The essential circadian rhythm genes in mammals.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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Further, a new set of generalized sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution and finite-time stability has been achieved by using Generalized Gronwall-Bellman inequality. Moreover, a novel development is proposed to solve classical control theory’s difference diagrams and transfer functions. Advanced TCP strategies and free parametrization for continuous-time LTI systems and quality of operation of control systems are presented.",isbn:"978-1-83969-789-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-788-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-790-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95665",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"control-systems-in-engineering-and-optimization-techniques",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f92f65447d0f90b67465865d41a61cd1",bookSignature:"P. 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Balasubramaniam received Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1994. He published nearly 260 research articles with H-index of 50. From the Gandhigram Rural University, India, he received many awards and recognitions.",institutionString:"Gandhigram Rural Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Gandhigram Rural Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"350240",title:"Dr.",name:"Sathiyaraj",middleName:null,surname:"Thambiayya",slug:"sathiyaraj-thambiayya",fullName:"Sathiyaraj Thambiayya",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350240/images/system/350240.jpg",biography:"Sathiyaraj Thambiayya was awarded Ph.D. in 2017 and subsequently completed post-doctorate in 2021 at Guizhou University, China. 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In our approach, we used 10 securities from five different industries to represent a risk-mitigation parameter. In this way, the naive diversification strategy is used to serve as a comparison for the approach used. During the computation process, the correlation matrices revealed that the portfolio risk is not well diversified during non-crisis periods, meanwhile, the variance-covariance matrices indicated that volatility can be minimized during portfolio construction. On this basis, 10 efficient portfolios were constructed and the optimal portfolios were selected in each subperiods based on the risk-averse preference. Performance-wise that optimal portfolio dominated the naïve strategy throughout the three subperiods tested. All the optimal portfolios selected are yielding more returns compared to the naïve portfolio.",signatures:"Muhammad Jaffar Sadiq Abdullah and Norizarina Ishak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79884",authors:[{id:"423123",title:"Dr.",name:"Norizarina",surname:"Ishak",slug:"norizarina-ishak",fullName:"Norizarina Ishak"},{id:"435472",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Jaffar",surname:"Sadiq Abdullah",slug:"muhammad-jaffar-sadiq-abdullah",fullName:"Muhammad Jaffar Sadiq Abdullah"}],corrections:null},{id:"81084",title:"Existence, Uniqueness and Stability of Fractional Order Stochastic Delay System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103702",slug:"existence-uniqueness-and-stability-of-fractional-order-stochastic-delay-system",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the problem of fractional higher-order stochastic delay systems. A solution representation is given by using sin and cos matrix functions for different delay intervals. Further, existence and uniqueness results are proved through fixed point theorem. Moreover, finite-time stability criteria are obtained using fractional Gronwall-Bellman inequality lemma. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out to check the proposed theoretical results.",signatures:"Sathiyaraj Thambiayya, P. Balasubramaniam, K. Ratnavelu and JinRong Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81084",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"79059",title:"Control of Supply Chains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100523",slug:"control-of-supply-chains",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to apply control principles in the discrete-time control of Supply Chains. The primary objective of the control is to keep the inventory levels (state variables) steady at their predetermined values and reduce any deviations to zero in the shortest possible time. The disturbances are induced by demand deviations from the planned/anticipated levels. The replenishment flows are the control variables. Thus, the control action is very similar to a “Linear Regulator with zero set-point”. A novel development in this chapter is the use of direct Operator methods to solve the system Difference Equations, thereby obviating the need for Z-Transforms, block diagrams and transfer functions of classical control theory. This chapter provides a novel application of control theory as well as an easier method