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Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96412",slug:"feeding-by-florivorous-flies-tephritidae-and-agromyzidae-in-flower-heads-of-neotropical-asteraceae-a",body:'
1. Introduction
Diptera is the second Order on diversity in the Class Insecta, but few families are predominantly phytophagous (feeds on plants), such as the ancient Cecidomyiidae, with almost 5,400 species worldwide (Bibionomorpha, Sciaroidea), and the three derived families of Brachycera: Agromyzidae (near 3,000 spp.) (Opomyzoidea), Lonchaeidae [around 600 spp.], and Tephritidae (about 5,000 spp.) (Tephritoidea). From the flies that feed on plants, these are the four families with higher diversity, totaling around 14,000 species.
The Cecidomyiids make galls in plants (like tumors) and feed inside these tissue that grows around their larvae. The three-following family of flies, are of higher economic importance: Agromyzids feed inside different parts of plants, being several species leaf or stem miners, with many pests (e. g. Liriomyza spp.) on cultivated vegetables and other crop plants. However, the larvae of species in the genus Melanagromyza Hendel 1920 feeds on the seeds of Asteraceae flower heads.
The Agromyzidae are represented by tiny phytophagous flies. Many species are known as leaf miners, with several species characterized as pests of some agricultural crops. Currently, there are almost 3,000 species described worldwide, being about 90 species reported in Brazil. Agromizids are generally species-specific in their host plants. They usually live and breed in a single plant genus, or at most in a family, except for a few pest species such as those of the genus Liriomyza which are very polyphagous.
Tephritidae is the most speciose family of fruit flies, with around 5,000 described species, in six subfamilies (Tachiniscinae, Blepharoneurinae, Phytalmyiinae, Trypetinae, Dacinae, and Tephritinae); about 500 genera, and probably many undescribed species worldwide. Tephritids are peculiars because they are among the few groups of dipterans strictly phytophagous, except the Tachiniscinae, which are thought be parasitoids of Lepidoptera, and at least, some species of Phytalmyiinae feed on live or dead bamboos (Poaceae), on fallen or dead trees of other plant families. Blepharoneurinae feed in flowers, fruits, and make galls in Cucurbitaceae; Trypetinae and Dacinae feed in fruits or in seeds of a wide range of plant families, and Tephritinae eat in flowers, make gall, or are leaf-miners in several plant families, such as: Aquifoliaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, but mainly in flower heads of Asteraceae. Tephritinae is the biggest subfamily of Tephritidae, with around 1,840 described species (valid names) in 11 tribes and 211 genera [1, 2, 3].
Some tephritines (Tephritidae) genera are stems gall makers, such as Eurosta Loew 1873, Procecidochares Hendel 1914, the Neotropical Tomoplagia Coquillett 1910; others are florivorous like the species of Neotropical genus Blepharoneura Loew 183, that breed specifically in Cucurbitaceae’s flowers or fruits. Many other genera (e. g. Dictyotrypeta Hendel 1914, Dioxyna Hardy 1988, Cecidochares Bezzi 1910, Tetreuaresta Hendel 1928, Trupanea Schrank 1795, Xanthaciura Hendel 1914), feed and breed in flower heads of daisis (Asteraceae). In the Neotropical Region, several tribes of Tephritinae and some species of Melanagromyza Hendel 1920 (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae), breed manly upon the flower heads of Asteraceae - the most speciose plant family worldwide.
Florivorous flies are here defined as the dipterans that in their larval phase feed in the flowers of Angiospermae. The larvae of these flies, like other higher Brachycera, undergo through three instars (L1, L2 and L3), generally, doubling in size and weight after each molting of exoskeleton. After completing the third instar, larva expand their exoskeleton, assuming a barrel shape, being the pupa formed inside this last skin. These set (L3 exoskeleton + skin of the pupae) is called puparium. When the pupa inside the puparium is completely formed, that take a few days (around 2 weeks), the inner fly makes a circular hole in the cephalic pole of puparium, and emerges as an adult. Pupation of florivorous flies (Tephritinae and Agromyzinae) on the Neotropical Region, generally, happens inside the flower heads of Asteraceae.
The true flies differ from other groups of insects in this aspect: the skin of their larval body (exuviae) at the end of the third (last) instar is not lost, becoming expanded and hardened, and the pupa is formed internally, having in these phase, two protections. The beginning of this stage is recognized as the pre-pupa phase. Like in all other holometabolous insects, when the larva has completed the last instar, starts the phase of pre-pupae, which is characterized by the ending of juvenile feeding activity, expelling all hindgut feces, and starting the organogenesis to build up the pupa.
