Registered clinical studies with ASO in cancer treatments in clinical trials.gov.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6058",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Remote Sensing",title:"Recent Advances and Applications in Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Remote sensing was the primary data source since the launch of the first environmental monitoring satellite back in 1972. In the past five decades, remote sensing technology has come a long way and evolved into a mature science. Even so, new technologies, new theories, new methodologies, and new applications continue to emerge. With the rapid pace of technological advancement, it is essential to share experiences especially between different disciplines, either on breakthroughs in new theory or understanding, or applications of remote sensing on real world issues. Disciplines or fields covered in this book include geography, geology, agriculture, forestry, botany, and oceanography. Though remote sensing may be used differently in various disciplines, the principles are similar, if not the same. This book will be valuable to scientists, scholars, working professionals, or students who use remote sensing in their work, and are interested in learning how others use remote sensing in different ways.",isbn:"978-1-78923-537-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-536-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-271-3",doi:"10.5772/67959",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-and-applications-in-remote-sensing",numberOfPages:214,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6c271ba0275d66a79d494e5e0bfe9ebb",bookSignature:"Ming-Chih Hung and Yi-Hwa Wu",publishedDate:"July 25th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6058.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12858,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 22nd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 15th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"184413",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:"Chih",surname:"Hung",slug:"ming-hung",fullName:"Ming Hung",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184413/images/4908_n.jpg",biography:"Ming-Chih Hung is a Professor of Geography/GIScience at Northwest Missouri State University. He earned his bachelor degree from National Taiwan University focusing on DEM applications, his MS from the University of Utah focusing on the V-I-S Model and soft classification of TM images, and his Ph.D. also from the University of Utah focusing on remote sensing and GIS on urban areas. His research emphasizes on use of GIScience on urban areas. In addition to urban areas, he is also interested in precision agriculture and environmental issues. At Northwest Missouri State, he teaches courses on remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and cartography.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Northwest Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"181853",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Hwa",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"yi-hwa-wu",fullName:"Yi-Hwa Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181853/images/7664_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yi-Hwa Wu is a Professor of Geography/GIScience at Northwest Missouri State University. She earned her bachelor’s degree and MS from National Taiwan University, both focusing on the geographic information system (GIS) modeling process. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Utah focusing on modeling the dynamic nature of urban transportation systems. Her research emphasizes the GIS database and design, GIS models, and modeling processes in various environments, such as transportation models, predictive models, etc. At Northwest Missouri State University, she teaches courses on GIS, cartography, and GIS programming.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Northwest Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"653",title:"Remote Sensing",slug:"geology-and-geophysics-remote-sensing"}],chapters:[{id:"58904",title:"A Study on Phenology Detection of Corn in Northeastern China with Fused Remote Sensing Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73096",slug:"a-study-on-phenology-detection-of-corn-in-northeastern-china-with-fused-remote-sensing-data",totalDownloads:1082,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accurate phenology information detection is the basis for other remote-sensing based agriculture applications. So far, there have been a lot of phenology estimation models based on remote-sensing data, but little attention was paid to microscopic mechanism of crops and the environmental factors. The main purpose of this chapter is to apply a new phenology detection model, which combined physical mechanism-based crop models with remote-sensing data to detect the critical phenological stages of corn in Northeast China (Jilin and Liaoning Provinces). Compared to the phenology observations from the agriculture meteorological stations, the corn phenology estimation accuracy in Northeast China using only MODIS data is much lower than that in the US field sites. The main reason might be the small size of single piece of cropland in northeastern China, which led to the mixed MODIS pixels. Accordingly, Landsat and MODIS data fusion methods were applied to get time-series images with Landsat-like spatial resolution and MODIS-like temporal resolution, and quantitative and qualitative validation was conducted to evaluate and verify the accuracy of the data fusion. The results show that data fusion of Landsat and MODIS improved the spatial resolution and decreased the influence of mixed pixels.",signatures:"Linglin Zeng and Daxiang Xiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58904",authors:[{id:"119463",title:"Dr.",name:"Daxiang",surname:"Xiang",slug:"daxiang-xiang",fullName:"Daxiang Xiang"},{id:"206943",title:"Dr.",name:"Linglin",surname:"Zeng",slug:"linglin-zeng",fullName:"Linglin Zeng"}],corrections:null},{id:"58331",title:"Despeckling of Multitemporal Sentinel SAR Images and Its Impact on