Bias and MSE of the estimates under the maximum likelihood method.
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1422",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sintering of Ceramics - New Emerging Techniques",title:"Sintering of Ceramics",subtitle:"New Emerging Techniques",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The chapters covered in this book include emerging new techniques on sintering. Major experts in this field contributed to this book and presented their research. Topics covered in this publication include Spark plasma sintering, Magnetic Pulsed compaction, Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic technology for the preparation of 3-dimesinal circuits, Microwave sintering of thermistor ceramics, Synthesis of Bio-compatible ceramics, Sintering of Rare Earth Doped Bismuth Titanate Ceramics prepared by Soft Combustion, nanostructured ceramics, alternative solid-state reaction routes yielding densified bulk ceramics and nanopowders, Sintering of intermetallic superconductors such as MgB2, impurity doping in luminescence phosphors synthesized using soft techniques, etc. Other advanced sintering techniques such as radiation thermal sintering for the manufacture of thin film solid oxide fuel cells are also described.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0017-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4334-5",doi:"10.5772/1882",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"sintering-of-ceramics-new-emerging-techniques",numberOfPages:626,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"285c4e1c255669f44ed4f19f066c84cb",bookSignature:"Arunachalam Lakshmanan",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1422.jpg",numberOfDownloads:141296,numberOfWosCitations:187,numberOfCrossrefCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:179,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:25,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:420,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 14th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"94482",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunachalam",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanan",slug:"arunachalam-lakshmanan",fullName:"Arunachalam Lakshmanan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94482/images/system/94482.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arunachalam Lakshmanan obtained his Bachelor and Master Degree in Physics with Distinction at the Annamalai University. He joined Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1971 and served as a scientific officer until 1990. He obtained his PhD degree on Thermoluminescence at the\nBombay University in 1981. In 1982 and 1983 he worked as a Scientific Associate at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. For a period of 2 years, Dr. Lakshmanan worked as a AvH fellow at the University of Wuppertal, Germany. He was a visiting Professor in several universities in Japan, France and South Korea. He was an Editorial Board Member in Radiation Protection Dosimetry Journal, UK. From 1990 to 2007, Dr. Lakshmanan was head of the Radiation Dosimetry Section at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research. In 2008, Dr. Lakshmanan published a book titled 'Luminescence of Display Phosphors- Phenomena and Applications”. Presently he is working as a Research Dean and Physics Professor at the Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India. His research areas include Synthesis of Luminescence Phosphors and Exploiting Zero Point Energy for power production. Additionally he has developed sintering techniques to process sea sand for civil construction.",institutionString:"Saveetha Engineering College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"923",title:"Process Engineering",slug:"ceramics-process-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"29775",title:"Microwave Fast Sintering of Ceramic Materials",doi:"10.5772/34181",slug:"-microwave-fast-sintering-of-ceramic-materials",totalDownloads:7893,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:28,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Romualdo R. Menezes, Pollyane M. Souto and Ruth H.G.A. 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These generalized distributions are effective and flexible models to analyze and interpret random durations in a possibly heterogeneous population. In many situations, observed data may be assumed to have come from such a mixture population of two or more distributions.
\nTwo parameter gamma and a two parameter Kumaraswamy are most popular distribution for analyzing any lifetime data. Gamma distribution is a well-known distribution, and it has several desirable properties [1].
\nA serious limitation of the gamma distribution, however, is that the distribution function (or survival function) is not available in a closed form if the shape parameter is not an integer, thereby it requires some numerical methods to evaluate these quantities. As a consequence, this distribution is less attractive as compared to Ref. [2], which has nice tractable distribution function, survival function and hazard function. In this paper, we consider a four parameter gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution. It is observed that it has many properties which are quite similar to those of a gamma distribution, but it has an explicit expression for the distribution function or the survival functions. The major motivation of this chapter is to introduce a new family of distributions, make a comparative study of this family with respect to a Kumaraswamy family and a gamma family and provide the practitioner with an additional option, with a hope that it may have a ‘better fit’ compared to a gamma family or Kumaraswamy family in certain situations. It is noteworthy to note that the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution is a generalization of Kumaraswamy distribution with the property that it can exhibit various shapes. (\nFigure 1\n). This provides more flexibility to the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution in comparison with Kumaraswamy distribution in modeling different data sets. The property of left-skewness is a rare characteristic as it is not enjoyed by several generalizations of Kumaraswamy distribution. Our proposed model is different from that of Ref. [3], where the authors have proposed a generalized gamma-generated distribution with an extra positive parameter for any continuous baseline
GK density plot for some specific parameter values.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we propose the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution [GK(
We consider the following class of gamma-
where
If
where \n
and
\nThe percentile functions for GK distribution: The
In the density equation (3),
GK hazard rate function plot for some specific parameter values.
If
We simulate the GK distribution by solving the nonlinear equation
\nwhere
If
Also, we have the following important result: If
The GK distribution does not possess the reproductive property. In other words, if for any two
The first result provides an important property of the GK distribution for information analysis is that this distribution is closed under power transformation. The latter result is equally important because it provides a simple way to generate random variables following the GK distribution.
\nThe following lemma establishes the relation between GK(
\n
\n
The limiting behaviors of the GK pdf and its hazard function are given in the following theorem.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
The critical values of Eq. (10) are the solutions of \n
Next, we discuss the IFR and/or DFR property of the hazard function for the GK distribution. For this, we will consider the result of Lemma 1. According to Lemma 1, if
Therefore, \n
\n\n
Let
\n
\n
This implies that \n
\n
For any \n
Upper bounds for the \n
If
If we denote the median by
Now, consider
\nUsing the substitution \n
where we used successively binomial series expansion.
\nBy using Eqs. (2) and (18), the mean deviation from the mean and the mean deviation from the median are, respectively, given by
\nOne useful measure of diversity for a probability model is given by Renyi’s entropy. It is defined as \n
Next, consider the integral
\nNow, using successive application of the generalized binomial expansion, we can write
\nHence, the integral in Eq. (21) reduces to
\nTherefore, the expression for the Renyi’s entropy will be
\nIn this section, we address the parameter estimation of the GK(
The derivatives of Eq. (13) with respect to
where \n
The MLEs \n
To estimate the model parameters, numerical iterative techniques must be used to solve these equations. We may investigate the global maxima of the log likelihood by setting different starting values for the parameters. The information matrix will be required for interval estimation. The elements of the 4 × 4 total observed information matrix (since expected values are difficult to calculate), \n
In order to assess the performance of the MLEs, a small simulation study is performed using the statistical software R through the package (stats4), command MLE. The number of Monte Carlo replications was 20,000 For maximizing the log-likelihood function, we use the MaxBFGS subroutine with analytical derivatives. The evaluation of the estimates was performed based on the following quantities for each sample size; the empirical mean squared errors (MSEs) are calculated using the R package from the Monte Carlo replications. The MLEs are determined for each simulated data, say, \n
and
\nfor \n
Sample size | \nActual value | \nBias | \nMSE | \n|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
100 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n2 | \n4 | \n−0.417 | \n−0.419 | \n0.355 | \n−0.393 | \n0.051 | \n0.046 | \n0.053 | \n0.97 | \n
\n | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n3 | \n5 | \n−0.773 | \n0.324 | \n−0.214 | \n−0.342 | \n0.018 | \n0.042 | \n0.098 | \n0.626 | \n
\n | \n0.7 | \n0.8 | \n4 | \n3 | \n0.489 | \n−0.246 | \n−0.623 | \n0.482 | \n0.015 | \n0.121 | \n0.106 | \n0.167 | \n
\n | \n0.9 | \n0.7 | \n6 | \n4 | \n0.188 | \n0.979 | \n−0.509 | \n0.056 | \n0.048 | \n0.022 | \n0.044 | \n0.114 | \n
\n | \n1 | \n1.5 | \n0.9 | \n0.6 | \n0.178 | \n−0.498 | \n−0.429 | \n−0.545 | \n0.427 | \n0.028 | \n0.092 | \n0.495 | \n
\n | \n1.5 | \n2 | \n0.6 | \n0.8 | \n−0.084 | \n−0.363 | \n−0.405 | \n−0.220 | \n0.953 | \n0.018 | \n0.073 | \n0.572 | \n
200 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n2 | \n4 | \n.072 | \n0.361 | \n0.049 | \n0.073 | \n0.022 | \n0.023 | \n0.024 | \n0.313 | \n
\n | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n3 | \n5 | \n0.518 | \n0.184 | \n0.084 | \n0.115 | \n0.008 | \n0.022 | \n0.045 | \n0.578 | \n
\n | \n0.7 | \n0.8 | \n4 | \n3 | \n0.316 | \n0.159 | \n0.050 | \n−0.329 | \n0.006 | \n0.059 | \n0.044 | \n0.158 | \n
\n | \n0.9 | \n0.7 | \n6 | \n4 | \n0.137 | \n−0.049 | \n0.131 | \n−0.032 | \n0.018 | \n0.010 | \n0.020 | \n0.095 | \n
\n | \n1 | \n1.5 | \n0.9 | \n0.6 | \n0.125 | \n0.475 | \n0.086 | \n0.242 | \n0.064 | \n0.013 | \n0.028 | \n0.147 | \n
\n | \n1.5 | \n2 | \n0.6 | \n0.8 | \n0.034 | \n0.173 | \n0.224 | \n−0.150 | \n0.401 | \n0.008 | \n0.036 | \n0.432 | \n
500 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n2 | \n4 | \n−0.046 | \n−0.028 | \n−0.036 | \n−0.047 | \n0.009 | \n0.011 | \n0.011 | \n0.084 | \n
\n | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n3 | \n5 | \n−0.051 | \n−0.111 | \n−0.035 | \n0.002 | \n0.004 | \n0.010 | \n0.022 | \n0.018 | \n
\n | \n0.7 | \n0.8 | \n4 | \n3 | \n−0.0730 | \n−0.052 | \n0.046 | \n−0.022 | \n0.004 | \n0.031 | \n0.024 | \n0.036 | \n
\n | \n0.9 | \n0.7 | \n6 | \n4 | \n−0.102 | \n−0.02 | \n−0.098 | \n−0.023 | \n0.008 | \n0.005 | \n0.010 | \n0.021 | \n
\n | \n1 | \n1.5 | \n0.9 | \n0.6 | \n−0.078 | \n−0.052 | \n−0.017 | \n0.003 | \n0.027 | \n0.007 | \n0.012 | \n0.015 | \n
\n | \n1.5 | \n2 | \n0.6 | \n0.8 | \n0.007 | \n−0.069 | \n0.066 | \n−0.085 | \n0.136 | \n0.004 | \n0.015 | \n0.013 | \n
Bias and MSE of the estimates under the maximum likelihood method.