The adults of Tephritidae, differently of their larvae, which have a restrict kind of food (tissue of the host plant), they feed in different materials found in their environments. Probably they drink fruit juices, extrafloral exudates, nectar, honeydew produced by ancient Hemiptera, microorganisms and other sources of carbohydrates and aminoacids, such as exudates of plant (alive or dead), bird faces, etc. By other hand, Norrbom [1] has pointed out that adults of some Blepharoneurinae species, have labellar teeth in their mouth, being able to rasp plant tissue.
Asteraceae (Asterales) is the most specious family of Angiospermae, with around 24,000 species worldwide [4], having a great diversity of species in Brazil. These plants are adapted to stressful water regimes, hence their great capacity to colonize the most different ecosystems.
Female of florivorous flies (Tephritinae and Agromyzinae) after mate, lay their eggs over the flower buds or inside the young flowers of host plants. After 3–7 days the eggs hatch and larvae start eating, mainly the seeds, to complete their larval phase, emerging from the inflorescences as adult.
2. Protocol to evaluation the diversity of florivorous flies in nature
The sample the diversity of florivorous flies (FF) and their host plants, one can start collecting flower heads of Asteraceae. The inflorescences (capitula) can be held in small containers with same substrate that can keep humidity, such as toilet paper, sterile sand or vermiculite. Depending on the proposal of research, it is possible put the flower heads (around 500) in a container or individually (a flower head or a capitula in each container).
To sample the pattern of diversity for both: Host plants and FF is possible to employ different methodologies. For example, it’s possible to collect samples of Asteraceae flower heads by transect; quadrants; in different sub-environments (Phytophysiognomies); using points determined by GPS, and so on. But some procedures are essential: All the plant from which flower heads were sampled must be exsiccated and identified by botanist specialist to have accurate information. The FF needs to be held alive for a couple of days (2 or 3), to allow that adult can acquire specie-specific coloring patterns of body and wings (important to specific and secure species identification).
Below we will present a characterization of some Tephritinae sampled in our recent researches, a synopsis on the main results on the Neotropical FF, their host plants and natural enemies (parasitoids) in natural environments and agroecosystem.
3. Characterization of sampled neotropical Tephritinae
Trupanea Schrank 1795 (Figure 1a), with 226 described species, is the largest genus of Tephritinae. It occurs in all biogeographic regions. Some Neotropical species have been reviewed and included in keys by Hendel, Malloch, Hering, Aczel, Frias, and Foote, but all are obsolete by now. The genus Trupanea is in need of review [1, 2].
Figure 1.
Some Neotropical genera of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) breeding in flower heads of Asteraceae species from Central Brazil: a): Male of Trupanea Schrank 1795; b): Female of Tomoplagia Coquillett 1910; c): Female of Dioxyna hardy 1988; d): Female of Xanthaciura Hendel 1914; e): Male of Cecidochares Bezzi 1910; f): Female of Dictyotrypeta Hendel 1914; b): Male of Tetreuaresta Hendel 1928.
The genus Tomoplagia Coquillett 1910 (Figure 1b), with 61 described spcies and several one not described. From this total, at least 15 species are reported in the Central American region (including Neotropical Mexico). Tomoplagia species have interactions with Asteraceae, mainly in the genera of Vernonieae and Mutiseae, Heliantheae and other tribes. Most species reproduce in flower heads, but a South American species forms galls [1, 2, 3].
The genus Dioxyna Hardy 1988 (Figure 1c), has a wide distribution, and 11 described species. In the New World their hosts plants are mainly species of the tribes Heliantheae and Heleniae [1, 2].
The genus Xanthaciura Hendel 1914 (Figure 1d), includes 17 described species, and several not described ones. At least 10 occur in the Central American region (including Neotropical Mexico). Most species were reviewed by by Aczel. Xanthaciura has species that consume flowers of several genera of Asteraceae, mainly in the tribes Eupatorieae, Coreopsideae and Heliantheae [1, 2].
The genus Cecidochares Bezzi 1910 (Figure 1e), includes 13 described and numerous not yet undescribeds. At least three undescribed species occur in the Central American region (and Neotropical Mexico). Species of Cecidochares are mainly related to plants of the Eupatorieae tribe (Asteraceae). They make galls on stems, and occur with low incidence on flower heads. Cecidochares connexa has been introduced in several Old World countries for the biological control of the important weed: Chromolaena odorata [1, 2].
Dictyotrypeta Hendel 1914 (Figure 1f) is a Neotropical genus in need of revision. Currently it includes six species and many undescribed ones. It is not clear if all Dictyotrypeta species form a monophyletic group. Several of them, such as Dictyotrypeta incisa (Wulp) from Central America, South America, Mexico, Guatemala, and Dictyotrypeta crenulata (Wulp) from Mexico (Sinaloa, Guerrero, Veracruz), were only tentatively included in this genus. In addition, to the two species above, the fauna from Central America also includes two undescribed species. The known host plants for Dictyotrypeta spp. are mainly Asteraceae species in the tribes Heliantheae and Vernonieae [1, 2].
