Classification of volcanic facies and corresponding characteristics for each sub-facies
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6079",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Spermatozoa - Facts and Perspectives",title:"Spermatozoa",subtitle:"Facts and Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Spermatozoa, the haploid male gametes, are highly specialized cells capable to fertilize eggs in order to produce diploid zygote. The biogenesis of spermatozoa requires finely modulated occurrence of mitotic, meiotic, and differentiation events. Hence, the production of high-quality spermatozoa impacts fertilization with outcomes on the health of the offspring. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the biogenesis, maturation, functions and activities of spermatozoa in both physiological conditions and infertility. Particular attention has been addressed to the impact of environment on sperm quality and to the appropriate selection of high-quality spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization. Taken together, this book targets a wide audience of basic and clinical scientists, teachers and students, and offers a better understanding of spermatozoa health and disease.",isbn:"978-1-78923-171-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-170-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-279-9",doi:"10.5772/68063",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",numberOfPages:250,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2d4488814a6ea68efcd3544209c9e4d2",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",publishedDate:"June 13th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6079.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14557,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:66,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 24th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 24th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",middleName:null,surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Rosaria Meccariello obtained a degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Naples Federico II, Italy, and a PhD in Comparative Endocrinology from\r\nthe University of Padova, Italy. Currently, she is Associate Professor of Biology at\r\nthe Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences at the University of Naples\r\n'Parthenope,” Italy. She has published more than 130 papers in peer-reviewed international journals, books, proceedings and abstract books. She has experience as\r\na reviewer for international journals and has served as an editor for scientific books,\r\nspecial issues and e-books. Dr. Meccariello is an expert in biology of reproduction,\r\nspermatogenesis, the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, central and local activity\r\nof GnRH, endocannabinoid and kisspeptin systems, and epigenetics.",institutionString:"University of Naples Parthenope",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"244717",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",middleName:null,surname:"Chianese",slug:"rosanna-chianese",fullName:"Rosanna Chianese",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Rosanna Chianese received her degree in biology from the University of Naples Federico II, Italy, in 2004. In 2006, she carried out a training at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA, during her PhD studies in comparative endocrinology (University of Padova, Italy). For the biennium 2009/2011, she obtained a research fellowship for the project 'Mesothelioma and biomarkers” at the Second University of Naples (SUN), Italy. Currently, she is an assistant professor at the Department of Experimental Medicine, SUN. She has experience as reviewer for international journals and since 2005, she has published 25 articles in international journals, 1 book chapter for InTech and 22 abstracts for national and international conferences. Dr. Chianese also teaches face-to-face cellular biology course at SUN.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1161",title:"Andrology",slug:"andrology"}],chapters:[{id:"60076",title:"Introductory Chapter: Spermatozoa - Facts and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75674",slug:"introductory-chapter-spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rosanna Chianese and Rosaria Meccariello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60076",authors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"},{id:"244717",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",surname:"Chianese",slug:"rosanna-chianese",fullName:"Rosanna Chianese"}],corrections:null},{id:"58017",title:"Sequence of Germ Cells Differentiation During Spermiogenesis of the Amphibian Urodele Ambystoma dumerilii",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71508",slug:"sequence-of-germ-cells-differentiation-during-spermiogenesis-of-the-amphibian-urodele-ambystoma-dume",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The spermatogenesis, including the spermiogenesis, in Urodeles contains the meiotic process and the morphological differentiation of the spermatids developing the spermatozoa as in the rest of vertebrates. However, in Urodeles, there are essential differences in the structure of the testis, as a lobular structure; the distribution of the spermatogenic cells, in cephalocaudal progression in the testis; and the cystic condition of the developing spermatogenic cells in synchronous groups bounded by Sertoli cells. All the spermatogenic cells are situated in parallel position with the heads directed to the same side. The big size and elongated morphology of the spermatozoa also characterized this type of spermiogenesis. Spermiation occurs at the caudal portion of the testis to the efferent duct system, which includes the mesonephric nephrones.",signatures:"Mari Carmen Uribe and Sergio Gracia-Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58017",authors:[{id:"208123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari-Carmen",surname:"Uribe",slug:"mari-carmen-uribe",fullName:"Mari-Carmen Uribe"},{id:"208125",title:"BSc.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Gracia-Fernández",slug:"sergio-gracia-fernandez",fullName:"Sergio Gracia-Fernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"59998",title:"In Vitro Spermatogenesis; Past, Present, and Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73505",slug:"in-vitro-spermatogenesis-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of culturing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) dates back to the 1950s. However, regeneration of complete spermatogenesis process in vitro is still a greater challenge. Studying spermatogenesis in vitro is significant in elucidating germ cell biology, and the knowledge may be useful for genetic manipulations of defective germ cells or producing transgenic animals, fertility preservation, and treatment of infertility. Fertility preservation would be more beneficial for adult and prepubescent patients who develop sterility due to gonadotoxins. Discovering of the stepwise stages in spermatogenesis and various forms of arrests at specific stages would help in the diagnosis of especially, idiopathic infertility and deciding treatment options. Different techniques have been tried to differentiate stem cells into germ cells over decades. A larger number of studies has used genetically manipulated stem cells to achieve differentiated germ cells. In contrast, differentiation of stem cells directly into SSCs bypassing the step into primordial germ cells (PGCs) to minimize time frame and employing techniques involved in least genetic manipulations are other important techniques to increase utilization within a clinical setting. As the use of transfected cell lines disqualifies the putative gametes obtained for clinical applications, trying to generate patient-specific germ cell with least genetic manipulations will be more effective in future applications, especially for patients with pre-pubertal cancer and azoospermic men who desire to become biological fathers.",signatures:"DMAB Dissanayake",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59998",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59998",authors:[{id:"220140",title:"Dr.",name:"Anura",surname:"Dissanayake",slug:"anura-dissanayake",fullName:"Anura Dissanayake"}],corrections:null},{id:"57404",title:"Assessment of Human Sperm Cells Morphological Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71413",slug:"assessment-of-human-sperm-cells-morphological-parameters",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The quality of spermatozoa has a direct influence on the fertilization and developmental competence of embryos. The aim of this work was to review the methods of spermatozoa morphology assessment, features of the normal spermatozoa and the reasons of their several abnormalities. Three methods can be used for the evaluation of spermatozoa morphology in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory: (1) light microscopy of stained spermatozoa, (2) motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) and (3) polarized light microscopy. The analysis of spermatozoa morphology includes the assessment of head, neck, midpiece and tail. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa are categorized into subgroups according to the defects of the head, neck, midpiece and/or tail. Before IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the quality of spermatozoa must be estimated exactly, because this has the high influence on embryo development. Therefore the analysis of the morphological parameters of spermatozoa using the light microscopy, MSOME, in combination with precise head birefringence detection using the polarized microscopy, could give the best fertilization rate and embryo quality after IVF and ICSI.",signatures:"Kristina Lasiene",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57404",authors:[{id:"206099",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",surname:"Lasiene",slug:"kristina-lasiene",fullName:"Kristina Lasiene"}],corrections:null},{id:"57694",title:"Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa from Infertility Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71596",slug:"ultrastructure-of-spermatozoa-from-infertility-patients",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Standard examination of human semen currently remains a main test for examination of male fertility disorders. Although parameters of sperm quality in fertile men are generally higher than in sterile ones, there is a substantial overlap between the two populations, indicating that other important factors affect fertility, but are not assessed in conventional assay. Currently, tests determining the functional properties of sperm have been intensively developed. This review considers an electron microscopic examination of sperm, which assesses the structure and function of the sperm nuclear, penetration and motor apparatus. The detection of sperm chromatin structure can help to understand the causes of early embryonic malformation. Genetically caused and functional