Agricultural Area Classification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72577",slug:"despeckling-of-multitemporal-sentinel-sar-images-and-its-impact-on-agricultural-area-classification",totalDownloads:1255,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter addresses an important practical task of classification of multichannel remote sensing data with application to multitemporal dual-polarization Sentinel radar images acquired for agricultural regions in Ukraine. We first consider characteristics of dual-polarization Sentinel radar images and discuss what kind of filters can be applied to such data. Several examples of denoising are presented with analysis of what properties of filters are desired and what can be provided in practice. It is also demonstrated that the use of preliminary denoising produces improvement of classification accuracy where despeckling that is more efficient in terms of standard filtering criteria results in better classification.",signatures:"Vladimir Lukin, Oleksii Rubel, Ruslan Kozhemiakin, Sergey Abramov,\nAndrii Shelestov, Mykola Lavreniuk, Mykola Meretsky, Benoit Vozel\nand Kacem Chehdi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58331",authors:[{id:"58658",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Lukin",slug:"vladimir-lukin",fullName:"Vladimir Lukin"},{id:"58660",title:"Dr.",name:"Benoit",surname:"Vozel",slug:"benoit-vozel",fullName:"Benoit Vozel"},{id:"58661",title:"Prof.",name:"Kacem",surname:"Chehdi",slug:"kacem-chehdi",fullName:"Kacem Chehdi"},{id:"213471",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksii",surname:"Rubel",slug:"oleksii-rubel",fullName:"Oleksii Rubel"},{id:"213476",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruslan",surname:"Kozhemiakin",slug:"ruslan-kozhemiakin",fullName:"Ruslan Kozhemiakin"},{id:"213477",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Abramov",slug:"sergey-abramov",fullName:"Sergey Abramov"},{id:"213482",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrii",surname:"Shelestov",slug:"andrii-shelestov",fullName:"Andrii Shelestov"},{id:"213484",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykola",surname:"Lavreniuk",slug:"mykola-lavreniuk",fullName:"Mykola Lavreniuk"},{id:"213488",title:"MSc.",name:"Mykola",surname:"Meretsky",slug:"mykola-meretsky",fullName:"Mykola Meretsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"57650",title:"Remote Sensing of Forests using Discrete Return Airborne LiDAR",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71777",slug:"remote-sensing-of-forests-using-discrete-return-airborne-lidar",totalDownloads:996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Airborne discrete return light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds covering forested areas can be processed to segment individual trees and retrieve their morphological attributes. Segmenting individual trees in natural deciduous forests, however, remained a challenge because of the complex and multi-layered canopy. In this chapter, we present (i) a robust segmentation method that avoids a priori assumptions about the canopy structure, (ii) a vertical canopy stratification procedure that improves segmentation of understory trees, (iii) an occlusion model for estimating the point density of each canopy stratum, and (iv) a distributed computing approach for efficient processing at the forest level. When applied to the University of Kentucky Robinson Forest, the segmentation method detected about 90% of overstory and 47% of understory trees with over-segmentation rates of 14 and 2%. Stratifying the canopy improved the detection rate of understory trees to 68% at the cost of increasing their over-segmentations to 16%. According to our occlusion model, a point density of ~170 pt/m2 is needed to segment understory trees as accurately as overstory trees. Lastly, using the distributed approach, we segmented about two million trees in the 7440-ha forest in 2.5 hours using 192 processors, which is 167 times faster than using a single processor.",signatures:"Hamid Hamraz and Marco A. Contreras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57650",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57650",authors:[{id:"207206",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hamid",surname:"Hamraz",slug:"hamid-hamraz",fullName:"Hamid Hamraz"},{id:"207292",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Contreras",slug:"marco-contreras",fullName:"Marco Contreras"}],corrections:null},{id:"59160",title:"Remote Sensing in Land Applications by Using GNSS-Reflectometry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72901",slug:"remote-sensing-in-land-applications-by-using-gnss-reflectometry",totalDownloads:1784,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) as an efficient tool for remote sensing has gained increasing interests in the last two decades, due to its unique characteristics. It uses GNSS signals as sources of opportunity, providing precise, continuous, all-weather, and 24 hours’ detections, which play a key role in many land applications. The fundamental theoretical part of GNSS-R technique is examined at first. Then, GNSS-R methodologies applied in the soil moisture content, vegetation biomass sensing, and altimetry applications are also detailed. One retrieval method uses only RH (right-hand) reflected data. Another retrieval method for soil moisture content (SMC) aimed to calibrate the measurement by using water reflections, based on the bistatic equations with LH (left-hand) reflected and RH direct signals. The other method for SMC retrieval is related to the polarimetric ratio (PR), the ratio of LH/RH reflected signals can reveal the fluctuations of the SMC. Another vital parameter vegetation biomass was observed by using the variation of reflectivity of the LH and RH reflected components. Finally, the C/A code method was used for exploring the possibility to the altimetry estimation. The features of GNSS-R technique made it a promising remote sensing technique in hydrology, climatology carbon cycles, and other potential applications.",signatures:"Yan Jia and Yuekun