics_automation_and_control",bookSignature:"Alexander Zemliak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3692.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3914",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Zemliak",slug:"alexander-zemliak",fullName:"Alexander Zemliak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3607",title:"Automation and Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"automation_and_robotics",bookSignature:"Juan Manuel Ramos Arreguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6112",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan-Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Arreguin",slug:"juan-manuel-ramos-arreguin",fullName:"Juan-Manuel Ramos-Arreguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"5555",doi:"10.5772/5865",title:"Trends in Robotics and Automation in Construction",slug:"trends_in_robotics_and_automation_in_construction",totalDownloads:17988,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",authors:null},{id:"56199",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69874",title:"Robots in Agriculture: State of Art and Practical Experiences",slug:"robots-in-agriculture-state-of-art-and-practical-experiences",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Juan Jesús Roldán, Jaime del Cerro, David Garzón‐Ramos, Pablo\nGarcia‐Aunon, Mario Garzón, Jorge de León and Antonio Barrientos",authors:[{id:"130776",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Barrientos Cruz",slug:"antonio-barrientos-cruz",fullName:"Antonio Barrientos Cruz"},{id:"162360",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Del Cerro",slug:"jaime-del-cerro",fullName:"Jaime Del Cerro"},{id:"199008",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Roldán",slug:"juan-jesus-roldan",fullName:"Juan Jesús Roldán"},{id:"199515",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"mario-garzon",fullName:"Mario Garzón"},{id:"199517",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"david-garzon",fullName:"David Garzón"},{id:"199518",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"De León",slug:"jorge-de-leon",fullName:"Jorge De León"},{id:"199519",title:"MSc.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Aunon",slug:"pablo-garcia-aunon",fullName:"Pablo Garcia-Aunon"}]},{id:"27402",doi:"10.5772/25756",title:"Novel Assistive Robot for Self-Feeding",slug:"novel-assistive-robot-for-self-feeding",totalDownloads:5774,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming",title:"Robotic Systems",fullTitle:"Robotic Systems - Applications, Control and Programming"},signatures:"Won-Kyung Song and Jongbae Kim",authors:[{id:"64432",title:"Dr.",name:"Won-Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"won-kyung-song",fullName:"Won-Kyung Song"},{id:"72153",title:"Dr.",name:"Jongbae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"jongbae-kim",fullName:"Jongbae Kim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56199",title:"Robots in Agriculture: State of Art and Practical Experiences",slug:"robots-in-agriculture-state-of-art-and-practical-experiences",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Juan Jesús Roldán, Jaime del Cerro, David Garzón‐Ramos, Pablo\nGarcia‐Aunon, Mario Garzón, Jorge de León and Antonio Barrientos",authors:[{id:"130776",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Barrientos Cruz",slug:"antonio-barrientos-cruz",fullName:"Antonio Barrientos Cruz"},{id:"162360",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Del Cerro",slug:"jaime-del-cerro",fullName:"Jaime Del Cerro"},{id:"199008",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Roldán",slug:"juan-jesus-roldan",fullName:"Juan Jesús Roldán"},{id:"199515",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"mario-garzon",fullName:"Mario Garzón"},{id:"199517",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"david-garzon",fullName:"David Garzón"},{id:"199518",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"De León",slug:"jorge-de-leon",fullName:"Jorge De León"},{id:"199519",title:"MSc.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Aunon",slug:"pablo-garcia-aunon",fullName:"Pablo Garcia-Aunon"}]},{id:"73486",title:"Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Prosthetic and Orthotic Rehabilitation",slug:"application-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-prosthetic-and-orthotic-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:307,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"service-robotics",title:"Service Robotics",fullTitle:"Service Robotics"},signatures:"Smita Nayak and Rajesh Kumar Das",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"321308",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"rajesh-das",fullName:"Rajesh Das"}]},{id:"55313",title:"The Surgical Robot: Applications and Advantages in General Surgery",slug:"the-surgical-robot-applications-and-advantages-in-general-surgery",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Rodolfo José Oviedo Barrera",authors:[{id:"204248",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:"José",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"rodolfo-oviedo",fullName:"Rodolfo Oviedo"}]},{id:"55664",title:"Bilateral Axillo-Breast Approach Robotic Thyroidectomy: Introduction and Update",slug:"bilateral-axillo-breast-approach-robotic-thyroidectomy-introduction-and-update",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Do