Tetreuaresta Hendel 1928 (Figure 1g), a Neotropical genus with 19 species described, six of which occur in the Central American Region (including Neotropical Mexico), and numerous undescribed species. Steyskal provided a key for 5 species, but the genus is in need of revision. The biology of most species is unknown, but five species consume flower heads of Vernonieae (Asteraceae) species. Tetreuaresta obscuriventris (Loew) has been employed for biological control of Elephantopus mollis in Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands [1, 2].
4. Aims
The main objectives of this paper, are: 1.To investigate the occurrence of Florivorous fly (FF) species associated with Asteraceae flower heads in three phytophysiognomies from Dourados Region; 2. To verify which Asteraceae species are hosts of Tephritidae and Agromyzidae (Diptera) in Cerrado, Semideciduous Forest and Agroecosystem; 3. To quantify the patterns of occurrence of those dipterans and their parasitoids.
5. Material and methods
The work was developed in a tropical region, marked by a landscape dominated by Cerrado Biome, with patches of Semideciduous Forest (Atlantic Forest), and a matrix area of monocultures. The area has three biodiversity hotspots (Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Chaco). The Cerrado that represents the phytophysiognomy of Savana Parque is located in the district of Itahum (22° 05 ‘21.8” S and 55°21′11.9” W), Dourados-MS, with 412 m of altitude. The second environment is a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome and represented by a fragment of native vegetation, with about 35 ha (22° 12 ‘46.7” S and 54° 54 ‘53.5” W) and altitude of 452 m. The third environment is a mixed fruit orchard at the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), located at km 12 of the MS-162 Highway (22° 11′ 46.8” S, and 54° 56′ 12.2” W), at 425 m altitude, in the municipality of Dourados-MS.
Asteraceae flower heads were collected and kept in two transparent plastic cups (500 ml) with the openings juxtaposed and secured by adhesive stick tape. The bottom cup had a layer of dry sterile sand to absorb excess moisture to allow the emergence of flies and/or their parasitoids, since the identification of species of tephritids is based on the morphology of adults. The sampled material was kept in the laboratory under a 12 h photophase, controlled by a timer.
After emergence, adults were fed an artificial diet composed of brown sugar (100 g), 50 g of beer yeast, a tablespoon of honey from Apis mellifera L., and 100 ml of sterile water. All adults were kept alive for at least 48 hours for complete pigmentation of the body and wings. After this period, they were killed and kept in bottles with 80% ethanol for specific identification and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. In this research, 1 ha quadrant was established as the sample area in each evaluated environment. Sampling was repeated every 15 days, and collections were performed on the same day in the three different environments. Tephritids and agromyzids were identified in the Laboratório de Sistemática e Taxonomia de Tephritidae (LabTaxon)-UFGD.
The collected plants were processed for species identification by Dr. Nádia Roque, Universidade Federal da Bahia (Salvador, BA, Brazil). All exsiccates were coded for each individual and location, and duplicates of these were deposited as voucher specimens at the CGMS Herbarium of the Museu da Biodiversidade, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (FCBA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados-MS, Brazil, and at the Alexandre Leal Costa Herbário (ALCB) Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA, Salvador, Brazil). The level of infestation of each host plant was calculated according to the number of flower heads and the biomass of each plant species.
The analyzes were made by analysis of variance (ANOVA and F test), when the data meet the assumptions of normality and homogeneity, using, in this case, the means comparison tests (Tukey, Duncam or t test) at 10% of significance. When the assumptions were not met, Kruskall-Wallis and Mann–Whitney methods were used, respectively. The level of infestation of each host plant was calculated according to the number of flower heads and the biomass of each species of plant. Species richness, abundance, and frequency among the three different environments were evaluated.
5.1 Cerrado biome
Cerrado is an International Biome, important hotspot on biodiversity. Is present from Central Brazil, Bolivia, extending to Southern to north of Amazonia; across the isthmus of Central America, including the Caribbean region; Belize, Guatemala, Southern Mexico, and north of the Mexican Plateau. The Cerrado is the second largest Neotropical biome (behind Amazon = Tropical Andes), and fight an important hotspot of biodiversity worldwide. The Cerrado biome is located mainly in Central Brazil, with approximately 2,000,000 km2 (25% of Brazilian territory), with different Phytophysiognomies. Many vegetal formations are similar to savanna formations, but some are similar to tropical forests, and riparian forests. This biome has a great diversity of plants and animals, with high rates of plant endemisms, with around 2% of global diversity [5]. Nowadays, the Cerrado biome is recognized as the sixth hotspot of the planet, among 34 listed in order of priority for conservation of habitat [6].