Pei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59160",authors:[{id:"210019",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",surname:"Jia",slug:"yan-jia",fullName:"Yan Jia"},{id:"217368",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuekun",surname:"Pei",slug:"yuekun-pei",fullName:"Yuekun Pei"}],corrections:null},{id:"58777",title:"Remote Sensing with Shipborne High-Frequency Surface-Wave Radar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72833",slug:"remote-sensing-with-shipborne-high-frequency-surface-wave-radar",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High-frequency surface-wave radar (HFSWR) has been successfully applied for moving target detection and remote sensing of ocean surface dynamic parameters for decades. Compared with conventional instruments such as buoys, anemometers, and microwave radars, HFSWR can be employed to an all-weather and all-time surveillance far beyond the visible horizon. Moreover, based on agility and maneuverability, shipborne HFSWR can not only enhance the survivability in complex ocean environment but also enlarge the detection distance on open sea, which will gradually become a popular deployment situation. In this chapter, ocean surface cross sections for shipborne HFSWR with linear platform motion and sway motion are derived theoretically. Then, the methods for ocean surface wind direction, wind field, and current extraction are presented. The computer simulations and experimental results of the real data are given to verify the detection accuracy and the distance limit of the abovementioned methods.",signatures:"Junhao Xie, Minglei Sun, Zhenyuan Ji and Guowei Yao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58777",authors:[{id:"206961",title:"Prof.",name:"Junhao",surname:"Xie",slug:"junhao-xie",fullName:"Junhao Xie"},{id:"265429",title:"Dr.",name:"Guowei",surname:"Yao",slug:"guowei-yao",fullName:"Guowei Yao"}],corrections:null},{id:"61717",title:"Use of Historical Google Earth Images to Create Likelihood of Aquatic Plants along Segments of Ohio River",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77616",slug:"use-of-historical-google-earth-images-to-create-likelihood-of-aquatic-plants-along-segments-of-ohio-",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aquatic invasive plants are well known for causing severe impacts to local ecosystems, such as degrading water quality, decreasing biodiversity, consuming natural resources, among other impacts. Major water bodies in US had experienced such impacts. To mitigate such impacts, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission had put significant amounts of effort toward identifying and removing aquatic invasive plants along the Ohio River shorelines. Field work played a significant role in such identification and removal, but at great expense on labor and time. River systems are dynamic, coupled with similarities between spectral reflectance from submerged plants and background water bodies, limited success was reported from literature regarding the use of remote sensing with selected images on detecting aquatic plants. This study utilized Google Earth historical images between 2003 and 2015 along a section of Ohio River known as the Racine Pool and examined and recorded the appearances of aquatic plants. Visible aquatic plants or suspicious submerged objects were digitized and converted to ESRI shapefiles and grids. Spatial analyses and overlays were then performed between grids to derive a map showing frequency of appearance. Such frequency of appearance may serve the purposes of predicting future sighting and/or guides for directing field work in hopes to save labor and time.",signatures:"Yi-Hwa Wu, Ming-Chih Hung, Jeff Thomas and Maureen Gallagher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61717",authors:[{id:"184413",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Hung",slug:"ming-hung",fullName:"Ming Hung"},{id:"181853",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Hwa",surname:"Wu",slug:"yi-hwa-wu",fullName:"Yi-Hwa Wu"},{id:"250956",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeff",surname:"Thomas",slug:"jeff-thomas",fullName:"Jeff Thomas"},{id:"255978",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maureen",surname:"Gallagher",slug:"maureen-gallagher",fullName:"Maureen Gallagher"}],corrections:null},{id:"58854",title:"Remote Sensing to Detect and Monitor Trees in Various Environments: Case Studies in Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72903",slug:"remote-sensing-to-detect-and-monitor-trees-in-various-environments-case-studies-in-chile",totalDownloads:1196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Today, the presence of green areas in cities plays an important role for the well-being of its inhabitants and its sustainable development. Modern cities need green spaces for environmental, psychological, esthetic, economic, and social reasons. In this meaning, Chilean cities, although Chile is still considered by the United Nations1 as a developing economy, are no exception. Given the importance of this common good, it is necessary to optimize its permanent care. An incident factor in the deterioration of vegetation in urban and rural areas is stress, which can be of biotic or abiotic origin. One way to systematize care of trees is by the application of multispectral sensors and modern digital image processing. Once plantations or trees are spectrally characterized, one can proceed to develop plant health mitigation programs. This article shows the potential of remote sensing for tree stress detection, in the central south of Chile. Focus is given on rural areas as forestry for the Chilean economy is of great importance. These approaches can easily be adapted to urban scenarios.",signatures:"Guido Staub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58854",authors:[{id:"177001",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guido",surname:"Staub",slug:"guido-staub",fullName:"Guido Staub"}],corrections:null},{id:"60691",title:"Monitoring Land Surface Deformation with Satellite ScanSAR Images: Case Studies on Large Earthquakes in