of solution.",signatures:"Kannan Nilakantan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79059",authors:[{id:"428617",title:"Prof.",name:"Kannan",surname:"Nilakantan",slug:"kannan-nilakantan",fullName:"Kannan Nilakantan"}],corrections:null},{id:"79848",title:"The Fundamental of TCP Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100850",slug:"the-fundamental-of-tcp-techniques",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Strategies for prioritizing test cases plan test cases to reduce the cost of retrospective testing and to enhance a specific objective function. Test cases are prioritized as those most important test cases under certain conditions are made before the re-examination process. There are many strategies available in the literature that focus on achieving various pre-test testing objectives and thus reduce their cost. In addition, inspectors often select a few well-known strategies for prioritizing trial cases. The main reason behind the lack of guidelines for the selection of TCP strategies. Therefore, this part of the study introduces the novel approach to TCP strategic planning using the ambiguous concept to support the effective selection of experimental strategies to prioritize experimental cases. 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The parametrization of the set of all the stabilizing static output feedbacks is next derived by imposing a linear constraint on the stabilizing static state feedbacks of a related system. 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Ezema",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishaq",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"ishaq-ahmad",fullName:"Ishaq Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8866",title:"Silicon Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7cfb39af7a429ef119b71a2e1f221e7",slug:"silicon-materials",bookSignature:"Beddiaf Zaidi and Slimen Belghit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230574",title:"Dr.",name:"Beddiaf",surname:"Zaidi",slug:"beddiaf-zaidi",fullName:"Beddiaf Zaidi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"326",title:"Silicon Carbide",subtitle:"Materials, Processing and Applications in Electronic Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f4514052d329afb3bc5dc1a8cc2ac3f",slug:"silicon-carbide-materials-processing-and-applications-in-electronic-devices",bookSignature:"Moumita Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24251",title:"Dr.",name:"Moumita",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"moumita-mukherjee",fullName:"Moumita Mukherjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3129",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8635479660e93cb1129f0a92cf15a124",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",bookSignature:"Yasuto Hijikata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18137",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",surname:"Hijikata",slug:"yasuto-hijikata",fullName:"Yasuto Hijikata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65021",title:"Myocardial Infarction and Circadian Rhythm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83393",slug:"myocardial-infarction-and-circadian-rhythm",body:'Everyday life is organized according to three different clocks: the solar clock which gives us light and temperature during the day, the social clock which determines the working day, and the biological clock which we notice during shift work or when we adjust to a reduced amount of daylight. In real life, the circadian clock is synchronized within 24 hours of the solar clock [1, 2].
It is known that almost all cardiovascular events occur in a circadian manner with a higher frequency in the morning after waking [3]. In the peripheral clocks of the cardiovascular tissues or cells, there is daily expression of the clock-controlled genes (CCG) synchronized and regulated by central clock [4, 5]. Disturbances of circadian rhythm can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Today we are facing a global epidemic of cardiovascular disease. In 2015 cardiovascular disease was the cause of 17.7 million deaths worldwide or 31% of total mortality. Of these 7.4 million deaths were caused by ischemic heart disease and 6.7 million by cerebrovascular diseases, according to World Health Organization (WHO) [6].
Circadian rhythm is controlled by a molecular clock located in almost every cell. A hierarchical system organizes molecular clocks—the master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus [2, 7], while the peripheral clocks are located in each organ or cell. The central clock regulates physiological functions via the autonomic nervous system, humoral mediators, and other still unknown factors [7, 8]. In the maintenance and generation of circadian or biological rhythm in humans, a whole series of anatomical (suprachiasmatic nucleus), neurological (retinohypothalamic paths) and neuroendocrine (melatonin) systems are involved, indicating that the biology of the circadian rhythm of humans is similar to that of animals [9].