disorders of the structure and function of spermatozoa are discussed. Indications for electron microscopic examination of spermatozoa in fertility disorders are given.",signatures:"Elizaveta E. Bragina and Elena N. Bocharova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57694",authors:[{id:"207294",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizaveta",surname:"Bragina",slug:"elizaveta-bragina",fullName:"Elizaveta Bragina"}],corrections:null},{id:"60429",title:"Male Accessory Glands and Sperm Function",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74321",slug:"male-accessory-glands-and-sperm-function",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the advent of the techniques of reproduction, the functions of this fluid on the sperm function became a topic of lesser interest to the embryologist, urologist and andrologist. The interaction of spermatozoa with seminal plasma often goes unnoticed, but it is very likely that many substances produced by male accessory glands have impact on the sperm physiology. Seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa; many of them are produced by a specific tissue and can be useful markers of secretion of the glands. The information in the 5th Manual of World Health Organization is very limited with respect to the interpretation in several characteristics abnormally high in semen. Male accessory glands secrete several factors such as alpha-glucosidase, fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate and citric acid among others, which are crucial for sperm physiology. This chapter deals with the interpretation of markers of accessory glands and their relation to some pathologies such as varicocele, infections, obstructions of the seminiferous pathways and some hormonal alterations.",signatures:"Lozano Hernández Jesús Ricardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60429",authors:[{id:"219504",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lozano",slug:"ricardo-lozano",fullName:"Ricardo Lozano"}],corrections:null},{id:"57417",title:"Physiological and Pathological Roles of Free Radicals in Male Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70793",slug:"physiological-and-pathological-roles-of-free-radicals-in-male-reproduction",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxidative stress (OS) is a condition caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms in the cell. OS has become a prominent factor in male reproductive dysfunction as ROS cause damage to sperm DNA, lipids and proteins, alterations to critical sperm structures and signaling pathways, leading to a decreased sperm activity and fertilizing capacity. At the same time, small amounts of ROS play vital roles in events leading to sperm maturation and acquisition of functional activity, which is why a proper oxidative balance is of paramount importance for a proper male fertility. Understanding the physiological and pathological roles of ROS in male reproduction has become an essential pillar of modern andrology; however, numerous questions related to the controversial behavior of ROS in male reproductive cells and tissues still remain unanswered. This chapter aims to summarize current evidence available on the relationships between free radicals, antioxidants and male reproduction and to trigger more scientific interest, particularly with respect to the design of efficient strategies to diagnose or treat male sub- or infertility associated with OS.",signatures:"Eva Tvrdá, Peter Massanyi and Norbert Lukáč",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57417",authors:[{id:"204993",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Tvrdá",slug:"eva-tvrda",fullName:"Eva Tvrdá"},{id:"206075",title:"Prof.",name:"Norbert",surname:"Lukáč",slug:"norbert-lukac",fullName:"Norbert Lukáč"},{id:"220755",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Massanyi",slug:"peter-massanyi",fullName:"Peter Massanyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"57682",title:"Environmental Factors and Male Infertility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71553",slug:"environmental-factors-and-male-infertility",totalDownloads:1514,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A significant decrease in human fertility has been observed in the last 50 years. Approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age have fertility problems and about half of these cases are because of male factors. A growing body of evidence suggests that environmental factors play an important role in the causes of male infertility. Our environment is contaminated by natural and synthetic chemicals, which could interact with the endocrine system, resulting in the reduction of human fertility. Studies carried out in recent years have proven that endocrine-disrupting chemicals may disturb fertility of men. Improper lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, high temperature, radiation also have negative impact on male fertility. This chapter is an overview of recent developments about the importance of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and lifestyle factors’ effects on sperm counts and male fertility in human.",signatures:"Qiuqin Tang, Wei Wu, Jing Zhang, Rong Fan and Mu Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57682",authors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"},{id:"184798",title:"Ms.",name:"Qiuqin",surname:"Tang",slug:"qiuqin-tang",fullName:"Qiuqin Tang"},{id:"207434",title:"Mr.",name:"Mu",surname:"Liu",slug:"mu-liu",fullName:"Mu Liu"},{id:"218026",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jing-zhang",fullName:"Jing Zhang"},{id:"218027",title:"Mrs.",name:"Rong",surname:"Fan",slug:"rong-fan",fullName:"Rong Fan"}],corrections:null},{id:"59074",title:"The Role of Human Semen as an Early and Reliable Tool of Environmental Impact Assessment on Human Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73231",slug:"the-role-of-human-semen-as-an-early-and-reliable-tool-of-environmental-impact-assessment-on-human-he",totalDownloads:1556,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several studies have shown a dramatic reduction of semen quality in many industrialized countries and infertility is becoming a public health top priority, whose incidence is associated to late-onset adult diseases, especially cancer, shorter life expectancy and trans-generational effects. The male reproductive system is particularly sensitive to a broad variety of reproductive and developmental toxicants, including many environmental pollutants and recent studies suggest that human semen is an early and sensitive environmental and health marker. A set of semen biomarkers is described for reproductive health effects in relation to environmental exposure, where human semen seems to be an early and sensitive source of biomarkers than blood to monitor high environmental pressure on human health. Environmental health should consider reproductive health and development, from intrauterine life to childhood and puberty: these are both vulnerable targets and high-value protection goals, inasmuch as they represent the future of our societies. Hence, biomarkers of reproductive health should be exploited as early signals of environmental pressure and increased risk of adverse chronic health effects so that the use of “human seminal model” might be the main objective to be considered in the agenda of public prevention policies for early detection and innovative programs of health surveillance in environmental risk areas.",signatures:"Luigi Montano, Paolo Bergamo, Maria Grazia Andreassi and\nStefano Lorenzetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59074",authors:[{id:"206180",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Montano",slug:"luigi-montano",fullName:"Luigi Montano"},{id:"222782",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Bergamo",slug:"paolo-bergamo",fullName:"Paolo Bergamo"},{id:"222783",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",surname:"Andreassi",slug:"maria-grazia-andreassi",fullName:"Maria Grazia Andreassi"},{id:"222784",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Lorenzetti",slug:"stefano-lorenzetti",fullName:"Stefano Lorenzetti"}],corrections:null},{id:"59268",title:"Interacytoplasmic Morphologically Selected Sperm Injection: A Tool for Selecting the Best Sperm in Real Time",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73388",slug:"interacytoplasmic-morphologically-selected-sperm-injection-a-tool-for-selecting-the-best-sperm-in-re",totalDownloads:1069,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Routine sperm parameters are used to evaluate fertility potential of the male partner. Since the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), it seems that the importance of routine parameters of sperm morphology has decreased in the field of assisted reproduction. ICSI has facilitated to achieve fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancies, from the treatment of males with poor-quality spermatozoa. Morphology is the only criteria for sperm aspiration during ICSI. Routine criteria are based on the raw ejaculate-stained sperm cells. Thus, it is important to score and aspirate a good-quality motile spermatozoon, which will contribute to the quality of the developing embryo after ICSI, in real time of the procedure. In ICSI, assessment of sperm morphology is limited due to the low magnification (200 × 400×) and concomitant low resolution. By using intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), it was demonstrated that a spermatozoon with normal morphology, and more precisely normal nucleus, might affect the incidence of pregnancy. Although the usage of IMSI is currently wider, it is necessary to standardize which sperm to aspirate, due to criteria based on accumulating data. Correlation to DNA integrity, embryo development in vitro, female age, male age, or the routine use of IMSI for all cases are raised in order to maximize the efficiency of IMSI technology.",signatures:"Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59268",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59268",authors:[{id:"209136",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yona",surname:"Barak",slug:"yona-barak",fullName:"Yona Barak"},{id:"209147",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Ellenbogen",slug:"adrian-ellenbogen",fullName:"Adrian Ellenbogen"}],corrections:null},{id:"57212",title:"Advanced Label-Free Optical Methods for Spermatozoa Quality Assessment and Selection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71028",slug:"advanced-label-free-optical-methods-for-spermatozoa-quality-assessment-and-selection",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques require a severe selection of sperm, generally based on concentration, morphology, motility, and DNA integrity. Since routinely separation methods may damage the viability of the sperm cell, there is a growing interest in providing a method for noninvasively analyzing spermatozoa taking into account all those parameters. This chapter first reviews the state-of-the-art of label-free sperm cell imaging for IVF, highlighting the