China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72834",slug:"monitoring-land-surface-deformation-with-satellite-scansar-images-case-studies-on-large-earthquakes-",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a new application of scanning interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) interferometry in monitoring land surface deformation caused by large earthquakes. To make better use of the ScanSAR data and obtain a wider deformation observation, this research studied and analyzed certain key elements of ScanSAR interferometry, including coherence, co-registering, methods of removing orbit errors, correction of atmosphere effects, and geoid undulation. The wide swath mode (WSM) is also known as the ScanSAR mode by which synthetic aperture time is shared by adjacent sub-swaths and azimuth resolution that is traded off for a wider coverage. So, it is possible to monitor a larger area of earthquake deformation. In this study, we obtained ScanSAR and Image Mode (IM) data and analyzed coherence, co-registering, methods of removing orbit errors, correction of atmosphere effects, and geoid undulation to monitor land surface deformation caused by large earthquakes in the 405 × 405 km field of the Wenchuan earthquake and Yutian earthquake, respectively, in China. The results obtained agree well with that of the investigations of the crustal motion in the study areas.",signatures:"Tingchen Jiang, Xiuping Wang, Yuanzhi Zhang and Yu Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60691",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60691",authors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"},{id:"102558",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiang",surname:"Tingchen",slug:"jiang-tingchen",fullName:"Jiang Tingchen"},{id:"212951",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Li",slug:"yu-li",fullName:"Yu Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"60592",title:"Applications of Remote Sensing in Geoscience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75995",slug:"applications-of-remote-sensing-in-geoscience",totalDownloads:3803,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Remote sensing is becoming an important and useful tool in mapping large, remote areas and has many applications in geosciences such as geologic and geo-structural mapping, mineral and water exploration, hydrocarbon exploration, natural hazards analysis, and geomorphology. The recent advances in remote-sensing imaging acquisition and availability of images can help geoscientists to explore and prepare maps quickly and evaluate the geo-potential of any specific area on the globe. Advances in remote-sensing data analysis techniques have improved the capacity to map the geological structures and regional characteristics and can serve in mineral exploration in complex and poorly understood regions. In this chapter, geophysical remotely sensed data (airborne geophysics) are integrated with other sources of remotely sensed data to analyze three separate areas, one each for geological structure, lineament presence and orientation, and geothermal potential. Three case studies are discussed in this chapter from three countries—Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, and Algeria—to show the effectiveness of remote sensing in mapping and detecting geo-structural, geomorphological, and geothermal characteristics of ground surfaces.",signatures:"Hakim Saibi, Mohand Bersi, Mohamed Bodruddoza Mia, Nureddin\nMohamed Saadi, Khalid Mohamed Saleh Al Bloushi and Robert W.\nAvakian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60592",authors:[{id:"155975",title:"Dr.",name:"Hakim",surname:"Saibi",slug:"hakim-saibi",fullName:"Hakim Saibi"},{id:"205896",title:"Dr.",name:"Nouredine",surname:"Saadi",slug:"nouredine-saadi",fullName:"Nouredine Saadi"},{id:"205897",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohand",surname:"Bersi",slug:"mohand-bersi",fullName:"Mohand Bersi"},{id:"217413",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Bodruddoza",surname:"Mia",slug:"m.-bodruddoza-mia",fullName:"M. 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ASOs are typically modified synthetic nucleic acids. They are single stand oligonucleotide with 16-mer to 21-mer sequence with high affinity for a specific RNA target sequence, through base pairing [2]. The two general chemical classes of nucleic acids commonly used today are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and siRNA. The first is single-stranded, and modulates RNA function either by degrading the RNA sequence in question due to enzyme RNase H activity, or by modifying splicing function thus affecting RNA metabolism; and the second is double-stranded synthetic oligonucleotides that degrade target RNA through an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Importantly, both must reach the nucleus and/or cytoplasm to exert their activity, and thus must cross a biological membrane.
\nAlthough ASOs and siRNA share similarities, they are divergent on some points, and so, choosing ASO or siRNA strategy for gene targeting depends on the target gene. However, since ASOs are single stranded, as opposed to siRNA, they have lower cost of production. Moreover, it is easier to deliver ASOs
In this review we will mainly focus on ASOs chemistry and mechanism of action.
\nIndeed, since Zamecnik in 1978 used an ASO-like unmodified DNA sequence in cell culture, notable progress has been made in ASO pharmacology [3]. Currently, the efficacy of different ASOs is being studied in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but also in several cancer states. Numerous ASO-based therapeutics are being tested in clinical trials. In Table 1 figures some of the ASO in clinical trial for cancer treatments. However, until now, only two ASOs have been approved by the US FDA to be used on humans, namely, fomivirsen (Vitravene), a first-generation ASO for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and mipomersen (Kynamro), a second-generation ASO for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) [4, 5], both developed by Isis Pharmaceuticals. They work via RNase H-mediated cleavage of the targeted RNA.
