Proven coal reserves worldwide.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7636",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides a platform for scientists and engineers to comprehend the technologies of solar wind hybrid renewable energy systems and their applications. It describes the thermodynamic analysis of wind energy systems, and advanced monitoring, modeling, simulation, and control of wind turbines. Based on recent hybrid technologies considering wind and solar energy systems, this book also covers modeling, design, and optimization of wind solar energy systems in conjunction with grid-connected distribution energy management systems comprising wind photovoltaic (PV) models. In addition, solar thermochemical fuel generation topology and evaluation of PV wind hybrid energy for a small island are also included in this book. Since energy storage plays a vital role in renewable energy systems, another salient part of this book addresses the methodology for sizing hybrid battery-backed power generation systems in off-grid connected locations. Furthermore, the book proposes solutions for sustainable rural development via passive solar housing schemes, and the impacts of renewable energies in general, considering social, economic, and environmental factors. Because this book proposes solutions based on recent challenges in the area of hybrid renewable technologies, it is hoped that it will serve as a useful reference to readers who would like to be acquainted with new strategies of control and advanced technology regarding wind solar hybrid systems",isbn:"978-1-78984-591-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-590-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-372-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77440",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",numberOfPages:252,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"49b63353c3d80ef6f449e55b1f6cee29",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu, Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaou",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7636.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15592,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:79,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:142,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 31st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 21st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 9th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172580/images/system/172580.jpg",biography:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu was a research fellow in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA, in 2013. He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2012. He received his BSc and MEng in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, in 2003 and 2007, respectively, where he was retained as a faculty member from 2005 until the present day. He has also been a visiting faculty member at the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Petroleum Institute. He was also a visiting faculty member at the Caledonian College of Engineering, Oman (Glasgow Caledonian University, UK). He is presently a visiting professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Oman, and an adjunct professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nisantasi University, Turkey. He was recognized as a top 1% peer reviewer in Engineering by Publons in 2018 and 2019 and was the editor’s pick in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy in 2018. Dr. Okedu has published several books and journals/transactions in the field of renewable energy. He is an editorial board member for journals including Frontiers in Renewable Energy Research in Smart Grids, International Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, and Trends in Renewable Energy. His research interests include power system stability, renewable energy systems, stabilization of wind farms, stability analysis of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) variable speed wind turbines, augmentation and integration of renewable energy into power systems, grid frequency dynamics, wind energy penetration, FACTS devices and power electronics, renewable energy storage systems, and hydrogen and fuel cells.",institutionString:"Nisantasi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Kitami Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"26712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Tahour",slug:"ahmed-tahour",fullName:"Ahmed Tahour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26712/images/system/26712.jpeg",biography:"Ahmed TAHOUR was born in 1972 in Ouled Mimoun, Tlemcen, Algeria. He received his BS degree in electrical in 1996, and the MS degree in 1999 and the PhD in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of the University of Sidi Bel Abbes (Algeria). He is currently Professor of electrical engineering at School superior of applied sciences of Tlemcen (Algeria). He serves as editor in international journals (IJEAEEE) and as a reviewer in RRST, Elsevier (IJEPES, CEP), etc. He serves as a reviewer and international programme committee in international conferences: SEB (2014-2019), ICRERA (2014-2019). His current research interests include power electronics, control of electrical machines and renewable energies.",institutionString:"Université Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"66115",title:"Thermodynamic Analysis of Wind Energy Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85067",slug:"thermodynamic-analysis-of-wind-energy-systems",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter studies the efficiency performance of wind energy systems evaluated by energy and exergy analyses. The theories of energy and exergy analyses along with efficiency calculation for horizontal-axis wind turbines (WTs) are provided by a lucid explanation. A 1.5 MW WT is selected for the thermodynamic analysis using reanalyzed meteorological data retrieved from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), data set. Matlab scripts are developed to calculate the energy and exergy efficiencies using the MERRA-2 data set. The energy efficiency presents higher magnitude than the exergy efficiency based on the theoretical derivation and the calculated time series of efficiencies. Comparison of impacts of four meteorological variables (wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity ratio) on WT efficiencies shows that although wind speed dominates the turbine’s efficiency performance, other meteorological variables also play important roles. In addition, uncertainties of the meteorological variables are represented by the best-fit distributions, which are critically important for evaluating the reliability of wind power performance considering realistic meteorological uncertainty.",signatures:"Weifei Hu, Zhenyu Liu and Jianrong Tan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66115",authors:[{id:"155721",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianrong",surname:"Tan",slug:"jianrong-tan",fullName:"Jianrong Tan"},{id:"262850",title:"Dr.",name:"Weifei",surname:"Hu",slug:"weifei-hu",fullName:"Weifei Hu"},{id:"272385",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenyu",surname:"Liu",slug:"zhenyu-liu",fullName:"Zhenyu Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67365",title:"Advanced Monitoring of Wind Turbine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84840",slug:"advanced-monitoring-of-wind-turbine",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a general framework for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). We apply and analyze the behavior of three estimation techniques, which are the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), the high gain observer (HGO) and the moving horizon estimation (MHE). These estimations are used for parameters estimation of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by wind turbine. A comparison of those techniques has been made under different aspects notably, computation time and estimation accuracy in two modes of operation of the DFIG, the healthy mode and the faulty mode. The performance of the MHE has been clearly superior to other estimators during our experiments. These estimation tools can be used for monitoring purposes.",signatures:"Steve Alan Talla Ouambo, Alexandre Teplaira Boum and Adolphe Moukengue Imano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67365",authors:[{id:"283925",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre Teplaira",surname:"Boum",slug:"alexandre-teplaira-boum",fullName:"Alexandre Teplaira Boum"},{id:"290144",title:"Prof.",name:"Adolph",surname:"Moukengue Imano",slug:"adolph-moukengue-imano",fullName:"Adolph Moukengue Imano"},{id:"290145",title:"MSc.",name:"Steve Alan",surname:"Talla Ouambo",slug:"steve-alan-talla-ouambo",fullName:"Steve Alan Talla Ouambo"}],corrections:null},{id:"67504",title:"Modeling and Simulation of a 10 kW Wind Energy in the Coastal Area of Southern Nigeria: Case of Ogoja",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85064",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-of-a-10-kw-wind-energy-in-the-coastal-area-of-southern-nigeria-case-of-ogoja",totalDownloads:1222,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research demonstrates a model of a wind energy conversion system that operates at different wind speed, with results simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK. The wind turbine system is made up of three parts or subsystems namely the aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical blocks. The system is designed by modeling differential equations for each block and then simulated in SIMULINK environment. The Squirrel Case Induction Generator, horizontal axis wind turbine system with complexities of all three parts of the wind turbine model were analyzed using the mathematical equations, with each block modeled and designed separately, then all three blocks joined together to give the complete unit. Wind speed data from Ogoja community in southern part of Nigeria was used to test the simulation performance. The system simulation was tested and worked satisfactorily, with different wind speed giving proportionate mechanical torque and turbine speed. This model therefore demonstrates that wind energy could be extracted in the region even at varying wind speed.",signatures:"Gabriel