5.2 Atlantic forest biome
The Atlantic Forest is characterized by on of the highest rates of biodiversity and endemism at Neotropical region end worldwide. It’s an international biome restricted to three countries in South America: Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. It follows the coastal region of the Atlantic Ocean along Brazil and part of Argentina (Province of Misiones), and by land, a part to the southwest of Paraguay. It is characterized by an extensive forest that varies from humid to dry type (plants with broad leaves), tropical forests (desciduous, semi-desciduous and sub-montana), fields of tropical and subtropical pastures, arboreal savanna, steppe savanna and grassy-wood savanna and mangrove. Brazil is home, by far, to the largest stretch of the Atlantic Forest, with an extension of over 4,000 km, extending from the Rio Grande do Norte to the Rio Grande do Sul states. The Atlantic Forest is subdivided into ecoregions that are characterized by housing a huge biodiversity with high rates of endemism of animals and plants. Currently it is very devastated. Of the more than 1,315,000 km2 original from the time of the discovery of Brazil in the year 1,500 by the Portuguese colonizers, there are currently about 8.5% left, having already led several species of animals and plants to extinction, and with about 1,990 species at risk of extinction, according to IBGE [6].
5.2.1 Semideciduous Forest
It’s a phytophysiognomy sub-type of the Atlantic Forest, characterized by plant species with senescence of their leaves, which are partially lost on the cold-dry seasons, like end of fall and start of the winter. Their leaf lost is dependent on the weather (coldness-dryness), but the tree renew their leaves/when the climate is mild dor worm or do not lost their leaves when/where the climate keeps constant.
6. Results and discussion
A total 36 species of Asteraceae (13 tribes) were sampled in three environments from regions of Dourados-MS, Mid-West of Brazil, looking for florivorous flies in their flower heads. Eighteen Asteraceae species hosted Florivorous flies (Tephritidae and/or Agromyzidae), and some of their parasitoids (Hymenoptera). From 18 sampled asteraceae species, neither Tephritidae nor Agromyzidae emerged. Twenty seven, species of Asteraceae were recorded in the Cerrado environment (Itahum District), 24 in the Semideciduous forest (phytophisiognomy of the Atlantic Forest, located at Fazenda Coqueiro), and 8 Asteraceae species were sampled in the Agroecosystem (a diversified orchard of fruit trees at UFGD campus) (Table 1).
Asteraceae Taxa (Tribes and Species)
Plant Status
Environment
Anthemideae Tanacetum vulgare L.
Nonhost
Agroecosystem (= Orchard)
Astereae Baccharis linearifolia (LAM.) Pers.
Nonhost
Cerrado Semideciduous Forest
Baccharis triplinervis (Spreng.)
Host
Cerrado
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Nonhost
Agroecosystem, Semideciduous Forest
Solidago microglossa DC.
Nonhost
Cerrado Semideciduous Forest
Cichorieae Sonchus oleraceus L.
Host
Cerrado Semideciduous Forest
Cynareae Arctium lappa L.
Nonhost
Semideciduous Forest
Eupatorieae Chromolaena arnottiana (Griseb.) R.M.King & H. Rob.
Host
Cerrado Semideciduous Forest
Chromolaena ivifolia (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob
Host
Cerrado
Eupatorium macrocephalum (Less.) DC.
Nonhost
Cerrado
Eupatorium multicrenulatum Sch. Bip. ex Baker
Host
Cerrado
Eupatorium odoratum (L.) King & H.E. Robins
Nonhost
Semideciduous Forest
Lourteigia ballotifoli (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob. N. V.
Status for Asteraceae species to florivorous flies Tephritinae (Tephritidae, and/or Melanagromyza Hendel 1920, Agromyzinae: Agromyzidae), and environment of occurrence in Dourados region, MS, Brazil.
The percentage of frequency of Tephritinae species associated with the species of Asteraceae were evaluated. In the Cerrado, we found higher diversity of Asteraceae (S = 27), being 11 of them host for florivorous flies (FF), emerging 12 species (9 Tephritinae and 3 Agromyzinae) from 374 adults recovered. In the Semideciduous forest, 24 species of Asteraceae (S = 24) were found. Ten of them were hosted by 9 florivorous fly species. Finally, in the agroecosystem, five Asteraceae species hosted four FF species (Table 2).
Florivorous fly species (Tephritidae and Agromyzidae) associated with flower heads of Asteraceae (Asterales) species in three environments from the region of Dourados-MS, Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
Eighteen Asteraceae species hosted the florivore fly species. Seven astereces had their flower heads coninized simultaneously by tephritines plus agromyzines: Baccharis triplinervis, Bidens pilosa, Chaptalia integerrima, Chromolaena arnottiana, Porophyllum ruderale, Vernonia cognata, and Vernonia polyanthes. Fom six host plants (Chromolaena ivifolia, Eupatorium multicrenulatum, Praxelis pauciflora, Pterocaulon virgatum, Vernonia bardanoides and Zinnia elegans) only species of tephritine emerged. Five asteraces were excluvive hosts for agromyzines of the genus Melanagromyza (Aspilia latissima, Bidens sulphurea, Emilia fosbergii, Lourteigia ballotifolia, and Sonchus oleraceus (Table 2).