The reliability parameter
\n
\n
Using the series expansion for the incomplete gamma function \n
Hence the proof. W
\nHere, we derive the general
Using the series expression for the incomplete gamma function: \n
where \n
From Eq. (37), it is interesting to note that the pdf of the
Here, we consider two well-known illustrative data sets which are used to show the efficacy of the GK distribution. For details on these two data sets [6, 7], the second data set in \nTable 2\n is from Ref. [8], and it represents the fatigue life of 6061-T6 aluminum coupons cut parallel with the direction of rolling and oscillated at 18 cycles per second. The GK distribution is fitted to the first data set and compared the result with the Kumaraswamy, gamma-uniform [9], and beta-Pareto [10]. These results are reported in \nTable 3\n. The results show that gamma-uniform, GK distributions provide adequate fit to the data. \nFigure 3\n displays the empirical and the fitted cumulative distribution functions. This figure supports the results in \nTable 3\n. A close look at \nFigure 3\n indicates that GK distribution provides better fit to the left tail than the gamma-uniform distribution. This is due to the fact that GK distribution can have longer left tail (\nFigure 3\n).
\n70 | \n90 | \n96 | \n97 | \n99 | \n100 | \n103 | \n104 | \n104 | \n105 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
107 | \n108 | \n108 | \n108 | \n109 | \n109 | \n112 | \n112 | \n113 | \n114 | \n
114 | \n114 | \n116 | \n119 | \n120 | \n120 | \n120 | \n121 | \n121 | \n123 | \n
124 | \n124 | \n124 | \n124 | \n124 | \n128 | \n128 | \n129 | \n129 | \n130 | \n
130 | \n130 | \n131 | \n131 | \n131 | \n131 | \n131 | \n132 | \n132 | \n132 | \n
133 | \n134 | \n134 | \n134 | \n134 | \n134 | \n136 | \n136 | \n137 | \n138 | \n
142 | \n142 | \n144 | \n144 | \n145 | \n146 | \n148 | \n148 | \n149 | \n151 | \n
151 | \n152 | \n155 | \n156 | \n157 | \n157 | \n157 | \n157 | \n158 | \n159 | \n
162 | \n163 | \n163 | \n164 | \n166 | \n166 | \n168 | \n170 | \n174 | \n196 | \n
212 | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Fatigue life of 6061-T6 aluminum data.
Distribution | \nKumaraswamy | \nGamma-uniform | \nBeta-Pareto | \nGamma-Kumaraswamy | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n
Log likelihood | \n−162.34 | \n−116.58 | \n−113.36 | \n−113.25 | \n
AIC | \n217.38 | \n119.45 | \n167.78 | \n107.85 | \n
AICC | \n218.36 | \n120.37 | \n168.91 | \n108.43 | \n
CAIC | \n218.36 | \n120.37 | \n168.91 | \n108.43 | \n
\n\n | \n12.164 | \n0.5951 | \n1.3125 | \n0.4282 | \n
\n\n | \n2.8937 | \n0.0931 | \n0.1317 | \n0.04893 | \n
K-S | \n0.5290 | \n0.09521 | \n0.4245 | \n0.0492 | \n
K-S p-value | \n0.0000 | \n0.9140 | \n0.8374 | \n0.9978 | \n
Goodness of fit of deep-groove ball bearings data.
cdf for fitted distributions of the endurance of deep-groove ball bearings data.
In addition, to check the goodness-of-fit of all statistical models, several other goodness-of-fit statistics are used and are computed using computational package Mathematica. The MLEs are computed using N maximize technique as well as the measures of goodness-of-fit statistics including the log-likelihood function evaluated at the MLEs (l), Akaike information criterion (AIC), corrected Akaike information criterion (AICC), consistent Akaike information criterion (CAIC), the Anderson-Darling (
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
where \n
Lieblein and Zelen [6] proposed a five parameter beta generalized Pareto distribution and fitted the data in \nTable 4\n and compared the result with beta-Pareto and other known distributions. The results of fitting beta generalized Pareto and beta-Pareto from Ref. [8] are reported in \nTable 4\n along with the results of fitting the Pareto (IV) and GK distributions to the data. The KS value from \nTable 4\n indicates that the GK distribution provides the best fit. The fact that GK distribution has the least number of parameters than beta generalized Pareto and beta-Pareto adds an extra advantage over them. \nFigure 4\n displays the empirical and the fitted cumulative distribution functions. This figure supports the results in \nTable 4\n.
\nDistribution | \nKumaraswamy | \nBeta-Pareto | \nBeta generalized Pareto | \ngamma-Kumaraswamy | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter estimates | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n | \n
Log likelihood | \n−572.39 | \n−517.33 | \n−457.85 | \n−417.36 | \n
AIC | \n1018.83 | \n925.30 | \n925.70 | \n878.45 | \n
AICC | \n1018.956 | \n926.01 | \n926.84 | \n879.63 | \n
CAIC | \n1018.956 | \n926.01 | \n926.84 | \n879.63 | \n
\n\n | \n4.1745 | \n1.0083 | \n0.6584 | \n0.4921 | \n
\n\n | \n0.6739 | \n0.2827 | \n0.1195 | \n0.0822 | \n
K-S | \n0.4723 | \n0.091 | \n0.070 | \n0.064 | \n
K-S p-value | \n0.000 | \n0.248 | \n0.537 | \n0.736 | \n
Parameter estimates for the fatigue life of 6061-T6 aluminum coupons data.
cdf for fitted distributions of the fatigue life of 6061-T6 Aluminum data.
In this section, we present characterizations of GK distribution in terms of the ratio of two truncated moments. For the previous works done in this direction, we refer the interested readers to Glänzel [11–14] and Hamedani [15–17]. For our characterization results, we employ a theorem due to Ref. [11], see for further details. The advantage of the characterizations given here is that
\n
\n
and
\nand finally
\nConversely, if
and hence
\nNow, in view of Theorem 5,
\n
\n
for 0 <
(
A special case of the gamma-generated family of distributions, the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution, is defined and studied. Various properties of the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution are investigated, including moments, hazard function, and reliability parameter. The new model includes as special sub-models the gamma and Kumaraswamy distribution. Also, we provide various characterizations of the gamma-Kumaraswamy distribution. An application to a real data set shows that the fit of the new model is superior to the fits of its main sub-models. As future work related to this univariate GK model, we will consider the following:
\nA natural bivariate extension to the model in Eq. (1) would be
In this case, exact evaluation of the normalizing constant would be difficult to obtain, even for a simple analytic expression of a baseline bivariate distribution function,
Extension of the proposed univariate GK model to multivariate GK models and discuss the associated inferential issues. It is noteworthy to mention that classical methods of estimation, such as for example, maximum likelihood method of estimation might not be a good strategy because of the enormous number of model parameters. An appropriate Bayesian inference might be the only remedy. In that case, we will separately study two different cases of estimation: (a) with non-informative priors and (b) with full conditional conjugate priors (Gibbs sampling). Since the GK distribution is in the one parameter exponential family, a reasonable choice for priors for
A discrete analog of the univariate GK model with a possible application in modeling rare events.
Construction of a new class of GK mixture models by adopting Marshall-Olkin method of obtaining new distribution.