Modukpe and Don Diei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67504",authors:[{id:"285542",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Modukpe",slug:"gabriel-modukpe",fullName:"Gabriel Modukpe"},{id:"291864",title:"Mr.",name:"Don",surname:"Diei",slug:"don-diei",fullName:"Don Diei"}],corrections:null},{id:"69157",title:"Harmonic Resonance Analysis for Wind Integrated Power System and Optimized Filter Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89167",slug:"harmonic-resonance-analysis-for-wind-integrated-power-system-and-optimized-filter-design",totalDownloads:614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As the contribution of renewable energy sources is increasing year over year, the effect of harmonics on power system becomes important, and it requires special attention. In conventional power sources, the harmonics is not generated at the source side; only load side is contributing in the harmonics. But renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are based on power electronic devices, so it generates harmonics. This harmonics may have an adverse effect on the system. Harmonic resonance is one of the phenomena, due to which the harmonics are amplified and give rise to several trivial issues. Various methods are used to control the harmonics in the system. Harmonic filter is one of the simple ways to absorb the harmonics generated at load and generation side. Various filter designs have been found in literature as well as in the field. The filters are classified according to their design, construction and operation method. There are two main categories, active filters and passive filters. The passive filters are widely used due to its simplicity and lesser cost. However, to achieve the better performance, it is also used with active filters, and this combination is known as hybrid filter. The response of filters is modified as per the system requirement using various techniques. In this work, the impedance characteristics of various filters are discussed and analysed. Also, how the control structure of power electronic devices affects or modifies the output impedance of converter is also discussed.",signatures:"Jignesh Pravinbhai Patel and Satish Kantilal Joshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69157",authors:[{id:"304472",title:"Mr.",name:"Jignesh Pravinbhai",surname:"Patel",slug:"jignesh-pravinbhai-patel",fullName:"Jignesh Pravinbhai Patel"},{id:"309509",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish Kantilal",surname:"Joshi",slug:"satish-kantilal-joshi",fullName:"Satish Kantilal Joshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"67556",title:"A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on Wind and Solar Energy: Modeling, Design and Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85838",slug:"a-review-of-hybrid-renewable-energy-systems-based-on-wind-and-solar-energy-modeling-design-and-optim",totalDownloads:2254,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, an attempt is made to thoroughly review previous research work conducted on wind energy systems that are hybridized with a PV system. The chapter explores the most technical issues on wind drive hybrid systems and proposes possible solutions that can arise as a result of process integration in off-grid and grid-connected modes. A general introduction to wind energy, including how wind energy can be harvested, as well as recent progress and development of wind energy are discussed. With the special attention given to the issues related to the wind and photovoltaic (Wind-PV) systems. Throughout the chapter emphasis was made on modeling, design, and optimization and sensitivity analysis issues, and control strategies used to minimize risk as well as energy wastage. The reported reviewed results in this chapter will be a valuable researchers and practicing engineers involved in the design and development of wind energy systems.",signatures:"Salisu Muhammad Lawan and Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67556",authors:[{id:"286205",title:"Dr.",name:"Salisu",surname:"Muhammad Lawan",slug:"salisu-muhammad-lawan",fullName:"Salisu Muhammad Lawan"},{id:"286210",title:"Prof.",name:"Wan Azlan",surname:"Wan Zainal Abidin",slug:"wan-azlan-wan-zainal-abidin",fullName:"Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin"}],corrections:null},{id:"69469",title:"Grid-Connected Distributed Wind-Photovoltaic Energy Management: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88923",slug:"grid-connected-distributed-wind-photovoltaic-energy-management-a-review",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Energy management comprises of the planning, operation and control of both energy production and its demand. The wind energy availability is site-specific, time-dependent and nondispatchable. As the use of electricity is growing and conventional sources are depleting, the major renewable sources, like wind and photovoltaic (PV), have increased their share in the generation mix. The best possible resource utilization, having a track of load and renewable resource forecast, assures significant reduction of the net cost of the operation. Modular hybrid energy systems with some storage as back up near load center change the scenario of unidirectional power flow to bidirectional with the distributed generation. The performance of such systems can be enhanced by the accomplishment of advanced control schemes in a centralized system controller or distributed control. In grid-connected mode, these can support the grid to tackle power quality issues, which optimize the use of the renewable resource. The chapter aims to bring recent trends with changing requirements due to distributed generation (DG), summarizing the research works done in the last 10 years with some vision of future trends.",signatures:"Sasmita Behera and Bibhuti Bhusan Pati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69469",authors:[{id:"301308",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasmita",surname:"Behera",slug:"sasmita-behera",fullName:"Sasmita Behera"},{id:"301310",title:"Prof.",name:"Bibhuti Bhusan",surname:"Pati",slug:"bibhuti-bhusan-pati",fullName:"Bibhuti Bhusan Pati"}],corrections:null},{id:"70699",title:"Solar Thermochemical Fuel Generation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90767",slug:"solar-thermochemical-fuel-generation",totalDownloads:748,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Solar energy is one of the most abundant, clean, and widespread energy in the world, which has the potential to address the issues of environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crisis, while the intermittent distribution of solar energy in time and space limits its utilization. Among various approaches of solar energy utilization, converting solar energy into chemical fuel (e.g., hydrogen) by thermochemical approach could maintain the steady and high-efficient energy supply and can make use of the full-spectrum solar energy. The research about solar thermochemical fuel generation lasts more than 40 years, and lots of reaction system and reactors have been proposed. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art progress of solar thermochemical fuel generation, and the characteristics of different systems have been compared and discussed, which may give systematical insight into the development and improvement of solar fuel generation by thermochemical approach in the future.",signatures:"Hongsheng Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70699",authors:[{id:"304865",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongsheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"hongsheng-wang",fullName:"Hongsheng Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"66174",title:"Evaluation of PV-Wind Hybrid Energy System for a Small Island",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85221",slug:"evaluation-of-pv-wind-hybrid-energy-system-for-a-small-island",totalDownloads:1342,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consists of more than one type of renewable energy technology such as wind and solar. The main application of such energy systems is to provide electricity to remote areas such as villages and islands, where no other means of power generation are available. Present study includes the basic information about the working methodology and other characteristics of HRES. Furthermore, two case studies of HRES have also been included to demonstrate the practical working of such energy systems. In first case study the performance of a small HRES, consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines installed at Deokjeokdo island in South Korea, has been analyzed using real time measured experimental data. Second case study deals with the techno-economic optimization of HRES designed for fulfilling yearly electricity consumption of Deokjeokdo island. Out of multiple HRES solutions, two systems were declared as the optimal solutions based on lowest net present cost (NPC) and lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE).",signatures:"Sajid Ali and Choon-Man Jang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66174",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66174",authors:[{id:"286258",title:"Dr.",name:"Choon-Man",surname:"Jang",slug:"choon-man-jang",fullName:"Choon-Man Jang"},{id:"287374",title:"Mr.",name:"Sajid",surname:"Ali",slug:"sajid-ali",fullName:"Sajid Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"68958",title:"Methodology for Sizing Hybrid Battery-Backed Power Generation Systems in Off-Grid Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88830",slug:"methodology-for-sizing-hybrid-battery-backed-power-generation-systems-in-off-grid-areas",totalDownloads:950,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In developing countries, rural electrification in areas with limited or no access to grid connection is one of the most challenging issues for governments. These areas are partially integrated with the electrical grid. This poor electricity distribution is mainly due to geographical inaccessibility, rugged terrains, lack of electrical infrastructure, and high required economic investment for installing large grid-connected power lines over long distances to provide electricity for regions with a low population. On the other hand, rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a global scale and progressive increase of energy demand and fuel price are other motives to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can be a suitable option for such remote areas. The objective of this chapter is to develop a methodology for sizing hybrid power generation systems (solar-diesel), battery-backed in non-interconnected zones, which minimizes the total cost and maximizes the reliability of supply using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed methodology assists the sizing and designing process of an HRES for an off-grid area minimizing the cost of energy (COE) and maximizing the reliability of the system. Economic incentives offered by the Colombian government are considered in the model.",signatures:"Oswaldo A. Arraez-Cancelliere, Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano and Jesús M. López-Lezama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68958",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68958",authors:[{id:"213238",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",surname:"Muñoz-Galeano",slug:"nicolas-munoz-galeano",fullName:"Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano"},{id:"307883",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús M",surname:"Lopez-Lezama",slug:"jesus-m-lopez-lezama",fullName:"Jesús M Lopez-Lezama"},{id:"307884",title:"MSc.",name:"Oswaldo A.",surname:"Arráez-Cancelliere",slug:"oswaldo-a.