These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
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This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
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Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8804",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Water and Wastewater Treatment",title:"Water and Wastewater Treatment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The use of water, one of the most valuable and vital resources in the world, should respond to growing needs, and used water should not have negative effects on the environment. Research on the reduction of used water and wastewater quantities, post-use treatment, or reuse/recovery methods is increasing day by day. These studies focus on finding the most appropriate method from both technical and economic perspectives. In this book, emerging technologies and materials used in the treatment, reuse, or recovery of various kinds of water and wastewaters are examined. The book consists of valuable scientific research specifically including desalination and use of renewable energy, nanomaterials, biosorbents, photocatalytic treatment, as well as riverbank filtration and wetlands. The editor would like to record his sincere thanks to the authors for their contributions.",isbn:"978-1-78923-930-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-929-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-688-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80313",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"water-and-wastewater-treatment",numberOfPages:160,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ccb46d6518786712b3184b2498fb0cab",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz",publishedDate:"July 24th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8804.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8788,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:64,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 5th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 25th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 13th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 14th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170083/images/system/170083.png",biography:"Dr. Murat Eyvaz is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include applications in water and wastewater treatment facilities, electrochemical treatment processes, filtration systems at the lab and pilot-scale, membrane processes (forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactors), membrane manufacturing methods (polymeric membranes, nanofiber membranes, electrospinning), spectrophotometric analyses (UV, atomic absorption spectrophotometry), chromatographic analyses (gas chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography). He has co-authored many journal articles and conference papers and has taken part in many national projects. He serves as an editor and reviewer for many indexed journals. Dr. Eyvaz has four patents on wastewater treatment systems.",institutionString:"Gebze Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Gebze Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1354",title:"Wastewater Engineering",slug:"technology-environmental-engineering-wastewater-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"66885",title:"Treatment of Water and Wastewater for Reuse and Energy Generation-Emerging Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84474",slug:"treatment-of-water-and-wastewater-for-reuse-and-energy-generation-emerging-technologies",totalDownloads:2158,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Fresh water quality and supply, particularly for domestic and industrial purposes, are deteriorating with contamination threats on water resources. Multiple technologies in the conventional wastewater treatment (WWT) settings have been adopted to purify water to a desirable quality. However, the design and selection of a suitable cost-effective treatment scheme for a catchment area are essential and have many considerations including land availability, energy, effluent quality and operational simplicity. Three emerging technologies are discussed, including anaerobic digestion, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane technology, which holds great promise to provide integrational alternatives for manifold WWT process and distribution systems to mitigate contaminants and meet acceptable limitations. The main applications, basic principles, merits and demerits of the aforementioned technologies are addressed in relation to their current limitations and future research needs in terms of renewable energy. Hence, the advancement in manufacturing industry along with WWT blueprints will enhance the application of these technologies for the sustainable management and conservation of water.",signatures:"Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Sudesh Rathilal, Maggie Chetty, Edward Kwaku Armah and Dennis Asante-Sackey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66885",authors:[{id:"199957",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudesh",surname:"Rathilal",slug:"sudesh-rathilal",fullName:"Sudesh Rathilal"},{id:"262983",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Kweinor Tetteh",slug:"emmanuel-kweinor-tetteh",fullName:"Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh"},{id:"281613",title:"Dr.",name:"Maggie",surname:"Chetty",slug:"maggie-chetty",fullName:"Maggie Chetty"},{id:"281614",title:"Mr.",name:"Edward Kwaku",surname:"Armah",slug:"edward-kwaku-armah",fullName:"Edward Kwaku Armah"},{id:"281615",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",surname:"Asante-Sackey",slug:"dennis-asante-sackey",fullName:"Dennis Asante-Sackey"}],corrections:null},{id:"66331",title:"Desalination with Renewable Energy: A 24 Hours Operation Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84944",slug:"desalination-with-renewable-energy-a-24-hours-operation-solution",totalDownloads:1283,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The inevitable escalation in economic development has serious implications on energy and environment nexus. The International Energy Outlook 2016 (IEO2016) predicted that the Non Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (non-OECD) countries will lead with 71% rise in energy demand in contrast with only 18% in developed countries from 2012 to 2040. In Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) countries, about 50% of primary energy is consumed for cogeneration based power and desalination plants. The desalination capacities are expected to increase fivefold by 2050 and renewable energy application can be one of the solution for sustainable water production. The major bottleneck in commercialization of renewable energy sources is its intermittent nature of supplies specially wind and solar. We proposed solar thermal energy storage to operate desalination system around the clock. Magnesium oxide (MgO) can be utilized as an efficient energy storage system to store solar thermal energy for off period operation. The heat generated by regeneration processes at day time and exothermic adsorption at night can operate desalination cycle 24 h. The operational temperature ranges from 120 to 140°C and energy storage 41–81 kJ/mol. It was successfully demonstrated by experimentation that MgO operated hybrid desalination cycle can achieve highest performance and lowest carbon emission. The proposed cycle can achieve sustainable water production goals.",signatures:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Muhammad Burhan, Doskhan Ybyraiymkul and Kim Choon Ng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66331",authors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"}],corrections:null},{id:"65548",title:"Nonconventional Wastewater Treatment for the Degradation of Fuel Oxygenated (MTBE, ETBE, and TAME)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84250",slug:"nonconventional-wastewater-treatment-for-the-degradation-of-fuel-oxygenated-mtbe-etbe-and-tame-",totalDownloads:866,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is a nonconventional wastewater treatment, consisting of oxygen pressure releasing inside a reactor in order to degrade organic compounds dissolved in water, using a solid catalyst in the presence of an activated O2 species, usually at temperatures ranges of 125–250°C and pressures of 10–50 bar. CWAO can reduce operating costs of conventional treatment due to the use of ideal catalyst that is able to improve reaction conditions at temperatures and pressures as mild as possible, simultaneously setting high catalytic activity and long-term stability of heterogeneous catalysts. Oxygenated fuels are gasoline additives in