\nRegistered clinical studies with ASO in cancer treatments in clinical trials.gov.
Two major mechanisms contribute to the antisense activity. The first is that most ASOs are designed to activate RNase H, which cleaves the RNA moiety of a DNA–RNA heteroduplex and therefore leads to degradation of the target mRNA in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition, ASOs that do not induce RNase H cleavage can be used to inhibit translation by steric blockade of the ribosome in the cytoplasm [6]. When the ASOs are targeted to the 5′-terminus, binding and assembly of the translation machinery can be prevented [7]. Most mammalian RNAs undergo multiple post-transcriptional processing steps in the cell nucleus including addition of a 5′-cap structure, splicing and polyadenylation.
\nRegulation of RNA processing is another efficient mechanism in which ASOs can be utilized to regulate gene expression. Studies have been published documenting that ASOs can be used to destabilize pre-mRNA [8] and to regulate RNA splicing [9]. Another viable approach to reversibly ‘switch’ protein function is alternative splicing that generates RNA encoding antagonistic proteins (Figure 1). Whether RNaseH activity takes place favorably in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus is not well documented. However, most studies suggest that the most part of the inhibition takes place in the cytoplasm. Controversially, ASOs that targets pre-mRNA and are splice modulators are active in the nucleus.
\nASOs mechanism of action. (1) In the absence of ASO, normal gene and protein expression is maintained. (2) Formation of ASO-mRNA heteroduplex in cytoplasm induces activation of RNase H, leading to mRNA degradation or (3) steric interference of ribosomal assembly. Alternatively, ASO can enter the nucleus and regulate mRNA maturation by (4) inhibition of 5′ cap formation, (5) inhibition of mRNA splicing and (6) activation of RNase H.
There are several screening strategies to obtain potent ASO, such as using a computational algorithm in ASO design [10], mRNA walking [11], OD array [12] and RNase H mapping [13]. However, some of these approaches are labor intensive and require expensive automation equipment. Many factors can affect the strength and stability of the ASO-mRNA interaction, such as the mRNA secondary structure, thermodynamic stability and also the position of the hybridization site relative to functional motifs on the target RNA, such as the 5’ CAP region or translational start site.
\nTo find a highly potent ASO, the “hit rate” can be increased by considering four parameters during ASO design:
\nIt is recognized that a secondary structure of the RNA accurately predicted, leads to effective ASO design [14, 15]. Some algorithm able to predict any single mRNA secondary structure and folding pattern are currently available, such as the
In order for the ASO to be effective, it should target mRNA regions accessible to hybridization [16], such as joint sequences, internal loops, and hairpins of 10 or more consecutive nucleotides, usually located at the terminal end of the sequence [17]. It has been shown that highly conserved motifs are a good target of a potent ASO, whereas ASO targeting variable local motifs may induce non-sequence specific effects [18]. Therefore, the best approach to increase the ‘hit rate’ of potent ASO design is to target these conserved motifs among several optimal mRNA predicted secondary structures.
\nAlthough RNase activity is stimulated by the formation of the ASO-mRNA heteroduplex, leading to the mRNA degradation, it has been shown that this activity occurs independently of the ASO sequence, but is rather strongly correlated to the GC content which is also known to affect thermodynamic stability.
\nThe perfect content of GC is still controversial; it is described that a strong ASO effect is observed with a percentage of 45–65% of G or C residues [10]; however, many of the ASOs used in therapy today do not have a GC content in this range.
\nThermodynamic energy is also important to a successful ASO design. Some available software can calculate thermodynamic properties between the target mRNA sequence and the ASO. To design a potent ASO, the binding energy between the ASO and mRNA should be DG37 ≥ −8 kcal/mol, whereas the energy for binding between ASOs should be DG37 ≥ −1.1 kcal/mol [19].
\nThe use of unmodified ASOs is limited as they have an overall charged property that prevents them from getting through the cell membrane and are rapidly attacked by all types of intracellular endonucleases and exonucleases, usually via 3′-5′ activity in biological fluid. In addition, the degradation products of phosphodiester ODs may be cytotoxic and also exert anti-proliferative effects. Moreover, some unspecific hybridization has been observed and finally for most applications immunostimulation has also been a matter of concern [20, 21]. This part will be further detailed in the toxicity chapter.
\nNumerous chemical modifications have been developed to improve nuclease resistance, extend tissue half-life, reduce non-sequence-specific toxicity, as well as to increase affinity and potency (Figure 2).
\nChemical modifications of ASO. (a) First-generation PTO, (b) second generation, RNase H cleavage induced by chimeric ASO, and (c–e) third-generation ASO.
