\r\n\tThis book will offer, through its authors, in a clear and easy-to-read style a comprehensive coverage of the various aspects of performance valuation and compensation management. The text will focus on real core issues which are the tools for appraising the performance of an individual and organization.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tIn this context, the book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in valuation and compensation management.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tThis book will serve as a useful tool for managers, executives and HR practitioners who are confronted with many performance management issues in their work scenarios.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aac39a84162fc51366824efdee1c02ad",bookSignature:"Prof. Ubaldo Comite",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8278.jpg",keywords:"Development, Administration, Audit, Compensation, Remuneration, Bonus, Benefit, Valuation,\r\nHealthcare Valuation, Incentive, Performance Compensation, Job evaluation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 1st 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 22nd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 21st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 9th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"195399",title:"Prof.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Comite",slug:"ubaldo-comite",fullName:"Ubaldo Comite",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195399/images/system/195399.jpg",biography:"Ubaldo Comite was born in Cosenza, Italy, on June 14, 1971. He has a degree in Law (1994) and Economics (1996) at the University of Messina (Italy) and earned his PhD degree in Public Administration at the University of Calabria (Italy), in 2005. Currently, he is a professor of Health Management, Budget and Business Organization at the University of Calabria. Furthermore, he is a professor of Business Administration at the University 'Giustino Fortunato” (Italy). He has authored several book chapters and over 60 peer-reviewed journals/proceeding papers. He served as an International Program Committee member for several conferences. His research interests are private and public management, nonprofit organizations and accounting, and health management.",institutionString:"University of Calabria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Calabria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5808",title:"Advances in Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964451b7f2d30a4d8f4dbadd374df7ea",slug:"advances-in-health-management",bookSignature:"Ubaldo Comite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195399",title:"Prof.",name:"Ubaldo",surname:"Comite",slug:"ubaldo-comite",fullName:"Ubaldo Comite"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6689",title:"Public Management and Administration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce558cd92314c50719a36e2dfdaf914d",slug:"public-management-and-administration",bookSignature:"Ubaldo Comite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195399",title:"Prof.",name:"Ubaldo",surname:"Comite",slug:"ubaldo-comite",fullName:"Ubaldo Comite"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"54297",title:"Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Improves Nutrition and Increases Wheat Yield in Association with Nitrogen Fertilization",doi:"10.5772/67638",slug:"inoculation-with-azospirillum-brasilense-improves-nutrition-and-increases-wheat-yield-in-association",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an annual cycle plant, considered among the cool season cereal, one that has greater economic importance, with large grain yield capacity [1].
\n
The final crop yield is defined according to the cultivar used, the amount of agricultural supplies, and management techniques employed. The increasing use of high-yield potential wheat has implicated in more frequent use of agricultural supplies, among which nitrogen fertilization shown to be important in defining the grain yield [2]. Therefore, there is a need to study wheat cultivars verifying their response to the uptake and utilization of nutrients in the soil and their performance and cultural practices in different environments [3].
\n
Nitrogen fertilization is one of the highest costs of the production process of nonleguminous crops [4]. Wheat, corn, and rice crops utilize approximately 60% of the N fertilizer produced in the world [5]. The use of N fertilizer must be carefully controlled to ensure good yield and manage N in the soil; N fertilizer increases production costs for farmers [6].
\n
Several authors reported a positive response of nitrogen fertilization on grain yield of wheat [3, 7–11]. Due to the high cost of fertilizers and awareness in support of sustainable agriculture and less polluting, in which the research is growing, one possibility would be to use inoculants containing bacteria that promote growth and increase the productivity of plants. Studies on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by Azospirillum in grass have been carried out in Brazil. Until recently, no commercial inoculants with these bacteria are available in the country [12].
\n
Although the plant genotype performs an essential role in the colonization of bacteria, cultivars with high and low potential of association exist [13]. Several studies have been published confirming that Azospirillum produces phytohormones that stimulate root growth in many plant species. The components released by Azospirillum brasilense responsible for stimulating root growth are indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, and cytokinins [14]. Inoculation with Azospirillum can improve the leaf photosynthetic parameters, including chlorophyll content and stomata conductance, greater proline content in shoots and roots, improvement in water potential, an increase in water content in the apoplast, more elasticity of the cell wall, more biomass production, and greater plant size which were reported by Barassi et al. [15]. Increases in photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b and auxiliary photoprotective pigments, such as violaxantine, zeaxantin, ateroxantine, lutein, neoxanthin, and beta-carotene, which result in greener plants without water-related stress, were verified by Bashan et al. [16].
\n
In addition, the increase in root development caused by inoculation with Azospirillum is involved with several other effects. Increases in water and mineral uptake have been reported, as well as greater tolerance to stresses, such as salinity and drought, resulting in a more vigorous and productive plant [17, 18]. According to Dobbelaere et al. [19], positive responses to inoculation with A. brasilense are obtained even when the crops are grown in soils with high N content available, which indicates that the plant responses occur not only due to the N2 fixed but also mainly depending on the production of phytohormone growth promoters such as cytokinin, gibberellin, and indoleacetic acid. Lemos et al. [20], studying five wheat cultivars, found a positive interaction of A. brasilense and nitrogen fertilization only for one wheat cultivar (CD 150). Increases in nitrogen fertilization efficiency associated with inoculation with A. brasilense were reported by Galindo et al. [21] but in the grain yields of corn in the Brazilian Cerrado.
\n
Considering the benefits attributed to several crops by inoculation with A. brasilense, with emphasis on biological nitrogen fixation, greater development of the root system, and, consequently, greater absorption of water and nutrients, therefore, the inoculation can improve crop performance allowing greater efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. Thus, research that evaluates the nutritional status and wheat yield, in terms of nitrogen rates in association with inoculation with A. brasilense, is important.
\n
\n
\n
2. Materials and methods
\n
The wheat experiment was conducted in 2014, in an experimental area that belongs to the UNESP Engineering Faculty, located in Selvíria—MS/Brazil—with the following geographical coordinates 20°22′S and 51°22′W and an altitude of 335 m. Soil in this experimental area was classified as Distroferric Red Oxisol with clay texture (with values of particle size of 420, 50 kg−1, and 530 g of sand, silt, and clay, respectively), according to Embrapa [22], which has been cultivated with annual cultures over 27 years and the last 11 years with no-tillage system. The area was under corn cultivation before sowing wheat. The annual average temperature was 23.5°C, annual average pluvial precipitation was 1370 mm, and annual average relative air humidity was between 70 and 80%.
\n
Glyphosate [1800 g ha−1 of active ingredient (a.i.) and 2,4-D (670 g ha−1 of a.i.)] herbicides were used for desiccation and applied in 2 weeks prior to sowing wheat. Chemical attributes of the soil in the tillable layer were determined before the wheat experiment began. The methods proposed by van Raij et al. [23] showed the following results: 13 mg dm−3 of P (resin), 6 mg dm−3 of S═SO4, 23 g dm−3 of organic matter (OM), pH (CaCl2) of 4.8, 2.6 mmolc dm−3 of K+, 13.0 mmolc dm−3 of Ca2+, 8.0 mmolc dm−3 of Mg2+, 42.0 mmolc dm−3 of H + Al, 5.9 mg dm−3 of Cu, 30.0 mg dm−3 of Fe, 93.9 mg dm−3 of Mn, 1.0 mg dm−3 of Zn (DTPA), 0.24 mg dm−3 of B (hot water), and 36% base saturation. After soil chemical analysis, 2.5 t ha−1 of dolomitic limestone (with 88% relative total neutralizing power) was directly applied as topdressing 80 days before the wheat was sown in 2014 in order to elevate base saturation to 70%, as recommended by Cantarella et al. [24].
\n
The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, in a factorial scheme 5 × 2, with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1, as urea) applied as topdressing at the growth stage 3.2 on Zadok’s scale [25], with and without seed inoculation with A. brasilense. Wheat seeds were inoculated with 300 mL ha−1 of inoculant liquid of A. brasilense bacteria AbV5 and AbV6 strains (guaranteed minimum analysis of 2 × 108 UFC mL−1). The inoculant was mixed with the seeds using a cement mixer, 1 h before planting and after the seed treatments with carbendazim + thiram fungicides (45 + 105 g a.i. per 100 kg of seed) and thiodicarb + imidacloprid insecticides (45 + 135 g a.i. per 100 kg of seed). Each plot consisted of 6 m in length with 12 lines and an inter-row spacing of 0.17 m. The usable area of the plot was eight center lines, excluding 0.5 m extremities. The plot size was 10.20 m2.
\n
Were applied 350 kg ha−1 of the 08-28-16 formulation in the forms of urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium chloride, respectively, at wheat sowing was applied. The experiments were conducted in a no-tillage system. The area in both crops was irrigated by a central pivot sprinkler system. The water coverage was 14 mm over a period of around 72 h. The cultivar used was the CD 116, and sowing was done with an experimental machine on 05/16/14, with 80 seeds being sown per meter. Metsulfuron-methyl (3.0 g a.i. ha−1), a postemergence herbicide, was applied 20 days after emergence (DAE) to control weeds, like Ipomoea grandifolia, Tridax procumbens, and Spermacoce latifolia. The seedling emergence was 6 days after sowing. Topdressing with nitrogen fertilization was performed at 35 DAE, manually distributing the fertilizer on the soil surface (no incorporation) beside and approximately 8 cm of sowing lines in order to avoid the contact of the fertilizer with the plants. After this topdressing, the area was irrigated by sprinkling (depth 14 mm) at night to minimize N losses by volatilization of ammonia, a procedure common in the irrigated wheat crop. The plants were harvested 110 days after wheat emergence.