reformulated gasoline and oxyfuels. In the beginning, they provided an alternative solution of environmental problems, such as greenhouse gas emissions and octane enhancement, caused by fossil fuel use. The oxygenated fuels frequently used are methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). However, there is environmental impact from oxygenated fuel hydrocarbons related to widespread contamination of groundwater and other natural waters. Our research group developed a wide study in order to evaluate several catalysts (Ru, Au, Cu, and Ag supported on Al2O3, Al2O3-CeO2, and TiO2-CeO2) and to obtain the best for the efficiency of the oxidation process.",signatures:"Zenaida Guerra Que, José Gilberto Torres Torres, Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López, Juan C. Arévalo Pérez, Adrian Cervantes Uribe, Hermicenda Pérez Vidal, Alejandra E. Espinosa de los Monteros Reyna, José G. Pacheco Sosa, María A. Lunagómez Rocha and Cecilia Sánchez Trinidad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65548",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65548",authors:[{id:"228497",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermicenda",surname:"Perez Vidal",slug:"hermicenda-perez-vidal",fullName:"Hermicenda Perez Vidal"},{id:"229146",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guerra Que",slug:"zenaida-guerra-que",fullName:"Zenaida Guerra Que"},{id:"240565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Gilberto",surname:"Torres Torres",slug:"jose-gilberto-torres-torres",fullName:"Jose Gilberto Torres Torres"},{id:"240661",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",surname:"Lunagómez Rocha",slug:"maria-a.-lunagomez-rocha",fullName:"María A. Lunagómez Rocha"},{id:"240664",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra E.",surname:"Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna",slug:"alejandra-e.-espinosa-de-los-monteros-reyna",fullName:"Alejandra E. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna"},{id:"278081",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Cuauhtemoc Lopez",slug:"ignacio-cuauhtemoc-lopez",fullName:"Ignacio Cuauhtemoc Lopez"},{id:"278082",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Cervantes Uribe",slug:"adrian-cervantes-uribe",fullName:"Adrian Cervantes Uribe"},{id:"278083",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Arevalo Perez",slug:"juan-carlos-arevalo-perez",fullName:"Juan Carlos Arevalo Perez"},{id:"278085",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Guadalupe",surname:"Pacheco Sosa",slug:"jose-guadalupe-pacheco-sosa",fullName:"Jose Guadalupe Pacheco Sosa"},{id:"286928",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Sánchez Trinidad",slug:"cecilia-sanchez-trinidad",fullName:"Cecilia Sánchez Trinidad"}],corrections:null},{id:"65531",title:"Removal of Cr(VI) from Waters by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Optimization and Kinetic Investigations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84225",slug:"removal-of-cr-vi-from-waters-by-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes-optimization-and-kinetic-investigation",totalDownloads:831,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been investigated under various experimental conditions of initial metal concentration, agitation speed, aqueous pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage to assess the equilibrium and kinetic parameters. It was found that the kinetic data were fitted with the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models, whereas the chromium(VI) adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium models to give the characteristic parameters of each model. According with the evaluation, both isotherm models are useful to represent the measured adsorption data. The adsorption of chromium(VI) is also dependent on the temperature, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters including ΔH°, ΔG° and ΔS° were estimated from the experimental data, indicating the exothermic and non-spontaneous nature of the metal adsorption onto the MWCNTs. Chromium(VI) desorption was investigated by the use of aqueous hydrazine sulfate solutions.",signatures:"Francisco J. Alguacil and Félix A. Lopez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65531",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65531",authors:[{id:"51571",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Jose",surname:"Alguacil",slug:"francisco-jose-alguacil",fullName:"Francisco Jose Alguacil"},{id:"225960",title:"Prof.",name:"Félix A.",surname:"López",slug:"felix-a.-lopez",fullName:"Félix A. López"}],corrections:null},{id:"65541",title:"Advances in Metal Recovery from Wastewaters Using Selected Biosorbent Materials and Constructed Wetland Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84335",slug:"advances-in-metal-recovery-from-wastewaters-using-selected-biosorbent-materials-and-constructed-wetl",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An expanding global population not only increases the amounts of municipal solid waste and wastewater generated but also raises demand for a wide range of raw materials used to manufacture goods. Extraction of these raw materials and many subsequent manufacturing processes contribute significantly to the presence of a variety of metals in wastewaters and leachates. Metal-rich wastewaters not only result in short- and long-term environmental and associated health concerns but also have potential economic value if the metals can be recovered. In this chapter, we review the effectiveness of biochar, microbial and lignin biosorbents as well as constructed wetland systems to remove soluble metals from wastewaters. The wide variation in adsorptive capacity of these biosorbent materials reflects the heterogeneous nature of the source materials used for their production. Physical and chemical modifications of biochars and lignins generally improve their adsorptive capacities which remain highly variable. Constructed wetlands are attractive because of their passive nature with low-energy and low-maintenance requirements, although their long-term capacity to treat metal-rich wastewaters is as yet largely undetermined. Future perspectives focus on increasing the selectivity of adsorbents to remove complex matrices of metals from wastewaters and on increasing their adsorption/desorption capacities.",signatures:"John G. Murnane, Bashir Ghanim, Lisa O’Donoghue, Ronan Courtney, Thomas F. O’Dwyer and J. Tony Pembroke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65541",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65541",authors:[{id:"173356",title:"Prof.",name:"Tony",surname:"Pembroke",slug:"tony-pembroke",fullName:"Tony Pembroke"},{id:"277214",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Murnane",slug:"john-murnane",fullName:"John Murnane"},{id:"277892",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",surname:"O'Dwyer",slug:"tom-o'dwyer",fullName:"Tom O'Dwyer"},{id:"277893",title:"Dr.",name:"Bashir",surname:"Ghanim",slug:"bashir-ghanim",fullName:"Bashir Ghanim"},{id:"277894",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronan",surname:"Courtney",slug:"ronan-courtney",fullName:"Ronan Courtney"},{id:"288164",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",surname:"O'Donoghue",slug:"lisa-o'donoghue",fullName:"Lisa O'Donoghue"}],corrections:null},{id:"66516",title:"Removal of Escherichia Coli Using Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Riverbank Filtration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85296",slug:"removal-of-em-escherichia-coli-em-using-low-frequency-electromagnetic-field-in-riverbank-filtration",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An increase of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli) in river water is a concern as it is the main precursor to health hazard disinfection in conventional drinking water treatment systems. Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a non-chemical techniques and natural treatments that efficient in reducing or removing the contaminants in the water. Therefore, this study aimed to remove Escherichia coli (E. coli), and reduce the concentration with low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF-EMF) as a component of the non-ionising radiations in RBF. This research design and construct a LF-EMF device on horizontal coiled columns that were capable of producing uniform magnetic fields in the frequency range of 50 Hz. A magnetic field density was varied at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mT. The diameter of column was 50 mm, which underwent 6 hours of LF-EMF exposure at 50 mL/min of water flowrates. The maximum removal efficiency of E. coli in was 100% at 6, 8, and 10 mT of magnetic field exposure. These results indicated that the E. coli in the sample of water that was exposed to the LF-EMF was statistically significantly decreased. The magnetic intensity of the LF-EMF changed the characteristic responses for E. coli bacteria.",signatures:"Rossitah Selamat, Ismail Abustan, Mohd Rizal Arshad and Nurul Hana Mokhtar Kamal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66516",authors:[{id:"288966",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rossitah",surname:"Selamat",slug:"rossitah-selamat",fullName:"Rossitah Selamat"}],corrections:null},{id:"65818",title:"Photocatalytic Treatment of Pesticides Using TiO2 Doped with Rare Earth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84677",slug:"photocatalytic-treatment-of-pesticides-using-tio-sub-2-sub-doped-with-rare-earth",totalDownloads:910,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rare earth doping ions can improve the spectral response of this semiconductor to the visible region. This work evaluated the dopant effect of rare earth ions such as La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm, Eu, and Gd in titania for the solar photodegradation of Diuron and methyl parathion. The increase in the content up to 0.5% of dopants decreases photoactivity due to the formation of photo-generated electron-hole pair recombination centers. The catalysts calcined at 500°C presented only the anatase crystalline phase and the samples doped with La and Ce at 0.1 and 0.3% were the most active in diuron solar degradation; however, when the temperature of the thermal treatment increased to 800°C, mixtures of crystalline phases were presented. The catalyst with the highest anatase content showed the best performance. The materials calcined at 500°C with better performance in diuron solar degradation were selected to to treat methyl parathion using solar light. Finally, under these conditions, an affinity was found for the dopant ions in titania and in the functional groups of the contaminating molecules (phenylurea and thiophosphate). Solar photodegradation of diuron was more effective with La and Ce, while for methyl parathion, it was Eu at 0.3%.",signatures:"Juan C. Arévalo Pérez, José Gilberto Torres Torres, Durvel de la Cruz Romero, Hermicenda Perez-Vidal, Maria Antonia Lunagomez Rocha, Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López, Adrian Cervantes Uribe and Zenaida Guerra Que",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65818",authors:[{id:"228497",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermicenda",surname:"Perez Vidal",slug:"hermicenda-perez-vidal",fullName:"Hermicenda Perez Vidal"},{id:"229146",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guerra Que",slug:"zenaida-guerra-que",fullName:"Zenaida Guerra Que"},{id:"240565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Gilberto",surname:"Torres Torres",slug:"jose-gilberto-torres-torres",fullName:"Jose Gilberto Torres Torres"},{id:"240661",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",surname:"Lunagómez Rocha",slug:"maria-a.-lunagomez-rocha",fullName:"María A. Lunagómez Rocha"},{id:"240662",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",surname:"Arévalo Pérez",slug:"juan-c.-arevalo-perez",fullName:"Juan C. Arévalo Pérez"},{id:"240663",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Cuauhtémoc López",slug:"ignacio-cuauhtemoc-lopez",fullName:"Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López"},{id:"279703",title:"Dr.",name:"Durvel",surname:"De La Cruz Romero",slug:"durvel-de-la-cruz-romero",fullName:"Durvel De La Cruz Romero"}],corrections:null},{id:"64595",title:"Assessment of Microbial Load Reduction Efficiency of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP’s) in Mysore, Karnataka, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82248",slug:"assessment-of-microbial-load-reduction-efficiency-of-sewage-treatment-plants-stp-s-in-mysore-karnata",totalDownloads:787,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present study mainly aims to determine the assessment of microbial load reduction efficiency of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Mysore, Karnataka, India. The raw and treated wastewater samples were collected and tested for irrigation suitability using irrigation indices compared with the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) standards. Seed germination study was carried and the vigour index was reported to be higher for raw sewage although the seedlings treated with this water had wilting shoot tips. The overall results of the present study observed that most of the parameters of both treated and untreated urban wastewaters have exceeded the FAO irrigation standard and continuous usage of such water may cause detrimental effects on the soil and crops. The sewage treatment plants have also shown very low efficiency in microbial load reduction, and this can have health risk implications to the farmers using this effluent.",signatures:"Severeni Ashili, Harikaranahalli Puttaiah Shivaraju and George Jessen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64595",authors:[{id:"236037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessen",surname:"George",slug:"jessen-george",fullName:"Jessen George"},{id:"276370",title:"Dr.",name:"Shivaraju",surname:"Harikaranahalli Puttaiah",slug:"shivaraju-harikaranahalli-puttaiah",fullName:"Shivaraju Harikaranahalli Puttaiah"},{id:"278782",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashili",surname:"Severeni",slug:"ashili-severeni",fullName:"Ashili Severeni"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6732",title:"Desalination and Water 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Saddle nose is a pathological deformity characterized by loss of nasal dorsal height due to osseocartilaginous collapse.
\n
While the cause can be congenital, for example, syphilis or intrauterine trauma, most cases are due to trauma of the nasal septum and pyramid, Wegener granulomatosis, relapsing polychondritis, cocaine abuse, and previous rhinoplasty. The removal of an excessive amount of the bone and/or cartilage during a prior operation is the most frequent cause.
\n
Saddle nose is one of the most difficult morpho-functional deformities of the nose to correct, as it entails not only masking with a graft but also planned anatomical reconstruction of all the structures involved. Grafts obtained from septal or conchal cartilage, sutured in overlapping layers so as to increase the thickness where necessary, can be sufficient in cases of low to medium severity. The presence of septal remnants can be exploited to combine septal grafts with grafts of auricular concha in order to increase the thickness of the final graft. There is instead less agreement on the choice of material for use in reconstruction in cases of greater severity, where the absence of cartilage is often combined with the absence of the bony support of the nasal pyramid. The ideal graft material must be nontoxic, non-carcinogenic, non-allergenic, nondestructive with respect to adjacent tissues, non-resorbable, readily available, and sterilizable as well as easy to shape and to remove if necessary.
\n
The variety of autogenous (bony and cartilaginous), homologous (irradiated cartilage), and alloplastic grafts put forward in the literature attests to the nonexistence of one “ideal” material. Alloplastic grafts have a tendency toward extrusion and infection, and homologous grafts are characterized by the highest rate of resorption. The bone is difficult to shape, requires solid stabilization, and can be reabsorbed. In the end, despite its tendency toward distortion, costal cartilage remains at present the material of choice for the correction of severe cases of saddle nose.
\n
It should also be pointed out, on the basis of the majority of cases presented in the literature, that cartilaginous grafts give rise to the fewest problems as regards shaping, attachment, and infection. The only negative data regarding resorption is, however, limited in the case of autologous cartilage and generally ceases in the first few months after the operation.
\n
\n
1.1 Autologous grafts
\n
\n
1.1.1 Bone
\n
The bone is the material most commonly employed to remedy saddle nose over the last century. The first to use the autologous bone for nasal reconstruction was Ollier in 1861, who inserted a piece of the frontal bone in an Indian flap. The material is mostly taken from the cranium and the iliac crest [1, 2]. The bone cannot be regarded as a material of choice, however, because it tends to be reabsorbed when inserted into the nasal dorsum. Complications at the donor site and the fact that grafts of this nature create a dorsum of excessive rigidity are further reasons why the use of autologous bone in cases of saddle nose has been practically abandoned today [3].