limitations of the used techniques. Then, our innovative approach combining Raman spectroscopy and digital holography will be described and its advantages detailed. These include the ability to perform a simultaneous and correlative morphological and biochemical analysis of sperm cells, without labeling, in a fast and reliable way. Finally, the difficulty in reaching clinical use will be discussed, as well as the possible solutions offered by new technological improvements.",signatures:"Annalisa De Angelis, Maria Antonietta Ferrara, Giuseppe Coppola\nand Anna Chiara De Luca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57212",authors:[{id:"104314",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Antonietta",surname:"Ferrara",slug:"maria-antonietta-ferrara",fullName:"Maria Antonietta Ferrara"},{id:"106792",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Coppola",slug:"giuseppe-coppola",fullName:"Giuseppe Coppola"},{id:"206226",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"De Angelis",slug:"annalisa-de-angelis",fullName:"Annalisa De Angelis"},{id:"207532",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Chiara",surname:"De Luca",slug:"anna-chiara-de-luca",fullName:"Anna Chiara De Luca"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5222",title:"Cannabinoids in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d684a703afd17dc97d18480a982e5316",slug:"cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7995",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33c1f5868ce0c29fbde6eafdc50af702",slug:"epigenetics",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"686",title:"Erectile Dysfunction",subtitle:"Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5caa41eb9d576f7765dfcb06a6df94c",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-disease-associated-mechanisms-and-novel-insights-into-therapy",bookSignature:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"972",title:"Male Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92b68c49e083613bc65d3db92f6aca22",slug:"male-infertility",bookSignature:"Anu Bashamboo and Kenneth David McElreavey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87226",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",surname:"Bashamboo",slug:"anu-bashamboo",fullName:"Anu Bashamboo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10724",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fdda3194735da4287e9ea193beb07e",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7985",title:"Circumcision and the Community",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023cc135aeeae6d2ea8cfc01ab3f4dc7",slug:"circumcision-and-the-community",bookSignature:"Ahmad Zaghal and Nishat Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7931",title:"Male Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5754baea5de6a634c66bae12a33d52d9",slug:"male-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Wei Wu, Francesco Ziglioli and Umberto Maestroni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11637",leadTitle:null,title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tDementia has become the leading neurological problem for human beings associated not only with the old population but newer generations as well. Various environmental and genetic factors are reported to be involved in the disease. This book hopes to comprise a detailed discussion on the relationship between different brain areas and cognition. Pathophysiology of dementia containing molecular mechanisms will be explained as well as the memory function that depends on the neuronal circuits among the different brain areas. Other neuronal circuits involved in memory, learning, and dementia will also be discussed. Mechanism of neuronal circuits involved in memory consolidation, the main neurological disorders associated with dementia, dementia screening, and its validation, along with neurophysiological tests, will be covered. Another aspect that this book hopes to cover is the modern therapeutic trends for the management of dementia. Biologics will be changing the therapeutic world of dementia in the near future. We aim to have a project that consists of various cutting-edge technologies that have been adopted for the treatment of dementia.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-783-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-782-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-784-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",keywords:"Cognition, Neuronal Circuits, Learning and Memories, Memory Consolidation in Dementia, Neuropsychological Tests, Treatments, New Therapeutic Tools, Biologics, Brain Areas and Cognition, Neuropsychology, Neurological Disorders, Modern Therapeutic Trends",numberOfDownloads:9,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Devendra Kumar's research interest includes the Design, Devolvement, and Biological screening of Small molecules, Metal complexes, Peptides for the management of Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X Syndrome, and Tuberculosis. Dr. Kumar worked on Alzheimer's disease and developed CNS active small molecules such as Acetylcholine, Butyl choline, Beta-secretase 1, Matrix Metalloprotein-2 and 9 inhibitors, and NMDA receptor antagonist.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Singh is an eminent scientist and teacher in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. He was the Principal Investigator in the Development of bioactive molecules as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease and screening of their toxicity; IIT (BHU), Varanasi, as well as the Principal Investigator in Design and synthesis, is of Matrix Metallo Proteinase (MMP -2 & 9) inhibitors as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease; DBT, New Delhi.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Ganeshpurkar's objective is to create a niche in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug design research with an emphasis on the use of computational tools and artificial intelligence in lead identification and optimization. His research interest is in silico drug designing, lead identification, and optimization as well as design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Novel leads for various pathophysiological conditions such as Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/454030/images/system/454030.jpg",biography:"Dr. Devendra Kumar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacy. Dr. Kumar did his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) and completed his postdoctoral research at the University of Texas, USA (2019-2021). His research interest includes Design, Devolvement, and Biological screening of Small molecules, Metal complexes, Peptides for the management of Alzheimer\\'s disease, Fragile X Syndrome, and Tuberculosis. Dr. Kumar worked on Alzheimer\\'s disease and developed CNS active small molecules such as Acetylcholine, Butyl choline, Beta-secretase 1, Matrix Metalloprotein-2 and 9 inhibitors, and NMDA receptor antagonist.\nAlong with the Drug Discovery, he is also working on the Pathophysiology of Fragile X Syndrome. His work on the Fragile X Syndrome includes identification of spine abnormality and the role of Microglia. The study of Microglia-Neuron communication in genetically modified animals is his thrust area. He is also working on the gene-editing tools using CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology and the development of Blood-Brain Barrier penetrating Polymers as a delivery vehicle for CRISPR molecules.",institutionString:"Dehradun Institute of Technology University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Dehradun Institute of Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"182874",title:"Prof.",name:"Sushil Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sushil-kumar-singh",fullName:"Sushil Kumar Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAm4QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T11:17:21.JPG",biography:"Principal Investigator, Development of bioactive molecules as therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease and screening their toxicity; IIT (BHU), Varanasi.\r\nPrincipal Investigator, Design and synthesis is of Matrix Metallo Proteinase (MMP -2 & 9) inhibitors as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease; DBT, New Delhi.\r\nCo- Principal Investigator, Cestocidal activity of glands and hairs of fruits of Mallotus phillippinensis (Kampillaka Plant); ICMR, New Delhi.\r\nPrincipal Investigator, Ethno-medicinal plants as a source of new therapeutic agents against psoriasis; National medicinal Plant Board, AYUSH, New Delhi.\r\nPrincipal Investigator, Isolation of marker compounds from Withania somnifera; Natreon Inc., Kolkata.\r\nPrincipal Investigator, Isolation of marker Compounds from natural Sources; Drug Research and Development Center, Kolkata.\r\nOne of the Investigators of the Centre, Establishment of facilities for identification, chemical characterization, standardization and quality control of medicinal plants found in tribal area in central India; DST, New Delhi.",institutionString:"Banaras Hindu University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"465935",title:"Dr.",name:"Ankit",middleName:null,surname:"Ganeshpurkar",slug:"ankit-ganeshpurkar",fullName:"Ankit Ganeshpurkar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RKF6EQAX/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T11:30:06.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience"}],chapters:[{id:"82876",title:"Oxygen Tissue Levels as an Effectively Modifiable Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease Improvement",slug:"oxygen-tissue-levels-as-an-effectively-modifiable-factor-in-alzheimer-s-disease-improvement",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"280131",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Solis Herrera",slug:"arturo-solis-herrera",fullName:"Arturo Solis Herrera"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6628",title:"Circadian Rhythm",subtitle:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"628bbcbfaf54a56710498540efe51b87",slug:"circadian-rhythm-cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6628.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41663",title:"Volcanic Rock-Hosted Natural Hydrocarbon Resources: A Review",doi:"10.5772/54587",slug:"volcanic-rock-hosted-natural-hydrocarbon-resources-a-review",body:'Evolution and the hydrocarbon bearing capacity of basins are closely related to volcanic activity, and not only source rock maturity, but also hydrocarbon trapping are influenced by volcanism within a basin. Volcanic rocks act as important basin filling material in different types of basins, for instance, rift basins, epicontinental basins, basins in a trench-arc system, back-arc foreland basins, etc. [1]. Volcanic accumulation of oil and gas is a new global field of hydrocarbon exploration and has been proved in more than 300 basins in 20 countries and regions [2]. The Cenozoic volcanic rocks, especially Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary, contribute about 70% of the total preservation globally [3-7].