First-generation ASOs are the ones having a phosphorothioate (PTO) modified backbone. These ASOs have a sulfur atom that substitutes the non-bridging oxygen atoms in the phosphodiester bond [22] (Figure 2a). PTO modification confers higher resistance to the ASO against nuclease degradation, leading to higher bioavailability. Additionally, they are highly soluble and have excellent antisense activity [23]. Finally, PTO-modified ASOs promote degradation of target mRNA by RNase H enzyme. Nevertheless, this modification may slightly reduce the affinity of the ASO for its mRNA target because the melting temperature (Tm) of the ASO-mRNA heteroduplex is decreased [20]. PTO modification is the most widely performed chemical modification of ASOs for loss-of-function studies
Nevertheless, to try to solve the several non-specific problems [27], new chemical modifications have been developed. Modifications to the base, sugar and backbone have been identified that increase binding affinity for the target RNA.
\nThe second generation represents oligonucleotides in which the structural modification is not limited to the backbone linkage but additionally includes structural modifications of the ribose: ASO with 2’-O-alkyl modifications of the ribose were developed (Figure 2b). These modifications intend to improve binding affinity, to increase efficacy, to modulate the protein binding of oligonucleotides and to enhance nuclease resistance. 2’-O-Methyl (2’-OMe) and 2’-O-Methoxyethyl (2’-MOE) modifications of ASO-PTO are the most widely studied [28]. These second-generation ASOs are less toxic than PTO- modified ASOs and have a slightly enhanced affinity towards their complementary RNAs [29]. Moreover, an important aspect for these ASOs is that 2’modifications can reduce immunostimulatory effect [30]. However, 2’-OMe and 2’-MOE substitutions do not activate the RNase H to cleave the target mRNA, which decreases the efficacy of the ASO [31]. Indeed, mechanistic studies have been conducted to elucidate RNase H activity. They have shown that the flexibility of the ASO, the accessibility of the 2′-OH group of the RNA and the correct width of the minor groove of the ASO-RNA duplex are necessary for effective RNase H mediated mRNA degradation [32]. Since 2′-
Third-generation ASOs have been developed to further improve nuclease resistance, increase binding affinity, and to enhance pharmacokinetics and biostability. They are characterized by chemical modifications of the nucleotide, and more precisely to its furanose ring [33]. Many modifications have been described, such as N3′-P5′ phosphoramidates, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-arabino nucleic acid analogue (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acids (CeNAs) and tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA), however, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), phosphoramidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) are the three most studied third-generation ASOs [34, 35].
\nIt should be noted that there is no single modification that covers all the desired properties for a modified ASO. As described before, chemical modifications can improve ASO-RNA hybridization affinity, enhance nuclease resistance, decrease toxicity and modulate pharmacokinetics. An optimal antisense can be designed depending on its use by mixing and matching the numerous chemical modifications accordingly.
\nPNA is a synthetic DNA mimic in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by polyamide linkages [36] (Figure 2c). PNAs are biologically very stable and have good hybridization properties. However, they do not activate mRNA cleavage via RNase activity, but rather block translation and thus protein expression, by forming sequence-specific duplex with mRNA, hence generating steric hindrance. Due to their neutral backbone, PNAs have low solubility and their cellular uptake remains a challenge for exploiting them as therapeutics antisense. PNAs delivery can be enhanced annealing a PNA strand with a negatively charged complementary oligonucleotide, and then enclosed the obtained duplex with a cationic lipid. To this end, PNAs are also conjugated to peptides for improving their cellular uptake [37, 38]. Furthermore, PNA can elicit antigen effects by hybridizing with double-stranded DNA [36, 39] resulting in transcriptional arrest. Substantial data have revealed the effectiveness of PNA in gene silencing in various in vitro models [39, 40].
\nPMOs are non-charged ASOs whose pentose sugar is substituted by a morpholino ring and the inter-nucleotide linkages are phosphoramidate bonds in place of phosphodiester bonds [41] (Figure 2d). PMOs avoid the RNase H recruitment; their effect is primarily mediated by steric interference of ribosomal assembly resulting in translational arrest. Synthetic PMOs are resistant to nucleases degradation in biological fluid. Because their backbone is uncharged, PMOs are unlikely to form unwanted interactions with nucleic acid-binding proteins [42]. PMOs do not enter mammalian cells easily in culture, but it has been shown that conjugating it with peptides such as arginine-rich peptide (ARP) can enhance its cellular uptake and antisense potency [43]. Antisense PMO oligonucleotide, have shown efficacy in animal models
Locked nucleic acids oligonucleotides figure among the most promising candidates developed the last few years. LNAs are chemically modified nucleotides with a ribose containing a methylene bridge between the 2′-oxygen and the 4′-carbon of the ribose [46]. LNA modifications improve significantly the ASO hybridization affinity towards mRNA target, due to the important increase in the thermal stability of the DNA/RNA heteroduplexes [47]. In addition, LNAs avoid nuclease degradation. As their ribose 2’-O position are modified, LNAs are not recruiting RNase H [48]. Nevertheless LNA nucleotides can be freely incorporated at the ends of RNA and DNA sequences to form chimeric oligonucleotides resulting in restoration of RNase H-mediated cleavage of mRNA. It has been shown that the chimeric LNA/DNA/LNA gapmer with seven to 10 phosphorothioate-modified DNA central gaps flanked by three to four LNA nucleotides on both 5′-end and 3’ends induces efficient mRNA cleavage, because of their high target affinity and nuclease resistance [29]. In the first
Chemical modification characteristics.