\n
\n
\n
1.1.2 Cartilage
\n
Currently regarded as the graft material closest to the ideal, autologous cartilage presents the following characteristics: (1) it causes little reaction in the tissues of the recipient site; (2) it possesses the combination of rigidity, elasticity, and flexibility required to reconstruct the contours of the nose; (3) it can resist the traction forces of wound healing; (4) it can survive without functional use (unlike the bone); (5) it is available in large amounts; and (6) it is easy to reshape and survives over time without the perichondrium. Tardy reports no cases of infection or rejection in 6000 cartilaginous grafts. It has also been shown that resorption is short-lived and limited to the initial postoperative period [2, 4].
\n
In cases of low or moderate severity, cartilage from the nasal septum or auricular concha can be used. In more severe cases, a graft of costal cartilage constitutes the preferred therapeutic option. This cartilage is hyaline and proves to be rigid and fragile (Figure 1). Always available in large amounts and thicknesses, it is sufficiently rigid for use in cases where it is necessary to counter the retraction of thick, inelastic, cicatricial tissues. While the material is usually harvested from the ninth and tenth ribs, the sixth, seventh, and eighth are preferable in the case of female patients, as the incision is thus made in the inframammary fold and the postoperative scar is not visible. Gunter et al. [5] suggest that a CT scan of the sternal-costal region should be carried out in the case of adult patients to ascertain the degree of calcification of the cartilaginous portion of the ribs.
\n
Figure 1.
Costal cartilage used to reconstruct the “L-structure” of the septum.
\n
The incision (about 5 cm) must be performed horizontally in the medial (cartilaginous) portion of the rib. In harvesting material from the sixth, seventh, and eighth ribs, it must be borne in mind that their medial portion is covered by the rectus abdominis muscle of the abdomen (Figure 2). The fascia of this muscle must be cut and the fibers opened out in the same direction as the fascicle. The ninth and tenth ribs are instead located at the side of the rectus abdominis muscle. Once the outer surface of the rib has been exposed, it must be separated from the intercostal muscles, which can be facilitated on the inner side by the use of a specific curved rib elevator (Figure 3).
\n
Figure 2.
Preoperative drawing of the second to sixth rib of a patient.
\n
Figure 3.
Harvesting of the cartilaginous segment of the sixth rib.
\n
The perichondrium can be separated from the rib for subsequent use to cover any residual irregularities of the nasal dorsum.
\n
Particular care must be taken in detaching the inferior portion of the rib, as this is where the anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic (or mammary) artery, the venae comitantes, and the intercostal nerves are all situated. It is important to identify the joint of the bony and cartilaginous portions so as to harvest the largest possible amount of cartilage. Once the portion of the rib required has been exposed and detached, it can be removed by excision, using a scalpel with sturdy blade; after which it is necessary to make sure that the pleura below is undamaged. The cavity thus left is filled with a saline solution, and the anesthetist is asked to increase the pressure in the airways, making sure that no bubbles appear in the cavity.
\n
A considerable amount of cartilage can be obtained from the rib, and more than one can be harvested with no postoperative functional deficit (Figure 4).
\n
Figure 4.
Intraoperative view of the costal harvesting.
\n
It is very important to suture the remaining perichondrium tightly so as to seal off the empty space left after harvesting the rib.
\n
The major problem of costal cartilage is its tendency to become distorted [6]. Various methods have been put forward for the prevention of this complication. Gibson and Davis [7] demonstrated that “balanced cross-sectional carving” (removal of the perichondrium and a strip of cartilage from the outer and inner sides with respect to the thorax and the use of the cartilage in the middle) reduced the tendency toward distortion considerably. Gibson then stated, however, in a later publication that distortion of the cartilage could only be prevented by not harvesting it. Some authors investigated the molecular basis of the tendency toward distortion of the cartilage and showed that certain protein-polysaccharide complexes inhibits the intracartilaginous stress causing distortion, an interesting discovery that has, however, had no clinical application [8]. Gunter et al. [9] have demonstrated that distortion of the harvested costal cartilage is significantly reduced by the insertion of a Kirschner thread. While the different authors all agree that the distortion peaks 15–30 minutes after harvesting, some claim that it exists only in the first half of an hour and others claim that it can take place even months after the operation. The most superficial and deepest layers of the costal cartilage harvested are those that undergo the greatest distortion according to the rule of cross-sectional carving. Common experience suggests that this is accelerated if the cartilage is immersed in a saline solution immediately after removal.
\n
Complications in the area of the donor site are very infrequent. They can include pneumothorax, localized postoperative atelectasis, and unsightly scarring. Postoperative pain is instead common and can be prevented or reduced by injecting local anesthetic into the subperichondrial space before the final suturing [10, 11].
\n
\n
\n
\n
1.2 Alloplastic grafts
\n
While alloplastic grafts present a high risk of infection and extrusion, many surgeons make use of them at first because they are readily available and, above all, avoid any complications at the donor site. Prostheses of silicone (Silastic) are still widely used by many authors to reconstruct the dorsum in cases of saddle nose, probably because they prove to be easy to handle and to remove in the event of infection [12, 13, 14, 15]. Milward reports extrusion rates of up to 55%, however, and Deva et al. complications in 9.7% of cases [12, 13]. Other materials used include polytetrafluoroethylene and hydroxyapatite. Complications have been reported in 2.6–5% of cases for Gore-Tex and 5% for hydroxyapatite [16, 17].
\n
Another synthetic material frequently used at present with an apparently lower percentage of complications is porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE: MEDPOR surgical implants, Porex Surgical), which has been employed in cranio-maxillofacial surgery for 20 years now and is of proven tolerability. This porous alloplastic material (pores of about 150 microns in diameter) is not degradable in vivo and permits the fibrointegration of soft tissues. Once this has taken place, it proves to be stable, and the risk of extrusion and infection diminishes over the years. Romo et al. suggest covering the MEDPOR graft with a homologous graft of purified acellular human derma in order to taper the edges and make the dorsum less rigid and more natural in appearance. Even though this is one of the alloplastic materials most frequently used at present, Romo reports complications in 3–4% of cases [17].
\n
\n
\n
1.3 Classification and therapeutic algorithm
\n
Tardy’s classification of saddle nose has three increasing degrees of severity: minimum, moderate, and major [2]. The first degree involves slight accentuation of the depression of the supratip, 1–2 millimeters above the ideal. The presence can be observed in such cases of a dorsal “pseudo-hump” in the upper third of the nasal pyramid caused by collapse of the other two thirds. If saddle nose deformity is due to the absence of the caudal septum, there will also be a certain degree of columellar retraction. Saddle nose of moderate and major severity presents greater depression of the dorsum due to the loss of osseocartilaginous support.