\n
Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were measured in the grain and straw (above the soil) of wheat at harvest occasion (the end of the crop cycle), in 10 plants per useful area of plot. The determination of nutrients was carried out as described by Malavolta et al. [26]. The wheat was harvested from the plants in the useful area of each plot, and grain yield was calculated after mechanical threshing. Data were transformed into kg ha−1 and corrected for 13% moisture (wet basis). The agronomic efficiency of the treatments was determined:\n
The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5% probability to compare the averages of plants that had been inoculated with A. brasilense with those that had not been inoculated. Regression equations were fitted for the effect of N rates using the Sisvar program [27]. For the Pearson correlation analysis, separated from inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, we used SAS program [28].
\n
\n
\n
3. Results and discussion
\n
The increase in nitrogen rates isolated did not influence the nutrients concentrations in irrigated wheat grains, inclusive of N (\nTable 1\n). However, it is worth noting that the nutrients N, P, and S concentrations presented in the diagnosis leaf (data not shown) were higher than average recommended by Cantarella et al. [24], whose ranges for these nutrients are 20–34, 1.5–3, and 2.1–3.3 g kg−1, respectively. For average of Ca and Mg, leaf concentrations are within the recommendation by Cantarella et al. [24] as appropriate, whose ranges for such nutrients are 2.5–10.0 and 1.5–4.0 g kg−1. The K leaf concentration was slightly below 15 (13.5 g kg−1), being the critical level considered as appropriate. However, the average of leaf concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were suitable, whose ranges for these nutrients are 5–25; 10–300, 25–150, and 20–70 mg kg−1 [24], respectively.
Means and Tukey’s test concerning nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, cooper, iron, manganese, and zinc grain and straw concentrations of wheat affected by nitrogen rates, with or without inoculation by A. brasilense.
significance at p < 0.01.
data fitted by following equation (x + 0.5)0.5.
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.
ns significance at not significant.
\n
With regard to inoculation with A. brasilense, the concentrations of P, Ca, andMg were positively influenced by the use of bacteria, where inoculated treatments showed higher concentrations of these nutrients in wheat (\nTable 1\n). Increasing concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg in the grain raise the possibility of partial immobilization of nutrients in the plant by the bacteria and subsequent release of the same for plants. These bacteria can act on plant growth by producing substances promoting development (auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins) which provide better root growth [29] and, therefore, have greater uptake of water and nutrients [30] resulting in a more vigorous and productive plant [12, 18], and to be free-living organisms with endophytic characteristics, it is possible to perform some of the metabolic and vital process use of nutrients in the plant, which would then be made available to reflect in increased concentrations in the grains.
\n
Inoculation with A. brasilense provided higher concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grains compared to treatments not inoculated, probably due to the possibility of temporary immobilization and subsequent greater redistribution of nutrients to the grain filling (\nTable 1\n). This result is very interesting, because the increase of Zn in cereal grains such as wheat is the target of a series of research related to agronomic biofortification, since many people are deficient in zinc, especially in less developed countries of the world.
\n
The interaction between nitrogen rates and inoculation with A. brasilense was significant for the Mg concentration in the grains. In the absence of N and at doses of 50 and 100 kg ha−1, the treatments inoculated with A. brasilense via seed showed higher Mg concentration in the grains compared to treatment that was not inoculated (\nTable 2\n). There was linear increasing function adjusted for nitrogen rates where there was no inoculation (\nFigure 1\n), but these values always were lower compared to treatments with inoculation.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Inoculation
\n
N rates (kg ha−1)\n
\n
\n
\n
0
\n
50
\n
100
\n
150
\n
200
\n
\n\n\n
\n
With A. brasilense\n
\n
1.77 a
\n
1.65 a
\n
1.68 a
\n
1.47 a
\n
1.62 a
\n
\n
\n
Without A. brasilense\n
\n
1.18 b
\n
1.22 b
\n
1.23 b
\n
1.43 a
\n
1.43 a
\n
\n
\n
LSD (5%)
\n
0.31
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Inoculation by A. brasilense and nitrogen rate interaction for magnesium grain concentration of wheat.
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.
\n
Figure 1.
Magnesium grain concentration of wheat in regard to nitrogen rate interaction within inoculation.
\n
The increase in nitrogen rates did not influence the concentration of macronutrients and Cu, Mn, and Zn in wheat straw (\nTable 1\n). Only the Fe straw concentration was influenced by N rates, adjusting the increasing linear function (\nFigure 2\n).
\n
Figure 2.
Iron straw concentration of wheat in regard to nitrogen rate.
\n
Inoculation with A. brasilense influenced the concentrations of P and S in the wheat straw in distinct forms. For the P concentration, inoculation promoted lower concentrations of this nutrient in the straw, which is explained by the greater redistribution and accumulation of P in wheat grain filling, as previously reported. However, for the S concentration, in treatments that were performed, the inoculation showed higher concentration of nutrients in the straw (\nTable 1\n), which can be explained by the greater S uptake in the subsurface soil layers, due to further deepening of the system root of inoculated wheat.
\n
The Azospirillum genus encompasses a group of bacteria that promote plant growth, free life that is found in almost all places of the earth; there are reports also that bacteria of this kind can be facultative endophytic [31]. Azospirillum genus of bacteria can act on plant growth by reducing nitrate to ammonia; this energy can be made available to other vital metabolic processes [32]. Nevertheless, this fixation process also requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to occur [33], which raises the possibility that these bacteria temporarily immobilize some plant nutrients such as K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Zn, and especially P for their metabolic processes and subsequently make available again to plants, reinforcing the results obtained in the nutritional assessment, which observed lower concentrations of P, K, and Ca in leaf tissue and a smaller concentration of P in the straw but increases in the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the grains, being interesting from the point of view of human or animal nutrition.
\n
The interaction between nitrogen rates and inoculation was significant for the N concentration in the straw. The treatments that were inoculated by seed with the bacteria A. brasilense at the rate of 100–150 kg ha−1 N showed higher N concentration in the straw compared to uninoculated treatments (\nTable 3\n) and, therefore, contributed more to the supply of this important nutrient for subsequent crops. There was linear decreasing function adjusted for nitrogen rates in treatments that were not inoculated, that is, the increase of N rates resulted in decreased concentration of N in the straw (\nFigure 3\n), indicating a greater need to redistribute N of the straw for grains. Thus, it appears that there was a greater contribution to the absorption of N due to the further development of the root system in relation to biological N2 fixation when there was seed inoculation with A. brasilense. This bacterium can act on plant growth by producing substance promoters for development of (auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins), which provide improved root growth [29] and consequently greater absorption of water and nutrients [30], resulting in more vigorous and productive plant [12, 18].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Inoculation
\n
Doses de N (kg ha−1)\n
\n
\n
\n
0
\n
50
\n
100
\n
150
\n
200
\n
\n\n\n
\n
With A. brasilense\n
\n
5.23 a
\n
4.62 a
\n
5.32 a
\n
5.88 a
\n
5.08 a
\n
\n
\n
Without A. brasilense\n
\n
5.40 a
\n
4.97 a
\n
4.20 b
\n
4.67 b
\n
4.25 a
\n
\n
\n
LSD (5%)
\n
1.01
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Inoculation by A. brasilense and nitrogen rate interaction for nitrogen straw concentration of wheat.
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.
\n
Figure 3.
Nitrogen straw concentration of wheat in regard to nitrogen rate interaction within inoculation.
\n
For treatments not inoculated, the Pearson correlation was significant between the concentration of N in the grains and K concentration in straw (0.5131*), Cu in straw (−0.5584*), and Zn in grains (0.4573*). For the treatments inoculated with A. brasilense, the correlation was significant between the concentration of N in grains and Fe concentrations in the straw (−0.4440*), K in grains (0.4547*), Ca in grains (0.4994*), and Mg in the grain (0.5087*).
\n
The Pearson correlation was significant between the concentration of N in straw and concentrations in grains of N (1.0000**), of K (0.4547*), of Ca (0.4994*), and of Mg (0.5087*) in the treatments inoculated with A. brasilense. However, there was no correlation between the N concentration in straw and the other variables in the non-inoculated treatments.
\n
For the agronomic efficiency of wheat, there was no significant difference between with or without inoculation by A. brasilense (\nTable 4\n), even though numerically in inoculated wheat, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization has been higher. The interaction between N rates and inoculation was significant for the grain yield of wheat. Inoculated treatments at the rate of 150 kg ha−1 N were greater in grain yield of non-inoculated treatments (\nTable 5\n). There was linear increasing function adjusted for nitrogen rates in the treatments without inoculation and the quadratic function adjusted for the treatments inoculated with positive response up to the dose of 139 kg ha−1 N (\nFigure 4\n). However, A. brasilense alone is not effective enough to replace the entire nitrogen fertilization but, associated with N fertilization, makes it possible to achieve the highest yields of irrigated wheat grains in the Brazilian Cerrado.
Means and Tukey’s test concerning grain yields and agronomic efficiency of wheat affected by nitrogen rates, with or without inoculation by A. brasilense.
data fitted by following equation (x + 0.5)0.5.
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Inoculation
\n
N rates (kg ha−1)\n
\n
\n
\n
0
\n
50
\n
100
\n
150
\n
200
\n
\n\n\n
\n
With A. brasilense\n
\n
2196 a
\n
2916 a
\n
3205 a
\n
3544 a
\n
3119 a
\n
\n
\n
Without A. brasilense\n
\n
2342 a
\n
3092 a
\n
3060 a
\n
2989 b
\n
3203 a
\n
\n
\n
LSD (5%)
\n
508
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
Table 5.
Inoculation by A. brasilense and nitrogen rate interaction for grains yield of wheat.