The master clock in the SCN consists of about 100,000 neurons in humans. It is the only molecular clock that receives light as an input signal from the retina. Internal clocks are synchronized with light depending on the time of day. SCN receives a direct light signal from the retina via the optic nerve from the photoreceptor called the intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC), which expresses the circadian photopigment, melanopsin [10]. The signal is further transmitted to peripheral clocks via the endocrine system [11, 12]. The central clock synchronizes each of the peripheral clocks in the body, and the primary circadian hormone is melatonin [13]. The pineal gland secretes melatonin during the night. Melatonin plays an essential role in maintaining the circadian rhythm depending on the period of light or darkness. The main difference between the master and peripheral clocks is in their degree of intercellular interaction. Peripheral clocks are under the influence of the master clock from the SCN via hormones, chemical signals and other metabolites (such as food), as well as by changes in the body, such as body temperature [11, 12].
On the other hand, due to the high degree of neuron connection the master clock in the SCN is not under the influence of internal signals but only under the influence of light [14]. Peripheral tissues integrate central clock signals with environmental factors (including sleepiness, physical activity, and feeding) and their autonomic rhythms which regulate the metabolism in a circadian manner [10]. The rhythm of the peripheral clocks in humans is measured by direct measurement of physiological changes, or by determining the expression of the clock genes. Central and peripheral clocks together control the daily circadian rhythm of the metabolism [15].
Feeding time is one of the key triggers or external factors that sets the phases of the peripheral clocks [15]. Complex feedback loops connect the circadian clock with metabolic pathways and integrate these systems independently of light [10]. It is believed that the central clock regulates the metabolism by hormones (primarily cortisol and melatonin) and synaptic signaling (via the autonomic nervous system) [10]. Feeding is a circadian event that serves not only as the output of the central clock, but also as an input signal for peripheral clocks because peripheral tissues communicate with the brain through ghrelin, leptin, glucose, and insulin. Circadian feeding contributes to the interworking of the clock and metabolism, which is crucial for metabolic homeostasis [16]. The central clock rhythm is primarily related to light, whereas peripheral tissue rhythms derive from the input of signals from the central clock, external factors (light, physical activity, feeding, and sleepiness) and the availability of numerous metabolites [15]. All these signals affect the molecular clock, creating a complex correlation between the circadian clock and physiological processes [10]. SCN coordinates all cellular circadian clocks in the organs and tissues through its rhythmic outcomes, to adapt physiology to Earth’s rotation [17].
The two clock systems become desynchronized when their drivers or stimuli do not coincide because different stimuli affect the phases of the central and peripheral clocks. This mismatch disrupts the metabolism because the two clock systems coordinate interlinked metabolic pathways. Circadian rhythm mismatch increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases [15].
The central clock is primarily triggered by light, and its rhythm is often measured by determining the concentrations of melatonin, cortisol or body temperature [15]. The expression of the clock genes is disrupted in pathological conditions. Such a change may result in different tissue response to external signals and accelerate tissue damage. The loss of synchronization can lead to various diseases, including an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease [18].
The central clock genes are expressed in a circadian manner in the SCN, and light is one of the main initiators (so-called
ARNTL and CLOCK heterodimers bind to regulatory elements of the promoters and enhancers (E-box) of the
During the day a new cycle begins by the termination of the ARNTL-CLOCK heterodimer inhibition. Casein kinase 1 (CK1) controls the amount of phosphorylation or degradation of PER-CRY heterodimers and thereby determines the amount of PER-CRY heterodimer entering the nucleus and inhibiting the ARNTL-CLOCK complex. CK1 phosphorylates the proteins and thus regulates their activity [29].
The additional negative loop is REV-ERBα that binds to the REV-ERB/ROR response element (RRE) of the
The molecular mechanism of circadian rhythm in humans. ARNTL and CLOCK activate transcription of
Circadian clock genes have an essential role in many physiological processes. Thus, animal models demonstrate that the
Gene | Function |
---|---|
Rhythmically expressed. Physically associates with CLOCK. Promotes transcription of | |
Physically associates with and phosphorylates PER. Affects PER stability and nuclear localization. | |
Constitutively expressed. Physically associates with | |
Physically associates with and stabilizes PER. Negative regulator of Per and Cry transcription. | |
Physically associates with CRY. Positive regulator of | |
Associates with regulatory elements and negative regulator of the | |
Associates with regulatory elements and positive regulator of the | |
Circadian function not known. Physically associates with CRY. Negative regulator of |
The essential circadian rhythm genes in mammals.