Derivations of hydrocarbon in volcanic accumulation have organic as well as inorganic sources [8-10]. Volcanic rocks could act as a reservoir or cover within hydrocarbon traps, whose thermal effects could accelerate the maturity of source rocks or destroy preserved hydrocarbon [11-13]. Primary hydrocarbon accumulations could be reformed or destroyed during tectonic and volcanic processes, the preserved hydrocarbon remobilized to other traps or the ground surface [14]. Effective reservoirs have been found in most lithology [15-17]. Lithofacies, including deposits and rocks formed by explosive, effusive, extrusive and subvolcanic processes, could bear hydrocarbon, and the facies combination close to a volcanic conduit shows better porosity and permeability due to an increased number of fractures and reservoir spaces, or an elevated volume of coarse-grained fragmented rocks [7, 18]. Reservoir spaces within volcanic rocks are composed of primary pores, secondary pores and fissures with significant heterogeneity [19]. Tectonism, weathering and fluid saturation and/or movement could modify reservoir space [6, 20-23]. Upward cover and lateral seal of volcanic rocks could form hydrocarbon traps [24]. Lateral distribution of volcanic rocks can be mapped based on aeromagnetic and gravity data [25]. The reflective seismic features of volcanic rocks are summarized [26] and visualized [12] based on qualified seismic data. Volcanic edifice is identified by trend surface analysis and spectrum imaging methods [27]. A volcanic reservoir has been predicted based on seismic wave impedance [28].
Over the last half a century the Songliao Basin (Figure 1) has been the most productive basin in China for hydrocarbon and the Xujiaweizi fault depression has been proved as a typical volcanic accumulation. Based mainly on the achievements of hydrocarbon exploration in volcanic rocks in the Songliao Basin, the authors reviewed the hydrocarbon-related volcanic impacts, volcanic lithofacies and key geophysical techniques for volcanic accumulation exploration.
Geological structure and stratigraphic framework of the fault-depression sequence of the Songliao Basin, China
During the transformation from organic matter to hydrocarbon, the role of volcanic is mainly to supply a catalyst and thermal energy. Volcanogenic zeolite and olivine can be a catalyst in turning organic matter into hydrocarbon [29]. Hydrothermal liquid contains many transition metals, such as Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ti, V etc. [30]. The transition metals are catalysts for organic matter thermal degradation [31]. Studies have shown that some volcanic minerals undergo catalysis and hydrogenation which can produce more oil and gas source rocks at lower temperature and pressure. Jin [32] performed a catalysis and hydrogenation experiment on volcanic minerals and source rocks. He used zeolite as a catalyst collected from volcanic rocks, olivine as intermediates of accelerating hydrogen generation and type II and type III organic matter as source rocks. The experimental results show that the hydrogen production rate increased after olivine addition, while when adding zeolite and olivine hydrogen, the production rate still improved. This is due to olivine alteration occuring and reacting with water to produce hydrogen in the organic matter into hydrocarbon conversion process. The reaction is as follows:
The results show that after the source rocks interact with zeolite and olivine, the production rate of methane improved 2 to 3 times, which is related to the hydrogen increasing. The results also show that the better the organic matter or kerogen types, the higher the production rate of hydrogen and methane. However, the catalytic minerals are not only the clay minerals such as zeolite, but also pyrite.
Pyrite can be found in kerogen commonly, whose mass fraction is closely related to the type of kerogen. The data analysis of the Songliao Basin from Zhang et al. [33] shows that pyrite mass fraction is up to 38% ~ 76% in type I kerogen, which is 10% to 30% in type II kerogen and 2.5% to 3.5% in type III kerogen, i.e., the better the kerogen type, the higher the pyrite mass fraction. Electron microscopy reveals that type I and type II kerogen often closely coexist with pyrite and kerogen, exhibiting obvious zoning around pyrite [34]. Kerogen forms have some connection with pyrite forms, different kerogen forms and different pyrite forms: type III kerogen is a mainly contour shape without microcrystal pyrite inclusion; type III kerogen is mainly amorphous with rich microcrystal pyrite inclusion; type II kerogen form is a mixed type whose relative proportion of components change greatly.
Pyrite is the most widely distributed sulphide in the crust, which can be formed in a variety of different geological conditions [35]. Copper containing a pyrite layer hosted in volcanic rock series is the largest pyrite mass fraction deposit, formed by volcanic sedimentation and hydrothermal processes [36]. Although most pyrite in the kerogen is usually of organic origin, pyrite mass fraction in kerogen will undoubtedly be affected by volcanism. Sulphur-rich material provided by the volcanism can increase the sulphur content in an aqueous medium participating in the formation of pyrite related to kerogen, while volcanic rocks or pyroclastic rocks can form pyrite directly [37].
The thermal effect of volcanic activity has a dual function on organic matter hydrocarbon generation, which can accelerate the maturation of immature source rocks and hydrocarbon generation [38], and also can make mature source rocks over-mature or destroy oil and gas reservoirs formed earlier [39]. The temperature of magma can be more than 1,000 degrees Celsius [40-41], which of hydrothermal fluid can be up to 300-400 Celsius degree, making it a carrier with large amounts of heat energy. The heat will accelerate the maturity of organic matter [42-44]. Studies at the Illinois Basin by Schimmelmann et al. [45] have shown that Ro values increased from 0.62% to 5.03% within 5 metres at the coal contact to large intrusion, while Ro values increased from 0.63% to 3.71% within 1 metre at the coal contact to small intrusion. George [46] found that intrusion made Ro rise from 0.55% to 6.55% when he investigated the maturity of the Scottish Midland Valley oil shale. Raymond and Murchison [47] found that vitrinite reflectance was significantly higher around bedrock in the carboniferous strata, Midland Valley, Scotland.
The research data show that the igneous body’s effect on organic matter maturity incidence is relevant to the igneous body’s size. Carslaw and Jaeger [48] thought that the sphere of influence of the intrusion is in the range of 1-1.5 times rock mass thickness. Through the vitrinite reflectance analysis of rocks around intrusion, Dow [49] concluded that influence scope can be up to twice the thickness of the intrusive body. According to the study of sill and dike on the east Siberia platform, Galushkin [50] considered the scope of sill and dike to be in general within 30-50% sill or dike thickness, rarely more than the thickness. Chen [51] thought that influence range of a sill to organic matter is from less than the sill thickness to more than double thickness, even reaching four times the thickness of the sill. Galushkin [50] reached the conclusion that the intensity of intrusion alternation was in the range of 50-90% sill or dike thickness through many analysed examples. Zhu et al. [52] thought that only within a 15m scope, was organic matter obviously affected by sill. When Raymond and Murchison [47] studied the sediments in in carboniferous strata, Midland Valley, he found that vitrinite reflectance of the organic matter in the tuff close to the volcanic neck is significantly higher than that in the sedimentary rocks. So the magmatic intrusion effect on the evolution extent of organic matter requires further study.
The origin of oil and gas has been a long debated theoretical issue. There are two opposing points of view: 1) the organic origin theory and 2) the inorganic origin theory. Organic origin theory considers oil and gas to come from biological processes. Inorganic origin theory explains the origin of oil and gas through inorganic synthesis and mantle degassing. The earliest organic origin theory was proposed by Lomonosov in 1763 [53]. He thought that fertile substances underground, such as oil shale, carbon, asphalt, petroleum and amber, originated in plants. The hydrocarbon formation theory of kerogen thermal degradation proposed by Tissot and Welte [54] and Hunt [55] are the representatives of the organic hydrocarbon generation theory.