Healthy lifestyles constitute an obstacle to disease [1] and include preventive health, good nutrition and weight control, leisure, regular physical activity, periods of rest and relaxation, the ability to face adverse conditions or situations and to establish affective and solidary relationships, adopting a posture of being and being in the world with the objective of living well [2]. Historically, the study of healthy lifestyles can be marked until today by three major periods: a first period beginning in the 19th century, until the middle of the 20th century; a second period, which closes the second half of the twentieth century and a third period which focuses on the present. During the first period, studies stand out [3, 4, 5] that healthy lifestyles, dependent on a sociological view and individual factors, of the individuals who were part of the social strata that could keep. In the second period [6, 7], several authors reported an incorporation of healthy lifestyles in health and studies on what are isolated, seemingly condoning or conducive to a style or a healthy lifestyle. In the third period, there was a development up to the present [8, 9], that reflect healthy behaviors integrated in different contexts, or even the relationship of different dimensions with healthy lifestyles, such as motivation or basic psychological needs, seeking to perceive self-determination for a given practice and the adoption of healthy behaviors.
In relation to healthy lifestyles, we use the terms healthy lifestyles and health-related lifestyle synonymously, encompassing both behaviors that enhance health (practice of physical activity, adequate eating habits and resting habits), such as those that harm it (drug use) [10]. Considering that the behavioral patterns acquired in the early stages of life are likely to be maintained during adulthood [11], those adolescents who finish their educational stage integrating a healthy lifestyle will tend to be adults with less probability of exposure risk factors [12]. A study conducted [13] showed the prevalence, throughout life, of healthy and unhealthy behaviors, initiated in childhood or adolescence. Of these, healthy behaviors stood out: eating habits, physical activity habits, resting habits, accidents and their prevention and the practice of free time activities. As unhealthy behaviors, the study showed the consumption of alcohol, tobacco or medication. Currently, the healthy lifestyle construct has a close relationship with the modern food pyramid and is investigated according to multivariate models, which involve quality of life or the absence of disease [13]. There are several examples of programs to promote physical activity as a mean of promoting a healthy and active lifestyle, namely The Sports Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK); Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC); Healthy Lifestyle in Europe Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA); Strategy for Nutrition, Physical Activity and Prevention of Obesity (NAOS); Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP); Adolescents’ Nutritional Status and Valuation (AVENA); Forum Ghana Salud; Global Movement for Active Aging; Health is in the Movement; The Ever Active Adults (EAA); The Exercise “Take Care” in the province of Extremadura; Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise - PACE; Peso program, the latter two, both in Portugal.
These studies reflected in this chapter will demonstrate the importance of a healthy lifestyle, which should be started very early and continued throughout life. It presents the main actions and behaviors related to a healthy lifestyle, as well as control parameters for metabolic and bio-feedback variables. However, certain adaptations can be made as to the instruments for assessing and quantifying lifestyle, as there is still no standard and unalterable method that provides maximum fidelity for the assessment of a healthy lifestyle. It also becomes evident that some investments must be made in terms of public health, since the practice of physical exercises is a habit that must be part of the daily life of the human being and that age should not interfere when it is desired to have a healthy life.
The globalization of social activity was a worldwide process for developing genuinely ties that relates an involvement of events and social relationships with the contexts of each location [14]. On the other hand, we should also not neglect the environmental dimension because the problems that exist in it have repercussions on the level of the global lifestyle, reflected in the awareness and extent of the potential risks of an ecological crisis that induce practices and lifestyles, and thus, new forms of culture, which can both contribute to new social alignments, as well as to reinforce individualization processes in the social insertion of its individuals [14].
Another aspect that had a great impact on the social changes and lifestyles of more contemporary populations was, without a doubt, the access of women to the world of work outside their homes. The woman who, for many generations, has been mainly engaged in domestic activities, starts to work outside, side by side with her husband, in equal circumstances, making this phenomenon a clear sign of emancipation. Home life is transformed, there is a need for more direct help from husbands in household chores and the education of children, the economic capacity of families improves and they have a better purchasing capacity that will be reflected in the acquisition of goods and services that would otherwise be prohibited [14]. Lifestyles correspond to a set of standards of conduct that characterize the general way of life of an individual or group. It is also mentioned that the concept of “lifestyles” when related to health, should be understood in a broad dimension, encompassing different living standards of citizens, as well as the cultural context in which they live and social dynamics, psychological and historical aspects of that environment [15].
Lifestyles were interpreted as “the material expression of the way of life, personal ideas, intentions and vital projects, in short, they are the way in which each individual organizes his life. Ways of life based on identifiable patterns of behaviour determined by the interaction between the individual’s personal characteristics, social interactions and socioeconomic and involvement conditions” [16]. The behavior patterns mentioned in the definition are, frequently tested and interpreted in social situations, and are therefore subject to frequent modifications. The term “lifestyle” is somewhat diffuse, because different sociological ideas coexist that, although starting from homogeneous premises, present different approaches:
The psychological-evolutionary approach starts from the idea that lifestyles are determined by basic and supplementary needs, as well as by the framework of individual values whose variation will determine social change [16].
The socio-structural quantitative approach that studies lifestyles as forms of consumption where the feeling of freedom of choice predominates in the consumption of different goods and services [16].
The qualitative approach that bases its analysis on the perception of the subject’s daily life, considering in what way, work, free time and family (…) determine their opinions, attitudes and conduct [16].
The theoretical approach based on social classes that is based on economic differences and their influences on the systems of values and attitudes. In this sense, the existence of a close relationship between the class structure, the set of cultural guidelines and the model on which culture is based to reproduce the class structure of modern societies is highlighted, [14]. Between 1981 and 1988, although there were different approaches on how to understand lifestyles, the important thing is: “looking at lifestyles and being able to see all differences simultaneously as something personal and social with great doses of originality and privacy but first of all, as something socially constructed” [17, 18]. In view of the opinion previously expressed, we can say that lifestyles can be seen as something individual or grouped, thus being able to speak about the lifestyle of an individual, group or culture [14]. The lifestyle constitutes a general way of life as the interaction of living conditions, in a broad sense and the individual standards of conduct determined by socio-cultural factors and personal characteristics [19]. Lifestyles are linked to values, motivations, opportunities and specific issues related to cultural, social and economic aspects [16]. The expression “lifestyles” describes a set of expressed behaviors, usually in the form of consumption patterns, which characterize the way in which an individual or social group fits into society [16]. This was an expression that originated from research inherent to non-infectious diseases, mainly in developed countries [20]. Although, with the advancement of science and the facilitation of human tasks, there is a reduction in mortality from infectious diseases and an increase in longevity, but on the other hand, the appearance of chronic-degenerative diseases that negatively affect quality of life [20].
There are some opinion differences in those who defend the approach of changing behaviors towards healthier lifestyles and those who advocate changing the physical and socioeconomic environment for better health. Initially, [21] it was justified the need for these two determinants: lifestyles and the environment, since both are somehow interconnected, since to change individual behavior, favorable environments are also necessary for the it is carried out. Setting the example of a sedentary person who intends to start exercising regularly, he must have conditions of a social environment conducive to being able to do it (time), but also physical conditions (sports facilities).
According to this, the characterization of lifestyles is fundamental, since inadequate habits can be reflected in health problems, which is why it is important to have preventive and constructive education from both the family and the sports environment. Sport and physical activity are basic pillars of education and health promotion, as well as healthy lifestyles [22]. Healthy lifestyles can also be identified as a set of relatively stable patterns of conduct, by individuals or groups, that are beneficial to health [22]. It is also mentioned that a healthy lifestyle is what manages or maintains health, which is multifactorial in nature, including physical, mental and social dimensions [23]. There are also other positive and negative factors in lifestyle that affect our health and well-being, in the short and long term, namely from middle age (40–60 years), our mobility [23]. People’s autonomy and quality of life are directly associated with lifestyle variable, presented on the “Pentacle of Well-being” [24]. In the early 90’s, several authors tried to join efforts to clarify the concept of healthy lifestyle, its variables, as well as ways to promote health. The main variables in the studies on healthy lifestyles carried out between 1987 and 1993 were: Alcohol consumption; Tobacco consumption; Eating habits; Physical activity; Consumption of drugs and medication; Resting habits; Accidents and risk behaviors and their prevention; Dental hygiene; Medical exams; Free time activity; Sexual conduct; Hygienic habits; Others [24].