Numerous studies on animal models, as well as human populations, have confirmed the association of the circadian clock gene with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases [15, 40, 41].
The WHO data for 2017 show that cardiovascular diseases were the cause of 19.9 million deaths worldwide, and about 80% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases were due to myocardial infarction and stroke [42]. It is estimated that by 2030, 23.6 million people will die annually due to cardiovascular diseases [43].
Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of death in developed countries of the world, and in less developed parts of the world, this mortality is rising and overtaking mortality rates for infectious diseases [44].
There are variable and constant risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The variable risk factors are those that can be affected by therapy and lifestyle change, such as smoking, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, and to some extent diabetes and homocysteinemia. The constant risk factors cannot be affected, namely age, genetic predisposition, gender, and menopause. The general risk factors which can be altered most are smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and obesity and diabetes whose prevalence has risen in the last few decades. However, some recent risk factors (fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), homocysteine) should not be ignored. All of these contribute to total cardiovascular risk [45].
Cardiometabolic risk factors are determined by a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular changes. Diabetes and obesity are also associated with reduced quality of life and increased economic burden on the person and society [46, 47]. Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes share common pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. Excessive weight plays a significant role because fatty tissue becomes an active endocrine organ that secretes low-level inflammation mediators, and these stimulate the development of metabolic syndrome and vascular diseases [32, 48, 49].
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries and developing countries. It can be caused and triggered by different pathophysiological processes. Myocardial infarction is an inflammatory disease due to the death of myocardial cells because of complete coronary circulation interruption, which is in most cases a consequence of thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery at the site of the activated atherosclerotic plaque. An electrocardiogram (ECG) of the ST elevation is only an indirect indicator of the fact that ischemia affects all three layers of cardiac muscle (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium) [50].
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the most severe form of acute coronary syndrome. Myocardial infarction is accompanied by increased cellular oxidative stress in the pericardial cavity [51]. The primary cause of infarction is platelet aggregation in the coronary artery. The platelet activity is the highest in the morning. Also, in the morning hours, mental and physical activity increase due to cortisol and catecholamine elevation, which increases cardiac output [45]. The biochemical markers of myocardial damage are cardiac troponin T or troponin I in serum. These biochemical markers are more reliable than those previously used, such as measurement of creatine kinase (CK). The initial increase in troponin in peripheral blood in patients with infarction occurs over 3–4 hours with a permanent increase for up to 2 weeks after infarction. In order to confirm or exclude myocardial damage, troponin T serum levels are repeated in the first 6–12 hours after severe chest pain [52].
The classification of myocardial infarction in five types was introduced in 2007 and established the clinical criteria for its exact differentiation [50]. Type 1 is related to a coronary plaque rupture, fissuring, or dissection with resulting intraluminal thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction is secondary to myocardial ischemia resulting from increased oxygen demand or decreased supply. Type 3 myocardial infarction is linked to unexpected cardiac death when cardiac biomarkers are unavailable. Types 4 and 5 myocardial infarction are procedure related [53].
In the study of Saaby et al., [54] it was shown that the most significant number of patients with myocardial infarction come under Type 1 (72%). In patients with Type 1 myocardial infarction, changes in the ECG are seen either as the elevation or depression of the ST segment; the troponin T level also increases in the blood and serves as a diagnostic marker. The troponin T level in the blood is higher in patients with Type 1 myocardial infarction than Type 2 [55].