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5%.
\n
Figure 4.
Grain yield of wheat in regard to nitrogen rate interaction within inoculation.
\n
Regarding grain yield, several authors also reported a positive response to nitrogen fertilization on wheat [2, 3, 7–10]. In similar climatic conditions for the cultivation of wheat as a winter crop in the Cerrado region with low altitude, Cazetta et al. [7] and Teixeira Filho et al. [3, 8, 9] suggested maximum grain yield with N doses ranging from 78 kg ha−1 [7], 90 kg ha−1 [3, 8] to 120 kg ha−1 [9]. These differences in rates of N that provide maximum productivity of wheat are due to different requirements of N from the cultivars, as well as the variation in climate and soil conditions.
\n
Lemos et al. [20] studied five wheat cultivars (CD 104, CD 108, CD 119, CD 120, and CD 150), with and without inoculation and, associated with nitrogen rates, found that response to inoculation with A. brasilense in wheat crop occurs satisfactorily when held in conjunction with the nitrogen fertilization, as observed in this study at a dose of 150 kg ha−1 N (\nTable 5\n). On the other hand, Ferreira et al. [34], working with foliar application of A. brasilense and nitrogen rates in the wheat crop in the Brazilian Cerrado, observed that inoculation had no effect on grain yield. Similarly, Nunes et al. [4] studied inoculation with A. brasilense in soils with high and low availability of N, and Galindo et al. [35], in research with application times by leaf of A. brasilense with the application of 100 kg ha−1 N, found no effect of inoculation in the production components and grain yield of wheat in the Cerrado region.
\n
Tarumoto et al. [36], analyzing inoculation with A. brasilense and seed treatment with pesticides on irrigated wheat yield in the Cerrado region and agreeing with the results obtained in this study, also did not verify influence of inoculation alone, on yield of irrigated wheat crop. However, Santa et al. [37] found significant effects on the wheat yield (average increase of 23.9% compared to the control) in the treatment inoculated with A. brasilense, both with and without the addition of nitrogen fertilization. While Piccinin et al. [38] suggested that the use of N can be reduced by up to 50% when inoculation with A. brasilense is performed. Zorita and Caniggia [39] also reported significant increases on grain yield after inoculation of A. brasilense on wheat seeds. Hungria [12] also observed a mean increase in grain yield of 31% for wheat. However, it is noteworthy that the affinity of cultivar with the strains of this bacterium diazotrophic may vary and determine the success or failure of inoculation with A. brasilense.
\n
Agronomic efficiency was negatively affected by the increase of N rates (\nTable 4\n), with adjustment to decreasing linear function due to higher losses of N in the soil (\nFigure 5\n), as we know, the higher the dose, the greater will be the loss. Increases in the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization associated with inoculation with A. brasilense were reported by Galindo et al. [21] but in the corn crop in the Brazilian Cerrado. According to Dobbelaere et al. [19], positive responses to inoculation with A. brasilense are obtained even when the crops are grown in soils with high N content available, which indicates that the plant responses occur not only due to the N2 biological fixation but also mainly depending on the production of phytohormones growth promoters such as the cytokinin, gibberellin, and indoleacetic acid. This fact may possibly has favored root development of wheat, which according to Novakowiski et al. [40] improved the utilization efficiency of the residual N, uptake of water, and other nutrients directly reflected in a higher agronomic efficiency of the plant with A. brasilense inoculation as found in the present study for grain yield.
\n
Figure 5.
Agronomic efficiency (EA) of wheat in regard to nitrogen rate.
\n
\n
\n
4. Conclusion
\n
Inoculation with A. brasilense increased concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in grain and concentrations of N and S in wheat straw. This bacterium decreases the straw concentration of P, but it increases grain concentration of P.
\n
The straw concentration of N decreased linearly with the increase of N doses, only without inoculation with A. brasilense. That is, when inoculation with these bacteria occurred, there was a lower N redistribution from leaves and culms into the grain filling, without the reduction in the N grains concentration. So, it is a great interest for the supply of N to subsequent crops.
\n
The increase in N rates in association with A. brasilense inoculation increases the wheat yield up to 139 kg ha−1 N, whereas without this inoculation, linear increase occurred with lower maximum yield of wheat. That is, the inoculation afforded higher grain yield applying less nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing.
\n
This research demonstrated that inoculation with A. brasilense associated with nitrogen fertilization in topdressing is beneficial to nutrition and wheat yield. Therefore, inoculation is a low-cost technique, easy to apply and use, and nonpolluting, which fall within the desired sustainable context in actuality; the trend is that this technology be increasingly used in wheat crop.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"diazotrophic bacteria, nitrogen, nutrient concentrations, bacterial promoters of plant growth, agronomic efficiency",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/54297.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/54297.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54297",totalDownloads:1443,totalViews:298,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 24th 2017",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"The management of nitrogen fertilization is performed in order to ensure adequate productivity, and depending on the N dynamics in the soil, large amount of N is added to the soil, raising production cost for the farmers. Considering the benefits attributed by seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense (diazotrophic bacteria), with emphasis on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), greater development of the root system, and, consequently, greater absorption of water and nutrients, it infers that inoculation can improve crop performance allowing greater efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. Thus, the research that evaluates nutritional status and wheat yield, in terms of nitrogen rates in association with inoculation with A. brasilense is important. We found that increment of N rates in association with A. brasilense inoculation increases the wheat yield up to 139 kg ha−1 N, whereas without this inoculation linear increase occurred with lower maximum yield of wheat. That is, the inoculation afforded higher grain yield applying less nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing. This research demonstrated that inoculation with A. brasilense associated with nitrogen fertilization in topdressing is beneficial to nutrition and wheat yield. Therefore, inoculation is a low-cost technique, easy to apply and use, and nonpolluting, which fall within the desired sustainable context in actuality.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/54297",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/54297",book:{slug:"wheat-improvement-management-and-utilization"},signatures:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Fernando Shintate\nGalindo, Salatiér Buzetti and José Mateus Kondo Santini",authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"193950",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernando Shintate",middleName:null,surname:"Galindo",fullName:"Fernando Shintate Galindo",slug:"fernando-shintate-galindo",email:"fs.galindo@yahoo.com.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"193951",title:"Dr.",name:"Salatiér",middleName:null,surname:"Buzetti",fullName:"Salatiér Buzetti",slug:"salatier-buzetti",email:"sbuzetti@agr.feis.unesp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"193952",title:"MSc.",name:"José Mateus Kondo",middleName:null,surname:"Santini",fullName:"José Mateus Kondo Santini",slug:"jose-mateus-kondo-santini",email:"santinijmk@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nMarini N, Tunes LM, Silva JI, Moraes DM, Cantos FAA. Carboxim Tiram fungicide effect in wheat seeds physiological quality (Triticum aestivum L.). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Agrárias. 2011; 6:17-22. doi:10.5039/agraria.v6i1a737 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nZagonel J, Venancio WS, Kunz RP, Tanamati H. Nitrogen doses and plant densities with and without a growth regulator affecting wheat, cultivar OR-1. Ciência Rural. 2002; 32:25-29. doi:10.1590/S0103-84782002000100005 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nTeixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S, Alvarez RCF, Freitas JG, Arf O, Sá ME. Response of wheat cultivars irrigated by sprinkler to side dressing nitrogen under savannah soil. Acta Scientiarum:Agronomy. 2007; 29:421-425. doi:10.4025/actasciagron.v29i3.471 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nNunes PHMP, Aquino LA, dos Santos LPD, Xavier FO, Dezordi LR, Assunção NS. Yield of the irrigated wheat crop subjected to nitrogen application and to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 2015; 39:174-182. doi:10.1590/01000683rbcs20150354 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nEspindula MC, Rocha VS, Souza MA, Campanharo M, Pimentel AJB. Urease inhibitor (NBPT) and efficiency of single or split application of urea in wheat crop. Revista Ceres. 2014; 61:273-279. doi:10.1590/S0034-737X2014000200016\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nTeixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S, Andreotti M, Benett CGS, Arf O, Sá ME. Wheat nitrogen fertilization under no till on the low altitude Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2014; 37:1732-1748. doi:10.1080/01904167.2014.889150\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nCazetta DA, Fornasieri Filho D, Arf O. Response of cultivars of wheat and triticale to nitrogen in a no-till system. Científica. 2007; 35:155-165. doi:10.15361/1984-5529.2007v35n2p155+-+165 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nTeixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S, Alvarez RCF, Freitas JG, Arf O, Sá ME. Response of wheat cultivars to plant population and nitrogen fertilization in a cerrado region. Científica. 2008; 36:97-106. doi:10.15361/1984-5529.2008v36n2p97+-+106 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nTeixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S, Andreotti M, Arf O, Benett CGS. Doses, sources and time of nitrogen application on irrigated wheat under no-tillage. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2010; 45:797-804. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2010000800004 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nPovh FP, Molin JP, Gimenez LM, Pauletti V, Molin R, Salvi JV. Behavior of NDVI obtained from an active optical sensor in cereals. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2008; 43:1075-1083. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2008000800018 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nTheago EQ, Buzetti S, Teixeira Filho MCM, Andreotti M, Megda MM, Benett CGS. Nitrogen application rates, sources, and times affecting chlorophyll content and wheat yield. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 2014; 38:1826-1835. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832014000600017\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nHungria M. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense: innovation in performance at low cost. Documents, 325. Londrina: Embrapa Soja; 2011. 37 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nQuadros PD. Inoculation of Azospirillum spp. in seeds of maize genotypes grown in Rio Grande do Sul. [Dissertation]. Porto Alegre: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 2009. 74 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nTien TM, Gaskins MH, Hubbell DH. Plant growth substances produced by Azospirillum brasilense and their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1979; 37:1016-1029.\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nBarassi CA, Sueldo RJ, Creus CM, Carrozzi L, Casanovas EM, Pereyra MA. Azospirillum potential to optimize plant growth under adverse conditions. In: Cassán FD, Garcia de Salomone I, editors. Azospirillum ssp.: cell physiology, plant interactions and agronomic research in Argentina. Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Microbiologia; 2008. pp. 49-59. (in Spanish)\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nBashan Y, Bustillos JJ, Leyva LA, Hernandez JP, Bacilio M. Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2006; 42:279-285. doi:10.1007/s00374-005-0025-x\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nDobbelaere S, Croonenborghs A, Thys A, Ptacek D, Vanderleyden J, Dutto P, Labandera-Gonzalez C, Caballero-Mellado J, Aguirre JF, Kapulnik Y, Brener S, Burdman S, Kadouri D, Sarig S, Okon Y. Response of agronomically important crops to inoculation with Azospirillum. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2001; 28:871-879. doi:10.1071/PP01074\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nBashan Y, Holguin G, De-Bashan LE. Azospirillum-plant relations physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances (1997–2003). Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2004; 50:521-577. doi:10.1139/w04-035\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nDobbelaere S, Vanderleyden J, Okon Y. Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2003; 22:107-149. doi:10.1080/713610853\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nLemos JM, Guimarães VF, Vendruscolo ECG, Santos MF, Offemann LC. Response of wheat cultivars to inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense and to nitrogenous fertilizer side dressed to the plants. Científica. 2013; 41:189-198. doi:10.15361/1984-5529.2013v41n2p189-198 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nGalindo FS, Teixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S, Santini JMK, Alves CJ, Nogueira LM, Ludkiewicz MGZ, Andreotti M, Bellotte, JLM. Corn yield and foliar diagnosis affected by nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 2016; 40:e0150364. doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20150364\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nEmbrapa – Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, National Center for Soil Research. Brazilian system of soil classification. 3rd ed. Brasília: Embrapa; 2013. 353 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nvan Raij B, Andrade JC, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA. Chemical analysis to evaluate the fertility of tropical soils. 2nd ed. Campinas: IAC; 2001. 285 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nCantarella H, van Raij B, Camargo CEO. Cereals. In: van Raij B, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA, Furlani AMC. Recommendations liming and fertilization for the state of São Paulo. 2nd ed. Campinas: IAC; 1997. 285 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nZadocks JC, Ghang TT, Konzak CF. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research. 1974; 14:415-421.\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nMalavolta E, Vitti GC, Oliveira SA. Evaluation of the nutritional status of plants: principles and applications. 2nd ed. Piracicaba: Brazilian Association for Research of Potash and Phosphate; 1997. 319 p. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nFerreira DF. Sisvar: A computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 2011; 35:1039-1042. doi:10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nSas Institute INC. SAS/STAT® User\'s Guide, Version 9.1, v.1-7. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.; 2004.\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nOkon Y, Vanderleyden J. Root-associated Azospirillum species can stimulate plants. Applied and Environment Microbiology. 1997; 6:366-370. citeulike:6806747\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nCorrea OS, Romero AM, Soria MA, Estrada, M. Azospirillum brasilense-plant genotype interactions modify tomato response to bacterial diseases, and root and foliar microbial communities. In: Cassán FD, Garcia SI, editors. Azospirillum ssp.: cell physiology, plant interactions and agronomic research in Argentina. Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Microbiologia; 2008. pp. 87-95.\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nDöbereiner J, Pedrosa FO. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in non-leguminous crop plants. Science Tech. Madison. 1987; 155 p.\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nFerreira MCB, Fernandes MS, Döbereiner J. Role of Azospirillum brasilense nitrate reductase in nitrate assimilation by wheat plants. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1987; 4:47-53. doi:10.1007/BF00280350\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nHoffmann LV. Molecular biology of biological nitrogen fixation. In: Silveira APD, Freitas SS, editors. Microbiota soil and environmental quality. Campinas: IAC; 2007. cap. 9, pp. 153-164. (in Portuguese)\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nFerreira JP, Andreotti M, Arf O, Kaneko FH, Nascimento V, Sabundjian MT. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen in topdressing in wheat in Cerrado region. Tecnologia e Ciência Agropecuária. 2014; 8:27-32. (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nGalindo FS, Ludkiewicz MGZ, .Bellote JLM, Santini JMK, Teixeira Filho MCM, Buzetti S. Leaf application times of Azospirillum brasilense in yield of wheat irrigated. Tecnologia e Ciência Agropecuária. 2015; 9:43-48. (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nTarumoto MB, Vazquez GH, Arf O, Rodrigues RAF, Silva PHF. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and seed treatment with pesticides in productivity irrigated wheat in Cerrado region. In: Proceedings of the Reunião da Comissão Brasileira de Pesquisa de Trigo e Triticale; 2–6 August 2012; Londrina: IAPAR; 2012. pp. 1-5. (CD ROM)\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nSanta ORD, Santa HSD, Fernández R, Michela G, Ronzelli P, Soccol CR. Influence of Azospirillum sp. inoculation in wheat, barley and oats. Ambiência. 2008; 4:197-207. (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nPiccinin GG, Braccini AL, Dan LGM, Bazo GL, Hossa KR, Ponce RM Yield and agronomic performance of wheat in management with Azospirillum brasilense. Revista Agrarian. 2013; 6:393-401. (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nZorita MD, Caniggia MVG. Field performance of a liquid formulation of Azospirillum brasilense on dryland wheat productivity. European Journal of Soil Biology. 2009; 45:3-11. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.07.001\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nNovakowiski JH, Sandini IE, Falbo MK, Moraes A, Novakowiski JH, Cheng NC. Residual effect of nitrogen fertilization and Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in the maize culture. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. 2011; 32:1687-1698. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2011v32n4Sup1p1687 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",address:"mcmteixeirafilho@agr.feis.unesp.br",affiliation:'
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) – Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) – Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Naik and Jameel M. Al–Khayri",authors:[{id:"176282",title:"Prof.",name:"Jameel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khayri",fullName:"Jameel M. Al-Khayri",slug:"jameel-m.-al-khayri"},{id:"176284",title:"Dr.",name:"Poornananda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",fullName:"Poornananda M. Naik",slug:"poornananda-m.-naik"}]},{id:"49883",title:"Consequences of Water Deficit on Metabolism of Legumes",slug:"consequences-of-water-deficit-on-metabolism-of-legumes",signatures:"Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato, Gélia Dinah Monteiro Viana,\nGleberson Guillen Piccinin, Milton Hélio Lima da Silva, Gabriel\nMascarenhas Maciel and Douglas José Marques",authors:[{id:"79200",title:"Prof.",name:"Allan",middleName:null,surname:"Klynger da Silva Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato"},{id:"111434",title:"MSc.",name:"Gleberson",middleName:null,surname:"Guillen Piccinin",fullName:"Gleberson Guillen Piccinin",slug:"gleberson-guillen-piccinin"},{id:"176133",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Maria Barbosa",slug:"maria-barbosa"},{id:"176134",title:"MSc.",name:"Luan",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Luan Silva",slug:"luan-silva"},{id:"176941",title:"MSc.",name:"Gelia",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Gelia Viana",slug:"gelia-viana"}]},{id:"49634",title:"Glycation of Plant Proteins under Environmental Stress — Methodological Approaches, Potential Mechanisms and Biological Role",slug:"glycation-of-plant-proteins-under-environmental-stress-methodological-approaches-potential-mechanism",signatures:"Tatiana Bilova, Uta Greifenhagen, Gagan Paudel, Elena Lukasheva,\nDominic Brauch, Natalia Osmolovskaya, Elena Tarakhovskaya, Gerd\nUlrich Balcke, Alain Tissier, Thomas Vogt, Carsten Milkowski,\nClaudia Birkemeyer, Ludger Wessjohann and Andrej Frolov",authors:[{id:"90174",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Tissier",fullName:"Alain Tissier",slug:"alain-tissier"},{id:"177604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Bilova",fullName:"Tatiana Bilova",slug:"tatiana-bilova"},{id:"177605",title:"MSc.",name:"Uta",middleName:null,surname:"Greifenhagen",fullName:"Uta Greifenhagen",slug:"uta-greifenhagen"},{id:"177606",title:"BSc.",name:"Gagan",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",fullName:"Gagan Paudel",slug:"gagan-paudel"},{id:"177607",title:"BSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Lukasheva",fullName:"Elena Lukasheva",slug:"elena-lukasheva"},{id:"177608",title:"MSc.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Brauch",fullName:"Dominic Brauch",slug:"dominic-brauch"},{id:"177609",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Osmolovskaya",fullName:"Natalia Osmolovskaya",slug:"natalia-osmolovskaya"},{id:"177610",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Tarakhovskaya",fullName:"Elena Tarakhovskaya",slug:"elena-tarakhovskaya"},{id:"177611",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerd Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Balcke",fullName:"Gerd Ulrich Balcke",slug:"gerd-ulrich-balcke"},{id:"177612",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Vogt",fullName:"Thomas Vogt",slug:"thomas-vogt"},{id:"177613",title:"Dr.