\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1613",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",title:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Quantum theory as a scientific revolution profoundly influenced human thought about the universe and governed forces of nature. Perhaps the historical development of quantum mechanics mimics the history of human scientific struggles from their beginning. This book, which brought together an international community of invited authors, represents a rich account of foundation, scientific history of quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and field theory, and different methods to solve the Schrodinger equation. We wish for this collected volume to become an important reference for students and researchers.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0088-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4957-6",doi:"10.5772/2075",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics",numberOfPages:612,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f9c6e9ac171d39eecb718608fb626430",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1613.jpg",numberOfDownloads:99678,numberOfWosCitations:68,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:14,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:133,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 13th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101263/images/system/101263.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohammad Reza Pahlavani was born on March 1958 in Daregaz, a city in the North of Khorasan Razavi Providence. He received his BSc from the Ferdowsi University of Mashad, MSc from the Tehran University and PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay-Mumbai India in experimental nuclear physics. He occupied the faculty member position in August 1991 and continued his duties as a professor in the Department of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences - University of Mazandaran, Iran since. He has published more than 100 papers in ISI journals, mostly in Physical Review C, European physical journal A, International journal of modern physics A, Journal of physics G. 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Marchat, Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco and César López-Camarillo",authors:[{id:"35092",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco",fullName:"Esther Orozco",slug:"esther-orozco"},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo"},{id:"48366",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marchat",fullName:"Laurence A. Marchat",slug:"laurence-a.-marchat"},{id:"59012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mavil",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Casamichana",fullName:"Mavil Lopez Casamichana",slug:"mavil-lopez-casamichana"}]},{id:"22723",title:"Mechanisms of Mutagenic DNA Nucleobase Damages and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Repairs Investigated by Quantum Chemical Methods",slug:"mechanisms-of-mutagenic-dna-nucleobase-damages-and-their-chemical-and-enzymatic-repairs-investigated",signatures:"Eric A. C. Bushnell, Jorge Llano, Leif A. Eriksson and James W. 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Hunting",authors:[{id:"54287",title:"Prof.",name:"Darel",middleName:null,surname:"Hunting",fullName:"Darel Hunting",slug:"darel-hunting"},{id:"58047",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvetan",middleName:null,surname:"Gantchev",fullName:"Tsvetan Gantchev",slug:"tsvetan-gantchev"}]},{id:"22725",title:"The Influence of Individual Genome Sensitivity in DNA Damage Repair Assessment in Chronic Professional Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"the-influence-of-individual-genome-sensitivity-in-dna-damage-repair-assessment-in-chronic-profession",signatures:"Mirta Milić, Ružica Rozgaj, Vilena Kašuba, Ana Marija Jazbec, Patrizia Hrelia and Sabrina Angelini",authors:[{id:"40591",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirta",middleName:null,surname:"Milić",fullName:"Mirta Milić",slug:"mirta-milic"},{id:"57808",title:"Dr.",name:"Ružica",middleName:null,surname:"Rozgaj",fullName:"Ružica Rozgaj",slug:"ruzica-rozgaj"},{id:"57809",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilena",middleName:null,surname:"Kašuba",fullName:"Vilena Kašuba",slug:"vilena-kasuba"},{id:"57810",title:"Prof.",name:"Anamarija",middleName:null,surname:"Jazbec",fullName:"Anamarija Jazbec",slug:"anamarija-jazbec"},{id:"57811",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Angelini",fullName:"Sabrina Angelini",slug:"sabrina-angelini"},{id:"57812",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Hrelia",fullName:"Patrizia Hrelia",slug:"patrizia-hrelia"}]},{id:"22726",title:"Application of Host Cell Reactivation in Evaluating the Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Environmental Toxicants on Cellular DNA Repair Activity in Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"application-of-host-cell-reactivation-in-evaluating-the-effects-of-anticancer-drugs-and-environmenta",signatures:"Yi-Shan Tsai, Jau-Ling Huang and Chang-Shen Lin",authors:[{id:"57600",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chang Shen Lin",slug:"chang-shen-lin"},{id:"57606",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Yi-Shan Tsai",slug:"yi-shan-tsai"},{id:"57607",title:"Dr.",name:"Jau-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jau-Ling Huang",slug:"jau-ling-huang"}]},{id:"22727",title:"Role of Radioprotectors in the Inhibition of DNA Damage and Modulation of DNA Repair After Exposure to Gamma-Radiation",slug:"role-of-radioprotectors-in-the-inhibition-of-dna-damage-and-modulation-of-dna-repair-after-exposure-",signatures:"Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",authors:[{id:"56167",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas Paul Asir",middleName:null,surname:"Devasagayam",fullName:"Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",slug:"thomas-paul-asir-devasagayam"},{id:"56170",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharmedra K",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",fullName:"Dharmedra K Maurya",slug:"dharmedra-k-maurya"}]},{id:"22728",title:"DNA-Binding Radioprotectors",slug:"dna-binding-radioprotectors",signatures:"Pavel Lobachevsky, Alesia Ivashkevich, Olga A. Martin and Roger F. Martin",authors:[{id:"50843",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:"A.",surname:"Martin",fullName:"Olga Martin",slug:"olga-martin"},{id:"58135",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:"N.",surname:"Lobachevsky",fullName:"Pavel Lobachevsky",slug:"pavel-lobachevsky"},{id:"58136",title:"Dr.",name:"Alesia",middleName:null,surname:"Ivashkevich",fullName:"Alesia Ivashkevich",slug:"alesia-ivashkevich"},{id:"58137",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger F.",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",fullName:"Roger F. Martin",slug:"roger-f.-martin"}]},{id:"22729",title:"DNA Damage Response and Repair: Insights into Strategies for Radiation Sensitization",slug:"dna-damage-response-and-repair-insights-into-strategies-for-radiation-sensitization",signatures:"Joshua D. Lawson, Kristopher T. Kahle, Kimberly Ng, Bob Carter, Santosh Kesari and Clark C. 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Southall, Simarna Kaur and Khalid Mahmood",authors:[{id:"42297",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Southall",fullName:"Michael Southall",slug:"michael-southall"},{id:"54272",title:"Dr.",name:"Simarna",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Simarna Kaur",slug:"simarna-kaur"},{id:"54559",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Khalid Mahmood",slug:"khalid-mahmood"}]},{id:"22731",title:"Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems",slug:"food-factors-and-oxidative-dna-damage-dna-repair-systems",signatures:"Takeshi Hirano and Kazuyoshi Tamae",authors:[{id:"41165",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirano",fullName:"Takeshi Hirano",slug:"takeshi-hirano"},{id:"41284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamae",fullName:"Kazuyoshi Tamae",slug:"kazuyoshi-tamae"}]},{id:"22732",title:"Enhancing DNA Repair by Combining only Dietary Supplement Ingredients that do not Metabolically Compete in Order to Achieve Synergism",slug:"enhancing-dna-repair-by-combining-only-dietary-supplement-ingredients-that-do-not-metabolically-comp",signatures:"Ronald W. 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Many studies of propagation modes in this waveguides with isotropic media [14, 15, 16, 17] or double negative metamaterials [18, 19] have been presented in the literature. However, the rigorous study of the dispersion of anisotropic metamaterials in circular waveguides presents a lack in the literature. In this chapter, we present an extension of the rigorous analysis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetic transverse (TM) and electric transverse (TE) modes in the case of anisotropic circular waveguides, who take account of the spatial distribution of the permittivity and permeability of the medium. In this structure, the propagation modes are exploited. The effects of anisotropic parameter on cutoff frequencies and dispersion characteristics are discussed. Below the cutoff frequency, the back backward waves can propagate in an anisotropic material. The numerical results with our MATLAB code for TM and TE modes were compared to theoretical predictions. Good agreements have been obtained. We analyzed a waveguide filters filled with partially anisotropic metamaterial using the mode matching (MM) technique based on the Scattering Matrix Approach (SMA) which, from the decomposition of the modal fields, are used to determine the dispersion matrix and thus the characterization of a discontinuity in waveguide. We extended the application of MM technique to the anisotropic material.