For manifestation of infarction, apart from lifestyle, a genetic background of myocardial infarction is also essential. A positive family history of myocardial infarction is a major cardiovascular risk factor [56]. Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction have a genetic background in 50–60% of cases. Many genes are found in the genetic background of myocardial infarction. Whole genome association studies have revealed many variants of genes associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction [56]. So far the most frequently explored genes with increased risk for myocardial infarction are involved in the metabolic pathways of lipid metabolism and development of type 2 diabetes. The relationship between the circadian rhythm genes and the onset of myocardial infarction will be discussed below.
Many cardiovascular events and diseases have a circadian pattern of appearance. The normal circadian blood pressure shows the two highest values during the day, around 9 am and 7 pm, while there is a slight decrease around 3 pm. It is considered that circadian variations in the tone of coronary vessels and endothelial function play an essential role in the onset of myocardial infarction. As myocardial infarction is significant medical stress, it causes increased cortisol levels in plasma [3]. In the acute phase of myocardial infarction, the phase of the circadian clock in the ischemic part of the heart differs from the non-ischemic part of the heart. The arrhythmia may occur because of the difference in the phase of the rhythm, or different expressions of the circadian clock genes. The loss of synchronization of the circadian rhythm between organs or tissues occurs more often than we would expect [4]. Circadian regulation of physiological processes is regulated locally. Peripheral tissue clocks control tissue-specific expression [27].
Homeostatic changes, gene expression changes, and external triggers can cause a stressful environment and cause damage to the atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries in the morning, when prothrombin is increased [57]. Many intrinsic vasoactive and cardioactive substances, such as angiotensin II, melatonin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), glucocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and nitrogen oxide, show a specific circadian pattern. The fibrinolytic system, which regulates PAI-1, shows a circadian pattern of occurrence in both healthy patients and those with ischemic heart disease. The concentration and activity of PAI-1 depend on the circadian rhythm and are the highest in the morning [28]. CLIF (Cycle-Like Factor) expression in endothelial cells creates heterodimers with CLOCK protein, and binds to the E-box of the
It is known that melatonin levels decrease during the night in coronary heart disease and infarction. Melatonin is an antioxidant that can inhibit the action of reactive oxygen radicals during heart ischemia. It also plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure, depending on the circadian rhythm. Animal studies have shown that animals with the pineal gland removed develop hypertension. Clinical examinations have shown that in patients with hypertension melatonin drugs taken daily before bedtime reduced blood pressure [3].
The appearance of myocardial infarction has two peaks during the day. The highest incidence of myocardial infarction is during the morning, and the second peak occurs late at night [60]. The beta blockers prevent increased sympathetic activity, catecholamine concentration, heart rate, blood pressure and lack of oxygen in the heart, and these are the physiological reasons for the existence of two peaks of myocardial infarction [57, 61].
Ischemia occurs in the morning due to increased oxygen demand, whereas in the evening it is due to decreased coronary blood flow. The appearance of myocardial infarction depends on ethnic origin, and the British differ from Asians in the frequency of the infarction [3]. In the Mediterranean, the highest incidence of myocardial infarction is between midday and midnight, while in the UK the highest incidence is between midnight and midday [62]. Numerous factors might affect the later occurrence of infarction in the Mediterranean, such as the number of sunlight hours, inequality in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the habit of afternoon rest or ‘siesta’ [63]. It has also been noted that the incidence of myocardial infarction is higher in the winter [3]. The specific circadian pattern of infarction symptoms has been observed, and the correlation of the circadian rhythm gene with the infarction investigated. The role of the molecular circadian clock in myocardial activity was initially investigated on animal models. It has been observed that the clock gene mutations of the circadian rhythm affect the heart rate, myocardial contractility, energy metabolism, which altogether leads to ischemia [64, 65]. In contrast, variants of the
Different variations of circadian rhythm genes are associated with many risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Thus, CLOCK gene variations are associated with metabolic syndrome in humans, type 2 diabetes, and some with stroke [64, 66, 67, 68], while