-arraez-cancelliere",fullName:"Oswaldo A. Arráez-Cancelliere"}],corrections:null},{id:"66760",title:"Towards Sustainable Rural Development in South Africa through Passive Solar Housing Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85997",slug:"towards-sustainable-rural-development-in-south-africa-through-passive-solar-housing-design",totalDownloads:829,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rural low-cost housing in South Africa is characterised by poor thermal performance, as these houses are designed with no consideration of utilising ambient weather conditions for indoor thermal comfort. Hence, a prototype low-cost energy efficiency house was built based on the principle of passive solar design to avert the energy burden faced by low-cost house dwellers. Passive solar design in this context is the strategic selecting and locating of building envelope components to utilise the ambient weather factor of a house to enhance indoor thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to analyse the thermal performance of the passive solar house. To this effect, the indoor and weather conditions of the house which include air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation were monitored. The thermal contribution of the windows was determined from the measured data. In summer, 49% of the whole building air temperature and approximately 85% of its corresponding relative humidity were found within the thermal comfort. Only 23% temperature and 78% relative humidity distributions of the whole building were in the thermal comfort zone in the winter season. The daily cumulative heat contribution of the clerestory windows with no shading material was higher than that of the south-facing windows by 1.08 kWh/m2/windows in summer and 4.45 kWh/m2/windows in winter.",signatures:"Ochuko K. Overen, Edson L. Meyer and Golden Makaka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66760",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66760",authors:[{id:"293019",title:"Dr.",name:"Ochuko Kelvin",surname:"Overen",slug:"ochuko-kelvin-overen",fullName:"Ochuko Kelvin Overen"},{id:"295897",title:"Prof.",name:"Edson Leroy",surname:"Meyer",slug:"edson-leroy-meyer",fullName:"Edson Leroy Meyer"},{id:"295898",title:"Prof.",name:"Golden",surname:"Makaka",slug:"golden-makaka",fullName:"Golden Makaka"}],corrections:null},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89494",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4870,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70874",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6708",title:"Stability Control and Reliable Performance of Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f33b0adf7c69362059657a16f10145df",slug:"stability-control-and-reliable-performance-of-wind-turbines",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6708.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8358",title:"Power System Stability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08fa3d9538a3ab150e5a1e5309b51a1c",slug:"power-system-stability",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3633",title:"Solar Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-energy",bookSignature:"Radu D Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4479",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Approaches and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6907a79a7d35f34d0c719d6297a2667",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Leonid A. 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The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"534611ae555950213fab2b303dcdb306",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12364.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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However, coal is currently a target especially for Europe, where political and social opposition to coal is mounting as efforts intensify to limit CO2 emissions. In the United States, coal industry also declined in 2017, and its trend toward long-term structural decline is all but sure to persist in 2018 [1] while in China concerns about their air quality and related health issues caused demand for coal to fall from 2014 to 2016 [2]. As coal consumption declines in most of developed countries, including those in Europe and the US, the future of coal is increasingly dependent on developing countries.
\nMost European power generation producers have ruled out the construction of new coal plants, and utilisation at existing coal-fired power plants in Europe is decreasing as renewable energy sources expand [2]. The demand for coal in China, on the other hand, the primary driver of coal since the 2000s, has just about peaked and is probably to begin declining in the early 2020s [2]. Instead, Chinese government is promoting a shift from coal to less polluting sources, including renewables, in order to address the country’s air quality. However, under this entire scenario, coal demand will either continue to grow modestly or remain stable as coal is the world’s most abundant energy resource. There are 1,139,331 million tonnes of proven coal reserves worldwide, sufficient to meet 153 years of global production. In comparison, proven oil and natural gas reserves are equivalent to around 50 and 53 years, respectively, at 2016 production levels [3]. Therefore, despite the decline in coal production and consumption, coal is and will be a reliable source for power generation.
\nCoal-fired power plants are a major source of emissions for a number of air pollutants including SO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM), HCl, HF, and Hg among and solid residues, mostly ashes [4]. The potential problem of coal-fired power plants associated to the emissions of air pollutants can be treated by flue gas desulphurisation (FGDs), as the S will be retained in the CaSO4.2H2O, and eventually be disposed. Further, FGD chemistry (alkaline sorbent) allows the capture of many pollutants other than sulphur, such as F, As, B, Cl, Se or Hg [4, 5, 6], in a gaseous form and/or as PM [4].
\nCommercial power generation wet FGD system uses calcite (CaCO3) from limestone, slaked lime (Ca(OH)2), or a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and alkaline FA sorbents, which react with SO2 to form a Ca-S compound [7]. Although the wet limestone based process is by far the most widely FGD employed because of its high desulphurisation performance, reliability, and efficiency [7], the use of slaked lime has also been proposed since lime shows over limestone higher pH values and better reactivity defined as capacity to provide alkalinity.
\nIn this chapter, we explore the current position of coal power generation as a source of inorganic trace pollutants emissions. Firstly, the current situation of coal combustion for energy production and the generation of inorganic trace pollutants are presented and discussed. Secondly, the classification of trace elements according to their affinities in coal and their partitioning and behaviour during combustion is evaluated. Thirdly, the partitioning, speciation, and fate of inorganic during PCC-FGD are reviewed.
\nCoal is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials [8] as ‘brown to black combustible sedimentary rock composed principally of consolidated and chemically altered plant’. Over 90% of the coal consumed in Europe, the US, and other countries is used to generate electricity. Coal power is also used as a basic industry source for making steel, cement and paper, among other industries.
\nCoal-fired power plants currently fuel 40% of global electricity, and, in some countries, coal fuels a higher percentage of electricity [9]. Owing to the Paris climate agreement, in Europe, the use of coal for power generation retreated for the fifth successive year in 2017. The European Power Sector 2017 reported that coal’s share of Europe’s total power generation fell to 20% last year, while the share from renewables increased to 30%. Nevertheless, Europe’s progress in reducing the use of carbon-intensive power is gradual and uneven.
\nIn 2017, coal production in the US was higher than in 2016, which was attributed in part to the bankruptcy-caused restructuring of several major coal producers, which resulted in lower production costs [10]. China produced 3.45 billion tonnes of raw coal in 2017, a year-on-year rise of 3.2%, showed data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 18 [11].
\nHowever, the role of coal in power generation is set to continue. Coal currently fuels 40% of the world’s electricity and is forecast to continue to supply a strategic share over the next three decades [12]. There are 1,139,331 million tonnes of proven coal reserves worldwide, sufficient to meet 153 years of global production (Table 1). Total proven coal reserves are shown for anthracite and bituminous (including brown coal) and sub-bituminous and lignite. In comparison, proven oil and natural gas reserves are equivalent to around 50 and 53 years, respectively, at end 2016 production levels [3].