The hydrocarbon formation theory of kerogen thermal degradation is based on the diagenesis of organic matter resulting from biopolymers into geopolymers, then kerogen. Kerogen is the main precursor material of oil compounds during the process of hydrocarbon generation, when thermal degradation plays a major role [54]. For sufficient hydrocarbon class and commercial oil gathering, sedimentary rocks must experience the hydrocarbon generation and temperature threshold. Mass hydrocarbons are formed at temperatures from 60 to 150°C by heated organic matter [55]. According to this theoretical model, the sedimentary organic matter maturity, especially for kerogen, becomes the key factor for evaluating hydrocarbon potential. When the threshold burial depth reaches, kerogen will be changed from immature to mature. Oil and gas generates by series of thermal degradation.
Thus the organic origin theory of petroleum has been completely established - it is consistent with the object geological facts, especially the basic law of sedimentary organic matter evolution. The theory has been accepted gradually by the majority of petroleum geologists and plays a major role in oil and gas exploration [56].
Although organic origin theory has been the guiding theory of modern oil exploration, with foundation of immature oil and ultra-deep liquid hydrocarbon, inorganic origin theory has aroused much attention among geologists. Take the Xujiaweizi area where the Daqing oilfield as an example (Figure 1). Here many reservoirs have been found to contain a lot of alkane gas and non-hydrocarbon gas with inorganic origin, such as CH4 and CO2 [57-60]. Carbon isotope of carbon dioxide (δ13CCO2) is an important indicator to identify the carbon dioxide origin, and many domestic and foreign scholars have undertaken research on this [58, 61-64]. Dai [65] pointed out that the δ13CCO2 value is from +7 ‰ to - 39 ‰ in China, in which the organic origin δ13CCO2 value is from - 10 ‰ to - 39.14 ‰, with the main frequency scope of -12 ‰ ~ -17 ‰; the inorganic origin δ13CCO2 value is from +10 ‰ to -8 ‰ with the main frequency scope of -3 ‰ ~ -8 ‰ (Figure 2). Inorganic origin CO2 can be divided into mantle-derived, carbonate pyrolysis, magma degassing and so on. The δ13C value of mantle-derived CO2 is around - 6‰, which of carbonate pyrolysis is from +3‰ to -3‰. CO2 volume fraction of Well FS9 in the Xujiaweizi area, Songliao Basin, is 89.73%, and the δ13C value is from -4.06‰ to -5.46‰. The δ13CCO2 value is -6.61‰ of Well FS6, which confirms that CO2 of the Xujiaweizi region belongs to the mantle-derived category.
Organic and inorganic originδ13CCO2 frequency (Dai [
Current classification of volcanic lithofacies is mainly based on the style of volcanism or eruptive and/or pyroclast/volcaniclast transport, and corresponds to a modern volcano architecture that forms volcanic rocks [66-70]. The diagenetic process significantly influences the porosity and permeability of volcanic deposits turning to volcanic rocks during burial in a sedimentary basin. According to the characteristics of volcanic rocks and the hydrocarbon exploration situation in the Songliao Basin (Figure 1), Wang et al. [71] introduced a classification system on volcanic lithofacies (Table 1). Volcanic lithofacies are classified as “
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
V Volcanogenic Sedimentary Facies \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tV3 Coal-bearing tuffaceous sediment | \n\t\t\tTuffaceous pyroclast, plant-enriched turf | \n\t\t\tCompaction and consolidation | \n\t\t\tInterbedded tuff and coal seam | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic/clastic structure | \n\t\t\tRhythmic bedding, horizontal bedding | \n\t\t\tSwamp, close to volcanic dome | \n\t\t\tIntergranular pore, primary and secondary pore, fissure, porosity and permeability similar to sedimentary rock | \n\t\t
V2\n\t\t\t\t Reworked volcanogenic sediment | \n\t\t\tPyroclast reworked by fluid | \n\t\t\tLayered pyroclastic rocks/tuff | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic structure with rounded gravel, no epi-clast. | \n\t\t\tCross bedding, trench bedding, graded bedding, massive | \n\t\t\tDepression between volcanic domes, conduit-close facies of large volcanic edifice | \n\t\t|||
V1\n\t\t\t\t Epiclast-bearing volcanogenic sediment | \n\t\t\tPyroclast dominating with epiclast | \n\t\t\tEpiclast-bearing tuff (tuffaceous sandy conglomerate) | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic / clastic structure with rounded gravel. Few epi-clast | \n\t\t\tDepression between volcanic domes | \n\t\t||||
IV Extrusive Facies ( late stage of a cycle) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tIV3 Outer extrusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tLava front condense, deform, scrap and wrap new and old rocks. The mixture wriggles under internal force | \n\t\t\tCondensing lava weld new and old rock fragments | \n\t\t\tBreccia lave with deformed fluidal structure | \n\t\t\tWelded breccia and welded tuff structure | \n\t\t\tDeformed fluidal structure | \n\t\t\tOuter part of extrusive facie, transition to effusive facies | \n\t\t\tInter-breccia fissure, micro-fissure, fissure between fluidal structure | \n\t\t
IV2 Middle extrusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tLava with high viscosity flows under internal force, domed near crater. | \n\t\t\tLava condense and consolidate (quench) | \n\t\t\tMassive pearlite and cryptocrystalline rhyolite | \n\t\t\tVitric structure, perlitic structure, mortar structure \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tMassive, layered, lenticular and wrapping | \n\t\t\tMiddle part of extrusive facie | \n\t\t\tPrimary micro-fissure, tectonic fissure, Inter-crystal pore | \n\t\t|
IV 1 Inner extrusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tPillow or sphericity shaped perlite | \n\t\t\tSpherical, pillow, dome | \n\t\t\tCore of extrusive facies | \n\t\t\tInter-perlite sphere space, pores within loosely packing perlite, micro-fissure, Inter-crystal pore | \n\t\t||||
III Effusive Facies (middle stage of a cycle) | \n\t\t\tIII3 Upper effusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tCrystals and syn-eruption breccia bearing lava flows on surface under gravity and propelling of subsequent lava | \n\t\t\tLava condense and consolidate | \n\t\t\tVesicular rhyolite | \n\t\t\tSpherulitic structure, cryptocrystalline structure, microcrystalline structure | \n\t\t\tVesicular, amygdaloidal, lithophysae | \n\t\t\tUpper part of flow unit | \n\t\t\tVesicular, inner space of lithophysae, inner space of amygdaloidal | \n\t\t
III 2 Middle effusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tRhyolite with fluidal structure | \n\t\t\tcryptocrystalline structure, microcrystalline structure, porphyritic structure | \n\t\t\tFluidal structure, few Vesicular- amygdaloidal structure | \n\t\t\tMiddle part of flow unit | \n\t\t\tfissure between fluidal structure, vesicular, tectonic fissure | \n\t\t|||
III 1 Lower effusive sub-facies | \n\t\t\tCryptocrystalline rhyolite, syn-genetic breccia bearing rhyolite | \n\t\t\tVitric structure, cryptocrystalline structure, porphyritic structure, breccia structure | \n\t\t\tMassive, dashed deformed fluidal structure | \n\t\t\tLower part of flow unit | \n\t\t\tSlaty and wedge joint, tectonic fissure | \n\t\t|||
II Explosive Facies (early stage of a cycle) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tII3 Pyroclastic flow deposti | \n\t\t\tVolatile bearing hot mixture of pyroclast and magma slurry flows on surface under gravity and propelling of subsequent lava | \n\t\t\tLava condensation and consolidation as well as compaction | \n\t\t\tCrystal fragment, vitric fragment and magma slurry and lithic fragment bearing welded tuff (lava); lava cemented polymictic conglomerate | \n\t\t\tWelded tuff structure, pyroclastic structure | \n\t\t\tMassive, normal grading, inversed grading, orientated vesicular and vitric, matrix support | \n\t\t\tEarly stage of cycle, Upper part of explosive facies, transition to effusive facies | \n\t\t\tIntergranular pore, vesicular, loose deposit of condensing unit | \n\t\t