A peripheral clock is also found in cardiomyocytes, and the internal molecular mechanism of cardiomyocytes, such as the circadian clock, might contribute to cardiovascular disease [73]. Similar to SCN, cardiomyocytes have a circadian expression of clock genes in response to serum shock or norepinephrine. Several genes are associated with intracellular metabolism or physiological activity that has a circadian expression in cardiomyocytes [74]. After development, cardiomyocytes do not replicate, although they possess a meager and permanent rate of renewal. Cardiomyocytes renew cellular structure with their new proteins and membrane lipids every few weeks [75]. The ischemic precondition is an adaptation of cardiomyocytes to hypoxia, and once the heart has suffered an ischemic insult, cardiomyocytes become more resistant to MI because of PER2 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1a [74]. Circadian genes regulate a group of genes encoding for cardiac metabolic enzymes, and it is considered that a significant role of circadian genes in the heart is to synchronize cardiomyocyte metabolic activity with the availability of nutrients in the blood (i.e., feeding time) [29]. It is known that
The cardiomyocyte circadian clock affects the daily variations in the heart. Studies show that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock affects myocardial contractions, the metabolism and gene expression. This clock is vital since impairment of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock might significantly alter cardiac function, cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases (e.g., chronopharmacology) [77]. Desynchronization between different cell types (e.g., cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells) could occur within the organs (e.g. the heart) during certain physiological or pathological conditions [78]. The cardiomyocyte circadian clock allows the heart to predict circadian rhythm by extracellular stimuli, allowing rapid and temporally response [77]. The cardiomyocyte circadian clock has a crucial role in mediating the daily rhythm in myocardial metabolism and affects the cardiovascular function [79]. The cardiomyocyte circadian clock changes during illness, and this molecular mechanism might affect the etiology of cardiovascular disease [78].
Circadian rhythm adjusts the physiological functions of an individual on a daily basis. Daily variations of physiological parameters in the cardiovascular system maintain cardiovascular function according to the needs of different activities during the day. This information suggests that we need to know not only how, but also when to treat heart disease, and also to treat pathological changes not only symptomatically but to treat non-symptomatic but potentially harmful changes in the circadian rhythm.
Understanding the pathophysiological processes involved in the onset of myocardial infarction requires additional studies to assess the crucial elements of the circadian rhythm. In today’s personalized medicine, knowledge of the circadian rhythm (i.e., the genetic background) of an individual can be significant for treatment and should be included as an essential part of the diagnostic process.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
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\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
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\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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This provides a new idea for revealing the underlining mechanisms of neuropathic pain and improving the clinical treatment concepts. In this chapter, we summarized the recent studies of fMRI in neuropathic pain so that readers can better understand the research status and future research directions.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Zhi Dou and Liqiang Yang",authors:[{id:"302075",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"zhi-dou",fullName:"Zhi Dou"},{id:"310181",title:"Dr.",name:"Liqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"liqiang-yang",fullName:"Liqiang Yang"}]},{id:"68259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88183",title:"2D Shear Wave Elastography for Liver Fibrosis Evaluation",slug:"2d-shear-wave-elastography-for-liver-fibrosis-evaluation",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"2D shear wave elastography is a technique embedded in ultrasound machines which allows the interrogation of the tissue by acoustic radiation force impulses induced into the tissues by focused ultrasonic beams and captures the propagation of resulting shear waves in real time. Elasticity is displayed using a color-coded image superimposed on a B-mode image, and at the same time, a quantitative estimation of liver stiffness (LS) can be performed in a certain region of interest (ROI). The published data showed a real value of this method for liver stiffness estimation in patients with chronic hepatitis. It has the following advantages: it is integrated into standard ultrasound systems; it is a real-time elastographic method; and it is also feasible in patients with ascites and with large and adjustable size of