\nMillion tonnes | \nAnthracite and bituminous | \nSub-bituminous and lignite | \nTotal | \nShare of total | \nR/P ratio | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total North America | \n226,906 | \n32,469 | \n259,375 | \n23% | \n356 | \n
Total S. & Cent. America | \n8943 | \n5073 | \n14,016 | \n1.2% | \n138 | \n
Total Europe & Eurasia | \n153,283 | \n168,841 | \n322,124 | \n28% | \n284 | \n
Total Middle East & Africa | \n14,354 | \n66 | \n14,420 | \n1.3% | \n54 | \n
Total Asia Pacific | \n412,728 | \n116,668 | \n529,396 | \n46% | \n102 | \n
Total World | \n816,214 | \n323,117 | \n1,139,331 | \n100% | \n153 | \n
Proven coal reserves worldwide.
Pulverised coal combustion (PCC) is the most widely technology to produce energy from coal. In this process, coal is pulverised by coal mills in order to be ground to fineness (such that 70–80%). The oxidant, an air stream, is injected into the coal mills to form an air-coal mixture, which is carried by conveyors to feed individually each burner in the boiler. The secondary/extra air necessary for the combustion process is injected into the burners via secondary and tertiary air nozzles to initiate combustion, depending on the coal rank, at temperatures from 1300 to 1700°C [13]. The generated heat from the combustion process is handed to water tubes placed in the boiler walls, so as the water in it turns into a steam (34–44 bars and 540°C). This steam powers a high vapour pressure turbine (38–51 bars and 3000 rpm) and later is recirculated and expanded to power medium and low vapour pressure turbines. After the recirculation, the steam is delivered in a condenser where it is cooled and sent to the boiler to heat it again. Finally, the combustion gases are used to overheat the water from the economiser and the air used in combustion (Figure 1).
\nCoal combustion by-products (CCBs) are the materials produced from the combustion of coal for the production of electricity. CCBs primarily include: bottom ash (BA) and/or boiler slag (BS), fly ash (FA), and flue gas desulphurisation (FGD)-gypsum. The coarse fraction of ashes, BA or BS, is generally removed from the bottom of the boiler while the smallest fraction of these, FAs, can either be captured, depending on the depuration train technology, in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric filter (FF) [5, 6]. ESPs and FFs operate with a very high efficiency (>99%); however, a small fraction of FAs may escape from the control and reach the FGD system (4) where S will be retained in the CaSO4.2H2O, and eventually be disposed. Further, FGD chemistry (alkaline sorbent) allows the capture of many pollutants other than S, such as F, As, B, Cl, Se or Hg [4, 5, 6], in a gaseous form and/or as PM (Figure 1).
\nConfiguration of a PCC plant equipped with an FGD system.
There are alternatives other than PCC for coal power generation. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) is a technology in which, coal or any solid fuel is suspended on jets of air during the combustion process, which allows for a more efficient mixing of gas and solids and results in more efficient heat transfer. One primary advantage of FBC technology is that the combustion reaction can take place at lower temperatures, which reduces the formation of toxic nitrous oxide (N2O). In addition, SO2 can be more cheaply and easily removed during combustion than using FGD technology. Lastly, FBC can support the addition of other solid fuels such as biomass into the reaction mixture along with coal [14]. Currently, three different types of FBC are available, the circulating FBC (CFBC), the bubbling FBC (BFBC), and pressurised FBC [7] (Table 2).
\n\n | Principle | \nFluidisation | \nSO2 retention | \nNOx emissions | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Circulating FBC | \nAddition of limestone during combustion to react with SO2 | \n3–9 m/s | \n98% | \n120 mg/Nm3 | \n
Bubbling FBC | \nAddition of limestone during combustion to react with SO2 | \n1–3 m/s | \n\n | 200–300 mg/Nm3 | \n
Pressurised FBC | \nAir is pressurised using a gas turbine compressor | \n\n | SOx level of approximately 5 ppm through in-bed desulphurisation | \nNOx level of approximately 100 ppm | \n
FBC technologies.
FBC: fluidised bed combustion.
Co-combustion means simultaneous combustion of two or more fuels in the same plant for energy production. The current and future energy policy aims at increasing the share of renewable energy in worlds energy supply. One possibility to enhance energy production by renewable sources within a short term is co-combustion [15].
\nCo-combustion can be carried out in different ways according to the operating conditions of the existing power plant. Accordingly, co-combustion can be carried out by using (1) a small amount (a few percent of total fuel power) of co-combustion matter fired together with coal in a boiler, originally designed for coal; (2
The most common co-combustion matters fired together with coal can be petroleum coke, sewage sludge, and biomass. Petroleum coke is a carbon-rich solid that emerges as a by-product of crude oil refining and other ‘cracking’ processes, in which complex organic molecules such as heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler and more valuable lighter petroleum products. Depending on the process of production, there are three types of petroleum coke: delayed coking (93% of world production), fluid coke (6% of pet-coke production), and flexi-coking (1% of pet-coke production) [17]. These three types of pet-coke have higher calorific values than coal and contain less volatile matter and ash (less than 1–2%); qualities that make petroleum coke an attractive alternative for power producers.
\nSewage sludge, a type of bio-solid, is a by-product of wastewater treatment. In the context of new energy policies and legislation, the use of sewage sludge for power generation is promoted, not only by environmental considerations (sewage sludge is burned with zero net CO2 emissions), but also by economic considerations due to the gain of reducing disposal charges [18].
\nBiomass represents a lot of various materials, either waste materials or special energetic plants. Fuels based on wood biomass (sawdust, shavings, chips, tree-bark) can also be used for the production of high-quality biofuels, such as wooden briquettes and pellets, or can be co-combusted with coal [19]. Although biomass co-firing is one of the most effective means of reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in PCC power plants [16], the chemical properties of biomass have implications for combustion quality and/or impacts on equipment when it is fed as co-matter [20].
\nOxyfuel combustion is one of the leading technologies considered for capturing CO2 from power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS) [21]. This involves the process of burning the fuel with nearly pure oxygen instead of air, which results in higher flame temperatures. For this reason, the mixture is diluted with a portion of the resulting flue gas composed primarily of CO2.
\nThe oxygen for oxy-fuel combustion is provided by two oxidiser streams: primary and secondary stream (Figure 2). The primary oxidiser stream supplies part of the oxygen necessary for combustion by carrying the pulverised coal into the wall firing burners placed in the oxy-boiler while the secondary oxidiser streams consists of oxygen that comes from the air separation unit (ASU) mixed with a portion of the recycled flue gas (FGR) to moderate flame temperatures and obtain a boiler heat transfer profile similar to that of air-firing in the case of retrofit. Depending on oxy-fuel combustion configuration, the secondary stream will constitute the equivalent to the secondary, tertiary, and overfire (if necessary) air flows (OFA) when oxygen has been added. Several options exist for the position where the secondary recycle stream is taken. As an example, at the largest oxy-PCC demonstration plant [22], the CO2-rich FGR is divided into three oxidant streams: CB1, CB2, and CB3 (Figure 2), and it can also operate with an OFA system as part of an overall NOx reduction strategy by staging the combustion process. The OFA system normally reduces the oxygen availability early in the oxy-combustion process by reintroducing it later through ports located above the combustion zone (Figure 2).
\nConfiguration of the largest oxy-fuel demonstration plant [
Configuration of a integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant [
While the goal of coal combustion is to produce the maximum amount of heat possible by oxidising all the combustible material, coal gasification is a thermochemical process in which coal is converted into CO, H2 and CH4 synthesis gas (syngas) by means of the partial combustion with air or water vapour and low levels of O2 [23]. Different technologies of coal gasification that are currently available are shown in Table 3 [23]:
\n\n | Principle | \nTemperature (°C) | \nPressure (bar) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Fixed bed gasifier | \nCoal moves in counter current to the gas flow | \n400–1100 | \n10–100 | \n
Fluidised bed gasifier | \nGaseous agents are blown through a flow of solid particles to keep these in a state of suspension | \n800–1050 | \n10–25 | \n
Entrained bed gasifier | \nCoal and gasifier agents flow in the same direction with velocities higher than the rest of gasifier | \n1200–1600 | \n25–40 | \n
Integrated gasification in combined cycle (IGCC) | \nUse of the CO-and H2-rich gaseous in a gaseous turbine and the use of the leftover heat in a vapour turbine | \n~1500 | \n25 | \n
Coal gasification technologies.