II 2 Base surge deposit | \n\t\t\tAir ejecting multiphase turbidity of gas-solid-liquid flows rapidly under gravity on surface (maximum velocity: 240km/hour) | \n\t\t\tCompaction \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCrystal fragment, vitric fragment and magma slurry bearing tuff | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic structure (crystal fragment bearing tuff structure dominating) | \n\t\t\tParallel bedding, cross bedding, regressive sand wave bedding \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tMiddle-lower part of explosive facies, interbedded with air fall deposit, normal grading, thinning bedding upward, cover the palaeo-slope | \n\t\t\tLoose deposit within volcanic body, intergranular pore, inter-breccia fissure | \n\t\t|
II 1 Air fall deposit | \n\t\t\tFree fall of air ejecting solid and plastic material (under influence of wind) | \n\t\t\tCompaction | \n\t\t\tBomb and pumice bearing agglomerate, breccia, crystal fragment bearing tuff | \n\t\t\tAgglomerate structure, breccia structure, tuff structure \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tGranular support, normal grading, trajectory falling blocks | \n\t\t\tLower part of explosive facies, normal grading, thinning bedding upward, intercalated bedding | \n\t\t||
I Conduit Facies (lower part of a edifice) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tI3 Crypto-explosive breccia | \n\t\t\tVolatile-enriched magma intrudes and explodes within surrounding rocks underground. Surrounding rocks were in-situ broken and cemented by magma. Explosion and cementation function simultaneously. | \n\t\t\tCement by condensation of hydrothermal or fine pyroclast | \n\t\t\tCyrpto-explosive breccia | \n\t\t\tCrypto- explosive breccia structure, self-mortar structure, cataclastic structure | \n\t\t\tColumn, layered, dike, branch, fissure filling | \n\t\t\tNear crater, top of sub-volcanic rock, fingered in surrounding rock | \n\t\t\tInter-breccia pore, filled primary micro fissure | \n\t\t
I2 Dikes and sills | \n\t\t\tSyn or post magma intrusion | \n\t\t\tLava condensation and crystallization | \n\t\t\tSub-volcanic rock, porphyrite and porphyry \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tPorphyritic structure, holocrystalline structure. | \n\t\t\tChilled border, flow plane, flow line, columnar and tabular, xenolith | \n\t\t\tSeveral to fifteen hundreds of meters beneath volcanic edifice, fingered with other lithofacies and surrounding rocks | \n\t\t\tSlaty and columnar joint, fissure between dike and surrounding rock | \n\t\t|
I1 diatreme | \n\t\t\tDetained lave in conduit, Collapse of crater | \n\t\t\tLava condensation, lava welding pyroclast, compaction | \n\t\t\tLava, welded breccia/tuff lave, tuff/breccia | \n\t\t\tPorphyritic structure, welded structure, breccia/tuff structure | \n\t\t\tPacking structure, ring or radial joint, belted lithology | \n\t\t\tDiameter of hundreds of meters, vertical occurrence, penetrate other facies | \n\t\t\tInter-breccia pore, ring and radial fissure | \n\t\t
Classification of volcanic facies and corresponding characteristics for each sub-facies
Sequences of facies and sub-facies assemblage follow certain principles. In the Songliao Basin, the felsic sequences are explosive facies → effusive facies/extrusive facies (probability: 50%±), conduit facies → effusive facies/extrusive facies (probability: 30%±) and explosive facies → conduit facies →extrusive facies/explosive facies (probability: 20%±). The intermediate – basic sequences are effusive facies → explosive facies (probability: 50%±), effusive facies → volcanogenic sedimentary facies (probability: 30%±), effusive facies → explosive facies → volcanogenic sedimentary facies (probability: 20%±). The sequences of felsic rocks inter-bedded with intermediate – basic rocks are more complex and mainly include effusive facies → explosive facies → volcanogenic sedimentary facies (probability: 30%±), explosive facies → volcanogenic sedimentary facies (probability: 20%±), explosive facies → effusive facies → volcanogenic sedimentary facies (probability: 20%±) and effusive facies → conduit facies → extrusive facies (probability: 10%±). Sequences of facies are the basis of volcanic lithofacies modelling, geological interpretation of seismic data and prediction of volcanic reservoir.
According to facies assemblage in drill cores and outcrops, lava of explosive facies and effusive facies can be directly linked to the pyroclastic rocks of volcanogenic sedimentary facies, especially in the proximity of a volcanic conduit, while most volcanogenic sedimentary facies form along volcanic edifice flanks. In general, felsic eruptive sequences start with explosive facies, while in conduit-close regions, they starts with conduit facies (Figure 3).
Model of the facies of Mesozoic acidic volcanic rocks in the Songliao Basin, China
Since diagenesis of volcanic lava is condensing consolidation-dominated, its porosity-change influenced by the burial is less pronounced than for sedimentary rocks, thus, volcanic rock will contribute more reservoirs when burying depth exceeds a threshold value. In the Songliao Basin, the threshold burying depth is about 3,500 m. Beneath this depth, sandstone is densely compacted and loses reservoir capability, the reservoir is volcanic rock-dominated. Reservoir spaces within volcanic rocks show complex structures and strongly heterogeneous distribution. Based on observation of well core, cutting and analysis of micro-structure, reservoir spaces of volcanic rocks in the Songliao Basin are classified as primary pores, secondary pores and fissures which include 13 types of elemental components (Figure 4). In general, the reservoir space of volcanic rocks has a dual-component of pore and fissure.
Volcanic reservoir space types
Primary vesicular pores and tectonic joints well develop within upper sub-facies of effusive facies, effectively connected intergranular pores are found within loose deposits between sub-facies of explosive facies, primary fissures and intergranular pores well develop within inner sub-facies of extrusive facies. Exploration of hydrocarbon accumulation in volcanic rocks should target these sub-facies in case of the existence of source rocks and traps.
Identification of volcanic lithology and lithofacies by logging is primarily based on calibration with drilling cores and cuttings, then logging parameters are used to make cross-plots and frequency distribution histograms. In addtion, logging facies’ analysis and FMI image interpretation is used so as to discriminate volcanic rocks as well as their textures and structures.
Cross-plots of logging parameters are simple and effective methods which are generally used to discriminate volcanic lithology and lithofacies in drilled wells [72-73]. Primary logging parameters includ natural gamma (GR), natural gamma-ray spectral logging (U, Th and K), electrical resistivity (RT), NPHI porosity, RHOB density, acoustic log (DT), photoelectric absorption coefficient (Pe) as well as compound parameters M and N. Two of theses parameters are plotted in a X and Y coordinate system, different regions are divided by the concentration of data points, then will be assigned with corresponding geological information. Generally, this method is used firstly on well sections with known lithology and lithofacies, so as to make master plates which are then applied to the other unknown sections in the same area. Applications in the Songliao Basin show that GR-Th, Pe-Th and M-N cross-plots are the most effective methods for discriminations of volcanic lithologies (Figure 5). Moreover, logging facies’ analysis and FMI image interpretation are used to identify the textures and structures of volcanic rocks, and then finally determine the discrimination of volcanic lithology and lithofacies in detail.
Cross-plot of GR versus Th for lithological identification of volcanic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the Xujiaweizi depression, Songliao Basin, China
Comparative analysis between the volcanic facies and logging facies of drilling core sections is aimed at revealing and summarizing the relationship between geologic properties and logging responses, so as to solve the multiplicity of interpretation by logging parameters, and then set up identification standards of logging facies in the study area. Identification of logging facies is by means of configuration analysis of logging curves including SP, GR, RT, ML, RHOB, as well as dip logging interpretation. Moreover, the standard logging facies could be interpreted as lithofacies on the basis of geologic data.