the ROI that will be evaluated.",book:{id:"8691",slug:"ultrasound-elastography",title:"Ultrasound Elastography",fullTitle:"Ultrasound Elastography"},signatures:"Alina Popescu, Roxana Şirli and Ioan Sporea",authors:null},{id:"66724",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83581",title:"A High-Performance System Architecture for Medical Imaging",slug:"a-high-performance-system-architecture-for-medical-imaging",totalDownloads:814,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Medical imaging is classified into different modalities such as ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), nuclear medicine (NM), mammography, and fluoroscopy. Medical imaging includes various imaging diagnostic and treatment techniques and methods to model the human body, and therefore, performs an essential role to improve the health care of the community. Medical imaging, scans (such as X-Ray, CT, etc.) are essential in a variety of medical health-care environments. With the enhanced health-care management and increase in availability of medical imaging equipment, the number of global imaging-based systems is growing. Effective, safe, and high-quality imaging is essential for the medical decision-making. In this chapter, we proposed a medical imaging-based high-performance hardware architecture and software programming toolkit called high-performance medical imaging system (HPMIS). The HPMIS can perform medical image registration, storage, and processing in hardware with the support of C/C++ function calls. The system is easy to program and gives high performance to different medical imaging applications.",book:{id:"6429",slug:"medical-imaging-and-image-guided-interventions",title:"Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Interventions",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Interventions"},signatures:"Tassadaq Hussain, Amna Haider, Muhammad Shafique and Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed",authors:[{id:"221741",title:"Dr.",name:"Tassadaq",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"tassadaq-hussain",fullName:"Tassadaq Hussain"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67331",title:"Research in Medical Imaging Using Image Processing Techniques",slug:"research-in-medical-imaging-using-image-processing-techniques",totalDownloads:4290,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Medical imaging is the procedure used to attain images of the body parts for medical uses in order to identify or study diseases. There are millions of imaging procedures done every week worldwide. Medical imaging is developing rapidly due to developments in image processing techniques including image recognition, analysis, and enhancement. Image processing increases the percentage and amount of detected tissues. This chapter presents the application of both simple and sophisticated image analysis techniques in the medical imaging field. This chapter also summarizes how to exemplify image interpretation challenges using different image processing algorithms such as k-means, ROI-based segmentation, and watershed techniques.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Yousif Mohamed Y. Abdallah and Tariq Alqahtani",authors:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah"},{id:"294009",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",middleName:null,surname:"Alqahtani",slug:"tariq-alqahtani",fullName:"Tariq Alqahtani"}]},{id:"65933",title:"The Ionizing Radiation Interaction with Matter, the X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging, the Nuclear Medicine SPECT, PET and PET-CT Tomography Imaging",slug:"the-ionizing-radiation-interaction-with-matter-the-x-ray-computed-tomography-imaging-the-nuclear-med",totalDownloads:997,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The mechanism of the ionizing radiation interaction with matter is described for heavy charged particles, electrons and photons. Those effects causing energy loss of the radiation with sequential effects of absorption or attenuation are presented. The features of some characteristic detector systems with the relative electronics and the data acquisition system (DAQ) are presented. Those detectors are related with the medical imaging sensor systems. The characteristics of the medical imaging process of the X-ray and nuclear imaging with SPECT, PET and the combination of PET-CT are presented. The computed X-ray tomography, called CT, and the nuclear medicine tomography are presented, implementing the most of the previous parts, as they are defined in PET and SPECT imaging plus the combination of PET with CT the PET-CT.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Evangelos Gazis",authors:[{id:"281707",title:"Prof.",name:"Evangelos",middleName:null,surname:"Gazis",slug:"evangelos-gazis",fullName:"Evangelos Gazis"}]},{id:"68830",title:"PET-CT Principles and Applications in Lung Cancer Management",slug:"pet-ct-principles-and-applications-in-lung-cancer-management",totalDownloads:1078,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lung cancer is the most common malignant cancer throughout the world; the positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) combines both the metabolism information from PET and anatomy details from CT, which is the state of the art. This manuscript introduced the PET-CT and applications in lung cancer diagnosing, staging, and treatment. Several aspects including clinical features, classification, grading and pathology of the lung cancer, principles of PET-CT, and evaluation of diagnosing and treatment had been covered. Detailed demonstration of each cancer subtype, staging criteria, and classification was described. The content will benefit the clinical doctors as well as radiologists.