Among the current technologies of coal gasification, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is the most common (Figure 3). The IGCC is characterised by the use of the CO-and H2-rich gaseous stream resulting from the gasification, usually of coal and/or petroleum coke, in a gaseous turbine and the use of the leftover heat in a vapour turbine (Figure 3). The IGCC entails an initial fractionation of air (1) in the ASU. In this unit, cryogenic distillation separates O2 from air by liquefying air at very low temperatures (−300°F). Ambient air is compressed in multiple stages with inter-stage cooling then further cooled with chilled water. Residual water vapour, carbon dioxide and atmospheric contaminants are removed in molecular sieve adsorbers. In the gasifier, (2) coal reacts with the O2 and H2O stream to generate a syngas at high temperature (~1500°C, 25 bar) [24]. Heat in the gasifier liquefies the coal ashes and subsequently the molten ash is quenched and crushed at the bottom of the gasifiers before being dewatered for disposal. The syngas stream passes to the flue gas depuration train (3) in which SO2 and other gaseous pollutants are removed from the gaseous stream. The cleaned gas is then burned in a combined cycle power generation unit (4). In this unit, the gaseous stream is expanded in a gaseous turbine, whereas the leftover heat is expanded in the vapour turbine both connected to generators of electric energy (5). The water vapour condensates as a consequence of the heat exchange with water from the refrigeration tower (6).
\nBehaviour of trace elements during coal combustion.
The formation of NOx in the combustion chamber of the gas turbine is suppressed by saturation of the fuel gas with steam prior to combustion and by dilution with N2 from the air separation unit.
\nTrace elements are introduced in PCC from coal or co-combustion material. According to their different contents, these elements can be divided into (1) major elements (C, H, O, N, S) whose content is >1000 ppm; (2) minor elements which include coal mineral matters (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Ti) and halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), with concentrations between 100 and 1000 ppm; and (3) trace elements with concentration < 100 ppm. It is generally accepted that trace elements combination and contents differ from one coal to another due to the different coalification processes [25, 26, 27]. The correlation between the organic content or the different mineral phases in coal with the content of major, minor, and trace elements allows the establishment of trace elements affinities in coal as follows [28]:
Elements with inorganic affinity:
Elements with total or partial organic affinity (C, N, S, Be, B, Ge, V, and W).
Studies on the fate of trace elements during combustion have shown that their volatility depends on their affinities and on the physical changes and chemical reactions of these elements with S or other volatile elements during combustion [29, 30, 31]. Figure 4 shows the behaviour and fate of elements in accordance with their volatile behaviour at the boiler and at the ESP, respectively, during combustion according to Córdoba et al. [32, 33]. This classification of the volatile behaviour of trace elements during combustion is in agreement with most of the literature [34, 35, 36], except for some specific elements, where elements are classified into three groups (Figure 4).
\nElements classified as non-volatile and moderately volatile with condensation potential, respectively, from Córdoba et al. [32, 33] are in line with Group 1 and 2 elements from the abovementioned literature. However, elements such as As, Se and especially B can also be classified as highly volatile, which would correspond to Group 3.
\nThe partitioning and fate of trace elements during combustion, discussed above, may be different by the use of secondary fuels. As discussed in Section 2.2, the use of co-matters such as petroleum coke, sewage sludge and/or biomass may have implications for combustion quality and/or modify the chemical environment of gaseous pollutants. Co-firing petroleum coke, for instance, may modify the chemical environment of Cl and S because of the resultant high concentrations of HCl and SOx, respectively, in the flue gas. An increase in the HCl concentration favours the formation of gaseous species, whereas increasing concentration of SO2 in the gas composition enhances the formation of sulphate condensed species [37]. In addition, the heavy metals contents of the ash are generally high with Vanadium (V) and Nickel (Ni) contents ranging from 500 to 3000 ppm, although pet-cokes with >10,000 ppm V can also be found [38]. Molybdenum (Mo) can also be present in relatively high concentrations in petroleum cokes. The organic affinity of Mo, V and Ni in petroleum coke favours their volatility during pulverised coal combustion (PCC) and later condensation on the finest particles of FAs.
\nThe main drawback of the sewage sludge combustion, on the other hand, is mostly related to high NOx emissions. The level of some toxic heavy metals and Cl in the raw material may also increase the emissions of hazardous pollutants (metals and dioxins).
\nThere are some elements that either tend to get concentrated on the coarse residues BS or BA, partition equally between BS or BA and FA particulates, or to get enriched on the fine-grained particles, PM, which may escape particulate control systems.
\nBA is a granular material removed from the bottom of dry boilers, which is much coarser than FA though also formed during the combustion of coal. BS, on the other hand, is a vitreous grained material deriving from coal combustion in boilers at temperatures of 1500–1700°C, followed by wet ash removal of wet bottom furnaces [39].
\nFA is a fine powder made up of spherical high vitreous particles with Fe-oxides and Al-Si species, and irregular unburned coal and ash particles. The contents of principal oxides are usually in a descending order: SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > CaO > MgO > K2O. Fly ash also contains many trace elements, some of which are of environmental concern. Commonly, elements such as Cr, Pb, Ni, Ba, Sr., V and Zn are present in significant quantities. Coal aluminous-silicate impurities, mainly clays, with much lower proportion of feldspars, melt during combustion and rapidly shape themselves into spherical droplets [40]. The chemical composition of FAs may differ depending on the technology of combustion but especially on the characteristics of the feed coal. While coal combustion FA is constituted by an aluminous-silicate glass, with Ca, Fe, Na, K, Ti, and Mn impurities, and variable amounts of quartz, mullite, lime, haematite, magnetite, gypsum and feldspars, IGCC FA is characterised by a predominant Al-Si glass matrix and variety of fine crystalline reduced species (mostly metal sulphides) as a consequence of the low pO2 at which fuel is burned [41].
\nAs aforementioned, most of the trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Tl, V, and Zn) may be released during combustion, emitted with a different form of occurrence (e.g. from sulphide in coal to oxides and chlorides in flue gas), and/or condense onto the surface of smaller particles in flue-gas streams. Therefore, most of trace metals are retained in particulate control devices and only specific high volatile metals may escape from ESP and reach FGD systems in a gaseous mode of occurrence. In this regard, FGD chemistry also allows the capture of many pollutants other than S, such as F, As, B, Cl, Se or Hg [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46] both in a gaseous form and/or as PM. Thus, importantly, FGD systems can also be considered as a measure for the PM abatement emissions.
\nThe abatement of NOx (NO, NO2, and N2O) emissions is based on the De-nitrification (DeNOx) process that aims at reducing NOx into N2 and H2O. The emission control systems that are in use to carry out the DeNOx process are: selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR).
\nAccording to the foregoing discussion, trace elements during combustion may get concentrated on the coarse residues BS or BA, partition equally between BS or BA and FA particulates, emitted with a different form of occurrence (e.g. from sulphide in coal to oxides and chlorides in flue gas), and/or condense onto the surface of smaller particles in flue-gas streams. Either way, most of trace metals are retained in particulate control devices and only specific high volatile metals may escape from ESP and reach FGD systems in a gaseous mode of occurrence.