\n
The classification of Daniel and Brenner [18] instead distinguishes six types of saddle nose:
\n
(1) Type 0 (pseudo-saddle nose) comprises patients who present depression of the cartilaginous dorsum due to prior rhinoplasty. (2) Type I (minor) includes cases with excessive depression of the supratip and columellar retraction caused by weakening of the cartilaginous septum. (3) Type II (moderate) is characterized by collapse of the cartilaginous ridge, columellar retraction, and loss of support for the tip. (4) Type III (major) comprises more severe cases with the total absence of support for the cartilaginous ridge, the columella, and the nasal tip. (5) Type IV (severe) involves the total absence of osseocartilaginous support, often combined with septal perforation, depression of the osseocartilaginous dorsum, columellar retraction, and the loss of tip projection. (6) Type V (catastrophic) comprises cases that require local or free flaps for reconstruction and are often combined with deformity of other neighboring regions of the face. The authors correlate each of the different types with a therapeutic approach, increasing in complexity in relation to the tissue deficit involved, and a specific etiology.
\n
It is, however, often difficult in practical terms to identify a particular case of saddle nose as belonging to one category or another of an overly specific classification characterized by common etiologies, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic approaches. As Murakami says, “variability exists to large extent, because the saddle nose deformity is not a single entity but rather a spectrum of abnormalities.”
\n
On the other hand, the practical need is felt for quick classification of saddle nose as a prerequisite for deciding how to correct it.
\n
The original classification put forward here as a more practical tool involves three degrees of severity and takes the presence or absence of the nasal septum as the primary factor in determining the surgical treatment required.
\n
Degree I (slight): depression <2 mm with respect to the ideal height of the dorsum: septum present (Figure 5a).
\n
Figure 5.
(a) Preoperative view of a patient affected by saddle nose deformity degree I (slight). (b) Postoperative profile view of the same patient of (a).
\n
Degree II (moderate): depression of 2–5 mm with respect to the ideal height of the dorsum:
\n
(a) cartilaginous septum present or partially present (Figure 6a) and
\n
Figure 6.
(a) Preoperative view of a patient affected by saddle nose deformity degree IIa (moderate with cartilaginous septum present). (b) Postoperative profile view of the same patient of (a).
(a) Preoperative view of a patient affected by saddle nose deformity degree IIb (moderate with cartilaginous septum absent). (b). Postoperative profile view of the same patient of (a).
\n
Degree III (severe): depression >5 mm with respect to the ideal height of the dorsum: septum absent (Figure 8a).
\n
Figure 8.
(a) Preoperative view of a patient affected by saddle nose deformity degree III (severe). (b). Postoperative profile view of the same patient of (a).
\n
The resulting therapeutic algorithm is as follows:
\n
I: Onlay grafts from the nasal septum (Figure 5b).
\n
IIa: Onlay grafts from the nasal septum and/or auricular concha (Figure 6b).
\n
IIb: Reconstruction of the septum and dorsum with auricular concha (Figure 7b).
\n
III: Reconstruction of the septum and dorsum with costal cartilage (Figure 8b).
\n
The ideal height of the dorsum differs for men and women, coinciding in the first case with the line from the nasion to the tip-defining points (with suitable projection of the tip) and positioned about 2 mm caudally from the same in the second.
\n
The presence or absence of the nasal septum, as ascertained clinically not only by palpation and anterior rhinoscopy but also by radiological means like RMN for greater accuracy, is of crucial importance in deciding how to correct the deformity (Figure 9).
\n
Figure 9.
Clinical sign of absent septal support.
\n
The primary objective must be to restore support for the nose and then to obtain the desired appearance. The reconstruction can be thus described as composite with a bottom layer of support and an upper layer of esthetic importance. In cases I and IIa, where the septum is present and support exists, onlay grafts can be used to correct the deformity. The material can be taken from the present or residual septum and from the cartilage of the auricular concha if this proves insufficient.
\n
The onlay graft must be carefully shaped to make sure that it is not perceptible to sight or touch after the operation. To this end, incisions can be made halfway through the thickness of the cartilage in order to obtain a more or less curved shape as required. The cartilage can be given as inverted V, inverted U, or A shape by means of greenwood fractures.
\n
It must also be oval, wider in the middle, and narrower at the top and bottom, in order to follow the natural shape of the dorsum.
\n
An inverted V graft offers superior adaptation and stability than a flat one. As it consists of a single layer, it can only be used for patients requiring a minimal increase in the dorsum. If more is needed, a pillar of cartilage can be sutured beneath the inverted V so as to create a solid A-shaped structure. This stabilizing pillar can be secured closer to or farther from the top of the inverted V in order to vary the degree of gap between the arms of the V and increase or decrease the height of the graft. Both the inverted V and the A shape present, however, a very acute angle at the top, which can make the dorsum look too narrow in patients with very thin skin. In such cases, it proves useful to make further incisions halfway through the thickness on either side of the median incision so as to obtain an inverted U shape, which is closer to the natural curvature of the nasal dorsum and proves more stable on insertion into the same. Even in cases when only a localized dorsal defect is present, it is usually preferable, where possible, to use a graft covering the area from the nasion to the septal angle in order to reduce the irregularities, obtain the best esthetic result, and reduce the possibility of the graft being moved out of position. In order to secure the onlay graft, a very precise pouch must be created cephalically so as to prevent movement out of position. Caudally, it is instead possible to secure the graft to the septum or the alar cartilages, suturing in this case being obviously facilitated by the open approach. In order to obtain greater stability, a median incision of about 5 mm can be made in the caudal edge of the graft so as to obtain two small strips of cartilage for suturing to the lateral crura.
\n
Some authors advise securing the graft also cephalically by means of transcutaneous sutures to be removed after 7–10 days. One further tip when using onlay grafts is to taper the edges carefully in order to prevent the creation of “steps” perceptible to sight or touch after the operation.
\n
Degree IIb involves moderate depression of the nasal dorsum and the absence of septal support. In such cases, while costal cartilage is a possibility, reconstruction of the L-shaped structure of caudal dorsal support with auricular cartilage is unquestionably preferable given the almost total absence of undesirable esthetic-functional consequences. It is in any case generally preferable, whenever possible, to harvest material from the auricular concha rather than the rib, not least in terms of acceptability to the patient. Even though its elasticity and natural curvature do not make conchal cartilage an ideal material for reconstruction of the nasal septum, it is possible to obtain a straight and solid L-shaped supporting structure (Figure 10).
\n
Figure 10.
Neoseptum totally reconstructed by conchal cartilage.
\n
The esthetic and functional results can be excellent, and damage at the donor site is normally minimal [19].
\n
The auricular concha is instead insufficient, even when harvested bilaterally, for the correction of type III saddle nose, where marked dorsal depression and the absence of septal support are often combined with the lack of support from the nasal bones. All this is almost invariably accompanied by contraction of the skin and mucus membrane of a cicatricial nature or as a result of cocaine abuse or previous rhinoplasty.