Despite the large number of molecules being evaluated in the clinical trials, the clinical progress of ASOs had to face many challenges; indeed, poor pharmacokinetics [52], poor cell membrane permeation [53], and off-target effects [27]. Last decade, the development of oligonucleotide delivery through lipid or polymer systems has improved the cellular uptake and the pharmacokinetic behavior [54].
\nThe pharmacokinetics of ASOs has been extensively studied; they rapidly distribute to all tissues
In summary, pharmacokinetic studies of PTO ASO demonstrate that they are well absorbed from parenteral sites, distribute broadly to all peripheral tissues, do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and are eliminated primarily by slow metabolism. Altogether, their pharmacokinetic properties depend on chemistry rather than sequence.
\nConcerning ASO’s toxicity, there are two broad categories of potential toxicities for ASOs; toxicities due to exaggerated pharmacology and toxicities due to non-antisense effects of the ASO. The former category of side effects results from the ASO binding to off-target RNA, producing an undesirable effect. The potential for such toxicities can be further minimized by vigilant selection of the drug target and homology searches against human genomic databases. The second category of potential toxicities (non-antisense effects) has been documented at higher doses of ASOs. In clinical trials PTO ASOs have proven to be safer than originally anticipated [31, 34, 35]. ASOs drugs principally induce mild-to-moderate toxicities related to the administered dose.
Although the clinical relevance of ASOs has been demonstrated, inefficient cellular uptake, both
Cellular uptake refers to the combination of both OD membrane-binding and internalization. It is challenged by numerous barriers, most importantly, the lipophilic nature of the cell membrane, which makes the passage of these large anionic molecules complicated. Several barriers to cellular uptake exist such as the lipophilic cell membrane, through which these large, anionic molecules must pass to reach the site of action. In cultured cells, the internalization of naked ASOs is generally inefficient, with only a few ASO molecules actually penetrating the cell [21]. Exogenously administered ASOs enter cells
Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides enter cells via several endocytotic pathways. Most of ODs are recycled in early recycling endosomes. ODs accumulate in endosomes, multivesicular bodies (MVB) and lysosomes. A significant amount is compartmentalized in cellular organelles like the trans Golgi network (TGN).
To improve cellular uptake and OD’s activity, a range of techniques and transporters have been developed [65, 66]. Simultaneously, the use of these vectors increases the stability of ODs against nuclease digestion and allows the use of lower concentrations of ODs.
\nOD delivery can occur through carrier molecules. Receptor-mediated endocytosis-directed uptake utilizes import mechanisms already present in the cell membrane for the uptake of biomolecules necessary for cell function [67]. ODs can be linked directly to a carrier protein
All of these methods, under defined circumstances, can permit charged or uncharged ODs to enter cells rapidly and localize in the nucleus, where they produce antisense inhibition of gene function.
\nNevertheless, one of the most promising strategies used to overcome cellular barriers is the use of nanotechnology. Indeed, nanocarriers offer the possibility to encapsulate drugs but also nucleic acid, to protect it from degradation, enhance its distribution to the tissues and the cells, but also reduce toxicity and thus secondary effects by targeting specific organs. It is a very promising tool for combination therapy and theranostics applications. To bypass the limitations of ASO-based therapy, like insufficient stability and low intracellular delivery and distribution, Dr. Rocchi’s lab recently developed a modified first-generation ASO by using a lipid-conjugated oligonucleotide modification (LASO) able to overcome the problems to ASO administration. The idea is to improve ASO’s stability, efficiency and biodisponibility by adding a hydrophobic lipid chain at the 5’end of the hydrophilic DNA sequence. As amphiphiles, LASOs self-assemble in aqueous media with an encapsulation rate of 100%, which yields in small spherical objects of ~11 nm in diameter [79]. Due to their small size, these nanomicelles, can accumulate inside the tumor
Antisense oligonucleotide based therapies are promising. They can be used for human therapy and can specifically inhibit target genes. Despite the promising progress since their discovery, only a few have been approved for clinical use. This low success rate can be explained by their anionic charge which prevents them from getting through the cell membrane and are rapidly destroyed by nuclease. To address these problems many chemical modifications have been developed. Finally, improvement of their delivery to the tissues, and thus their efficacy is an important issue that has to be addressed. To solve this problem, many strategies have been studied; nanotechnology is one of the most promising to overcome the cellular barriers for the ASO delivery towards targeted therapy.