Nine Tephritinae species from seven genera were obtained: The recovered species were: Trupanea jonesi, Tomoplagia brasiliensis, Tomoplagia reimoseri, Dioxyna chilensis, Xanthaciura unipuncta, Xanthaciura biocellata, Cecidochares fluminensis, Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp. form 13 Asteraceae species [7]. From the flower heads of 11 species of plants were also obtained three species of Melanagromyza (Agromyzina, Agromizidae) from all three environments (Table 2).
In the total were obtained 120,031 flower heads of Astereceae, emerging 2,698 adults of insects: 833 Tephritinae (Tephritidae), belonging to 7 genera and 9 species; 1,089 Melanagromyza spp. (Agromyzidae) and 776 parasitoids (Hymenoptera) from the tephritines and agromizines. A total of 374 adults of Tephritinae were reared from the flower heads collected on the Cerrado, 269 from the Semideciduous Forest, and 190 fom the Agoecosystem. From the Agroecosystem seven asteraces were sampled (S = 7), 190 individuals of 4 species (2 Tephritinae / 2 Agromyzinae), emerged. In general, the Agromyzidae were more abundant than the Tephritidae (n = 1,089), but the Tephritinae were more biodiverse (nine species) than the Agromyzids, represented by three species. Some 776 adults of Hymenoptera parasitoids emerged from puparium of both families (Tephritidae and Agromyzidae) of florivorous flies (Tables 1 and 3).
Tephritidae
Cerrado
Semideciduous Forest
Agroecosystem
Total
Trupanea jonesi
17
13
30
60
Tomoplagia brasiliensis
16
16
Tomoplagia reimoseri
16
5
21
Dioxyna chilensis
121
239
160
520
Xanthaciura unipuncta
70
70
Xanthaciura biocellata
130
8
138
Cecidochares fluminensis
3
2
5
Dictyotrypeta sp.
1
1
Tetreuaresta sp.
2
2
Subtotal Tephritidae
374
269
190
833
Agromyzidae
Melanagromyza sp.1
73
767
173
1,013
Melanagromyza sp. 2
16
32
15
63
Melanagromyza sp. 3
10
3
0
13
Subtotal Agromyzidae
99
802
188
1,089
Parasitoids (Hymenoptera)
259
271
246
776
Subtotal
732
1,073
632
—
Total of Insects associated to Asteraceae species
2,698
Table 3.
Abundance of Tephritidae and Agromyzidae (Diptera) sampled in the phytophysiognomies: Cerrado, Semideciduous Forest, and agroecosystem in the three subregions of Dourados-MS, Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
The collected flower heads give a biomass of 8,202 grams, being 20,766 (5.7%) of the flower heads infested by FF, corresponding to a biomass of 1,587 g (5.16% of total). The species with the highest infestation rates for Tephritinae were: Chaptalia integerrima, with 0.500 fly by flower head (FH) and Chromolaena ivifolia with 8.09 fly/g. The lowest indexes occurred in Sonchus oleraceus, with 0.002 fly/FH and 0,009 individual/g, and Pteurocaulom virgatum with 0.010 fly/FH and 0.095 fly/g. For Melanagromyza species (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae), Bidens pilosa was the Asteraceae with the highest rate of infestation: 0.079 fly/FH and 0.584 fly/g. The lowest indexes occurred in Sonchus oleraceus, with 0.002 fly/FH and 0.009 fly/g (Table 4). From Aspilia latissima only Melanagromyza sp.3 emerged, no tephritines were obtained. By other hand, both taxa of florivorous flies: tephritines and some unidentified species of Melanagromyza (Agromyzinae) shared the host species of Asteraceae, simultaneously (Table 4).
Levels of infestation by florivorous flies (Diptera: Tephridae and Agromyzidae) in Asteraceae species sampled in three different ecosystems in the region of Dourados-MS, mid-west of Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
The association of Tephritinae species with Asteraceae species was compared using a symmetric normalization model, validated by chi-square. This association was highly significant {x2 = 492.72; g.l = 288; (p < 0.000)}, explaining 54.8% of the total results. The Tephritidae correlated with the three phytophysiognomies, and with the Asteraceae species. The association of the species of florivorous fly with species of Asteraceae followed the model of symmetric normalization, also validated by chi-square. This relationship was highly significant {x2 = 93.407; g.l = 16; (p < 0.000)}, explaining 100% of all results. Emerged some parasitoids from Asteraceae, being associated with the florivorous flies. All of them are Hymenoptera, and still wait for identification (Table 5).
Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) associated with the flower heads of Asteraceae (average and standard deviation) in the Dourados-MS region, mid-west of Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
Kruskal Wallis Test = {P(x > X2); (α < 0.01)}. The Mean comparison by Mann–Whitney Test at 5%. Equal lower-case letters to vertical or column and upper-case letters equal to horizontal or line, do not differ significantly; n: number or sample size; Ῡ ± SD: Mean ± Standard Deviation
There was a significant difference between the species T. jonesi with X. biocellata, D. chilensis and X. unipuncta, with a lower average of individuals [7]. Xanthaciura biocellata, D. chilensis and X. unipuncta were the most abundant Tephritinae species, resulting in a standard deviation with little variability in relation to the mean (Table 5).
The abundance of six avaluated species of florivorous flies in the Semideciduous Forest environment was significantly lower than in the agroecosystem, and the Cerrado environment did not differ from the other phytophysiognomies (Table 6).
Number of individuals of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) obtained from Asteraceae flower heads in three phytophysiognomies [comparison of means and standard deviation] in Dourados region-MS, mid-west of Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
Average Comparison Test (Duncan = 10%), being letters equal to each other do not differ Significantly; n: number or sample size; Ῡ ± SD: Mean ± Standard Deviation
The frequency of the three species of the genus Melanagromyza (Agromyzidae) was correlated with their host plants. A significant frequency index of Melanagromyza spp. was found in Bidens pilosa. To the Melanagromyza spp. the “picão-preto” (a weed), Bidens pilosa, was the Asteraceae species with the highest abundance and frequency of Melanagromyza sp.1, representing 73.95% of the Agromyzidae in this Asteraceae species. In others Asteraceae species, the frequency of occurrence to Melanagromyza spp. was 7% or less (Table 7).
Asteraceae Species
Environments
Total %
Cerrado
Semideciduous Forest
Agroecosystem
Aspilia latissima
Melanagromyza sp.3 (1.04%)
1.04
Baccharis triplinervis
Melanagromyza sp.2 (1.04%)
1.04
Bidens pilosa
Melanagromyza sp.1 (2.08%)
Melanagromyza sp.1 (51.04%)
Melanagromyza sp.1 (20.83%)
73.95
Bidens sulphurea
Melanagromyza sp.2 (3.13%)
3.13
Chaptalia integerrima
Melanagromyza sp.2 (5.21%)
5.21
Chromolaena arnottiana
Melanagromyza sp.3 (1.04%)
1.04
Emilia fosbergii
Melanagromyza sp.2 (1.04%)
1.04
Lourteigia ballotifolia
Melanagromyza sp.3 (4.17%)
4.17
Porophyllum ruderale
Melanagromyza sp.1 (1.04%)
1.04
Sonchus oleraceus
Melanagromyza sp.3 (1.04%)
1.04
Vernonia cognata
Melanagromyza sp.3 (1.04%)
1.04
Vernonia polyanthes
Melanagromyza sp. 3 (1.04%)
Melanagromyza sp.3 (5.21%)
6.25
Table 7.
Frequency of occurrence of Melanagromyza spp. (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae) associated with Asteraceae species (Asterales) in three phytophysiognomies in Dourados region-MS, mid-west of Brazil (January 2011 to august 2012).
In Neotropical Region there are few reports for occurrence of tephritids and other florivorous flies in Asteraceae. There are some studies in order to inventory the number of species associated with the flower heads of Asteraceae in South, and Southeast of the Brazil.
Our recent researches in the Brazilian Mid-West have established the fowling relationships among florivorous fly species and Asteraceae flower heads: Dioxyna chilensis reared from Bidens pilosa; Tomoplagia reimoseri of Chromolaena arnottiana, Vernonia bardanoides and Vernonia polyanthes; Trupanea jonesi of Chaptalia integerrima, Chromolaena arnottiana, Chromolaena ivifolia, Porophyllum ruderale, Praxelis pauciflora and Vernonia cognata; Cecidochares fluminensis in Chromolaena arnottiana, Chromolaena ivifolia, Vernonia cognata and Vernonia polyanthes, Dictyotrypeta sp. in Vernonia polyanthes [7].
Herein we found three species of florivorous Tephritinae, reared from their host plants: Trupanea jonesi, Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp. (Table 1), not yet reported to Brazil. Two new species (Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp.) were obtained, which will be later described. Additionally, three species of Melanagromyza (Agromyzinae: Agromyzidae) were reared from the sampled host astereces (Table 6), probably, are also new species.