\nIn the FGD systems, under operational conditions of water re-circulation, inorganic trace pollutants in FGD waters may reach equilibrium and a subsequent saturation in the water stream after a number of water re-circulations in the scrubber. The gradual increase in the concentration of inorganic trace pollutants from the sub-saturation to equilibrium and/or saturation because of continuous water re-circulation in the scrubber, accounts for enriched inorganic trace pollutants in the re-circulated water. Other elements retained in high proportions by gypsum sludge and/or FGD-gypsum do not pose this problem because they are extracted from the system by the gypsum by-product that is used for different applications or for landfilling [4]. The general trends of the inorganic trace pollutants in through the PCC to FGD are reported below.
\nCoal
Coal is currently a target to accomplish with the Paris climate agreement for both countries and companies. As a consequence, in 2016, world coal production fell by 6.2%, the largest decline on record. However, coal is the world’s most abundant energy resource, meaning that despite the decline in coal production and consumption, coal is and will be a reliable source for power generation. The most negative consequence of coal combustion is the emissions of a number of air pollutants including SO2, NOx, PM, HCl, HF, Hg and As, Be, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Se, integral components of fine PM. A number of studies have shown that FGD chemistry allows also the capture of many pollutants other than S, such as F, As, B, Cl, Se or Hg both in a gaseous form and/or as PM. Most of specialised literature reports that most of trace elements in FGD systems are removed in the aqueous effluent (filtered water) and only a fraction of a few remain in the flue gases (such as B, Hg, and Se). According to these studies, it can be concluded that wet limestone FGD systems reach high retention efficiencies for trace elements (>90%). However, it is also important to note that the retention efficiency of FGD system for trace elements may be reduced because of the emission of fly dust in evaporate droplets saturated with gypsum. In view of the discussion exposed in the review, we can conclude that the emissions of inorganic trace pollutants from coal power generation depend on each facility including the flue gas depuration train as well as the operating conditions associated to it.
\nThe author gratefully acknowledges the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC).
\nThe United States Military employs multipurpose canines as force multipliers. The primary breeds of dogs serving are the Belgian Malinois and the German Shepherds. A baseline audiology program has previously never been developed that is adequate to their needs as it applies to noise effects on canine hearing. Thus, there remains a need for criteria to be developed for canine auditory fitness. Presently, auditory fitness in dogs is judged by handler observation of canine behavior, including response to verbal commands, veterinary otoscopic examination, and ability to train [1].
Constant noise can have physiologic and psychological effects in several nonhuman species [2]. This investigation was focused specifically on the deleterious effects of environmental noise on the auditory system in dogs. Whether constant noise can affect dogs, particularly working dogs that are relied upon for their enhanced sensory capabilities (e.g., those used in special military operations or search and rescue), it is important to determine the conditions or environments that can potentially impair these sensory capabilities to adequately understand their impact on canine hearing. The most important frequencies for multipurpose canines to hear in practicality are in the human audible range of 20–20,000 Hz (even though dogs are very sensitive to higher frequencies past 20,000 Hz) since, operationally, it is paramount for the dogs to be able to take vocal commands from the handler and that higher frequencies attenuate rapidly in the field. This requirement is based on handler and veterinarian requests for the information (personal contact, unpublished).
Although, anatomically, the canine ear canal differs from humans and the canine cochlea differs anatomically (where dogs have a higher range of frequencies of hearing than humans), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown analogies between human and canine auditory cortices and central auditory systems [1, 2, 3, 4].
As a result of the number of cases of congenital deafness in dogs, the veterinary and breeding communities have made an extensive effort to perform auditory screening between the ages of 5–8 weeks of age. The only acceptable audiological test for determining baseline hearing acuity is the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. We are using BAER testing for threshold estimation as a baseline for establishing current hearing threshold in dogs in the current protocol. Another test that can be used for baseline and routine follow-up testing is the distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) [10, 11, 13]. In addition, the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has also been used to evaluate hearing in dogs [10] The Malinois breed is not one of those recorded on the list of breeds known to suffer from congenital deafness, although the German Shepard dog is on the list [14].
The BAER electrophysiological test is relatively objective in its output (waveforms); however, the establishment of which peak on the resultant waveforms is subjective with the possible exception of Wave-V and the subsequent trough (VT) of Wave-V. This routine technique that has been used with humans since 1967 [15] and slowly introduced into the animal industry since the 1980’s [5, 6, 7, 11, 13].
The comparison of evoked responses with behavioral hearing thresholds would be the norm when attempting to determine the normal hearing threshold of an animal [1]. In this situation, the subjects of this testing were dogs that were already kenneled for some time and had already been in previous flight training situations. The testing was conducted using an opportune time when flight training was underway.
Figure 1 shows the canine hearing threshold. Figure 2 is an example of a typical canine BAER waveform. Figure 3 shows hearing thresholds for tested subjects. Figure 4 shows examples of the BAER waveforms for a tested subject. Outside of congenital deafness, elevated hearing thresholds have been recorded in military working dogs (MWDs) during transport in trucks and helicopters, when exposed to gunfire and explosives, and commonly in working dog kennels (data from samples taken on military bases-unpublished). Most occupied military kennels may have peak noise at 100 dBA, which requires hearing protection of the handlers upon entering [17, 18, 19, 20]. The consequence of significant elevated thresholds is a failure of the dog to properly respond to voice commands and to miss critical acoustic cues while working, especially when working in gunshot or explosive noise (Personal correspondence) (Table 1).
These are behavioral hearing threshold curves for various breeds of dogs [
A typical canine BAER trace taken in the right ear of a dog at 90 dB peSPL (54 dB nHL) using a broadband 100-microsecond click stimulus. Various peaks are marked as stops along the auditory pathway.
Hearing thresholds based on BAER tests to estimate threshold shifts obtained pre- and post-30-minute and 60-minute military helicopter flights for seven multipurpose canines using a 100-microsecond click stimulus over ER-3 ear inserts.
Example of a (A) baseline BAER threshold at 50 dB peSPL, (B) 30-minute postflight BAER threshold at 120 dB peSPL, and (C) 60-minute BAER threshold after helicopter flight noise exposure at 70 dB peSPL showing threshold recovery over time.
Dog 1 RE | Dog 1 LE | Dog 2 RE | Dog 2 LE | Dog 3 RE | Dog 3 LE | Dog 4 RE | Dog 4 LE | Dog 5 RE | Dog 5 LE | Dog 6 RE | Dog 6 LE | Dog 7 RE | Dog 7LE | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preflight | 32 | 20 | 32 | 34 | 24 | 34 | 44 | 44 | 34 | 24 | 14 | 24 | 14 | 14 | 27.71 |
Post 30 minutes | 50 | 64 | 54 | 64 | 64 | 54 | 34 | 24 | 64 | 54 | 84 | 84 | 59 | 64 | 58.35 |
Post 60 minutes | 39 | 54 | 54 | 74 | 34 | 24 | 46.5 |
Descriptive statistics for all dog hearing thresholds in units of dB HL.
Routinely deployed dogs are subject to relatively consistent exposure to noise in the field during training and operations. Although hearing protection devices (HPDs) for canines exist commercially, those that we have tested do not sufficiently attenuate frequencies below 1000 Hz. These low frequencies are particularly important to attenuate for multipurpose dogs that are exposed to machinery, helicopter flights, certain military operations, and explosives [21, 22, 23]. Currently, when multipurpose canines are transported in helicopters, each handler uses his/her own method for ear protection, and in many cases, no hearing protection device is used. The Army Research Office has awarded tasking to develop both over-the-ear (snood) and in-ear electronic HPDs. The dogs tested in this project were undergoing routine flight training and were not wearing any hearing protection except for one dog who wore a snood to see what BAER thresholds would result in after using an HPD.