\n
The therapeutic approach to type III saddle nose is therefore aimed at the reconstruction of a sturdy L-shaped supporting structure capable of adequately withstanding the wound healing traction of the skin and mucus. The material of choice for the graft is unquestionably costal cartilage, shaped primarily with a view to reconstructing the caudal and dorsal support of the septum. To this end, it is possible to connect two pieces of a single rib (or two ribs), one to serve as the dorsal pillar with a socket to secure the other serving as the caudal pillar (Figure 11a and b).
\n
Figure 11.
(a) and (b) Antero-caudal septal structure reconstructed by costal cartilage.
\n
It is not easy to secure the graft in place, above all in the cephalic portion. While some authors suggest that the creation of a pouch large enough for insertion of the graft is sufficient, others maintain that greater stability is required. According to Gunter et al., Kirschner thread can be used both to prevent distortion of the costal cartilage and to secure the graft cephalically [9]. Meyer suggests securing the graft with wire to the glabellar region after drilling a hole in the bone by means of open access [20]. Other authors maintain that it is sufficient to suture the graft to the skin above transcutaneously for 7–10 days. In the caudal portion, the graft should be secured with non-resorbable thread to the inferior nasal spine or its periosteum.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2. Summary
\n
The saddle nose deformity is a big challenge for the surgeon. Its correction should be structural because the camouflage does not permit to correct the functional problems related to this pathology. In this chapter, we reviewed the different aspects of the saddle nose including its etiology, classification, and surgical treatment. The classification is very important because it can guide the surgical approach we should use for the correction. A fundamental diagnostic finding is the presence of the nasal septum which represents the gold material for the reconstruction. If this is missing, our reconstruction choice should be focused on auricular cartilage or costal cartilage in more severe cases.
\n
\n
Personal considerations of the author
\n
The saddle nose represents one of the most challenging nasal deformities for the surgeon. The patient affected by saddle nose has almost always psychological problems, including concerns related to their own identity. The surgeon should evaluate the patient from different points of view, including diagnostic, therapeutical, and psychological. The choice of the correct surgical approach should be rational and based on the severity of the deformity. Different techniques of surgical correction of the saddle nose have to be present in our armamentarium, because only if we choose the right one, we can obtain optimal results.
\n
\n
\n\n',keywords:"saddle nose, rib graft, nasal reconstruction",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64721.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64721.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64721",totalDownloads:1050,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:37,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 13th 2018",dateReviewed:"October 4th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 10th 2018",datePublished:"December 4th 2019",dateFinished:"December 10th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The saddle nose deformity is always associated to cartilaginous or bone defects. It could have congenital, traumatic, infectious or iatrogenic origin. Its correction consists not only in a camouflage, but also it is important to reconstruct the missing structure. In this chapter, we will discuss about all aspect of the saddle nose and we will propose a different therapeutical approach (septum, concha or costal grafts) in relation to the severity of the defects (with a personal classification). The classification is also based on the presence or absence of the nasal septum, which is a fundamental aspect that we must take into account when approaching nasal reconstruction. We will discuss the technical aspect of the rib graft harvesting and its use to reconstruct the nasal structure.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64721",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64721",book:{id:"8616",slug:"contemporary-rhinoplasty"},signatures:"Marianetti Tito Matteo",authors:[{id:"177687",title:"Dr.",name:"Tito",middleName:null,surname:"Marianetti",fullName:"Tito Marianetti",slug:"tito-marianetti",email:"titomatteo.marianetti@tin.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Autologous grafts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_1_3",title:"1.1.1 Bone",level:"3"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"1.1.2 Cartilage",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"1.2 Alloplastic grafts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"1.3 Classification and therapeutic algorithm",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"2. Summary",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"Personal considerations of the author",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Converse J. Reconstructive Plastic Surgery. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia PA: WB Saunders; 1977. p. 1141'},{id:"B2",body:'Tardy EM, Schwartz M, Parras G. Saddle nose deformity: Autogenous graft repair. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1989;6:2-21'},{id:"B3",body:'Mowlen R. Bone grafting. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1963;16:293-299'},{id:"B4",body:'Rozner L. Augmentation rhinoplasty. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1980;33:377-382'},{id:"B5",body:'Gunter JP, Rohrich RJ, Hackney FL. Dorsal augmentation: Onlay grafting using shake autologous septal cartilage. In: Dallas Rhinoplasty. Nasal Surgery by the Masters. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing; 2007'},{id:"B6",body:'Fry H. Cartilage and cartilage grafts: The basic properties of the tissue and the components responsible for them. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1967;40:426-435'},{id:"B7",body:'Gibson T, Davis WB. The distortion of autogenous cartilage grafts: Its cause and prevention. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1958;10:257-268'},{id:"B8",body:'De Jong JH. Rib Graft in the Treatment of Saddle Deformity. Presented at the European Academy of Facial Surgery, London; 1983'},{id:"B9",body:'Gunter JP, Clark CP III, Friedmann RM, Hackney FL. Internal stabilization of large autologous rib cartilage grafts to avoid warping in rhinoplasty. In: Dallas Rhinoplasty. Nasal Surgery by the Masters. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing; 2007'},{id:"B10",body:'Marin VP, Landecker A, Gunter JP. Harvesting rib cartilage grafts for secondary rhinoplasty. In: Dallas Rhinoplasty. Nasal Surgery by the Masters. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing; 2007'},{id:"B11",body:'Gibson T. Cartilage grafts. British Medical Bulletin. 1965;21:153-165'},{id:"B12",body:'Milward TM. The fate of silastic and vitrathene nasal implants. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1972;25:1276-1278'},{id:"B13",body:'Deva AK, Merten S, Chang L. Silicone in nasal augmentation rhinoplasty: A decade of clinical experience. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 Sep;102(4):1230-1237'},{id:"B14",body:'Marvin JA. The application of cantilever bridge principle to silastic nasal support. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1980;33:404-406'},{id:"B15",body:'Mackay IS, Bull TR. The fate of silastic in the management of saddle deformity of the nose. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1983;97:43-47'},{id:"B16",body:'Trenité N, Rhinoplasty GJ. A Practical Guide to Functional and Aesthetic Surgery of the Nose. The Netherlands: Kugler Publications; 2005'},{id:"B17",body:'Romo T, Slafani AB, Sabini P. Reconstruction of the major saddle nose deformity using composite allo-implants. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1998;14(2):151-157'},{id:"B18",body:'Daniel RK, Brenner KA. Saddle nose deformity: A new classification and treatment. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. 2006;14(8):301-312'},{id:"B19",body:'Boccieri A. Subtotal reconstruction of the nasal septum using a conchal reshaped graft. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2004;53(2):118-125'},{id:"B20",body:'Meyer R, Kesselring UK. Reconstructive surgery of the nose. Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 1981;8:435-446'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Marianetti Tito Matteo",address:"titomatteo.marianetti@tin.it",affiliation:'
Marianetti Med Clinic, Rome, Italy
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1. Introduction
During the few decades, land use and climate changes are two major global issues, and proper research highly demands finding their relationships and impacts for the future. However, the causes and consequences of human-induced climate change and land-use activities have rarely study independently earlier [1, 2, 3]. Researchers and stakeholders understand that these are closely linked to affect each other [4, 5, 6]. Begin comprehensive research on land use as one of the causal factors for climate change and vice versa. A concerted multidisciplinary effort needs to study this process, including socioeconomic and natural science [7, 8].