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Long Chen, Hua Sun and Yunchao Huang",authors:[{id:"278386",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"long-chen",fullName:"Long Chen"},{id:"280160",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunchao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"yunchao-huang",fullName:"Yunchao Huang"},{id:"280161",title:"Prof.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"hua-sun",fullName:"Hua Sun"}]},{id:"64352",title:"Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy",slug:"endoscopic-dacryocystorhinostomy-1",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Epiphora, or abnormal tearing, occurs because of the blockage in the lacrimal drainage system, which impairs normal tearing channeling into the nose. It is essential that with proper history and examination including syringing and probing, a correct diagnosis is made. Syringing and probing are performed only in congenital and acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a procedure performed for the treatment of tearing (epiphora) due to blockage of the nasolacrimal drainage system. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (E-DCR) using telescopes has gained a lot of momentum among otolaryngologists, since the outcomes are comparable to the external approach. Advances in surgical technique and a better understanding of the anatomy have resulted in improvements in outcomes. The anatomy of the lacrimal system will be discussed in detail including the surgical indications and techniques of DCR. The advantages, results, and complications of surgery will be highlighted.",book:{id:"7255",slug:"endoscopy-novel-techniques-and-recent-advancements",title:"Endoscopy",fullTitle:"Endoscopy - Novel Techniques and Recent Advancements"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"59741",title:"Active Contour Based Segmentation Techniques for Medical Image Analysis",slug:"active-contour-based-segmentation-techniques-for-medical-image-analysis",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"Image processing is a technique which is used to derive information from the images. Segmentation is a section of image processing for the separation or segregation of information from the required target region of the image. There are different techniques used for segmentation of pixels of interest from the image. Active contour is one of the active models in segmentation techniques, which makes use of the energy constraints and forces in the image for separation of region of interest. Active contour defines a separate boundary or curvature for the regions of target object for segmentation. The contour depends on various constraints based on which they are classified into different types such as gradient vector flow, balloon and geometric models. Active contour models are used in various image processing applications specifically in medical image processing. In medical imaging, active contours are used in segmentation of regions from different medical images such as brain CT images, MRI images of different organs, cardiac images and different images of regions in the human body. Active contours can also be used in motion tracking and stereo tracking. Thus, the active contour segmentation is used for the separation of pixels of interest for different image processing.",book:{id:"6692",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis"},signatures:"R.J. Hemalatha, T.R. Thamizhvani, A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya,\nJosline Elsa Joseph, Bincy Babu and R. Chandrasekaran",authors:[{id:"238868",title:"Prof.",name:"Hemalatha",middleName:null,surname:"R.J",slug:"hemalatha-r.j",fullName:"Hemalatha R.J"},{id:"242385",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekaran",middleName:null,surname:"R",slug:"chandrasekaran-r",fullName:"Chandrasekaran R"},{id:"242386",title:"Ms.",name:"Thamizhvani",middleName:null,surname:"T.R",slug:"thamizhvani-t.r",fullName:"Thamizhvani T.R"},{id:"242388",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephin Arockia Dhivya",middleName:null,surname:"A",slug:"josephin-arockia-dhivya-a",fullName:"Josephin Arockia Dhivya A"},{id:"242389",title:"Ms.",name:"Josline Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Joseph",slug:"josline-elsa-joseph",fullName:"Josline Elsa Joseph"},{id:"242390",title:"Ms.",name:"Bincy",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"bincy-babu",fullName:"Bincy Babu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"696",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/345349",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"345349"},fullPath:"/profiles/345349",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()