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Milkowski",fullName:"Carsten Milkowski",slug:"carsten-milkowski"},{id:"177614",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Birkemeyer",fullName:"Claudia Birkemeyer",slug:"claudia-birkemeyer"},{id:"177615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludger",middleName:null,surname:"Wessjohann",fullName:"Ludger Wessjohann",slug:"ludger-wessjohann"},{id:"177619",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Frolov",fullName:"Andrej Frolov",slug:"andrej-frolov"}]},{id:"49699",title:"Stress-Induced Proteins in Recalcitrant Seeds During Deep Dormancy and Early Germination",slug:"stress-induced-proteins-in-recalcitrant-seeds-during-deep-dormancy-and-early-germination",signatures:"Marina I. Azarkovich",authors:[{id:"157230",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Azarkovich",fullName:"Marina Azarkovich",slug:"marina-azarkovich"}]},{id:"49737",title:"Molecules and Methods for the Control of Biotic Stress Especially the Insect Pests — Present Scenario and Future Perspective",slug:"molecules-and-methods-for-the-control-of-biotic-stress-especially-the-insect-pests-present-scenario-",signatures:"Santosh Kumar Upadhyay and Sudhir P. Singh",authors:[{id:"176090",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sudhir Singh",slug:"sudhir-singh"},{id:"176153",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Upadhyay",fullName:"Santosh Upadhyay",slug:"santosh-upadhyay"}]},{id:"49586",title:"Evaluation of TMV Lesion Formation and Timing of Signal Transduction during Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Tobacco with a Computer-Assisted Method",slug:"evaluation-of-tmv-lesion-formation-and-timing-of-signal-transduction-during-induction-of-systemic-ac",signatures:"Zoltán Á. Nagy, György Kátay, Gábor Gullner and Attila L. Ádám",authors:[{id:"176268",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Attila Adam",slug:"attila-adam"},{id:"176300",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltán",middleName:null,surname:"Nagy",fullName:"Zoltán Nagy",slug:"zoltan-nagy"},{id:"176301",title:"Dr.",name:"György",middleName:null,surname:"Kátay",fullName:"György Kátay",slug:"gyorgy-katay"},{id:"176308",title:"Dr.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Gullner",fullName:"Gábor Gullner",slug:"gabor-gullner"}]},{id:"49206",title:"Abiotic Stress Alleviation with Brassinosteroids in Plant Roots",slug:"abiotic-stress-alleviation-with-brassinosteroids-in-plant-roots",signatures:"Sevgi Marakli and Nermin Gozukirmizi",authors:[{id:"176077",title:"Dr.",name:"Sevgi",middleName:null,surname:"Marakli",fullName:"Sevgi Marakli",slug:"sevgi-marakli"},{id:"185345",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:null,surname:"Gozukirmizi",fullName:"Nermin Gozukirmizi",slug:"nermin-gozukirmizi"}]},{id:"49796",title:"Role of Phytochelatins in Redox Caused Stress in Plants and Animals",slug:"role-of-phytochelatins-in-redox-caused-stress-in-plants-and-animals",signatures:"Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo, Naser A. Anjum, Zbynek Heger,\nOndrej Zitka, Adam Vojtech, Eduarda Pereira and Rene Kizek",authors:[{id:"16205",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Kizek",fullName:"Rene Kizek",slug:"rene-kizek"},{id:"142677",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojtech",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Vojtech Adam",slug:"vojtech-adam"},{id:"155784",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduarda",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Eduarda Pereira",slug:"eduarda-pereira"},{id:"177390",title:"Dr.",name:"Marketa",middleName:null,surname:"Vaculovicova",fullName:"Marketa Vaculovicova",slug:"marketa-vaculovicova"},{id:"177407",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Merlos Rodrigo",fullName:"Miguel Merlos Rodrigo",slug:"miguel-merlos-rodrigo"},{id:"177408",title:"Prof.",name:"Naser",middleName:null,surname:"Anjum",fullName:"Naser Anjum",slug:"naser-anjum"},{id:"177409",title:"MSc.",name:"Zbynek",middleName:null,surname:"Heger",fullName:"Zbynek Heger",slug:"zbynek-heger"},{id:"177410",title:"Dr.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zitka",fullName:"Ondrej Zitka",slug:"ondrej-zitka"}]},{id:"49686",title:"Signalling Crosstalk of Plant Defence Responses to Xylem-invading Pathogens",slug:"signalling-crosstalk-of-plant-defence-responses-to-xyleminvading-pathogens",signatures:"Sabina Berne and Branka Javornik",authors:[{id:"154940",title:"Prof.",name:"Branka",middleName:null,surname:"Javornik",fullName:"Branka Javornik",slug:"branka-javornik"},{id:"177633",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabina",middleName:null,surname:"Berne",fullName:"Sabina Berne",slug:"sabina-berne"}]},{id:"49162",title:"Abscisic Acid Signalling as a Target for Enhancing Drought Tolerance",slug:"abscisic-acid-signalling-as-a-target-for-enhancing-drought-tolerance",signatures:"Ley Moy Ng",authors:[{id:"175961",title:"Dr.",name:"Ley Moy",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Ley Moy Ng",slug:"ley-moy-ng"}]},{id:"49274",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Enzymes Involved in Plant Tolerance to Stress",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-and-antioxidant-enzymes-involved-in-plant-tolerance-to-stress",signatures:"Andréia Caverzan, Alice Casassola and Sandra Patussi Brammer",authors:[{id:"176303",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Casassola",fullName:"Alice Casassola",slug:"alice-casassola"},{id:"176409",title:"Dr.",name:"Andréia",middleName:null,surname:"Caverzan",fullName:"Andréia Caverzan",slug:"andreia-caverzan"},{id:"176410",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Patussi Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer"}]},{id:"49852",title:"Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Relationship in Vegetable Crops",slug:"antioxidant-enzyme-activities-and-abiotic-stress-tolerance-relationship-in-vegetable-crops",signatures:"Sebnem Kusvuran, Sevinç Kiran and S. Sebnem Ellialtioglu",authors:[{id:"139032",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sebnem",middleName:null,surname:"Kusvuran",fullName:"Sebnem Kusvuran",slug:"sebnem-kusvuran"},{id:"142251",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebnem",middleName:"Seküre",surname:"Ellialtioglu",fullName:"Sebnem Ellialtioglu",slug:"sebnem-ellialtioglu"},{id:"176220",title:"Dr.",name:"Sevinc",middleName:null,surname:"Uslu Kıran",fullName:"Sevinc Uslu Kıran",slug:"sevinc-uslu-kiran"}]},{id:"49690",title:"Role of ABA in Arabidopsis Salt, Drought, and Desiccation Tolerance",slug:"role-of-aba-in-arabidopsis-salt-drought-and-desiccation-tolerance",signatures:"V. C. Dilukshi Fernando and Dana F. Schroeder",authors:[{id:"46453",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeder",fullName:"Dana Schroeder",slug:"dana-schroeder"},{id:"176279",title:"Dr.",name:"V.C. Dilukshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"V.C. Dilukshi Fernando",slug:"v.c.-dilukshi-fernando"}]},{id:"49717",title:"Rootstock Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Citrus",slug:"rootstock-breeding-for-abiotic-stress-tolerance-in-citrus",signatures:"Berken Cimen and Turgut Yesiloglu",authors:[{id:"103938",title:"Prof.",name:"Turgut",middleName:null,surname:"Yesiloglu",fullName:"Turgut Yesiloglu",slug:"turgut-yesiloglu"},{id:"175905",title:"MSc.",name:"Berken",middleName:null,surname:"Cimen",fullName:"Berken Cimen",slug:"berken-cimen"}]},{id:"49752",title:"Cowpea Breeding for Drought Tolerance — From Brazil to World",slug:"cowpea-breeding-for-drought-tolerance-from-brazil-to-world",signatures:"Maria Antonia Machado Barbosa, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato,\nMilton Hélio Lima da Silva, Gabriel Mascarenhas Maciel and\nDouglas José Marques",authors:[{id:"79200",title:"Prof.",name:"Allan",middleName:null,surname:"Klynger da Silva Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato"},{id:"176258",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Maria Barbosa",slug:"maria-barbosa"},{id:"176259",title:"Dr.",name:"Milton",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Milton Silva",slug:"milton-silva"}]},{id:"49800",title:"Sunflower Breeding for Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses",slug:"sunflower-breeding-for-resistance-to-abiotic-and-biotic-stresses",signatures:"Dragan Škorić",authors:[{id:"176099",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:null,surname:"Skoric",fullName:"Dragan Skoric",slug:"dragan-skoric"}]},{id:"49669",title:"Drought Adaptation in Millets",slug:"drought-adaptation-in-millets",signatures:"Zerihun Tadele",authors:[{id:"176084",title:"Dr.",name:"Zerihun",middleName:null,surname:"Tadele",fullName:"Zerihun Tadele",slug:"zerihun-tadele"}]},{id:"49864",title:"Plant Integrity – The Important Factor of Adaptability to Stress Conditions",slug:"plant-integrity-the-important-factor-of-adaptability-to-stress-conditions",signatures:"Ladislav Bláha and Tomáš Středa",authors:[{id:"156680",title:"Dr.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Bláha",fullName:"Ladislav Bláha",slug:"ladislav-blaha"},{id:"177241",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"Středa",fullName:"Tomás Středa",slug:"tomas-streda"}]},{id:"49646",title:"Plant Evolution in Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stressors at “Rear-edge” Range Boundaries",slug:"plant-evolution-in-response-to-abiotic-and-biotic-stressors-at-rear-edge-range-boundaries",signatures:"Gunbharpur S. Gill, Riston Haugen, Jesse Larson, Jason Olsen and\nDavid H. Siemens",authors:[{id:"176260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gunbharpur",middleName:null,surname:"Gill",fullName:"Gunbharpur Gill",slug:"gunbharpur-gill"},{id:"181689",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Siemens",fullName:"David Siemens",slug:"david-siemens"},{id:"181737",title:"MSc.",name:"Riston",middleName:null,surname:"Haugen",fullName:"Riston Haugen",slug:"riston-haugen"},{id:"181738",title:"BSc.",name:"Jesse",middleName:null,surname:"Larson",fullName:"Jesse Larson",slug:"jesse-larson"},{id:"181739",title:"MSc.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Olsen",fullName:"Jason Olsen",slug:"jason-olsen"}]},{id:"49604",title:"The Trials and Tribulations of the Plant Male Gametophyte — Understanding Reproductive Stage Stress Tolerance",slug:"the-trials-and-tribulations-of-the-plant-male-gametophyte-understanding-reproductive-stage-stress-to",signatures:"Ettore Pacini and Rudy Dolferus",authors:[{id:"176305",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudy",middleName:null,surname:"Dolferus",fullName:"Rudy Dolferus",slug:"rudy-dolferus"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75407",title:"Analyzing and Presenting Data with LabVIEW",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96130",slug:"analyzing-and-presenting-data-with-labview",body:'
1. Introduction
Almost all LabVIEW applications include 3 steps: (1) acquiring data, (2) analyzing and processing the data, and (3) presenting the data in a report or on a chart/graph (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Common steps in a VI.