The lifestyle is defined [25] as a set of mediating structures that reflect several of activities, attitudes and social values closely related and that depend on economic and social conditions, education, age, among others. Other factors. It manifests historical and cultural experiences and emerges from a set of decisions, over which the subject assumes control, thus, the lifestyle is revealed to be fundamental in the promotion and protection of health. It is an analysis that is based on healthy lifestyles, considered as ways of life that consider and understand aspects such as harmonious relationships, self-esteem and good communication, which directly influence the quality of life of each individual [26]. In the last decade, the values of blood pressure and obesity in children and adolescents increased exponentially, such as the body mass index, which promotes these same characteristics in adulthood, namely due to the lack of habits or specialized activity programs. [27, 28] A large part of the population does not control their weight in a healthy way without limiting their calorie intake even though maintaining a regular level of physical activities [28]. Eating a varied diet rich in vegetables, reduce the total amount of calories ingested [29]. Children’s sports practice is of great importance in promoting values such as discipline and motivation to overcome obstacles during the course of life [30]. Physical activity has a predominant role in behaviors that promote a healthy lifestyle, since childhood. In modern civilizations, automation and computer technology have made every day physical tasks simpler and easier. Leisure activities such as television and computer games have also reduced the amount of time to be more physically active [28]. However, these forms of leisure do not show more physical effort, so it is needed a regularly exercise for our body, so that the variables of physical inactivity do not harm our state of physical and mental health. To have that, it is recommended the performance of routine tasks, resulting in improvement quality of life [28]. The model of a healthy lifestyle is not a definition. In general, the lifestyle considered healthy is one that in its context promotes a lower probability of diseases and disabilities [28]. Healthy lifestyles are structured around a set of behaviors that create interest in the individual and which prevail over other, less healthy behaviors [28]. There are others associated with the concept of lifestyle, to better understand how various behaviors fit the current health model [31]. It is important to understand several terms and concepts, such as health, physical activity, physical fitness, food, sleep quality, rest habits and others. It is well documented that participation in physical activity on a regular basis is an important factor in improving the quality of life, as it is essential for the body to function and develop in a healthy way, [31]. Changes in lifestyles have significantly positive effects on long-term health [27]. It is easy to see that there is a close conception between a healthy lifestyle, the levels of physical activity of each individual and their behaviors.
In a comparison between practitioners and nonpractitioners of physical activity, and between genders, among college students it was found better indicators of lifestyles in students who practice physical activities, meaning that this variable is a determinant for a healthy life [32]. The study demonstrated also that resting heart rate has a positive association with physical activity and the lifestyle variables such as diet, respect for meals time and resting habits [32]. Is important to practice these healthy lifestyles in early adulthood, so that these practices, all together, can be maintained through life. In a study with 150 surf practitioners it was reflected that, according to the years of practice that young surfers had, the better their physical activity levels were, also a lower prevalence of sedentary habits better sleeping habits [32]. Also, the surfers who were competitors demonstrated to be more physically active, to have a lower prevalence of sedentary habits, a better control of their sleeping habits and risk factors (alcohol and tobacco) [28]. In adult practitioners, surfers with more years of practice had better care in feeding and were more physically active [32]. Analyzing all practitioners in general, the best results obtained were revealed in the context of nutrition, physical activity, preventive behaviors and social relationships. In terms of health education, this field has shown concern mainly with changing lifestyles, to instil in people the alteration of their habits, to better adapt to the environment in which they live. As an alternative to this way of acting and living, two different and complementary perspectives on education and health promotion emerge: the information provided to people, so that they can consciously choose and by their own choice, and the creation of physical and socioeconomic structures favorable to the practice of these healthy lifestyles [33]. Modern habits, such as exposure to stress, smoking and lack of adequate sleep are not considered healthy, because due to these, the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and the risks of mortality stand out among the main factors [33]. It is a percentage higher risk in smokers, as well as mental and physical tiredness resulting from insufficient number of hours of sleep or quality of sleep [34]. Sleeping habits have an influence on physical and emotional well-being, which in turn, influence quality and lifestyles [35]. The number of hours slept becomes a fundamental indicator of health and well-being, since sleep is a state that offers the individual a feeling of physical and mental rest, allowing him to perform in good physical and mental conditions the tasks of the patient next day [36]. The quality and quantity of sleep time will be determined by sleep habits, which occur between bedtime and waking up. One of the main benefits of sleep for sports is the physiological capacity for muscle recovery that occurs when we sleep [37]. Analyzing sleeping habits between genders, it was found that women have more sleep problems, as sleep latency is higher in women than in men, justified by the influence of hormonal variation of the female organism, and this aspect has been seen as a tendency [38, 39, 40]. These factors can also result from increased pressure in work activities and psychological stress with more impact on women in the dual role of mother and professional, since they work in periods that should be intended for rest [41].
In a study with veteran athletes the dimensions of lifestyles with the highest percentage were balanced diet and respect for mealtimes, followed by resting habits, as well as in other studies found, where the two dimensions that revealed the greatest concern for the participants in the study were balanced eating and resting habits, including sleep [42].
As previously mentioned, the term quality of life is treated and analyzed from different perspectives, namely through science and common sense, from an objective or subjective point of view and in individual and collective approaches. It is a concept focused on the ability to live without disease or to overcome difficulties related to states or conditions of morbidity [43]. Regarding the differences between genders, this subject has always had different interpretations and continues to be the object of study in several areas of knowledge [44], since opinions are divided at national and international level and point to a good amount of data indicating the existence of very significant differences between men and women. More studies reveal [45] that male individuals have a higher quality of life in general, when compared to the female gender. For the realization, intervention, practice or adoption of behaviors aimed at the feasibility of other healthy lifestyles, it is necessary to feel and realize that there must be an internal and personal change, that is, a motivation for such behaviors [46]. It is important to understand the concept of motivation, since it is one of the most central concerns of any human activity, proving to be beneficial both at a biological and psychological level [47], as well as giving energy and direction to behavior [48], assuming a leading role in all contexts of human life [49]. When we approach the context and concept of motivation, it is important to remember that the reason is the basis of the motivational process, being, therefore, the essential element to trigger the initiative and subsequent maintenance of the activity performed by man [50]. Following this perspective, it is stated that motive is an internal factor, which initiates, directs and integrates a person’s behavior, and relates motivation to reason, as an intrinsic strength, an impulse, a purpose, leading the individual to act in a certain way, directing his actions and the intensity of efforts to reach a goal [50]. Motivation is conceived as the dynamic object of behavior, through which one seeks to understand the process of orienting behavior towards preferred situations and goals [50]. It is one of the fundamental psychological skills inherent in sports and determinants in the psychological profile of athletes, being one of the factors that drive certain behaviors to achieve certain goals [51]. Motivation is characterized as an active, intentional and goal-oriented process, which depends on the interaction of personal (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) factors [52]. According to this model, motivation has an energetic determinant, which corresponds to the level of activation, and a determinant of the direction of behavior, as is the case with intentions, interests, motives and goals. Therefore, motivation can be classified in two ways: intrinsic motivation, which refers to the rewards that originate from the activity itself and related to instinct factors and needs; and extrinsic motivation, referring to the rewards that are not obtained from the activity, but are the consequences of the same, such as the status and affirmation [53].
Intrinsic motivation results in high quality learning and creativity, being especially important in the details of factors and forces that engender or compromise it [54]. It is the basis for growth, psychological integrity and social cohesion, it is also a natural tendency to search for novelties, challenges, as well to acquire and test your own abilities [54]. It is mentioned that intrinsically motivated individuals are more likely to be more persistent, to present higher levels of performance and to perform more tasks than those who require external reinforcements [55]. In the case of physical activity, individuals can also participate and compete sports for intrinsic reasons, for example, when they feel satisfied with learning new techniques in their modality. According to several authors [56, 57, 58] the intrinsic motivation can be classified taking into account different dimensions, such as: intrinsic motivation to know, when athletes are happy to learn something new, as a new technique; intrinsic motivation to perform, when the activity experienced generates pleasure and satisfaction in the accomplishment of something, such as, for example, trying to master a certain technique that we consider more complicated; and intrinsic motivation to stimulate the experience, when an activity starts as a way to experience the sensations derived from it, such as pleasure, fun and joy [56, 57, 58]. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation comes from external factors, in the form of positive and / or negative reinforcements, such as, for example, when athletes participate in competitions only to obtain recognition from coaches and/or family members. This refers to a diversity of styles that range from external regulation to integrated regulation, characterized by individual action goals, being directed by some consequence separately [59]. External regulation is characterized by the search for external incentives to practice, and the individual is committed to the task only to achieve a reward or avoid punishment [60]. This represents extrinsic motivation as it is traditionally defined, being the least self-determined form of extrinsic regulation Other perspectives [61, 62, 63] revealed that male individuals have higher levels of lifestyles in general, when compared to females, however, more studies [64] found that, despite the fact that women have a state of depression higher than that of men, it can be the product of family attitudes, community and society in general, as a way of protecting or abusing people. Also [65] women feel less tense, happier, with more energy and have higher levels of mental health, since programmed physical activity helps to improve both physical and psychological taste and well-being the same.