This formulation can be a useful tool for engineers of microwave. The metamaterial is largely applied by information technology industries, particularly in the radio frequency devices and microwaves such as the waveguide antennas, the patch antennas, the circulators, the resonators and the filters.
In the anisotropic diagonal metamaterials medium, the Maxwell equations are expressed as follows
with
and
Let consider a circular waveguide of radius R completely filled with anisotropic metamaterial without losses, as represented in the Figure 1. The wall of the guide is perfect conductor.
Geometry of circular waveguide filled with metamaterial.
By considering the propagation in the Oz direction and manipulating Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain the expressions of the transverse electromagnetic fields according to the longitudinal fields.
with
When
In this chapter, we study rigorously the TE and TM modes in this anisotropic waveguide.
From Eq. (1), the differential equation for z-component can be obtained as follows
Using the separation of the variables (
The expressions (5)–(8) become
With
The boundary conditions are written as follows:
Consequently, from Eq. (15), we obtain
This implies
Where
The constant
Where ∗ indicates the complex conjugate.
Eq. (21) gives
With
Finally, the propagation constant in TE mode is given by
The cutoff frequency is written
We can introduce the following effective permeability and effective permittivity to describe the propagation characteristics of the waveguide modes [6, 7, 13].
Further, it is apparent that:
The sign of
For
And for
It can be seen that
For
And for
Consequently,
Therefore, the relative permeability
The backward waves are obtained for
Similar to TE modes, TM modes can be derived as follows:
From Eq. (2), the differential equation for z-component can be obtained
Using the separation of the variables (
The expressions (5)–(8) become
The boundary condition (18) gives the following equation
with
In Eq. (41)
The constant
Eq. (42) gives:
with
Finally, the propagation constant in TM mode is given by:
Obviously, the cutoff frequency is written
We can introduce the following effective permeability and effective permittivity to describe the propagation characteristics of the waveguide modes.
Similar to the previous discussion, we have three possibilities:
Further, It is apparent that:
Consequently, the sign of
In this case, for
And for
It can be seen that
In this case, for
and for
It is also seen that the relative permittivity
Therefore from this analysis, it is found that both the backward waves and the forward waves can propagate in any frequency region. This is determined by the sign of
In this section, we analyzed a waveguide filters filled with partially anisotropic metamaterial using the extension of the mode matching technique based on the Scattering Matrix Approach which, from the decomposition of the modal fields, are used to determine the dispersion matrix and thus the characterization of a discontinuity in waveguide. The discontinuities are considered without losses.
In Figure 2 we consider a junction between two circular waveguides having the same cross section filled with two different media.
Junction between two circular waveguides filled with two different media having the same cross section.
The transverse electric and magnetic fields (
where
At the junction, the continuity of the fields allows to write the following equations:
By postponing the Eqs. (55) and (56) in (57) and (58), we obtain:
N1 and N2 are the number of considered modes in guides 1 and 2, respectively. By applying the Galerkin method, Eqs. (59) and (60), lead to the following systems:
The inner product is defined as:
which can be written in matrix form:
where
The scattering matrix of the discontinuity is:
The total scattering matrix is obtained by chaining the S scattering matrices of all the discontinuities in a waveguide having cascaded uniaxial discontinuities [21].
We choose the radius of the circular metal guide R = 13.4 mm.
In a first case, we study the TE modes of a circular guide completely filled with anisotropic metamaterials (see Figure 1) with negative
In Figure 3 the curves of the propagation constant, for frequency range 1–10 GHz and for the first five TE modes with
Curves of propagation constant
Curves of propagation constant
It is interesting to see that both forward and backward waves can be obtained by controlling the signs of
In a second case, we study the TE modes of this circular waveguide. Figure 5 represents the curves of propagation constant for the frequency range 1–10 GHz and for the first five TM modes with
Curves of propagation constant
Calculated curves of propagation constant for the frequency range 1–10 GHz and for the first five TM modes with
Curves of propagation constant
We observe that the cutoff frequencies of lowest TE modes decreased with the respect increase of
The cutoff frequencies for the first five TE modes versus
The cutoff frequencies for the first five TM modes versus
We consider now, 12 discontinuities (see Figure 9) constituted by juxtaposing 13 circular waveguides having the same dimensions (R = 13.4 mm). The circuit is formed by alternation of empty guide (
Geometry of the circular waveguide with 12 discontinuities.