Acquire: NI (National Instruments) is a global leader in computer-based data acquisition. More than millions of data acquisition devices have been sold by NI. LabVIEW developed by NI is a user friendly programming interface and easily communicates to NI devices. Therefore, most of the scientists and engineers choose LabVIEW for programming and NI devices for measurements.
Analyze: LabVIEW software has more than 600 built-in functions for signal synthesis, frequency analysis, probability, statistics, math, curve fitting, interpolation, digital signal processing, and more. You can also reach more functions from additional modules. Unfortunately, some modules are not free.
Present: After you acquire and analyze data, you generally want to present your data. Data presentation means data visualization, report generation, data storage, Web publishing, database connectivity, data management, and more. The LabVIEW includes hundreds of functions and tools for data presentation. These allow you to visualize data in a very simple and effective manner.
2. Analyze with LabVIEW
2.1 LabVIEW data analysis and math libraries
LabVIEW presents the VIs and functions on the Functions palette using menus. When LabVIEW is installed, built-in menus appear on the Functions palette. Some of them do not contain functions by default. After installed certain modules, toolkits, and drivers, functions appear in the built-in categories. For example, Measurement I/O menu does not contain NI DAQmx by default. If you want to utilize its function, you must install NI DAQmx.
LabVIEW includes hundreds of built-in and add-ons functions for analysis. You can find a short list of analysis functions below [1].
Measurement.
Waveform-Based**.
Averaged DC-rms.
Cycle average and rms.
Pulse transition (rise, slew, overshoot).
Pulse width/period/duty.
Pulse amplitude and levels.
Signal noise and distortion (SINAD) analyzer.
Harmonic distortion analyzer.
Cross spectra Sine tone measurement.
FFT spectrum.
Frequency response function.
Power spectrum.
Power spectral density.
Array-Based.
AC and DC Estimator.
Amp and frequency estimate.
Amp and phase spectrum.
Auto power spectrum.
Cross power spectrum.
Harmonic analyzer.
Impulse response.
Network functions (avg).
Power and frequency estimate.
Power spectrum.
Scaled time-domain window.
Spectrum unit conversion.
Transfer function.
Signal Monitoring/Triggering.
Waveform-Based**.
Basic level trigger detection.
Limit testing.
Limit specification.
Limit specification by function.
Waveform peak detection.
Array-Based.
Peak detection.
Pulse parameters.
Threshold peak detector.
Signal Generation.
Windowing.
Digital Filters.
2.2 Statistics
1D, 2D, and 3D ANOVA.
Chi square distribution.
Contingency table.
erf(x) and erfc(x).
F distribution.
T distribution.
General histogram.
Histogram*.
Inverse chi square.
Distribution.
Inverse F distribution.
Inverse normal distribution.
Inverse T distribution.
Mean*.
Median*.
Mode*.
Moment about mean.
Mean squared error (MSE).
Normal distribution.
Polynomial interpolation.
Rational interpolation.
Root mean square (rms).
Spline interpolant/interpolation.
Standard deviation*.
Variance.
Signal Processing.
Autocorrelation.
Convolution.
Cross power.
Cross correlation.
Decimate.
Deconvolution.
Derivative x(t).
Fast Hilbert transform.
Fast Hartley transform.
Integral x(t).
FFT/Inverse FFT (Re + Im).
Inverse fast Hilbert transform.
Unwrap phase Y[i] = Clip{X[i]} Y[i] = X[i-n].
Curve Fitting.
Exponential fit.
General least squares linear fit.
General polynomial fit.
Linear fit.
Nonlinear Lev-Mar fit.
1D and 2D linear evaluation*.
1D and 2D polynomial evaluation*.
Numeric integration.
Polar to rect/rect to polar.
Scale 1D/2D.
Find polynomial roots.
Mathematics/Numerical Methods.
Digital Waveform Analysis.
Digital signal subset.
Invert digital signal.
Uncompress digital signal.
Compress digital signal.
Digital signal size.
Search for digital pattern.
Compare digital signals.
Append digital signals.
Append digital samples.
Digital waveform to Boolean array.
Boolean array to digital waveform.
Waveform Conditioning.
*Denotes VIs that are shipped with the Base package of LabVIEW for Windows.
**Waveform VIs input a time-domain signal and output a scaled measurement.
We highly recommend that check the examples located in LabVIEW before starting to create a VI for analysis. You can access the examples from NI Example Finder (Help>> Find Examples…). You can search the examples with keyword(s) in NI Example Finder. It also allows you to visit ni.com for more examples.
We also recommend that if possible you should choose Express VIs for analysis. An Express VI is a VI, which can be configured interactively through a dialog box. Express VIs are user friendly. You can easily configure your analysis parameters. To access to the dialog box, double-click to corresponding Express VI.
For analysis, you will frequently use Mathematics palette and Signal Processing palette (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Mathematics palette and signal processing palette.
Statistics and Histogram Express VIs are located in Probability & Statistics subpalette of Mathematics palette (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Probability & Statistics palette.
In the following example, VI simulates a DC signal with noise (Figure 4). VI also generates a histogram and result of basic statistical analysis.
Figure 4.
Statistics and histogram express VIs in a VI.
Mathematics palette also contains Fitting subpalette (Figure 5). This palette contains the following fitting VIs.
Linear Fit VI
Exponential Fit VI
Power Fit VI
Gaussian Peak Fit VI
Logarithm Fit VI
General Polynomial VI
General Linear Fit VI
Cubic Spline Fit VI
Nonlinear Curve Fit VI
Figure 5.
Fitting VIs.
You can use curve fitting for several reasons. For example, to reduce noise, to find mathematical relationships among variables, to estimate the variable value between data samples or out of data sample range.
The following simple VI plots data and Exponential fit (Figure 6). You can use the other fitting VIs with the same manner.
Figure 6.
Exponential fit.
You can use the Signal Processing VIs for spectrum analysis, signal generation, digital filtering, and data windowing (Figure 7). It is located in Functions palette.
Figure 7.
Signal processing palette.
In Signal Processing palette, Waveform Measurements palette contains Tone Measurements and Spectral Measurements Express VIs (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Waveform measurements palette.
The following example in Figure 9, Tone Measurements Express VI finds amplitude, frequency and phase of a signal which is generated by Simulate Signal Express VI. In this example, Spectral Measurements Express VI generates the power spectrum of the signal.
Figure 9.
Tone measurements and spectral measurements express VIs.
3. Present with LabVIEW
3.1 Visualize your data
LabVIEW includes tools for charting and graphing, 2D and 3D visualization (Figure 10) [2].
Figure 10.
2D and 3D visualization palettes.
LabVIEW has two ways to display data in 2D. These are Chart and Graph (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Chart and graph.
A Waveform Chart remembers and displays a certain number of points by storing them in a buffer. Waveform Chart displays received data in addition to already existing data.
A Waveform Graph accepts arrays of data in various forms, e.g. array, waveform, or dynamic data. It plots all the received points at once.
You can visualize more than one data source on a chart or graph. In the following example DAQ Assistant take data from two channels. You can see data from all channels on a chart as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Visualization of data acquired from 2 channels of a daqcard.
A multi-plot chart can be displayed as overlaid plot or stacked plot (Figure 13). To select Stack Plots or Overlay Plots right-click on the chart. Overlay Plots mode overlays all plots on the same y-axis. Stack Plots mode gives the each plot its own y-axis.
Figure 13.
Overlay plots (left) and stack plots (right) modes.
To plot y values in a chart/graph you should wire only the y array data (y values) to the Waveform Chart or Waveform Graph. LabVIEW assumes that you sample y values at regular intervals, and thus creates x values at regular intervals. If you want to specify x and y values for a plot, you can use XY Graph. In the following example we plot multiple circles in a XY Graph (Figure 14).
Figure 14.
Multiple plots in a XY graph.
If you want to display both analog and digital signals together in a graph, use a Mixed Signal Graph located in the Graph palette. A Mixed Signal Graph is made by bundling multiple graphable data types. You can add plot area from the pop-up menu of an existing plot area by selecting Add Plot Area. You can also remove a plot area by selecting Remove Plot Area. In the following example, you can see both analog and digital signals together in a Mixed Signal Graph with two plot area (Figure 15).
Figure 15.
Mixed signal graph with three plots.
LabVIEW allows you to use 3D graphs to plot data in three dimensions. 3D graphs are located in Controls> > Modern> > Graph> > 3D Graph. LabVIEW allows you eleven types of 3D graphs: The Scatter, Bar, Pie, Stem, Ribbon, Contour, Quiver, Comet, Surface, Mesh, and Waterfall graphs. You can see some of them in Figure 16. However, to study with 3D graphs you must have learned basics of vector and matrix.