Regarding situations that most favor the quality of life, [66] female gender establish a group’s unity, the good relationship with others, the experience and competence of the coach and positive feelings, which proves that the stronger the identification of women with the group of athletes, with the coach and with the technical team, the greater the dedication, persistence and discipline for training [66, 67, 68]. Women need more emotional feedbacks and social support than men. For them, the most important situations are dedication in training, positive feelings and a winning attitude, hence they present high levels of competitiveness. Addressing the topic of motivation takes us to a context of Self Determined Theory (SDT) and Basic Psychological Needs. SDT argues that individuals are active organisms, with an inherent tendency for psychological development and growth, which through various challenges stimulates and increases their capacities [69]. This is a theory that has grown regarding the study of motivation, as it explains what the pillars of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) are, as well as the factors related to its promotion [70] considering the personality factors in social contexts and the causes and consequences of self-determined behavior [71]. People need to feel competent and self-determined to be intrinsically motivated, and as mentioned above, the subject’s motivation is related to the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, that is, the need to feel independent, to the extent that that it is the individual himself who regulates his needs; competence, that is, the need to feel competent, to interact successfully according to the stimuli of the environment; and relationship, that is, the need to feel connected to others, that is, to be considered and appreciated [70]. In this way, we can say that it is these three psychological needs that explain the regulation of people’s behavior, which is established in a motivational continuum, ranging from the lack of regulation or lack of intention to act, through the most controlled forms and ending in the forms more autonomous of motivation [71]. The theory of self-determination proposes that motivation varies over a continuum and that it takes different forms according to different levels of self-determination, with intrinsic motivation at one end, characterized by high levels of self-determination and in which, when carrying out an activity, there is no demand to achieve external rewards [72] and, on the opposite, there is demotivation characterized by the lowest level of self-determination, which corresponds to the absolute absence of both motivation intrinsic as extrinsic [73]. Intrinsic motivation is among the most important factors for maintaining exercise behavior and people who intrinsically regulate their motivation, demonstrate greater persistence, commitment, effort and pleasure in the activities they perform [54].
According to the relationship between gender and motivation [60], a study with veteran male athletes showed higher levels of motivation and introjected regulation than female athletes, that is, they are individuals who are involved in the practice of physical activity but fail to value it or simply practice it. to avoid internal pressure [73]. In turn, it is the female gender that has higher levels of external regulation, identified regulation and internal regulation [73]. As for basic psychological needs, we found that there are significant differences between genders, as the female gender has higher average values in the three dimensions: autonomy, competence and relationship, that is, veteran athletes feel that they are given the possibility to choose from the different sporting situations and in the face of behavior, they feel able to practice physical activity, as well as being able to obtain a positive relationship with other athletes [73]. It is the athletes who have higher levels of intrinsic motivation who feel more competent and autonomous [71]. Thus, we can say that the female athletes surveyed have higher levels of psychological well-being in relation to male athletes, as they obtained higher values of satisfaction with life and positive affections. Other results in veteran athletes, where the evaluation of the perception of satisfaction and the basic psychological needs for autonomy lead to behaviors motivated autonomously, promoting these, better eating habits and rest, as well as high satisfaction with life, and a lower consumption of tobacco [74]. Autonomous motivation has not proved to be a significant mediating variable between the basic psychological need for autonomy and lifestyles and satisfaction with life.
Another model proposed [75] also analyzed the predictive capacity of intrinsic motivation on the development of positive behaviors, finding that the most self-determined motivation positively predicts the variables of lifestyles that enhance health. In that model [76], people with higher self-determined motivation tended to perceive more advantages from physical exercise and a better quality of life. In addition [77] intrinsic motivation was crucial for the development of healthy habits such as eating and resting habits in adult and elderly women and, in this same population subject to study, [78] it was found that the promotion of intrinsic motivation positively favored eating habits. In a study conducted [78] with Physical Education teachers it was determined that to satisfy the basic psychological needs of the students during the sessions, the students developed a more positive motivation, and at the same time, they were able to commit to behaviors associated with the contents taught in this discipline, such as the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits, being able to integrate those behaviors into their lifestyles. It was relevant to carry out cooperative and collaborative games in PE classes to encourage teamwork and, in by this, favor interpersonal relationships with a better feeling of affiliation to the group [75]. All these factors determined a more self-determined motivation of the students towards this field, which lead to a greater prediction of variables that enhance healthy lifestyles. Regarding the relationship between gender and motivation, significant differences were found in another study [46] where female gender had higher levels of external regulation. Regarding the basic psychological needs, there were significant differences between genders, since the male gender presented higher mean values in the three dimensions: autonomy, competence and relation, that is, the male students felt able to obtain a positive relationship with others. According to that, male students present higher values of life satisfaction, women are more vigorous and have higher levels of mental health, since physical activity is an essential factor for their physical and psychological well-being [46]. However, it was the male students who presented higher mean values of life satisfaction. Also, it can be found that the variable that correlates directly with intrinsic motivation towards practice is the intention to be physically active [79]. The practice of physical activity involves other habits related to a healthy lifestyle [80]. However, there are several studies [81, 82], that support a direct relationship between intrinsic motivation and the intention of future practice. There is a direct relationship between intrinsic motivation towards the intention to be physically active. The gender motivations differences exist, determining that in younger ages women tend to have more orientation and greater intrinsic motivation towards the practice of healthy lifestyles [83]. Men, also, tend to have more orientations towards the ego, and therefore a more extrinsic motivation. Women have a healthier diet than men, but as age advances, this diet improves in quality, especially in men, [84]. Other studies with active adults showed high levels in basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation, and lower values of controlled motivation and amotivation [51, 52]. In terms of lifestyles, it has revealed high levels of nutrition habits and rest, and lower values of tobacco consumption. The basic psychological needs showed positive and significant correlations with autonomous motivation levels, nutrition habits and rest [84]. Levels of satisfaction with life showed significant and positive correlations with autonomous motivation levels and positive affect, and negative correlations with controlled motivation and amotivation [84]. Also, nutrition habits and rest are predicted positively by autonomous motivation, as well as the basic psychological needs, showing healthy lifestyles related to the self-determination. This self-determination results from the motivation factor as one of the fundamental psychological skills inherent in sports practice and determinants in the psychological profile of athletes, being one of the factors that lead to certain behaviors to achieve certain goals, or that is, motivation is characterized as an active, intentional and goal-directed process, which depends on the interaction of personal (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) factors [51, 52]. According to this model, motivation has an energetic determinant, which corresponds to the activation level, and a determinant of behavior direction, as is the case of intentions, interests, motives and goals. It’s also revealed that motivation is a skill that depends on the interaction between personality and environmental factors, such as facilities, attractive tasks, challenges and social influences, not forgetting that over the years, the importance The personal and situational factors mentioned may change depending on current needs and opportunities. In another view, motivation is an internal state regulated by needs that activate or arouse behavior aimed at satisfying those same needs [85]. The concept of motivation encompasses all psychic processes and states, including the totality of needs, impulses, aspirations, voluntary motions, moods, affections, and emotions. We can also consider it as the cause of movement and change, as well as the totality of forces that trigger, direct and maintain behavior towards a goal. Motivation is seen as a socio-cognitive process in which individuals become motivated or demotivated through the assessment of their skills in a context of achievement and the meaning of the context for the person in the last years [86]. Motivation is also understood as a set of biological and psychological mechanisms that enable the triggering of action, orientation towards a goal or to move away from it, the more motivated the person is, the more persistent and greater the activity [87].
As for other lifestyles analyzed [41] it was shown that the female gender had better results than the male gender, showing significant differences regarding food and hours of rest, as it is the female athletes who eat a more balanced diet, they respect the hours of food and rest, and, although without significant differences, they still consume less tobacco. It was found that the female gender has a more balanced diet, consuming more fruits and vegetables than the male gender, which in turn, consumes more sweets [87]. According to resting habits, contrary to what the literature says, it is women who have higher values, so and since this is directly related to food [88]. Women had a more balanced diet, they also felt that they were able to have more regular sleep habits. Continuing with gender comparison, [46] male students were identified with more favorable values for eating habits, resting habits, and Resting Heart Rate than female students. However, male students had higher values of alcohol and tobacco consumption with significant differences [88]. In the comparison between physical activity practicing and nonpracticing students, those who practice physical activity present the best lifestyles with differences in eating habits and RHR. This study suggested that male students give more importance to energy and nutritional consumption because it is essential for the maintenance of performance, body composition, and health.
In other investigations [89] high evaluations have been obtained in eating and resting habits and lower evaluations in tobacco consumption, [90, 91]. These investigations lead to adopt the idea that individuals highly connected to sports or physical activity assume behaviors related to healthy lifestyles and eliminate others that are limited for health behaviors. In relation to a balanced diet, most studies [92, 93] show that women have a healthier diet than men, but as age advances, this diet improves its quality, especially in men. In terms of eating and resting habits, [94] its confirmed that the female gender shows significantly better behaviors as well as a non-significant lower consumption of tobacco, [95, 96] also stressing that intrinsic motivation is crucial for the development of healthy habits, such as adequate eating and resting habits, particularly for adult and elderly women. In this segment, we can also mention that women are more concerned with their psychological and physical health and well-being than men, as it is women who give greater importance to adequate intervals of food and rest /rest, a since the existence of excessive training loads and competitions combined with insufficient recovery can cause a series of health disorders, such as physical and mental tiredness, injuries, muscle fragility, physical pain and discomfort, ultimately affecting the quality of life of the athletes [97].
To evaluate lifestyles, instruments were created and used in research to measure several contexts of healthy lifestyles, we highlight those set out in Table 1, as well as the measured variables and the population of incidence in the respective validation process.