Electrical conductivity of volcanic reservoirs is mainly influenced by lithology, porosity and permeability, saturation, content of metal elements and also burial depth. Occurrence of hydrocarbons will greatly increase the resistivity, while it will obviously decrease with water. The shape of logging curves and their assemblages are related closely to volcanic lithologies as well as their textures and structures which have become good markers for discrimination of volcanic lithofacies. For massive volcanic rocks, the framework is the main medium of conduction. Under this circumstance, lithology, lithofacies and burial depth are the main controlling factors to the conduction of rocks and changes of logging curve shapes. For example, intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks of vent facies are characterized with high-GR and mid-RT, and their logging curves appear as a high amplitude dentiform and peak shape. While basalts of volcanic vent facies show low-GR and the tuff displays low-RT.
The Mesozoic volcanic rocks are the most important gas reservoirs in the northern Songliao Basin. Five lithofacies and 15 sub-facies have been recognized in the volcanic rocks. The best reservoirs were generally found in three of the 15 sub-facies including pyroclastic bearing lava flow, upper effusive and inner extrusive sub-facies. The corresponding logging characteristics are as follows. The pyroclastic rock-bearing lava flow sub-facies show high-GR values with high amplitude dentiform and medium to mid-high RT with low frequency, low amplitude dentiform. The upper effusive sub-facies show high GR with high amplitude dentiform and mid-high RT with finger and peak shapes. The inner extrusive sub-facies show high GR with medium amplitude dentiform and mid-high to high RT with medium amplitude dentiform. In addition, crypto-explosive and outer extrusive sub-facies may also be good reservoirs. The occurrence of hydrocarbons will cause a remarkable increase of resistivity, while water does the contrary. The changing of resistivity without influence of fluids from low to high are respectively followed as volcanogenic sedimentary facies, extrusive facies, explosive facies, volcanic conduit facies and effusive facies [74].
With the characteristics of high resolution, total borehole coverage and visibility, FMI image interpretation may reveal continuous geologic information such as lithology, textures and structures, as well as pores and fractures by means of calibrations with drilling core sections. Sizes and shapes of volcanic breccia and conglomerates, as well as features of rock structures and beddings, can give much geologic information on volcanic lithofacies and pore spaces, especially for well sections lacking drilled cores [75-77].
Features displayed by FMI images of volcanic rocks are the synthesized effects of logging response units including volcanic fragments, framework, fractures and pores. On the FMI images, bright tone corresponds to high resistivity, while dark tone relates to low resistivity, and warm colours, such as yellow and orange, indicate medium resistivity (Table 2).
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
static | \n\t\t\tbright (white) | \n\t\t\thigh | \n\t\t\tmassive structure | \n\t\t
dark (brown, black) | \n\t\t\tlow | \n\t\t\tfractures and pores | \n\t\t|
mottle | \n\t\t\theterogeneous | \n\t\t\theterogeneous rock mass | \n\t\t|
dynamic | \n\t\t\tbright (white) | \n\t\t\thigh | \n\t\t\tvolcanic breccias, rock fragments, crystal fragments, magma fragments, amygdala | \n\t\t
yellow, orange | \n\t\t\tmiddle | \n\t\t\trock matrix or framework | \n\t\t|
dark (brown, black) | \n\t\t\tlow | \n\t\t\tfractures and pores | \n\t\t
Image interpretation of volcanic imaging logging (Li et al. [72])
Comparatively, rock fragments generally display bright tones due to high resistivity, while matrix shows dark as a result of low resistivity, and these featuresare common in pyroclastic lava rocks and pyroclastic rocks. The transformation of bright and dark zones on a FMI image not only indicates resistivity changes, but also reflects the contact relations among different parts of rocks. Descriptions of drilled cores reveal that there is great difference between volcanic fragments (breccia, conglomerates, rock fragments, crystal fragments and magma fragments) and their surrounding matrix (lava framework or volcanic ash) due to distinguishing colour, content and shape, which may result in colour diversities of the FMI images according to resistivity changes. Standard interpretation models of volcanic textures and structures which are used to identify lithofacies have been summarized through calibrations of FMI images with geologic information, for example, lava texture, welded texture, tuff texture, breccia texture and massive structure, vesicular-amygdaloidal structure, flow structure (Figure 6).
Typical lithological structures on FMI logging image. a) Flow bandings of extrusive rhyolite; b) Volcanic breccia structure of explosive facies.
At the exploration stage, the volcanic facies mapping relies mainly on the artificial seismic facies’ analysis and is under the control of well facies or according to an experience template, converted into a volcanic facies map. At the development stage, the volcanic facies planar prediction relies mainly on the waveform classification method for obtaining the seismic facies map. The volcanic facies is interpreted under the control of facies of wells and the volcanic edifice belts [78-79]. This method can identify the volcanic facies and its combination. Now it is widely used in the volcanic exploration of the Songliao Basin. The waveform classification method of volcanic facies’ identifying is explained in this paper.
The actual seismic facies were calculated by combining different amplitude, frequency, phase and time intervals. A seismic facies map can be obtained by the waveform classification calculation. Volcanic facies is predicted through observing the combination and distribution characteristics of the model trace in the seismic facies map. The number of waveform classifications (model trace) can be ensured by the seismic characteristics of volcanic facies. After that, we conduct the waveform classification experiment by selecting multiple waveform classifications or by using different thickness of time intervals. Lastly, the stability of the calculation results need be checked. The optimal time interval of the waveform classification calculation is between half a wavelength to two wavelengths.
Taking the volcanic rocks of the upper Yingcheng Formation in the Changling rift YYT work area of the southern Songliao Basin as an example (Figure 1), we introduce the prediction method of the volcanic facies plane. The volcanic facies is predicted by selecting 7 or 15, respectively, as the number of waveform classification. The prediction results of volcanic facies show good consistency. Volcanic facies is predicted by number waveform classification being set to 7. Firstly, overlap the volcanic seismic facies maps with the structure maps. The results show that, in some high tectonic areas, the waveforms characteristics of the seismic facies have unorganized distribution, but in the relatively flat tectonic area, the waveforms characteristics of seismic facies show continuous distribution. Next, the waveform classification characteristics of the seismic facies can be calibrated with well facies, the waveform characteristics of seismic facies in the central region of volcanic edifices are multi-waveform clutter distribution, while the waveform characteristics of the far-source area far away from the centre of volcanic edifices are continuous distribution (Figure 7). In this way, the centre’s facies belt (volcanic conduit / effusive facies) distribution of volcanic edifices can be predicted. The different waveforms’ seismic facies are calibrated by volcanic facies revealed by the well. A waveform classification planar map should be converted to the volcanic facies map. The seismic characteristics of volcanic conduit facies and its combination are rounded, massive, banded and messy reflection, in the edge is ring banded. The seismic characteristics of explosive facies and their combination are banded, messy, good continuous reflection. The seismic characteristics of effusive facies and their combination are mottled massive, middle-bad continuum reflection. According to the seismic characteristics, volcanic facies planar distribution is identified in the YYT area. The effusive facies distribution is dominating, and the explosive facies distribution is less. The effusive facies distribute mainly on both sides of the central fault. Explosive facies distribute mainly in the southeast far away the central fault. There are two volcanic facies sequences, one is the volcanic conduit facies-effusive facies, the other is the volcanic conduit facies-explosive facie/volcanic sedimentary facies.
Waveform classification (seismic facies) map of volcanic rocks of the upper Yingcheng Formation in the YYT work area
Volcanic oil and gas reservoirs are mainly not only accumulations in volcanic rocks, but also those hydrocarbon reservoirs with volcanic rocks as seals or forming traps. The formation and distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in volcanic rocks is different from non-volcanic (silici-)clastic rocks. Since volcanic rocks cannot produce hydrocarbons, neighbouring source rocks are essential to the formation of oil and gas accumulations in volcanic rocks, thus it will be more favourable for better matching relationships between volcanic reservoirs and source rocks [80-81].