Land-use change is a process by which human activities transform the natural landscape. It refers to how the land used had transformed economic activities [9, 10]. Land-use change is responsible for increases in the human population, deforestation, food types, and demand for energy and fiber. Climate change involves global warming, precipitation, natural disasters like floods, storms, and droughts [11, 12]. Land-use impacts climate through deforestation and rapid population growth, whereas climate change impacts land use through unpredictable heavy rainfall and increasing temperature. The climate change effects on land use perceived by land use altered and land management strategies to mitigate climate change’s adverse effects. For example, climate change affects crop production, which leads to land-use change. Both changes in driving forces vary in time and space. Land-use change (LUC) is fundamental to global adjustment that directly influences climate change. This review current practices in assessing land-use change related to climate change [13, 14].
Developing countries are the most affected by changes in climate and land use. They cannot prevent and respond to its impacts due to a lack of multiple factors [7, 15, 16]. That increases devastating impacts and the rise of vulnerable groups on communities. Around 2030, climate change will affect the poorer significantly by rising death rate, malnutrition, tropical diseases, and urban heat stress [17, 18, 19, 20]. Also, climate and land-use change contribute to natural disasters. Several studies justify this impact significantly by developing countries while limited resources, technology, and budget for combating and resilience.
2. Land-use effects on climate change
Humans have to change the land cover for centuries, but recent change rates are higher than ever [21, 22, 23, 24]. Land-use change reflected in land cover change, the main component of Climate change, affects land-use decisions [8, 25, 26, 27]. It is pre-dominated by deforestation for cultivated land and then other land-use types like built-up industrial areas. Land use and land-cover change (LULCC) impact weather and climate at the synoptic scales and the mesoscale [28]. LULCC study provides essential data support for the research of human activities on environmental change [29, 30, 31].
Last three centuries, many developing countries are moving through transition economics, increasing demand for food and energy due to a growing population that has caused deforestation, cropland increased, and urbanization [32]. Several studies in China found that cropland area increased and forest decreased, a similar trend of cropland sharp raised and forest area declined in India, Nepal, and other South Asia [33, 34]. Every country from Asia, Africa, and Europe has faced land-use change due to economic and population growth. Since the past few decades, land-use change impacts on climate. The significant contribution is the precipitation cycle at a local and regional level [25, 35]. Climate change brings unpredictability of rainfall and extreme weather events, which will increase risk in the long term.
3. Climate change effects on land use
Climate change adversely impacted food security, terrestrial ecosystems, land degradation, and land use [36, 37]. Similarly, it is a significant driver for land degradation processes, which results in a land-use change. In many lower-latitude regions, yields of some crops (e.g., maize and wheat) have declined. In contrast, in many higher-latitude areas, yields of some plants (e.g., maize, corn, and sugar beets) have increased over recent decades [38]. Deforestation means land surface air temperature has increased from the growth of industries than the global land and ocean temperature [37].
Southeast Asia’s wet and dry soil conditions affect climate and the result of alter in land use [39]. Similarly, increasing temperature and precipitation will increase warmer and shorter winters; this changes land-use patterns in many places. Climate change creates stresses on land, risks to livelihoods, biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems [40]. Increasing impacts on land projected under all future regions will face higher risks, while some areas will face risks previously not anticipated [41, 42]. In most cases, the climate response to land use and land-cover change may even exceed the contribution from increasing deforestation and land degradation.
4. Case studies on systems for climate change and land use in Nepal
Climate change and improper land use are significant in Nepal. Every year experience changes in temperature and precipitation faster than the global average. Unplanned urban growth and terrain expose a range of climate risks and water-related disasters. Rapid snow and ice melt in the mountains and heavy rainfall in the foothills during the monsoon season. Around half of the greenhouse gas emits from agriculture, energy, land-use change, forest, and industries [43, 44]. Climate change and unplanned urban growth are severe issues as this placed fourth globally for vulnerability to climate change. Also, it ranked ninth most impacted countries by climate between 1999 and 2018 [45]. More than eighty percent of property loss and lives are related to climate hazards [33, 46, 47, 48]. A dependency on agriculture and tourism for income and livelihood made Nepalese people highly sensitive to climate change and land use. The land-use change key drivers of climatic factors are rainfall and temperature.
The map illustrates the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Nepal of 2020 in Figure 1. The Land Surface Temperature (LST) data retrieves at 1 km pixels via a split-window algorithm and at 6 km grids by the day/night algorithm (NASA, Data Products: MODIS Land Surface Temperature (MOD 11), n.d.). The earth science data type for MODIS LST is MOD11A2 of an eight-day compositing period. It provides values at a per-pixel basis at 500 meters (m) spatial resolution [49]. It shows the highest with 34.1 for the majority party on the middle and lower part, i.e., Hilly and Terai regions of Nepal, whereas a lower value of −16.1 on the upper area, the Himalayan part. Low vegetation due to either snow cover or glaciers. Therefore, the slight variation in the surface temperature and driving factors are rapid increases in urbanization, the land cover by impervious land surfaces such as concretes. Land cover change can alter the thermal properties and surface radiation, which varies the urban area’s humidity [50, 51]. Higher elevation is one factor in the spatial variation of temperature [52, 53]. The result shows the temperature decreases from the north direction (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Map of land surface temperature (LST) of Nepal.
Monthly Rainfall data apply from Climate Hazard’s center InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). The rainfall extremes are increasing, and the temperature rises in urban areas [54, 55]. There is a significant rise in temperature during summer and lower temperature in winter seasons (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Map of rainfall of Nepal.
The earth science data type for MODIS NDVI is MOD13A2, of a sixteen-day compositing period. It provides Vegetation Index (VI) values at a per-pixel basis at 1 kilometer (km) spatial resolution. The product of 2020 for the entire Nepal. NDVI values also changed significantly in the Kathmandu Valley’s central core and outlying areas. The magnitude of change was high in the surrounding areas compared to the valley’s core. It shows vegetation decreased significantly over the past two decades and newly developed urban areas (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Map of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Nepal.
The map global land cover at the 500-meter spatial resolution at annual time step for different land cover legends, from supervised classifications on that map of Spectro-temporal features derived from data from the MODIS. Final land use and land cover map of Nepal prepared (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Map of land use and land cover of Nepal.