This chapter will specifically discuss our newly accepted baseline protocol to be used for the audiological testing of military working dogs and the impacts of helicopter transport noise as an example on working canine hearing threshold. This protocol has now been accepted by the Army Special Operations Command and is in use at multiple bases where multipurpose canines are trained and housed.
The BAER test provides an electrophysiological measure of neural responses (from the cranial nerve VIII and lower brainstem auditory nuclei) to auditory stimuli through the use of surface or subdermal electrodes. The technique is a widely used objective measure of auditory system function in humans and has also been used extensively in the auditory assessment of dogs [4].
Typically, a BAER test involves five waves occurring within 6–15 milliseconds following the evoking stimulus [3]. The fourth and fifth waves in the sequence will, occasionally merge into a single broad wave or a wave IV/V complex making identification of all the five waves difficult to define. Our experience with puppy screening and diagnostic testing in the FETCHLAB clinics is that we do see five waves most of the time. The second wave in the sequence (wave Il) is often of sufficiently small amplitude that it is masked by the background recording noise and, therefore, not readily identifiable [7, 8]. These variances in the morphology of BAER recordings are not considered unusual and likely result from an interaction between the selected electrode placement sites, acquisition parameters, and electrical transmission characteristics of the various tissues interposed between the neural generators and the electrode recording site [8].
When BAER testing is used to quantify hearing threshold levels, the most commonly used interpretation metric involves the identification of the lowest stimulus intensity at which the fifth peak in the sequence, or wave V, can be identified (the wave V threshold). This is also known as the lowest observable response level (LORL) [17].
This testing was accomplished under the University of Cincinnati IACUC protocol #07-12-19-01 and USAMRMC proposal number 18263008, award number A2-7467. This protocol was approved after annual review on July 18, 2021. The hearing evaluation was considered normal clinical testing. Moreover, advantage was taken of these multipurpose canines undergoing normal flight (helicopter) training. We simply conducted pre- and posthearing evaluations to obtain auditory data for this research. Given the limitations placed on us to have access to these dogs, we were only able to conduct limited further threshold BAER testing at later times postflight to observe changes in the postflight threshold shifts.
Seven [7] military working dogs (MWDs) ranging from 2 to 5 years of age were baseline tested at a military base veterinary clinic using the following procedure: a BAER threshold estimation test was run using a 100-microsecond click stimulus on an Intelligent Hearing Systems (IHS) unit. This test was conducted using the following parameters:
Polarity: rarefaction.
Rate: 31.1.
Sweeps: 500.
Stimulus intensities: 110 dB peSPL (74 dB nHL), 100 dB peSPL (64 dB nHL), 90 dB peSPL (54 dB nHL), 80 dB peSPL (44 dB nHL), 70 dB peSPL (34 dB nHL), 60 dB peSPL (24 dB nHL), 50 dB peSPL (14 dB nHL).
*There is a 34-dB conversation/calibration factor from dB peal sound pressure level (peSPL) to dB normal hearing level (nHL) on the particular IHS system used for this project.
Amplification: 100,000.
Low-pass filter: 1500 Hz.
High-pass filter: 100 Hz.
Stimulus: 100 microsecond click.
Based on the results of the baseline BAER, a Wave I–V latency intensity function was developed for each ear.
The BAER test analysis consisted of observing similar wave 1, III, and V latencies in two separate runs.
All the dogs were taken directly from their kennel and then pretested in the veterinary clinic in the kennel complex. Prior to testing, an otoscopic examination was conducted to ensure that no occlusion or the possibility that conductive issues were present. The tympanic membrane was viewed in all the dogs. The dogs then proceeded directly to their flight training where they were flown for 30 minutes in an H60 helicopter as usual. The handlers normally used their own means of protection for the dog such as simply folding the ears over, cotton, or nothing at all. In this case, the handlers elected not to use any form of hearing protection with the exception of one handler by choice. This flight time was shorter than normal although, depending on the mission, helicopter transit times vary greatly. At the end of flight, they were immediately brought back to the veterinary clinic and retested (postflight). Threshold estimations were noted. Dogs were sedated during BAER testing procedures with dexmedetomidine based off weight to minimize muscle artifact.
The procedure began with BAER testing each dog at an intensity of 76 dB hearing loss (HL) and increasing the stimulus intensity by 10 dB HL until all the waves were present and a second set of similar waveforms existed. Then, the intensity was lowered by 5 dB HL until similarity was no longer present. This, then, constituted the dog’s threshold for that test sequence. The same protocol was followed postflight, 30 and 60 minutes later.
The noise level within the helicopter was measured using a Bruel and Kjaer model 2270 sound level meter. The average noise level (LAeq) was measured over the entire 30-minute flight. An example LAeq from a 30-minute helicopter flight in this project was 107 dBA. An A-weighted decibel (dbA) is a scale for measuring loudness corresponding to hearing thresholds of the human ear.
After 30-minute in-flight, a 30-minute postflight BAER threshold estimation was run upon touchdown and with a retest 60-minute postflight to estimate threshold shifts. Results were compared to baseline thresholds. A total of seven canines (all male) were included in this study. Decibels (dB) are defined in different reference units. The dB peSPL is a decibel in sound pressure level comparing the pressure of sound at the microphone of the sound level meter to the reference pressure of 0.0002n dynes/cm2. The results are listed in dB nHL, which is a decibel in normalized hearing level when using electrophysiologic testing, such as a BAER test. A conversation factor of 36 dB can change the dB SPL value to dB nHL with the particular IHS machine used for this study. The average threshold of baseline BAER thresholds was 27.71 dB nHL, the average of 30-minute postflight BAER thresholds was 58.35 dB HL, and the average of 60-minute postflight BAER thresholds was 46.5 dB HL. BAER thresholds increased by an average of 30.64 dB HL after 30 minutes postflight, which is equivalent to a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. BAER thresholds decreased after 60 minutes postflight by 11.85 dB HL, which is equivalent to a mild hearing loss. Dog 4 used a Zeteo Tech, Inc. snood-type canine auditory protection system (CAPS) for hearing protection, which resulted in having better thresholds 30 minutes postflight than the baseline. Dog 4 was subjected to kennel noise before baseline testing and had suspected elevated thresholds greater than expected.
It has been shown that threshold shifts can occur in humans following exposure to noise levels between 90 and 125 dB SPL (8). A temporary threshold shift (TTS) may include a temporary reduction in hearing acuity, which may become evident within minutes after exposure but is usually reversible in time (this time is variable across individuals).
The underlying pathophysiologic changes involve cell death among various sensory and support cells in the inner ear, resulting from an oxidative stress reaction due to long-term overstimulation [15]. Given the similarities of the typical mammalian auditory system and specifically the canine versus human auditory systems, it is not unreasonable to imply that the triggering causes and attributes of the noise-induced hearing loss would be similar if not identical to that of canines.
From a behavioral perspective, canine handlers reported that after touchdown during mission helicopter flights, their canines were not reacting to standard verbal commands, reducing the tactical effectiveness of the canines. Handlers reported that it appeared that the canine was either not listening, was seemingly disoriented, or not readily responding to verbal commands for various lengths of time, which seemed to be canine specific (personal communication). The dogs in this flight training did not show any disorientation but did not react in the usual manner to vocal command once exiting the helicopter. The flight time during this training was shorter than most mission flights. Given the average threshold shift shown by the test dogs in this study (approximately 30 dB nHL), it is reasonable to presuppose that the threshold shift played a significant role in this behavior.