Questionnaires | Variables of healthy lifestyles | Population |
---|---|---|
Questionnaire CHVSAAF (Cuestionario de Hábitos de Vida Saludables de Alimentación y Actividad Física) [98]. (Questionnaire of healthy Lifestyles of food and physical activity – Spanish version) | Healthy food and physical activity | 8 to 12 years of old. |
Escala de Qualidade de Vida de [99]. (Quality of Life Scale) | Economic well-being, family life, education and idleness, media, religion and health. | Teenagers (from 13 years old) |
Escala de Satisfação com a Vida [100] (Satisfaction with life scale) | Satisfaction with life | Teenagers and Adults |
The Health Behavior in School Children: HBSC. [101] | Physical Activity, healthy food, tobacco consumption, alcohol and drugs, personal hygiene and sexual education. | Teenagers (11 to 17 years old) |
Índice de Estilos de Vida [102]. (Lifestyles Index) | Consumption of Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, healthy foods, insane foods, physical activity and sport. | Teenagers |
Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise: PACE [103] | Physical Activity | Teenagers |
Inventario de Actividad Física Habitual en Adolescentes (IAFHA) [104] (Inventory of Usual Physical Activity in Adolescents - Spanish version) | Physical Activity during school time; physical activity in a leisure context; physical activity in sports practice. | Teenagers (14 to 18 years) |
Questionnaire ESVISAUN (Estilos de vida y salud en estudiantes universitarios: la Universidad), [105] (Lifestyles and health in university students: the University – spanish version) | Sociodemographic data, perceived health status and quality of life, physical activity, tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, eating habits, sexuality, safety, dental hygiene, illness and disability and health promotion at the university. | Teenagers |
Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida Saludable en Estudiantes de Postgrado [106] (Questionnaire of healthy Lifestyles in post-fraduation students – spanish version) | Sports, food, sleep and rest. | Post-graduation students |
Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida Saludable en Estudiantes Universitarios [107] (Questionnaire of healthy Lifestyles in post-graduation students – spanish version) | Ludic and sport activities, academic and family satisfaction, food consumption. | Post-graduation students |
Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes to Health Education Questionnaire: TPAHEQ [108] | Smoking, resting habits, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, own health status and attitudes towards personal health. | Adults |
Cuestionarios de Prácticas y Creencias sobre estilos de vida [109] (Questionnaire of practices and beliefs about healthy lifestyles – spanish version) | Practice of physical activity and sport, leisure time, self-care, eating habits, consumption of psychoactive substances and sleep. | Adults |
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire: GPAQ - 2.0 [110] | Physical Activity | Adults and elderly |
Cuestionario para determinar los Estilos de Vida (IMEVID) [111]. (Questionnaire to determine healthy lifestyles – spanish version) | Physical activity, nutrition, alcohol and tobacco consumption. | General population |
Questionnaire FANTASTIC [112] | Family and friends, Physical activity, Nutrition, Tobacco consumption, Alcohol consumption, Sleep and stress, Personality type, Introspection, driving to work, other drugs. | General population |
Versão Preliminar do Questionário de Estilos de Vida Saudáveis - EVS [113] (Preliminary version of healthy lifestyles questionnaire – spanish version) | Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, consumption of other drugs, respect for mealtimes, maintenance of a balanced diet | High school students |
Questionário de Estilos de Vida Saudáveis - EVS [114] (Healthy lifestyles questionnaire – Portuguese version) | Eating habits, resting habits and tobacco consumption. | Veteran athletes (from 30 years old) |
Cuestionário de Estilos de Vida Saudables - EVS [115] (Healthy lifestyles questionnaire – spanish version) | Tobacco consumption, rest habits, respect for mealtimes, and maintaining a balanced diet. | Persons between 14 and 88 years old |
Questionário de Estilos de Vida Saudáveis - EVS II [116] (Healthy lifestyles questionnaire – Portuguese version) | Balanced diet, Respect for mealtimes, rest habits, consumption of other drugs, consumption of alcohol and consumption of tobacco. | Veteran athletes (from 30 years old) |
Healthy Lifestyles Questionnaire (CEVS-II) [117] | Balanced diet, Respect for meal schedules, Rest habits, Tobacco consumption, Alcohol consumption, Consumption of other drugs, Physical activity. | Persons between 14 and 88 years old |
Cuestionário de Estilos de Vida Saudables - EVS [118] (Healthy lifestyles questionnaire – spanish version) | Balanced Diet, Respect for Mealtimes, Tobacco consumption, Rest Habits. | Ecuadorian university students |
Healthy lifestyle questionnaires.
All these studies demonstrate the importance of a healthy lifestyle being started very early and continued throughout life, and define the main actions aimed at a healthy lifestyle, as well as parameters of controls for metabolic variables. However, reservations should be made regarding the instruments for assessing and quantifying lifestyle, as there is still no gold standard method that provides security for assessing a healthy lifestyle. Thus, we suggest the continuation of studies to continuously assess lifestyles, with the possibility of including or excluding other variables, or of them in different contexts, whether economic, social and educational.
Whether in the dimension of scientific knowledge production or in the broad context of professional intervention in areas related to physical activity, health and well-being, it is of utmost relevance to begin this subchapter with a clarification of terms. In the scientific literature, the term ‘sedentary’ is used with the intention of characterizing those individuals who do not adhere to daily physical activity recommendations.
Sedentary behavior is characterized by behaviors with energy expenditure below 1.5 (METs) remaining in a sitting, reclining or lying position [119]. Unlike sedentary behavior, physical inactivity has been used to describe individuals who do not perform formal physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity, that is, individuals who do not meet the specific recommendations for the practice of physical activity [120]. Sedentary lifestyle has been understood as the absence of physical exercise or very low energy expenditure (less than 1000 Kcal) [121]. From the time when man is a hunter to the present, there has been a drastic change in the way he lives. Recently, with technological and robotic advances, man has become even more inactive, in addition to starting to consume more tobacco and having an increasingly unhealthy diet [122]. With the industrialization process, the number of sedentary people increased due to the few opportunities for physical and sports activities, [123] and its prevalence is very high, especially in underdeveloped countries. Due to this technological and information advancement there was an increase of this inactivity, since there is a reduction in more intense activities at work and in daily activities that influence leisure hours, this is called sedentary lifestyle involuntary [124]. There are immense and multivariate factors that can determine a set of styles of physical activity, as previously mentioned by socio-demographic aspects (age, sex, socio-economic profile), psychological aspects (motivation and self-determination to change behaviors) and socio-cultural aspects (family, housing contexts, etc.) [124]. The various studies already presented try to highlight many of these factors that tend to be hierarchical and influence sedentary lifestyle in the various age groups [122]. Age is, in fact, a relevant factor, which may have a positive association with physical inactivity [122]. It is likely that some differences according to the type of activities (more or less vigorous) will decrease with the development of these people, with a decline in leisure activities and moderate intensity and an increase in activities of low intensity or activities considered informal. Regarding the types of physical exercises, men seem to be more involved in group practices, such as team sports and women choose more individual activities [125]. Another important and determinant aspect of sedentary lifestyle is the socioeconomic variable, in which people with lower income tend to be more sedentary, perhaps due to difficulties in investing in certain activities [125]. Combating a sedentary lifestyle should be a priority for the responsible entities. Previous studies show that sedentary behavior accounts for a large portion of the daily routine of various populations (> 8 hours) [126]. Since the different recommendations for regular physical activity behavior suggest a daily reduction of sedentary behavior, the concept of physical inactivity as an alternative to sedentary behavior has been shown to be more appropriate to classify individuals who do not meet the recommendations for regular physical activity behavior of moderate-to-vigorous intensity [127]. Therefore, the determinants and consequences of excessive daily sedentary behavior on biopsychosocial health differ from the harms caused by physical inactivity.
Recently, the study of sedentary behavior in the world population has increased [128]. In recent years, the study of sedentary behavior in the world population (pediatric population, adult population and elderly population) has increased [119, 128, 129]. The evidence phases for sedentary behavior science have been guided by the Behavioral Epidemiology Framework and the following phases are distinguished: (1) identifying relationships of sedentary behavior with health outcomes; (2) measuring sedentary behavior; (3) characterizing prevalence and variations of sedentary behavior in populations; (4) identifying the determinants of sedentary behavior; (5) developing and testing interventions to influence sedentary behavior; (6) using the relevant evidence to inform public health guidelines and policy [129].