In the year 1993, the growth rise at 2.77 percent and fall at −0.04 percent in 2014. From 2015, there is a gradual growth of population with 0.41 percent that plummeted around four times in 2020. The population growth rate touched 2 percent (Figure 5) and remains steady for approximately three decades between 1970 and 1998.
Figure 5.
Line graph of yearly population growth rate (source: Worldometers, 1950 and 2020).
The pie chart shows Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) results for 2000 and 2019 (Figure 6). In 2000, forest area, agriculture, and built-up area presided land-use types, with 34%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. In contrast, in the year 2019, built-up area, barren area, and commercial area increases, with 16% followed by 9% and 5%, respectively. Landsat seven and eight satellite images acquired with no cloud option on one day: 1 January 2000 and 30 December 2020. LULC pie chart uses the data extracted from maximum likelihood supervised classification in ArcGIS 10.5. Land use and land cover seven types validate by ground truth samples from Google Earth. The overall accuracy for 2000 and 2019 around 70.93%, and the Kappa coefficients 0.7093.
Figure 6.
Pie chart of land use land cover change of 2000 and 2019.
5. Discussion
The relationship shows that both influence each other. It finds land-use change with an increase in significant built-up areas and a gradual decrease in a forest, agriculture, and open areas. It has an unprecedented rate of land use changes over three decades. LST estimates the surface temperature that increases with hot summer and cold winter [56]. MODIS is ideal for monitoring large-scale regional changes in land use and climate change. It can apply at the global or regional scale with a wide spectral range, high temporal resolution, low cost, and real-time [57]. Land Cover implies the physical or natural state of the Earths’ surface. Land cover maps represent spatial information on different types (classes) of physical coverage of the Earth’s surface, such as forests, grasslands, croplands [58]. It represents how much of a region is covered by mentioned land cover types. Climate change is a change in temperature and rainfall over three decades and focuses on human influences like land use. One factor of land use and climate change is the human population [1, 3]. Increasing population and urbanization had impacted rapid change in land and climate. According to the research results, Nepal is vulnerable to both changes due to rapid population growth, rainfall and temperature change, land covers, and land-use change [59, 60]. Both changes are comparatively more significant than in other world countries. Climate and land-use change impacts are similar to countries like India, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Europe, and Africa [61]. Meanwhile, past and present comprehensive LUCC research in Nepal requires driving factors and future prediction.
6. Conclusion
The study shows that most studies examine global and regional impacts of land use on climate change. However, several studies take on every scale, such as global, regional, and local, to better understand this complex phenomenon. These studies suggested that proper research and its implementation are needed from every stakeholder to address this situation. The potential for land-related responses and the relative emphasis on adaptation and mitigation is context-specific, including the adaptive capacities of communities and regions. Changes in land conditions, either from land use or climate change, affect global and regional climate. Simple models based on climate change impacts on land use and vice versa will help give initial estimates of their relationship and effects on each other.
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Case studies on systems for climate change and land use in Nepal",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'V. H. Dale, “The relationship between land-use change and climate change,” Ecol. Appl., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 753-769, 1997.'},{id:"B2",body:'B. L. Turner, “Local faces, global flows: the role of land use and land cover in global environmental change,” Land Degrad. Dev., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 71-78, 1994.'},{id:"B3",body:'B. L. Turner and W. B. Meyer, “Global land-use and land-cover change: an overview,” Chang. Land Use Land Cover Glob. Perspect., vol. 4, no. 3, 1994.'},{id:"B4",body:'R. E. Freeman, “Stakeholder theory,” Wiley Encycl. Manag., pp. 1-6, 2015.'},{id:"B5",body:'L. Schmidt, T. Falk, M. Siegmund-Schultze, and J. H. Spangenberg, “The Objectives of Stakeholder Involvement in Transdisciplinary Research. A Conceptual Framework for a Reflective and Reflexive Practise,” Ecol. 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Meyfroidt, “Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 3465-3472, 2011.'},{id:"B33",body:'P. Thapa, “Spatial estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE modeling: a case study of Dolakha district, Nepal,” Environ. Syst. Res., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2020.'},{id:"B34",body:'Y. Wang, N. Wu, C. Kunze, R. Long, and M. Perlik, “Drivers of change to mountain sustainability in the Hindu Kush Himalaya,” in The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, Springer, 2019, pp. 17-56.'},{id:"B35",body:'Q. Cao, Y. Liu, M. Georgescu, and J. Wu, “Impacts of landscape changes on local and regional climate: a systematic review,” Landsc. Ecol., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1269-1290, 2020.'},{id:"B36",body:'P. Smith et al., “Which practices co-deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?,” Glob. Change Biol., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1532-1575, 2020.'},{id:"B37",body:'T. C. 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Thakuri et al., “Elevation-dependent warming of maximum air temperature in Nepal during 1976-2015,” Atmospheric Res., vol. 228, pp. 261-269, 2019.'},{id:"B53",body:'T. Pawan, “Evaluating a Fit-For-Purpose Integrated Service Platform for Climate Change and Land Information of Rural Mountain Community,” J Remote Sens GIS, vol. 9, p. 278, 2020.'},{id:"B54",body:'G. Naveendrakumar et al., “South Asian perspective on temperature and rainfall extremes: A review,” Atmospheric Res., vol. 225, pp. 110-120, 2019.'},{id:"B55",body:'A. Poudel, L. Cuo, J. Ding, and A. R. Gyawali, “Spatio-temporal variability of the annual and monthly extreme temperature indices in Nepal,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 4956-4977, 2020.'},{id:"B56",body:'J. He, W. Zhao, A. Li, F. Wen, and D. Yu, “The impact of the terrain effect on land surface temperature variation based on Landsat-8 observations in mountainous areas,” Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 40, no. 5-6, pp. 1808-1827, 2019.'},{id:"B57",body:'R. S. Lunetta, J. F. Knight, J. Ediriwickrema, J. G. Lyon, and L. D. Worthy, “Land-cover change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data,” Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 142-154, 2006.'},{id:"B58",body:'M. Buchhorn et al., “Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Collection 3: Epoch 2019: Globe,” Version V3 01Data Set, 2020.'},{id:"B59",body:'B. Paudel, Y. Zhang, J. Yan, R. Rai, and L. Li, “Farmers’ perceptions of agricultural land use changes in Nepal and their major drivers,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 235, pp. 432-441, 2019.'},{id:"B60",body:'I. P. O. C. Change, “Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability,” Genebra Suíça, 2001.'},{id:"B61",body:'K. K. Goldewijk, “Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: the HYDE database,” Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 417-433, 2001.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Pawan Thapa",address:"pawan.thapa@ku.edu.np",affiliation:'
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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