The transmission and reflection coefficients using our numerical method with MATLAB and HFSS are presented in Figure 10. We used 8 modes in the whole circuit for the modal method. The simulations results show that are in perfect agreement. However and especially if the number of discontinuities increases, our method is significantly faster than HFSS. Then, by using our approach, it could easy to design filters according to a given specifications.
Reflection coefficient of the periodic structure with 12 discontinuities.
Rigorous analysis of propagating modes in circular waveguides filled with anisotropic metamaterial has been developed. It was demonstrated that the propagation constant of the waveguide are closely dependent on constitutive parameters of the metamaterial. Using our MATLAB code the dispersion curves of the fundamental mode and the first four higher order modes of the metamaterial waveguide are obtained.
We found that in different frequency ranges below and above the cutoff frequency both the forward and the backward waves can propagate. This is determined by the sign of
Moreover, using the Scattering Matrix Approach we applied the extension of MM technique to determine the dispersion matrix and to analyze multiple uniaxial circular discontinuity in waveguide filled with anisotropic metamaterials. This introduced tool is applied to the modeling of large complex structures such as filters where its rapidity compared to the commercial simulation tools is verified.
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",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The Gram-positive pathogen is armed with battery of virulence factors that facilitate to establish infections in the hosts. The organism is well known for its ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotic classes. The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains which are often multi-drug resistant in hospitals and subsequently in community resulted in significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of MRSA has been evolving since its initial outbreak which necessitates a comprehensive medical approach to tackle this pathogen. Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for years but its utility was challenged by the emergence of resistance. In the last 10 years or so, newer anti-MRSA antibiotics were approved for clinical use. However, being notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, there is a continuous need for exploring novel anti-MRSA agents from various sources including plants and evaluation of non-antibiotic approaches.",book:{id:"5471",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"32282",doi:"10.5772/33983",title:"Bacteriophages of Ralstonia solanacearum: Their Diversity and Utilization as Biocontrol Agents in Agriculture",slug:"bacteriophages-of-ralstonia-solanacearum-their-diversity-and-utilization-as-biocontrol-agents-in-agr",totalDownloads:3757,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"555",slug:"bacteriophages",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages"},signatures:"Takashi Yamada",authors:[{id:"98151",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",slug:"takashi-yamada",fullName:"Takashi Yamada"}]},{id:"32276",doi:"10.5772/34642",title:"Bacteriophages and Their Structural Organisation",slug:"bacteriophages-and-their-structural-organisation-",totalDownloads:12434,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"555",slug:"bacteriophages",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages"},signatures:"E.V. 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Clonal complex 398 (CC398), a predominant clonal lineage of livestock-associated-MRSA in domestic animals and retail meat, is capable of infecting humans. In order to monitor and prevent MRSA contamination, it is critical to understand its source and transmission dynamics. In this review, we describe MRSA in food-producing animals (pig, cattle, chicken), horses, pet animals (dogs, cats), and food products (pork, beef, chicken, milk, and fish).",book:{id:"5471",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Jungwhan Chon, Kidon Sung and Saeed Khan",authors:[{id:"189634",title:"Dr.",name:"Kidon",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",slug:"kidon-sung",fullName:"Kidon Sung"},{id:"190400",title:"Dr.",name:"Jungwhan",middleName:null,surname:"Chon",slug:"jungwhan-chon",fullName:"Jungwhan Chon"},{id:"190401",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"saeed-khan",fullName:"Saeed Khan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69731",title:"Isolation and Purification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria",slug:"isolation-and-purification-of-sulfate-reducing-bacteria",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a widespread group of microorganisms that are often isolated from the anoxygenic environments (lake depths, soil, or swamps), and they are also present in the human and animal intestines. This group is often detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis. That is why new rapid methods for their isolation, purification, and identification are important and necessary. In this chapter, the methods of mesophilic SRB isolation from various environments are described. Particular