Presently, the actual prevalence of hearing loss in MWDs is unreported or classified. Given the newly established baseline auditory testing for MWDs, these statistics will become available, thus allowing for longer service and care of the dogs.
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This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"65331",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83731",title:"Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids as Potential Natural Antioxidants",slug:"flavonoids-and-phenolic-acids-as-potential-natural-antioxidants",totalDownloads:2726,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"For centuries, aromatic herbs and spices have been added to different foods to improve the flavor and organoleptic properties. The use of aromatic plants and spices in phytotherapy is mostly related to different activities of their essential oils, such as antimicrobial, spasmolytic, carminative, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities. Furthermore, many studies point to strong antioxidant activities of aromatic plants and their essential oils. Knowing that phenolic compounds are the most responsible for the antioxidant activity, the amount of total phenolic contents and content of flavonoids have also been determined. In order to examine the antioxidant properties of five different extracts of Laurus nobilis L. leaves, various assays which measure free radical scavenging ability were carried out: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, superoxide anion, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenger capacity test, and lipid peroxidation assay. In all of the tests, only the EtOAc extract showed a potent antioxidant effect.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Biljana Kaurinovic and Djendji Vastag",authors:[{id:"142369",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Kaurinovic",slug:"biljana-kaurinovic",fullName:"Biljana Kaurinovic"},{id:"286918",title:"Prof.",name:"Djendji",middleName:null,surname:"Vastag",slug:"djendji-vastag",fullName:"Djendji Vastag"}]},{id:"44805",doi:"10.5772/56424",title:"Discovery, Development, and Regulation of Natural Products",slug:"discovery-development-and-regulation-of-natural-products",totalDownloads:8291,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"3320",slug:"using-old-solutions-to-new-problems-natural-drug-discovery-in-the-21st-century",title:"Using Old Solutions to New Problems",fullTitle:"Using Old Solutions to New Problems - Natural Drug Discovery in the 21st Century"},signatures:"Juergen Krause and Gailene Tobin",authors:[{id:"162495",title:"Dr.",name:"Juergen",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"juergen-krause",fullName:"Juergen Krause"}]},{id:"48052",doi:"10.5772/59468",title:"Intranasal Drug Administration — An Attractive Delivery Route for Some Drugs",slug:"intranasal-drug-administration-an-attractive-delivery-route-for-some-drugs",totalDownloads:4702,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"4539",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-from-molecules-to-medicine",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - From Molecules to Medicine"},signatures:"Degenhard Marx, Gerallt Williams and Matthias Birkhoff",authors:[{id:"71452",title:"Dr.",name:"Degenhard",middleName:null,surname:"Marx",slug:"degenhard-marx",fullName:"Degenhard Marx"},{id:"72854",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Birkhoff",slug:"matthias-birkhoff",fullName:"Matthias Birkhoff"},{id:"172384",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerallt",middleName:null,surname:"Williams",slug:"gerallt-williams",fullName:"Gerallt Williams"}]},{id:"41155",doi:"10.5772/52508",title:"Data Analysis Approaches in High Throughput Screening",slug:"data-analysis-approaches-in-high-throughput-screening",totalDownloads:6487,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Asli N. Goktug, Sergio C. Chai and Taosheng Chen",authors:[{id:"71406",title:"Dr.",name:"Taosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"taosheng-chen",fullName:"Taosheng Chen"},{id:"120804",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"C.",surname:"Chai",slug:"sergio-chai",fullName:"Sergio Chai"},{id:"165635",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Asli",middleName:"Nur",surname:"Goktug",slug:"asli-goktug",fullName:"Asli Goktug"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66259",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:7491,totalCrossrefCites:53,totalDimensionsCites:135,abstract:"An antioxidant is a substance that at low concentrations delays or prevents oxidation of a substrate. Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. The importance of antioxidant mechanisms is to understand the biological meaning of antioxidants, their possible uses, their production by organic synthesis or biotechnological methods, or for the standardization of the determination of antioxidant activity. In general, antioxidant molecules can react either by multiple mechanisms or by a predominant mechanism. The chemical structure of the antioxidant substance allows understanding of the antioxidant reaction mechanism. This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"67588",title:"Preformulation Studies: An Integral Part of Formulation Design",slug:"preformulation-studies-an-integral-part-of-formulation-design",totalDownloads:4059,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"When a promising new chemical entity is synthesized, it needs transformation to appropriate formulation in order to show a better and desirable action at appropriate site. Preformulation study is a phase which is initiated once the new molecule is seeded. In a broader way, it deals with studies of physical, chemical, analytical, and pharmaceutical properties related to molecule and provides idea about suitable modification in molecule to show a better performance. Study of these parameters and suitable molecular modification can be linked to generation of effective, safer, stable, and reliable pharmaceutical formulation. Therefore, preformulation study is an approach for generation of pharmaceutical formulation which utilizes knowledge and area application of toxicology, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and analytical chemistry. The highlighted chapter is framed with a vision to provide an in-depth knowledge about pharmaceutical formulation development.",book:{id:"8331",slug:"pharmaceutical-formulation-design-recent-practices",title:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design",fullTitle:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design - Recent Practices"},signatures:"Pinak Patel",authors:null},{id:"37165",title:"Modern Medicine and Pharmaceutics",slug:"modern-medicine-and-pharmaceutics",totalDownloads:4471,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1519",slug:"promising-pharmaceuticals",title:"Promising Pharmaceuticals",fullTitle:"Promising Pharmaceuticals"},signatures:"Purusotam Basnet",authors:[{id:"98426",title:"Prof.",name:"Purusotam",middleName:null,surname:"Basnet",slug:"purusotam-basnet",fullName:"Purusotam Basnet"}]},{id:"37170",title:"Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Medicinal Products",slug:"good-manufacturing-practices-gmp-for-medicinal-products",totalDownloads:32651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1519",slug:"promising-pharmaceuticals",title:"Promising Pharmaceuticals",fullTitle:"Promising Pharmaceuticals"},signatures:"Jaya Bir Karmacharya",authors:[{id:"155087",title:"Mr.",name:"Jaya",middleName:"Bir",surname:"Karmacharya",slug:"jaya-karmacharya",fullName:"Jaya Karmacharya"}]},{id:"66222",title:"Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies",slug:"bioavailability-and-bioequivalence-studies",totalDownloads:3351,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In vivo bioavailability studies are performed for new drug to establish essential pharmacokinetic parameters including rate of absorption, extent of absorption, rates of excretion and metabolism and elimination half-life after a single and multiple dose administration. These essential pharmacokinetic parameters are useful in establishing dosage regimens. Bioequivalence used to assess the expected in vivo biological equivalence of two proprietary preparations of drug products. If two drugs are bioequivalent, it means that they are expected to be same for all intents and purposes. In determining bioequivalence between two drugs such as a reference drug or brand and potential to be test drug or marketed generic drug. Pharmacokinetic studies are conducted whereby each of the drugs is administered in a cross over study to healthy volunteer’s subjects. Plasma is obtained at regular intervals and assayed for parent drug or metabolite concentration to compare the two drugs. For comparison purpose of two formulations, the plasma concentration data are used to assess key pharmacokinetic parameters. If 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the geometric least square means of peak plasma concentration, area under curve of test and reference drugs are within 80–125%, then bioequivalence will be established.",book:{id:"8331",slug:"pharmaceutical-formulation-design-recent-practices",title:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design",fullTitle:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design - Recent Practices"},signatures:"Divvela Hema Nagadurga",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"217",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/345828",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"345828"},fullPath:"/profiles/345828",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()