The most frequent species of Tephritinae were Trupanea jonesi and Dioxyna chilensis associated with the Asteraceae: Porophyllum ruderale, totaling 41.34% of all florivorous fly species. The least frequent Tephritinae were: Xanthaciura unipuncta in Baccharis triplinervis, and Xanthaciura biocellata in Eupatorium multicrenulatum. Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp. were species-specific to flower heads of Vernonia polyanthes and Pterocaulon virgatum, respectively. The other species of Tephritinae were more generalists, being Xanthaciura biocellata the most polyphagous of all the Tephritinae.
The Asteraceae were more abundant in the Cerrado biome. This same pattern was also accompanied by the species of florivorous fly (N = 374). In the Semideciduous forest there was a highest abundance of Melanagromyza species (Agromyzinae), with 802 adults (of three morphospecies), and also of parasitoids (Hymenoptera), being recovered 1,073 individuals.
The Asteraceae Pterocaulon virgatum and the tephritine Tetreuaresta sp. presented a highly specie-specific relationship. The Asteraceae species with highest abundance of Tephritidae, were: Baccharis triplinervis, Zinnia elegans, Eupatorium multicrenulatum, and Vernonia polyanthes that were associated with the tephritines: Xanthaciura unipuncta, Xanthaciura biocellata, Dictyotrypeta sp., and Cecidochares fluminensis. The flower heads of Chaptalia integerrima, Praxelis pauciflora, Porophyllum ruderale and Bidens pilosa were infested by Dioxyna chilensis, and Trupanea jonesi. From the host plant Pterocaulon virgatum only Tetreuaresta sp. emerged.
The most frequent and abundant Tephritinae species in the Cerrado, were: Xanthaciura unipuncta, Tomoplagia brasiliensis, Dictyotrypeta sp., and Tomoplagia reimoseri. In the Semideciduous Forest, occurred: C. fluminensis, D. chilensis, and Tetreuaresta sp. The Agroecosystem had the low diversity, occurring only three florivorous flies: T. jonesi, Melanagromyza sp.1 and Melanagromyza sp.2 (Table 6).
Some Asteraceae species, such as Bidens pilosa, Porophyllum ruderale, Conyza bonariensis, are invasive plants (“weeds”), that compete with plants grown in agroecosystems. Thus, this study recorded that species of Tephritinae (Tephritidae) and Melanagromyza spp. (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae) feed on the seeds of these invasive plants in their larval phase, having the potential to act in the biological control of these Asteraceae in agrossilvipastoral (agriculture and pasture) areas.
Bidens pilosa, was the species of Asteraceae with greater abundance and frequency of Melanagromyza spp., representing 73.95% of the Agromyzidae in this Asteraceae. In the others Asteraceae species, the frequency of occurrence of Melanagromyza species was equal to or less than 7% (Table 6).
Herein, three species of florivorous tephritines: Trupanea jonesi, Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp., are for the first time reported in Brazil. Dictyotrypeta sp. and Tetreuaresta sp. are two new species that will be later described. Three Melanagromyza species (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae) were recovered from the sampled hosts (Table 6), which are also new records and, probably, new species.
The insects that live in plant flowers represent a very sophisticated interaction, because in addition to obtaining physical protection, they obtain a higher quality food (proteins and carbohydrates). This is the first study of trophic interactions between the tephritines, agromizynes, asteraces and parasitoids in flower heads of asteraceae in the Midwest of Brazil.
7. Conclusions and perspectives
1. In the Midwest Brazil occur, at least, 12 species of florivore fly species (9 Tephritinae, and 3 Melanagromyza, Agromizinae, Agromyzidae);
2. All Tephritinae and Agromizinae were reared of their Asteraceae host plant flower heads, from three different Biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Agroecosystem);
3. Cerrado is the biome with higher species richness (S = 11) of florivorous fly species, but in the Atlantic Forest occurred higher abundance of their parasitoids (Hymenoptera).
4. Further researches are in need for a better understanding on the resouce partioning between Tephritinae (Tephritidae), Melanagromyza spp. (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae), their association with Asteraceae and their respective hymenopteran parasitoids.