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\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
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Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"68760",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88744",title:"Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers",slug:"nanofibrous-scaffolds-for-skin-tissue-engineering-and-wound-healing-based-on-synthetic-polymers",totalDownloads:1250,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Nanofibrous scaffolds are popular materials in all areas of tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. In this chapter, we focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is an organ with several vitally important functions, particularly barrier, thermoregulatory, and sensory functions. Nanofibrous meshes not only serve as carriers for skin cells but also can prevent the penetration of microbes into wounds and can keep appropriate moisture in the damaged skin. The nanofibrous meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This review is concentrated on synthetic non-degradable and degradable polymers, which have been explored for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. These synthetic polymers were often combined with natural polymers of the protein or polysaccharide nature, which improved their attractiveness for cell colonization. The nanofibrous scaffolds can also be loaded with various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, antioxidants, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. In advanced tissue engineering approaches, the cells on the nanofibrous scaffolds are cultured in dynamic bioreactors enabling appropriate mechanical stimulation of cells and at air-liquid interface. This chapter summarizes recent results achieved in the field of nanofiber-based skin tissue engineering, including results of our research group.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Lucie Bacakova, Marketa Zikmundova, Julia Pajorova, Antonin Broz, Elena Filova, Andreu Blanquer, Roman Matejka, Jana Stepanovska, Petr Mikes, Vera Jencova, Eva Kuzelova Kostakova and Alla Sinica",authors:null},{id:"52066",doi:"10.5772/64394",title:"Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Catalysts",slug:"supported-gold-nanoparticles-as-promising-catalysts",totalDownloads:3064,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"In recent times, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) either in the form of colloids or as supported nanoparticles are being extensively used as efficient redox catalyst materials. Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. Narayana Kalevaru"}]},{id:"50852",doi:"10.5772/63729",title:"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Amino Acids by Light Irradiation",slug:"synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-amino-acids-by-light-irradiation",totalDownloads:3584,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The synthesis of nanoparticles is generally carried out by chemical reduction, which is effective but uses a number of toxic substances, making the process potentially harmful to the environment. Thus, as part of the search for environmentally friendly or green synthetic methods, this chapter aimed to present the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using only HAuCl4, Milli-Q water, white light from a xenon lamp, and amino acids. A total of 21 amino acids were studied, and the shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles were evaluated. The products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]},{id:"72461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92796",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:965,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68970",title:"Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture",slug:"applications-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:3322,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide applications in several areas like medicine, medical drugs, catalysis, energy and materials. Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"72461",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]},{id:"51930",title:"Gold-Catalysed Reactions",slug:"gold-catalysed-reactions",totalDownloads:1920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent years, there have been three significant pieces of research which helped propel gold catalysis research into the forefront: the discoveries that gold/silica can catalyse the hydrogenation of pentene, that gold on carbon can be used in the hydrochlorination of acetylene and that deposition-precipitation (DP) methods can be used to prepare nanogold on titania capable of enabling the oxidation of CO at very low temperatures. The synthesis of small gold particles, their characterisation and peculiar properties are considered together with their behaviour as heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of reactions. Some of the issues concerning the practical application of gold catalysts are also discussed.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"J.A. Moma, T.A. Ntho and Michael Scurrell",authors:[{id:"179872",title:"Prof.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Scurrell",slug:"mike-scurrell",fullName:"Mike Scurrell"},{id:"183973",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moma",slug:"john-moma",fullName:"John Moma"},{id:"183974",title:"Dr.",name:"Thabang",middleName:"Abraham",surname:"Ntho",slug:"thabang-ntho",fullName:"Thabang Ntho"}]},{id:"52066",title:"Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Catalysts",slug:"supported-gold-nanoparticles-as-promising-catalysts",totalDownloads:3067,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"In recent times, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) either in the form of colloids or as supported nanoparticles are being extensively used as efficient redox catalyst materials. Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. Narayana Kalevaru"}]},{id:"50852",title:"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Amino Acids by Light Irradiation",slug:"synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-amino-acids-by-light-irradiation",totalDownloads:3587,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The synthesis of nanoparticles is generally carried out by chemical reduction, which is effective but uses a number of toxic substances, making the process potentially harmful to the environment. Thus, as part of the search for environmentally friendly or green synthetic methods, this chapter aimed to present the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using only HAuCl4, Milli-Q water, white light from a xenon lamp, and amino acids. A total of 21 amino acids were studied, and the shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles were evaluated. The products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"44",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",hash:"1806716f60b9be14fc05682c4a912b41",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 23rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11578",title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:1,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. 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Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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