Hoon Koo, Dong Sik Bae and June Young Choi",authors:[{id:"198460",title:"Dr.",name:"Do Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Koo",slug:"do-hoon-koo",fullName:"Do Hoon Koo"},{id:"200696",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong Sik",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",slug:"dong-sik-bae",fullName:"Dong Sik Bae"},{id:"200697",title:"Prof.",name:"June Young",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"june-young-choi",fullName:"June Young Choi"}]},{id:"57523",title:"A Personal Robot as an Improvement to the Customers’ In- Store Experience",slug:"a-personal-robot-as-an-improvement-to-the-customers-in-store-experience",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Joana Santos, Daniel Campos, Fábio Duarte, Filipe Pereira, Inês\nDomingues, Joana Santos, João Leão, José Xavier, Luís de Matos,\nManuel Camarneiro, Marcelo Penas, Maria Miranda, Ricardo\nMorais, Ricardo Silva and Tiago Esteves",authors:[{id:"199794",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Domingues",slug:"ines-domingues",fullName:"Inês Domingues"},{id:"199930",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"ricardo-silva",fullName:"Ricardo Silva"},{id:"199974",title:"MSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"luis-matos",fullName:"Luís Matos"},{id:"205325",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"daniel-campos",fullName:"Daniel Campos"},{id:"205326",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"joana-santos",fullName:"Joana Santos"},{id:"205327",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Leão",slug:"joao-leao",fullName:"João Leão"},{id:"205328",title:"MSc.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",slug:"jose-xavier",fullName:"José Xavier"},{id:"205329",title:"MSc.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Camarneiro",slug:"manuel-camarneiro",fullName:"Manuel Camarneiro"},{id:"205330",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Penas",slug:"marcelo-penas",fullName:"Marcelo Penas"},{id:"205331",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"maria-miranda",fullName:"Maria Miranda"},{id:"205332",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"ricardo-morais",fullName:"Ricardo Morais"},{id:"205333",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Esteves",slug:"tiago-esteves",fullName:"Tiago Esteves"}]},{id:"54250",title:"The Next-Generation Surgical Robots",slug:"the-next-generation-surgical-robots",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Zheng Wang, Sicong Liu, Jing Peng and Michael Zhiqiang Chen",authors:[{id:"197125",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zheng-wang",fullName:"Zheng Wang"},{id:"197412",title:"Dr.",name:"Sicong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"sicong-liu",fullName:"Sicong Liu"},{id:"204520",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",slug:"jing-peng",fullName:"Jing Peng"},{id:"204521",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"michael-chen",fullName:"Michael Chen"}]},{id:"5577",title:"Advanced Control Schemes for Cement Fabrication Processes",slug:"advanced_control_schemes_for_cement_fabrication_processes",totalDownloads:9422,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Susana Arad, Victor Arad and Bogdan Bobora",authors:null},{id:"56421",title:"Robotic Splenic Flexure and Transverse Colon Resections",slug:"robotic-splenic-flexure-and-transverse-colon-resections",totalDownloads:897,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Igor Monsellato, Maria Caterina Canepa, Vittorio d’Adamo,\nGiuseppe Spinoglio, Fabio Priora and Luca Matteo Lenti",authors:[{id:"80720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Monsellato",slug:"igor-monsellato",fullName:"Igor Monsellato"},{id:"211489",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Priora",slug:"fabio-priora",fullName:"Fabio Priora"},{id:"211494",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Caterina",middleName:null,surname:"Canepa",slug:"maria-caterina-canepa",fullName:"Maria Caterina Canepa"},{id:"211495",title:"Dr.",name:"Vittorio",middleName:null,surname:"D'Adamo",slug:"vittorio-d'adamo",fullName:"Vittorio D'Adamo"},{id:"211500",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Spinoglio",slug:"giuseppe-spinoglio",fullName:"Giuseppe Spinoglio"},{id:"212109",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Lenti",slug:"luca-matteo-lenti",fullName:"Luca Matteo Lenti"}]},{id:"5555",title:"Trends in Robotics and Automation in Construction",slug:"trends_in_robotics_and_automation_in_construction",totalDownloads:17988,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",authors:null},{id:"55190",title:"Concept of Virtual Incision for Minimally Invasive Surgery",slug:"concept-of-virtual-incision-for-minimally-invasive-surgery",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Yuki Horise, Atsushi Nishikawa, Toshikazu Kawai, Ken Masamune\nand Yoshihiro Muragaki",authors:[{id:"13925",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishikawa",slug:"atsushi-nishikawa",fullName:"Atsushi Nishikawa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"automation",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/36388/valmar-barbosa",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"36388",slug:"valmar-barbosa"},fullPath:"/profiles/36388/valmar-barbosa",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()