Figure 16.
3D graph examples.
Plot Helper.vi is automatically created in the block diagram when you drop any of the 3D graph. Plot Helper.vi is a polymorphic VI and thus it can accept Matrix or Vector inputs according to your selection (Figure 17).
Figure 17.
Plot helper.Vi.
You can find the two examples of 3D graphs, below.
In the following example we created a cylinder combining 5 circles whose z axis points are different from each other. Note that i (iteration number) generates z matrix (Figure 18).
Figure 18.
Creating a cylinder in 3D counter.
The following VI generates a sphere and visualizes it in 3D Parametric Graph (Figure 19). Here radius of sphere is 5 and sphere is generated by 20 circles. A sphere is a collection of circles. You can see from XY Graph that each circles are individual size.
Figure 19.
Drawing a sphere.
3.2 Publishing information to the web
LabVIEW can publish any application to the Web with Remote Panels. Therefore, you can easily make your VI reachable as a Web page. Thus, clients can control the VI or view generated data by using their web browsers. Clients must use a version of the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine compatible with the version of LabVIEW. NI recommends that customers use the supported browser (Internet Explorer). Google Chrome version 42 and later, Mozilla Firefox 52 and later, Safari 12.1 in macOS Mojave 10.14, and Microsoft Edge are not supported browsers. Before view and control a front panel remotely, the Web Server must be enabled on the server computer where the VI or application wanted to view and control is located. Follow the steps below to learn how you can do it.
Create a VI. We created a VI named Remote Panel Example.vi (Figure 20).
Open block diagram and click to Tools»Options»Web Server
Under the Remote Panel Server section, check Enable Remote Panel Server (Figure 21).
Under the Visible VIs section, enter the name of the VI (Remote Panel Example.vi) in the Visible VI field and press the Add button (Figure 22).
Under the Browse Access section, enter the network name of the computer and press the Add button. Allow viewing and controlling option must be selected (Figure 22).
Click OK and exit out of the Options dialog box.
Navigate to Tools»Web Publishing Tool to open the Web Publishing Tool dialog box.
Under Select VI and Viewing Options section, select the VI. After selecting appropriate Viewing Mode click Next (Figure 23).
Fill Document title, Header and Footer sections and click Next (Figure 24).
Under the Save the New Web Page section, select where to save the HTML file and choose the file name and press Save to Disk button (Figure 25).
Click Connect button in Document URL window (Figure 26). Ensure that default browser is Internet Explorer. If not, copy URL address and paste it to Internet Explorer.
Figure 20.
Remote panel example.Vi.
Figure 21.
Options»web server.
Figure 22.
Visible VIs and browser access list.
Figure 23.
Select VI and Viewing options.
Figure 24.
Document title, header and footer.
Figure 25.
Save the new web page.
Figure 26.
Document URL window.
You will see the following Internet Explorer page (Figure 27). In this page, clients must click Run button to control the VI from their computer.
Figure 27.
Viewing and controlling front panels remotely with internet explorer.
3.3 Report generation
LabVIEW includes Report Generation toolkit to present your data in a Microsoft Office Word and/or Excel file. To use LabVIEW Report Generation Toolkit, it must be installed. Then corresponding functions will be located in Functions> > Report Generation palette (Figure 28).
Figure 28.
Report generation palette.
3.3.1 Microsoft office word and excel reports
Report Generation palette contains many functions. Therefore, it is not easy to understand their properties. We recommend that you examine first the report generation example VIs in LabVIEW (Help>> Find Examples>> Search). You can modify them according to your purpose. These VIs generally generate reports based on templates. Using a template, allows you to generate standard reports for each execution of a VI. In the following example we generate a report for Microsoft Office Word (Figure 29). The example draws a circle and paste the circle to a Ms. Office Word document (Figure 30). You can determine color, size, graph type, marker style etc. by using the functions in Word Specific palette (Figure 31). Similarly, you can use Excel Specific palette to generate programmatically an Excel report (Figure 31).
Figure 29.
Word report example VI.
Figure 30.
Circle created by the VI.
Figure 31.
Word specific and excel specific palettes located in report generation palette.
When you execute the VI you see the following picture in an automatically created Word document.
3.3.2 HTML report
LabVIEW has the ability to programmatically create html reports. Html files can be read by web browsers. We highly recommend you to present your data as a html file. Because reading an html file is not effected by version of web browsers. On the contrary, current version of Microsoft Office Word or Excel in your computer may not be compatible with LabVIEW Report Generation toolkit you installed.
The following VI generates an html report (Figure 32). Here, Random Number function generates Y array. X Array is generated by absolute time values.
Figure 32.
VI generating an html report.
When you execute the VI above the following report will be generated (Figure 33).
Figure 33.
The html report generated by functions in report generation toolkit.
Report Generation toolkit also contains Report Express VI and MS Office Report Express VI (Figure 34). These Express VIs allow you to present data in form of html, MS Office Word or Excel.
Figure 34.
Report express VI (left) and MS Office report express VI (right).
In the following example, we use Report Express VI to present data in html format (Figures 35 and 36). You can also send data to printer or present data in MS Office Word or Excel format with the same VI. To do this double click Report Express VI and select the corresponding line from Destination tab in Configuration Report window.
Figure 35.
Report express VI and Configuration report window.
When you execute the VI above you will see the following report.
Figure 36.
The html report generated by report express VI.
3.4 Save data
You can create folder, file or path, write and read data by using the File I/O VIs and functions (Figure 37). LabVIEW allows you to save data with different data formats.
Figure 37.
File I/O palette.
Write Delimited Spreadsheet.vi converts a 2D or 1D array to a text string and writes the string to a new byte stream file or appends the string to an existing file. Both 2D and 1D arrays can be strings, signed integers, or double-precision numbers.
You should put Write Delimited Spreadsheet.vi out of the loop (Figure 38). Putting the VI inside the loop is not the good way of using it. Because LabVIEW at every iteration would open-write-close the file if it is inside the loop. This is not good in terms of VI efficiency.
Figure 38.
VI can save data after loop is stopped.
You can also write date/time information for each data point. In the following example (Figure 39), data consist of time and random number.
Figure 39.
Write delimited spreadsheet.Vi and resulted txt file.
Read Delimited Spreadsheet.vi reads a specified number of lines or rows from a numeric text file beginning at a specified character offset and converts the data to a 2D, double-precision array of numbers, strings, or integers. In the following example VI writes and reads data by using Write Delimited Spreadsheet.vi and Read Delimited Spreadsheet.vi (Figure 40). Note that we formatted time and random number by using Format Into String.
Figure 40.
Write and read data by using write delimited spreadsheet.Vi and Read delimited spreadsheet.Vi.
Another way to write and read data is to use Write To Measurement File and Read From Measurement File (Figure 41). It can only accept numeric or waveform data although Write To Spreadsheet File can accept array of strings, signed integers, or double-precision numbers. We recommend that you use Write To Measurement File to write data on disk. Because this Express VI allows you to save data as text (LVM), binary (TDMS), binary with XML header (TDM) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) formats.
Figure 41.
Write to measurement file and read from measurement file.
Write To Measurement File is an Express VI. When you double-click to the Express VI Configure Write To Measurement File window opens (Figure 42). Here, you can configure writing.
Figure 42.
Configure write to measurement file.
As you see in Figure 42Configure Write To Measurement File window allows you to change settings. It may be difficult to understand how you can configure this Express VI for the first time. To understand the function of each setting, we suggest that you individually experience with each setting.
In the following example we add time values (x) to the signal (random numbers, y) by using Write To Measurement File (Figure 43). Time data must be connected to Comment terminal of Write To Measurement File.
Figure 43.
Write to measurement file with time information.
You can also save string data using Write to Text File. In the following example, VI saves date with time information (Figure 44).
Figure 44.
Write to text file and resulted txt file.
Similar to examples above you can write and read data by using Write Binary File and Read Binary File (Figure 45). Binary files use less data storage. Therefore, it is useful when you have large data. However, Write To Measurement File save data as binary format, too. You may not need to use Write Binary File and Read Binary File.
Figure 45.
Write to binary file and read from binary file.
You can write and read waveform data by using the function of Waveform File I/O in File I/O (Figure 46).
Figure 46.
Waveform file I/O.
The following VI generates two waveform sinus signals and write-read them (Figure 47).
Figure 47.
Write-read waveforms.
NI has created a technical data management (TDM) solution. TDM Streaming is located in File I/O palette (Figure 48).
Figure 48.
TDM streaming.
NI recommends costumers to use TDMS file format because it combines the advantages of several data storage options in one file format (Table 1). You can also work with TDM and TDMS files in Excel by utilizing the free TDM Excel Add-in for Microsoft Excel (supported Excel version: from 2007 to Excel 2016). You can take additional information from the following link. [3]
DIAdem is a software to manage large amounts of data for measurement data aggregation, inspection, analysis, and reporting (Figure 49). With DIAdem, extraction of information from data can be efficiently performed. DIAdem is well adapted to LabVIEW. You can transfer your data from your LabVIEW application to DIAdem. With DIAdem, DataPlugins can be used to read, inspect and search different kinds of custom file formats. NI supplies free downloadable DataPlugins for hundreds of the most commonly used data file formats.
Figure 49.
DIAdem.