attention is paid to the purification of mesophilic SRB since they can be in close interaction with other microorganisms (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, etc.), which are their frequent satellites. Moreover, the main methods of mesophilic SRB identification based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetical characteristics are presented.",book:{id:"8997",slug:"microorganisms",title:"Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Microorganisms"},signatures:"Ivan Kushkevych",authors:[{id:"252191",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Kushkevych",slug:"ivan-kushkevych",fullName:"Ivan Kushkevych"}]},{id:"65773",title:"Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Invertebrate and the Vertebrate Hosts",slug:"life-cycle-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-in-the-invertebrate-and-the-vertebrate-hosts",totalDownloads:1497,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs. T. cruzi is a single-celled eukaryote with a complex life cycle alternating between reduviid bug invertebrate vectors and vertebrate hosts. This article will look at the developmental stages of T. cruzi in the invertebrate vector and the vertebrate hosts, the different surface membrane proteins involved in different life cycle stages of T. cruzi, roles of different amino acids in the life cycle, carbon and energy sources and gene expression in the life cycle of T. cruzi. The author will also look at extracellular vesicles (EV) and its role in the dissemination and survival of T. cruzi in mammalian host.",book:{id:"8806",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",fullTitle:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi"},signatures:"Kenechukwu C. Onyekwelu",authors:[{id:"245368",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenechukwu C.",middleName:null,surname:"Onyekwelu",slug:"kenechukwu-c.-onyekwelu",fullName:"Kenechukwu C. 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However, being notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, there is a continuous need for exploring novel anti-MRSA agents from various sources including plants and evaluation of non-antibiotic approaches.",book:{id:"5471",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"55437",title:"Biological Control of Parasites",slug:"biological-control-of-parasites-2017-07",totalDownloads:4334,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Parasites (ectoparasites or endoparasites) are a major cause of diseases in man, his livestock and crops, leading to poor yield and great economic loss. To overcome some of the major limitations of chemical control methods such as rising resistance, environmental and health risks, and the adverse effect on non‐target organisms, biological control (biocontrol) is now at the forefront of parasite (pests) control. Biocontrol is now a core component of the integrated pest management. Biocontrol is defined as “the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities”. Considerable successes have been achieved in the implementation of biocontrol strategies in the past. This chapter presents a review of the history of biocontrol, its advantages and disadvantages; the different types of biological control agents (BCAs) including predators, parasites (parasitoids) and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and virus‐like particles, protozoa and nematodes); the effect of biocontrol on native biodiversity; a few case studies of the successful implementation of biocontrol methods and the challenges encountered with the implementation of biocontrol and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5527",slug:"natural-remedies-in-the-fight-against-parasites",title:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites",fullTitle:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites"},signatures:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti",authors:[{id:"191763",title:"Dr.",name:"Tebit Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Kwenti",slug:"tebit-emmanuel-kwenti",fullName:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti"}]},{id:"70336",title:"Plastics Polymers Degradation by Fungi",slug:"plastics-polymers-degradation-by-fungi",totalDownloads:1459,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The studies on plastic degradation are very important for the development of biodegradable plastics, and for reduction of pollution, since plastic waste can remain in the environment for decades or centuries. We have showed the degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags and green polyethylene by Pleurotus ostreatus. This fungus can also produce mushrooms using these plastics. The plastic degradation was possibly by three reasons: (a) presence of pro-oxidant ions or plant polymer, (b) low specificity of the lignocellulolytic enzymes, and (c) the presence of endomycotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. In this chapter, the plastic bags’ degradation by abiotic and microbial process using the exposure to sunlight and the use of a white-rot fungus will described. The physical, chemical, and biological alterations of plastic were analyzed after each process of degradation. 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