5. Some florivore fly species, such as Trupanea jonesi, Tomoplagia brasiliensis, T. reimoseri, Xanthaciura biocelata, X. unipuncta, Dioxyna chilensis (Tephritinae, Tephritidae), and Melanagromyza sp.1 (Agromyzinae, Agromyzidae), need more research on their biology and behavior to be employed in biological control programs against invasive Asteraceae species.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológio (CNPq) for a research grant (Process No. 305112/2012–0) based on research productivity awarded to M.A. Uchoa, and a MSc grant to Morgana Fracieli Wachter-Serapião, and Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), for the logistic and financial support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"florivory, Melanagromyza spp., compositae, tephritinae, weed biocontrol",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/75428.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/75428.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75428",totalDownloads:171,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 30th 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"May 7th 2021",datePublished:"September 8th 2021",dateFinished:"February 25th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The four following Diptera families are peculiar because they are predominantly phytophagous: Cecidomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Lonchaeidae and Tephritidae; which is uncommon for dipterans. Tephritine’s larvae, depending on the species, consumes leaves, stems, flowers or roots of their host plants. Some tephritines feeds on flower heads of weed Asteraceae and can act in population suppression of invasive species in cultivated areas. In Mid-West of Brazil, we investigate Tephritinae and Agromyzinae flies in flower heads of Asteraceae species in three different phytophisiognomies in Dourados region, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Here, 12 florivore fly species (9 Tephritinae, and 3 Melanagromyza spp., Agromizinae, Agromyzidae) are reported for the first time in Mid-West Brazil. We stablish the species of Asteraceae host for Tephritinae (Tephritidae) and for some species of Melanagromyza (Agromyzinae) in environments of Cerrado, Semideciduous Forest, and agroecosystem at Dourados-MS region. The inflorescences of Asteraceae species (± 500 capitula/species) were kept in containers to the emergence of the florivorous flies or their parasitoids. The adult insects after 48 hours were fixed in 80% ethanol for later identification. A total 36 species of Asteraceae were evaluated in the three regions of Dourados-MS, Brazil. Were obtained 120,031 flower heads of Astereceae, emerging 2,698 adults of insects: 833 Tephritinae (Tephritidae), belonging to 7 genera and 9 species; 1,089 Melanagromyza spp. (Agromyzidae) and 776 parasitoids (Hymenoptera) from the tephritines and agromyzines. We found that some florivore fly species needs to be better studied to employ in suppression programs of invasive Asteraceae population in the Neotropical Region.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/75428",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/75428",signatures:"Manoel A. Uchoa, Morgana F. Wachter-Serapião and Nádia Roque",book:{id:"10423",type:"book",title:"The Wonders of Diptera",subtitle:"Characteristics, Diversity, and Significance for the World's Ecosystems",fullTitle:"The Wonders of Diptera - Characteristics, Diversity, and Significance for the World's Ecosystems",slug:"the-wonders-of-diptera-characteristics-diversity-and-significance-for-the-world-s-ecosystems",publishedDate:"September 8th 2021",bookSignature:"Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10423.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-883-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-882-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-884-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"346548",title:"Dr.",name:"Nádia",middleName:null,surname:"Roque",fullName:"Nádia Roque",slug:"nadia-roque",email:"nadiaroque@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"346549",title:"Dr.",name:"Morgana F.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachter-Serapião",fullName:"Morgana F. Wachter-Serapião",slug:"morgana-f.-wachter-serapiao",email:"morgana_whachter@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Protocol to evaluation the diversity of florivorous flies in nature",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Characterization of sampled neotropical Tephritinae",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Aims",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Material and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Cerrado biome",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.2 Atlantic forest biome",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"5.2.1 Semideciduous Forest",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Conclusions and perspectives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Norrbom, A L (2010). Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas), p. 909-954. In: Brown BV, Borkent A, Cumming JM, Wood DM, Woodley NE, Zumbado, MA (eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. NRC Research Press, Otta. Vols. 1+ 2: 1.442p.'},{id:"B2",body:'Prado PI, Lewinsohn TM, Almeida AM, Norrbom AL, Buys BD, Macedo AC, Lopes MB (2002). The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 104:1007-1028.'},{id:"B3",body:'Uchoa, MA (2012). Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, host plants, natural enemies, and the implications to their natural control, pp. 271-300. In: Larramendy, M. L. & Soloneski, S. (eds.). Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics. ISBN 978-953-307-926-4. DOI 10.5772/31613. InTechOpen. Rijeka, Croatia. 668p. https://www.intechopen.com/books/integrated-pest-management-and-pest control-current-and-future-tactics/fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n (Accessed on January 05, 2021).'},{id:"B4",body:'Funk VA, Susanna A, Stuessy TF, Bayer RJ (eds.) (2009). Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of compositae. IAPT-International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria. 965p.'},{id:"B5",body:'Bellard C, Leclerc C, Leroy B, Bakkenes M, Veloz S, Thuiller W, Courchamp F (2014). Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 23 (12): 1376-1386. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12228.'},{id:"B6",body:'https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/29367-em-2014-mata-atlantica-era-o-bioma-com-maior-numero-de-especies-ameacadas-de-extincao#:~:text=A% 20pesquisa% 20%E2%80%9 CContas%20de%20Ecossistemas, 1.989%20estavam% 20na% 20Mata%20Atl%C3%A2ntica (Accessed on Jan 17, 2021).'},{id:"B7",body:'Wachter-Serapião MF, Uchoa MA (2013). Diversidade de Moscas Florívoras (Diptera: Tephritoidea) e suas interações com espécies de Asteraceae e Parasitóides (Hymenoptera) em três paisagens antropisadas no Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados-MS, Brazil. 32p.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Manoel A. Uchoa",address:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. 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