3.5.2 LabVIEW and OriginPro
National Instruments engineers have created various NI LabVIEW add-ons which contain many functions and subVIs to meet the required functionality. Besides the add-ons developed by NI engineers, add-ons have been developed for some other applications such as Origin. Origin or OriginPro is a powerful data analysis and graphics software preferred by scientists and engineers in industry, academia and research laboratories around the world [4]. Once the data collected by LabVIEW, the end-user will need to analyze the data and generate reports for presentation. Origin provides powerful analysis and graphing tools to reanalyze and present data. The ability to communicate easily between LabVIEW and Origin is a good platform that can greatly increase its efficiency in terms of data analysis and presentation [5]. There are studies in the literature using Origin and LabVIEW for this purpose [6]. Origin provides subVIs to make work in LabVIEW environment. These subVIs allow to data transfer from LabVIEW to Origin and the data to be analyzed and presented in the Origin environment. This subVIs can be accessed from the folder where OriginPro is installed (Samples\\COM Server and Client\\LabVIEW). Also, in order to quickly access these subVIs in the LabVIEW environment, the subVIs can be copied from the installed folder and then pasted into a folder named OriginPro in vi.lip\\addons folder where LabVIEW is located [7]. OriginPro library can be accessed from the menu opened by right-clicking on add-ons in the Block Diagram window in LabVIEW as shown in Figure 50.
Figure 50.
LabVIEW library of OriginPro.
After adding the subVIs provided by OriginPro to LabVIEW, you can see subVIs as shown in Figure 51. There are four sections under Origin function palette. These are
OriginApp: Basic VIs that handles the Origin OPJ files, worksheet and columns,
OriginAppClassics: Older VIs existed before Origin 8 (deprecated),
OriginWave: VIs that handles Origin matrix objects,
OriginMatrix: VIs that handles LabVIEW Waveform data.
Figure 51.
Palette section.
In the following example, the measured temperature values are transferred and plotted in OriginPro. In this example, first, add OA_ConnectToOrigin.vi to the Block diagram so that LabVIEW can connect to OriginPro. Once the link between LabVIEW and OriginPro is established, add OA_NewWorksheet.vi to the Block diagram to open a new worksheet in OriginPro. This also creates the name and details of the worksheet to use the entries of VI. After that, you use OA_GetColumn.vi to select a column. Then, you send the information of this column via OA_Col-Setting.vi. You will have to pay attention to two important points while filling in the entries of this VI. The first is the Data Format. This is the part where you need to write the format of the data. The second is the column type. Here we can determine the axis of the column to use in the chart. You can specify an axis such as X, Y, or Z, as in the example shown in Figure 52. After this process is completed, you will be able to transfer your data to the worksheet by using OA_Col-SetData.vi. You can use the Read Delimited Spreadsheet.vi in the File I/O menu to send the data to worksheet created in the Origin environment as in the example shown in Figure 52. You should pay attention for the correct format of the data. In addition, if you are working with data consisting of a single data created in certain periods of time such as the data used in this example, and if you are going to plot these data versus time, you will need to use OA_Col-SetEvenSampling.vi. Finally, VI in Figure 52 plots the temperature data at 0.5 ms intervals as shown in Figure 53 by using OA_NEWEmptGraf.vi and OA_PlotWksCols.vi.
Figure 52.
Sending data from LabVIEW to OriginPro.
Figure 53.
The output of the OriginPro.
Similarly, another example is to use the template you created in the OriginPro. For this, you must first create a template in the OriginPro. Save this template in Documents\\OriginLab\\2015\\User Files folder in your computer. In this case, it will be easy for you to access this template from LabVIEW. For an example application, a template has been prepared in OriginPro as in Figure 54. Now add OA_ConnectToOrigin.vi to the Block Diagram for the connection between Labview and OriginPro. OA_AddOriginPath.vi creates the file path. Then, use OA_Load.vi to upload file. OA_FindWorksheet.vi is to select worksheet. After this step is completed, since you defined Voltage for the X axis and Current for the Y axis in the template, you need to send your data to OriginPro accordingly. For this, you can use OA_GetColumn.vi to select column. You can send your data to these columns with the help of OA_Col-SetData.vi. These steps are given in Figure 55. Here, the data you previously saved in the LabVIEW environment is opened again and drawn in OriginPro [8].
Figure 54.
Origin template.
Figure 55.
Utilization of origin templates in LabVIEW.
4. Conclusion
The scientist and engineers frequently need to measure physical changes, analyze them, and present data from the measurement. LabVIEW includes hundreds of built-in and add-ons functions for analysis and presentation of data. If you do not know LabVIEW well, you should check the examples in LabVIEW and ni.com. This is the easiest way to learn how you can analyze and present your data.
LabVIEW has effective 2D (Charts and Graphs) and 3D visualization tools for data presentation. Graphs accept only array data. It plots all the received points at once. Charts attach received data to already existing points. When an array of points is wired to a chart or graph, LabVIEW assumes the points are equally spaced out. If you also want to define X axis values, you should use XY Graph.
LabVIEW allows you to present your data html, Microsoft Office Word or Excel. LabVIEW also allows you to publish any application to the Web with Remote Panels. Therefore, your VIs can be reachable as a Web page. You can control a remote device from your home. It is interesting, right?
Generally, you want to save and read your data. There are different ways to do it in LabVIEW. We recommend you to use Write To Measurement File and Read From Measurement File. These supports data as text (LVM), binary (TDMS), binary with XML header (TDM) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) formats.
DIAdem software is a NI product to manage data for measurement data aggregation, inspection, analysis, and reporting. Interestingly, DIAdem can use more than one thousand data file formats by utilizing DataPlugins.
More than 500,000 clients in the world use OriginPro to import, graph, explore, analyze interpret their data. If you are a user of OriginPro software, you can integrate it with LabVIEW. When you install Origin add-ons for LabVIEW you can easily communicate with OriginPro.
Thanks
We thank to Serdar Bölükbaşıoğlu, manager of Ludre Software company, for his contribution.
\n',keywords:"data analysis, data presentation, report generation, DIAdem, OriginPro",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/75407.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/75407.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75407",totalDownloads:23,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 21st 2021",datePrePublished:"February 24th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"LabVIEW is an abbreviation for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench and allows scientists and engineers to develop and implement an interactive program. LabVIEW has been specially developed to take measurements, analyze data, and present the results to the user. You determine what the device looks like, rather than the manufacturer of the device. LabVIEW has a very large library of functions and subprograms (subVIs) that can help you during your programming and use without occupying memory. Hidden programming problems that you may encounter in traditional programming languages are less common in LabVIEW. LabVIEW also includes different applications such as serial device control, data analysis, data presentation, data storage and communication over the internet. Analysis library; It includes versatile and useful functions such as signal generation, signal processing filters, Windows statistics and regressions, linear algebra and array arithmetic. Due to the graphical nature of LabVIEW, it is an innate data presentation package. You can view the data in any form you want. Chart, graph and user-defined graph are among the output options that can be used. As a scientist or an engineer, you frequently measure physical changes such as temperature, pressure, time, mass, electric current, light intensity, radioactivity etc. You generally need to analyze and present the data. When you have large amounts of data, you need to use software to analyze and present the data. LabVIEW makes these actions easy for you. Because LabVIEW includes hundreds of built-in and add-on functions you need that make it easy to create a user-friendly interface. In this chapter, we focus on data analysis and presentation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/75407",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/75407",signatures:"Ahmet Mavi, Ahmet Özmen and Mehmet Ertuğrul",book:{id:"10397",title:"LabVIEW - History, Applications, Current Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"LabVIEW - History, Applications, Current Trends and Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Riccardo de Asmundis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10397.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"43508",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"de Asmundis",slug:"riccardo-de-asmundis",fullName:"Riccardo de Asmundis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Analyze with LabVIEW",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 LabVIEW data analysis and math libraries",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Statistics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Present with LabVIEW",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Visualize your data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Publishing information to the web",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Report generation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.3.1 Microsoft office word and excel reports",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.3.2 HTML report",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4 Save data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.5 Interactively manage data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.5.1 National instruments DIAdem",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.5.2 LabVIEW and OriginPro",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"Thanks",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Analysis Concepts [Internet]. 2004. Available from: https://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/370192c.pdf [Accessed: 2020-12-27]'},{id:"B2",body:'Mavi A, Ertuğrul M. LabVIEW Uygulamaları 1 (in Turkish). 1th ed. Ertual Akademi; 2016 308 p. ISBN:978–605–83722-4-5'},{id:"B3",body:'The NI TDMS File Format [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.ni.com/en-tr/support/documentation/supplemental/06/the-ni-tdms-file-format.html.html [Accessed: 2020-12-27]'},{id:"B4",body:'Origin and OriginPro [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.originlab.com/Origin [Accessed: 2021-01-18]'},{id:"B5",body:'Use of National Instrument LabVIEW as a client application [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.originlab.com/doc/Origin-Help / LabVIEW-client-app [Accessed: 2021-01-18]'},{id:"B6",body:'Weiskirchen R, Weiskirchen S, Kim P and Winkler R. Software solutions for evaluation and visualization of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging (LA-ICP-MSI) data: a short overview. Journal of Cheminformatics. 2019;11:16. DOI: 10.1186/s13321-019-0338-7'},{id:"B7",body:'Using Origin from LabVIEW [Internet]. 2016. Available from: www.originlab.com/pdfs/Origin2017_Documentation/English/Using_Origin_from_LabVIEW_E.pdf [Accessed: 2021-01-18]'},{id:"B8",body:'Özmen A, Coşkun A, Ertuğrul M. Measurement and Analysis with LabVIEW Software. In: Academic Studies in Engineering. HAYALOĞLU ADNAN; GÜNDAY ABDURRAHMAN; 2020. p. 95–106.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ahmet Mavi",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Atatürk University, Institute of Science, Turkey
Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atatürk University, Turkey
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