From a systematic review of the scientific literature, it can be concluded that excessive daily sedentary behavior is associated with a variety of health harms, including deterioration of physical fitness, diabetes, obesity, and depression [128]. In addition, excessive sedentary behavior is also associated with the risk of premature death [128]. However, it is important to consider the relationship between sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in relation to the deterioration of individuals’ health. In this sense, it appears that the total volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity performed daily may mitigate the health harms of excessive daily sedentary behavior. Furthermore, the health consequences of excessive daily sedentary behavior appear to be more pronounced in physically inactive individuals [124]. Therefore, it appears that individuals who engage in excessive daily sedentary behavior and engage in less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity have a higher risk of mortality [124]. In contrast, individuals who exhibit fewer periods of daily sedentary behavior and demonstrate higher levels of daily moderate-to- vigorous physical activity have a lower mortality risk [128]. Scientific evidence thus suggests that excessive daily sedentary behavior is a risk factor for a person’s physical health, considering the levels of moderate-to-vigorous daily physical activity. However, knowledge about the consequences of sedentary behavior on psychosocial health is still insufficient [127]. To clarify the consequences of sedentary behavior on mental health, we sought to identify and understand the consequences of sedentary behavior on the psychosocial well-being of elderly residents in Portugal [129]. As demonstrated by the study, a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of sedentary behavior on psychosocial health requires considering the different dimensions of sedentary behavior (the type of sedentary behavior, the interruption of sedentary behavior, the uninterrupted duration of sitting, and the frequency with which the elderly perform sedentary behavior). In view of the listed dimensions, sedentary behavior can be positive for maintaining cognitive functions, promoting positive affective states, and supporting social interaction. On the other hand, excessive sedentary behavior may also worsen psychosocial well-being and lead to mental fatigue and diminished social relationships.
In another direction, identifying the determinants of sedentary behavior is an essential step in scientific research. This step helps in the development of interventions that reduce excessive daily sedentary behavior and increase the usual level of physical activity in different population segments [130]. Ecological models have been used as a theoretical framework to explain the determinants of sedentary behavior in individuals [131]. These models place great emphasis on environmental variables [131]. A shortcoming of these models is that they do not clearly emphasize the role that psychosocial variables can play in explaining sedentary behavior. However, ecological models can incorporate various psychosocial constructs to develop a more comprehensive framework that allows for the integration of multiple theories [132]. Thus, some psychosocial factors that may influence individuals’ excessive daily sedentary behavior are highlighted below: [130] sedentary behavior may be determined by sedentary habits developed over the years; in another sense, positive representation, i.e., perceived satisfaction that individuals have from the different sedentary behaviors, may determine sedentary behavior; individuals may reduce the excess of daily sedentary behavior through physically active behavior (e.g., engaging in physical activity), which manifests compensatory health beliefs [133]; furthermore, social support may determine sedentary behavior in several ways. On the one hand, individuals’ social support can discourage sedentary behavior. On the other hand, individuals may be encouraged by their social support to sit throughout the day. By understanding the health consequences of excessive sedentary behavior and some of its determinants, it becomes possible to present a range of strategies that can contribute to the daily reduction of sedentary behavior in individuals, within a logic focused on evidence-based practice. Thus, to minimize the health risks of excessive sedentary behavior, individuals can achieve a healthy balance between spending time on certain sedentary behaviors that may be beneficial for psychosocial well-being [129], engaging in low-intensity physical activity, and engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, leading to a reduction in excessive daily sedentary behavior [133, 134].
According to the subject pointed in this chapter it is enlightening that is necessary to maintain a physical and mental discipline, in the sense of feeling the need to change behaviors and maintain them, if they wish to contribute to a set of vectors of quality of life. Physical activity is a process that presents results that contradict a sedentary lifestyle, as it presents benefits at the physiological, psychological, social and mental level, in all age groups: children, adults, the elderly and special populations. It is understood that the practice of a set of behaviors considered as healthy lifestyles, previously identified, reveals positive effects that are effective in preventing hypokinetic, cardiovascular and psychological diseases, as well as promoting physical and well-being, that translates into the improvement of aspects directly linked to health and satisfaction with the individual’s life. It is also noticeable that individuals with greater practice of physical activity show greater satisfaction in terms of their body image or greater predisposition to achieve it through food care. They reveal a greater consumption of fruits and vegetables, to the detriment of sweets, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, that is, greater care with the type of food considered as a healthy habit. It is valid to affirm that the practice of behaviors considered as healthy lifestyles where physical activity is inserted influences all its variables in a positive way. In general, individuals whose parents do not smoke, usually do not consume alcoholic beverages and do more physical activity, even if sporadically. In this sense, the role of parents in adopting healthy lifestyles is very important, since they transmit a favorable image to their children in the future adoption of these same behaviors. In the same way as individuals whose peers engage in physical activity practices are another determining factor. It is also important to promote levels of physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors during periods of free time, but preferably with intervention strategies that consider the different interests and specific practices of practitioners. In this context, schools have a primary role in developing principles of attitudes linked to a healthy lifestyle by taking exceptional measures for an intercurricular approach to school in and for health. Some schools to promote healthy lifestyles offer students pieces of fruit after a Physical Education class. Despite this offer, it is also important to build a base of motor skills and the results of these good behaviors so that these experiences of activities on the part of children, adolescents and adults are pleasant, with the purpose of fostering continuous participation throughout the life process. These factors seem to be particularly important to highlight the need to create programs that guarantee the adherence and maintenance of all these individuals in the practice of behaviors considered as healthy lifestyles. People should be encouraged to internalize the motivation to be active, if there are no examples of parents or close friends, they can continue with an active lifestyle.
For the readers of this work, we leave as advice that, from an early stage, in children, it is important to understand the principles underlying healthy activity. As adolescents they must learn and be informed with the capacity to make decisions, capable of planning and implementing individual activity programs, periodically, reassessed and modified as they get older. To have a balance diet, be engaged in physical activity programs, respect mealtimes and resting habits, and, also very important, to have enough hours of sleep with quality are determinant factors for a lifelong healthy life. Al last, a healthy lifestyle encompasses work relationships and family life, also determining factors for quality and life expectancy.
The authors have nothing to declare.
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
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being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. In this chapter, it is defined as a possible ability of an individual or a group to face, manage, and anticipate a possible problem. This concept of vulnerability is associated with that of risk factor for social isolation, and therefore to situations that can also lead to illness and lack of mental and physical health. It can have its roots in poverty, in social exclusion, in ethnicity, in disability or simply in disease or specific developmental phases in life. All these aspects reflect very important vulnerability factors among biological, psychological, social, and behavioral variables. To date, no one has highlighted together two critical moments in life in which this brain area undergoes important variations: adolescence, in which its development occurs, and old age, in which this area goes into cognitive decline with the relative loss of many higher cognitive functions. This knowledge can help to better understand the forms of exclusion due to vulnerability in order to develop new forms of social inclusion.",book:{id:"8262",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",fullTitle:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion"},signatures:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo, Matteo Defedele, Juri Nervo and Alberto Borraccino",authors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"},{id:"218983",title:"BSc.",name:"Juri",middleName:null,surname:"Nervo",slug:"juri-nervo",fullName:"Juri Nervo"},{id:"218984",title:"MSc.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Defedele",slug:"matteo-defedele",fullName:"Matteo Defedele"},{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"},{id:"266453",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Borraccino",slug:"alberto-borraccino",fullName:"Alberto Borraccino"}]},{id:"74550",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95395",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"55323",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68873",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1703,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]},{id:"55349",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68596",title:"The Development of a Human Well-Being Index for the United States",slug:"the-development-of-a-human-well-being-index-for-the-united-states",totalDownloads:2019,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a human well-being index (HWBI) that assesses the over-all well-being of its population at the county level. The HWBI contains eight domains representing social, economic and environmental well-being. These domains include 25 indicators comprised of 80 metrics and 22 social, economic and environmental services. The application of the HWBI has been made for the nation as a whole at the county level and two alternative applications have been made to represent key populations within the overall US population—Native Americans and children. A number of advances have been made to estimate the values of metrics for counties where no data is available and one such estimator—MERLIN—is discussed. Finally, efforts to make the index into an interactive web site are described.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"J. Kevin Summers, Lisa M. Smith, Linda C. Harwell and Kyle D. Buck",authors:[{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. 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A sample of 715 university professors participated on the research. Data collection was carried out in two steps: online survey and focus groups. There is a moderate negative correlation between psychological well-being and work-related stress. Emotional charge also presents a moderate positive correlation with work-related stress, as well as physical charge and psychological distress. Work-life balance is negatively correlated with physical charge, emotional charge, work-related stress, psychological distress, and burnout. We observed also that 43.6% of the professors reported high levels of work-related stress in their everyday work. The precariousness of university teaching is associated with three main elements, which we defined as the tripod of the precarization of university teaching work. It consists of academic productivism, excess of administrative work and bureaucratic activities, and inadequate working conditions. The operating dynamics of this tripod effect professors’ well-being, their QWL, and even the quality of the work they develop in public universities.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Alessandro Vinicius de Paula and Ana Alice Vilas Boas",authors:[{id:"175373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilas Boas",slug:"ana-alice-vilas-boas",fullName:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas"},{id:"196534",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula",slug:"alessandro-vinicius-de-paula",fullName:"Alessandro Vinicius De Paula"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2206,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"76968",title:"In the Darkness of This Time: Wittgenstein and Freud on Uncertainty",slug:"in-the-darkness-of-this-time-wittgenstein-and-freud-on-uncertainty",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Both Wittgenstein and Freud experienced the crisis of humanism resulting from the first and second world wars. Although they were both considered to be influential figures, they hardly investigated the ways in which people could cope with the consequences of these crises. However, Wittgenstein and Freud did suggest ways of understanding uncertainties caused by real life events, as well as by the nature of human thought processes. This article will explore the therapeutic ways of dealing with uncertainties common to both thinkers and the different concepts facilitating their methodologies. The central contention of this article is that both Wittgenstein and Freud developed a complex methodology, acknowledging the constant and unexpected changes humans have deal with, whilst also offering the possibility of defining “hinge propositions” and “language-games” which can stabilize our consciousness.",book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Dorit Lemberger",authors:[{id:"325725",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorit",middleName:null,surname:"Lemberger",slug:"dorit-lemberger",fullName:"Dorit Lemberger"}]},{id:"76565",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Transition from Distress to Acceptance of Human Frailty - Anthropology and Psychology of the Pandemic Era",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-transition-from-distress-to-acceptance-of-human-frailty-anthropology-and-ps",totalDownloads:374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",authors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"},{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}]},{id:"77214",title:"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Dentists",slug:"the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-mental-health-of-dentists",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Since March 2020, the COVID-19 disease has declared a pandemic producing a worldwide containment. For months, many people were subjected to strict social isolation away from family and loved ones to prevent disease transmission, leading to anxiety, fear, and depression. On the other hand, many had to close down their businesses and stop working, resulting in financial issues. Previous studies have reported that pandemics, epidemics, and some diseases can lead to mental disorders such as fear, anxiety, stress, and depression. Among those most affected, healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those on the front line, often develop mental health problems. Although there is data available on the management and care of HCWs, little attention has been paid to the mental health and well-being of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this chapter aims to review the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists’ mental health and mental health-related symptoms. Finally, to recommend specific measures to avoid consequent potential implications for dentists, dental students, and dental patients.",book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura and Carmen Castro-Ruiz",authors:[{id:"346660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara-Buenaventura",slug:"andrea-vergara-buenaventura",fullName:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura"},{id:"419814",title:"MSc.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Ruiz",slug:"carmen-castro-ruiz",fullName:"Carmen Castro-Ruiz"}]},{id:"55323",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1703,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"278",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82162",title:"Perceptive Chapter: “Are We Listening?” - Improving Communication Strategies and Relationships between Physicians and Their Patients",slug:"perceptive-chapter-are-we-listening-improving-communication-strategies-and-relationships-between-phy",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105151",abstract:"We talk about the “art” of medicine because medicine is more than science. The science portion drives diagnosis and treatment. However as more tests become available, the art of the relationship and communication with patients is being steadily lost. Physicians often interrupt their patients only seconds into the interview. If we stop their story that quickly, we are not listening to what they have to say. If we do not listen to their story, how can we understand their illnesses and the effects on their lives? This chapter will examine physician-patient relationships by looking at ways to help foster these relationships and what can hinder them. We need to actively listen to our patients, listening for clues about their illness and/or suffering. We need to use observation and our emotions to understand the context of their illness. Examples will be included to help elucidate some of the challenges. Models that can provide a framework for communication will be discussed. Suggestions for ways to help improve communication and interpersonal relationships between physicians and their patients will be offered. This chapter will provide a chance to think about improving communication with our patients to help strengthen our interpersonal relationships.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Martha Peaslee Levine"},{id:"75826",title:"Creating a Democratic Culture in Managing Classroom Contexts of Disability – PART 1",slug:"creating-a-democratic-culture-in-managing-classroom-contexts-of-disability-part-1",totalDownloads:172,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96433",abstract:"The Department of Basic Education (DBE) in South Africa ratified Education White Paper 6: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System- a policy document which made an explicit declaration to create inclusive classroom contexts within a targeted period of 20 years. Succinctly, this declaration has cast the year 2021, as a major social justice milestone for citizens with disabilities. The chapter strongly believes that this milestone deserves to attract both critical dialogue and empirical engagements as to determine the impact of the Education White Paper 6. Internationally, there are various policy guidelines available, in the quest to create a democratic classroom context with the objective of accommodating diversity, more specifically to address oppressive and non-inclusive disability contexts. The reader audience will be taken across various discourses on disability rights and literature readings responding to redress within the realm of the World Health Organisation and the International Labour Organisation, among others. Before the chapter concludes, a reflective activity is provided; together with a practical assessment activity where the authors create a democratic culture-centric lesson plan meant to support teachers in their inclusive education quest to create ideal democratic classroom contexts.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Gregg Alexander and Duma Mhlongo"},{id:"75234",title:"Human Behaviour Induced by Spatial Order",slug:"human-behaviour-induced-by-spatial-order",totalDownloads:242,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96170",abstract:"Space truly becomes a place not merely because of the built and the unbuilt that design it, but also because of the way its users use it, behave around it, interact with it, and interact with each other in it. Space that surrounds every individual, in which an individual exists, interacts and performs, is known as “Human Space”. Organization of the Built environment around the users within their ‘human space’ is known as “Spatial Order” which is the key to formulation of non-verbal communication. Non verbal communication refers to the body language an individual adopts in order to convey a message to the fellow users of the space. This Non-verbal language subsequently becomes the basis of verbal communication that lays the foundation of Human Behavior within a particular spatial order.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Vaidehi Raipat"},{id:"76098",title:"Sustaining a Democratic Culture through Collaborative Engagements for Citizens with Disabilities: Part 2",slug:"sustaining-a-democratic-culture-through-collaborative-engagements-for-citizens-with-disabilities-par",totalDownloads:213,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96782",abstract:"The United Nations (UN) has since the year 2015 challenged countries to develop structures of collaboration between governments, businesses, and citizens to enhance the monitoring and evaluation of their social justice challenges, advocacy initiatives and the progress thereof. To achieve the UN’s Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals, this chapter proposes for educational and workplace institutions to collaborate as sub-systems. Historically, citizens with disabilities have been hit the hardest regarding decent work opportunities and inaccessible basic education classroom amenities. The existence of a democratic culture in an ideal classroom setting should be where all learners are mentored to display the democratic principles of unity, uniformity, diversity and homogeneity. This chapter aims to contribute towards the imaging of teachers who succeed in creating and sustaining a democratic classroom environment, guided by the ethos of inclusive education, wherein both classrooms and workplaces of the year 2030 and beyond, iconise a democratic aura and praxis by adopting an institutional collaborative culture. As an ideal, all learners and employees will entrench the ethos of democratic co-existence by embracing diverse contexts of disability, when empathising with citizens with a disability. In this way a genuine democratic culture could possibly become spontaneously sustainable.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Duma Mhlongo and Gregory Alexander"},{id:"75185",title:"Citizen X: Exploring Connectedness and Engagement: Among Engaged Youth - An Existential Analysis",slug:"citizen-x-exploring-connectedness-and-engagement-among-engaged-youth-an-existential-analysis",totalDownloads:274,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96062",abstract:"What value do we place on being engaged? Civic engagement connects us to social institutions that enhance well-being, self-worth and quality of life satisfaction. Yet, for youth (ages 18–22), there exists the phenomena of civic engagement in spite of isolation, lack of skills or discrimination. This article explores the explicit and implicit meanings of civic engagement among our youth, and the elements needed to achieve meaning in their lives – even through civic engagement. This analysis explores the interpretation of civic engagement among youth, and the individuals who present as connected and engaged. Forty individuals were surveyed with 18 comprising the youth group (ages 20–22). The results show the types of civic duties they participated in and the relationship to their satisfaction with their quality of life. It is believed that the respondents who presented as most connected and engaged were those who were saturated with strong civic messages pre-adolescence. These individuals presented a strong sense of hope, a conscious choice in serving others and a strong sense of community that are central to existential theory.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Diann Cameron Kelly"},{id:"74566",title:"Challenges of Inter-Professional Teamwork in Nigerian Healthcare",slug:"challenges-of-inter-professional-teamwork-in-nigerian-healthcare",totalDownloads:379,totalDimensionsCites:3,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95414",abstract:"Inter-professional teamwork in government owned hospitals and various healthcare institutions involving various Professionals such as Doctors, Pharmacists, Medical Laboratory Scientists, Medical Laboratory Technicians, Medical Laboratory Assistants, Nurses, Physiotherapists, Radiographers, Health Information Officers, Human Resources Managers, etc. is becoming a challenge leading to various strikes and labour protests in Nigeria. The patients and family relatives and host communities of such health institutions are becoming uncomfortable with quality of care due to inter-professional discord. This needs a critical discussion towards solving/looking into the challenges such as Personality differences, Health Leadership and Hierarchy, Disruptive behaviors, Culture and ethnicity, Generational differences, Gender, Historical inter-professional and intra-professional education, Fears of diluted professional identification, Differences in accountability, payment and rewards, Concerns regarding clinical roles and responsibilities, Complexity of care, Emphasis of rapid decision making, Service timing, with Associations and Unions. The exploration would provide solutions for better teamwork practice and improved patients care.",book:{id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg"},signatures:"Obeta M. Uchejeso, Nkereuwem S. Etukudoh, Mantu E. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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