Since the porosity and permeability of volcanic rocks do not decrease remarkably according to the increase of burial depth, they are more favourable for hydrocarbon accumulations compared to sedimentary rocks in the deep part of the basin. So far, hundreds of volcanic reservoirs, such as the Niigata Basin in the Honshu Island of Japan [82], Austral and Neuquen Basins of Argentina [7] and the Bohai Bay Basin, Songliao Basin and Junggar Basin in China have been found [5, 24, 71, 81]. As a whole, the volcanic reservoirs are mostly Cenozoic and Mesozoic, especially Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary, which may be related to the frequent global volcanism in these epochs. As revealed by petroleum explorations, occurrences of hydrocarbons have been found in almost all types of volcanic rocks, and in detail, basalts have the largest proportion while the rest follow as andesite, rhyolite and pyroclastic rocks [83]. Prolific volcanic reservoirs have been found in explosive, extrusive and volcanic-sedimentary facies, while considering inside a volcanic edifice, they have generally the best reservoir properties in volcanic vents and near vent facies [71, 84]. Vertically, favourable reservoirs are developed in the upper part of volcanic sequences due to post-eruption weathering, leaching and dissolving [85].
Besides being reservoirs, volcanic rocks can also be good cap rocks. After volcanic ash falls into water, it will inflate and form layers of bentonite or mudstone with bentonite which may become excellent cap rocks [86]. While mudstone lacks sealing abilities in the mid-shallow part of basins, unaltered massive basalts are generally rather better cap rocks, taking the Scott Reef oil field in the Browse Basin of Australia and Eastern Sag in the Liaohe Basin of China as examples [2, 24]. Some layered intrusive rocks may also be good cap rocks, for example, the Lin 8 oil trap in the Huimin depression of the Bohai Bay Basin, north China [87]. In the deep part of the Xujiaweizi depression of the Songliao Basin, two types of volcanic rocks have been found to be cap rocks including the pyroclastic type and lava type. Due to better sealing abilities, the pyroclastic type cap rocks control the regional accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic reservoirs, while the lava type only control the local accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic rock bodies [88]. Besides, diverse oil and gas traps can be formed by the local structures of intrusions as well as their matching with sedimentary layers, commonly forming arched uplifts and lateral barriers [24, 89].
All aspects of the common hydrocarbon accumulating conditions and their favourable matching relationships are also necessary to the volcanic oil and gas reservoirs. So far, most of the discovered volcanic oil and gas reservoirs are structural-lithologic and stratigraphic. Near-source accumulations are formed when volcanic rocks emplace close to source rocks, developing concentration zones of volcanic oil and gas reservoirs. While there is a long distance between source rocks and volcanic rocks, certain accumulations may also form due to communications of faults and unconformities. There are two accumulation patterns divided by volcanic reservoir forming conditions such as near-source play and distal play [81]. Near-source plays are mostly discovered in eastern Chinese depressions, for example, the Paleogene mafic volcanic rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin and the Lower Cretaceous felsic volcanic rocks which developed prolific oil and gas accumulations emplaced right on the top of high-quality source rocks. Both near-source and distal plays are found in western Chinese basins, for instance, volcanic rocks and source rocks have developed together in carboniferous-Permian of the Junggar and Santanghu Basins which formed near-source plays, and the source rocks mainly developed in the Lower Paleozoic while the reservoir volcanic rocks emplaced in the Permian, thus forming distal plays in the Sichuan and Tarim Basins (Figure 8).
Source-reservoir-cap assemblages of the volcanic oil and gas accumulations in main petroliferous basins of China (Zou et al. [
The characteristics of volcanic oil and gas accumulation mainly include volcanic reservoirs and reservoir forming elements. Taking the characteristics of volcanic oil and gas accumulation in the Songliao Basin as an example, volcanic gas accumulation can be classified into acid type and intermediate-basic type by lithology. By the characteristics of volcanic edifices, these two types mentioned above can be furthe rclassified into six sub-types, including acid pyroclastic sub-type, lava sub-type, complex sub-type and intermediate-basic pyroclastic sub-type, lava sub-type, complex sub-type. Great differences have been discovered in developmental degrees among the types in the volcanic gas accumulation (Figure 9). The acid and intermediate-basic lava sub-types account for 72% of volcanic gas accumulation of the Yingcheng Formation in the north of the Songliao Basin, and the contribution degree of acid lava sub-type can reach 50%. The acid type accounts for 92% of volcanic gas accumulation in the south of the Songliao Basin, while only the intermediate-basic lava sub-type gains industrial gas. The highest deliverability in a single well is gained in the acid complex sub-type; the deliverability of the intermediate-basic type is lower than the acid type. There are few differences among the intermediate-basic pyroclastic sub-type, lava sub-type and complex sub-type. However, there are great differences among the acid pyroclastic sub-type, lava sub-type and complex sub-type.
The relationship between hydrocarbon accumulations and volcanic edifices in the Songliao basin
By analysing the relationship between reservoirs and reservoir forming structures, most of the volcanic gas accumulations are structural-lithologic gas accumulations. The gas mainly originated from the mud and coal-bearing strata of the early Cretaceous Shahezi Formation and Huoshiling Formation. The fluid transforming system is made up by the faults, joints and high porosity-permeability transforming zones. The distribution range of gas layers is not absolutely controlled by the structural trap. When above the water-gas contact (WGC), the high porosity-permeability zone forms a gas layer, the medium-low porosity-permeability zone forms a poor gas layer and the zone which has fewer pores and fractures forms a dense layer or baffle layer. The proportion of poor gas layers increases gradually from the acid complex type to the acid pyroclastic sub-type to intermediate-basic lava sub-type (Figure 10). WGC is an uneven contact surface caused by the peculiarity of the stratigraphic construction of volcanic edifices. There are great differences in shape among the different volcanic edifices. The gas thickness of acid pyroclastic sub-type and acid complex sub-type changes little, forming a tabular and sill-like shape. There are great changes in the gas thickness of intermediate-basic lava sub-type, the maximum thickness is 2~3 times thicker than the minimum thickness and forms a mound or wedge shape. Moreover, in the same gas layer, the deliverability is also different in the different locations.
Forming pattern of gas pools of volcanic edifices in the Songliao Basin
By the comparison between industrial gas wells and other wells, the advantages of forming high production gas include reservoir space diversity, high porosity, good source rocks, anticlinal /faulted anticline traps and the vertical migration pathway. The reservoir forming effects will be poor once one of the above conditions is absent.
For example, although having good source rocks, a DB10 well only gains low producing gas because of unitary reservoir spaces and poor porosity-permeability. A YN1 well does not even gain industrial gas because of poor source rocks and porosity-permeability despite having diversiform reservoir spaces. An SS1 well has good porosity-permeability and diversiform reservoir spaces, while its source rock is poor, it does not gain industrial gas. The wells show that overlying strata on the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation can be regional caps in the Songliao Basin and there are a wealth of high angle joints and faults in the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation. So the main reservoir forming elements of volcanic gas accumulation include effective source rocks, faults connecting to the source rocks and reservoir porosity-permeability.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|||||
Acid | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic | \n\t\t\tIntergranular pore, Intercrystalline pore, Intercentric pore (breccia) | \n\t\t\tCrash fractures, width : 0.1 mm , filling degree: 95% | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tHigh-angle fractures, width : 1~2 mm, upper part with no fill, lower part filled by calcite filling degree: 100% | \n\t\t\tfaulted anticline trap | \n\t\t\tvertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\tYS3 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Interbreccial pore, Corrosion pore | \n\t\t\tIntercrystalline crash fractures | \n\t\t\tDissolved pore | \n\t\t\tHigh-angle fracture | \n\t\t\tfault nose trap | \n\t\t\tlateral, vertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\tgas show | \n\t\t\tSS1 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
Lava | \n\t\t\tIntercentric pore | \n\t\t\tCrash fractures | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tJoints and high-angle fracturesfilling degree: 80% | \n\t\t\tfault nose trap | \n\t\t\tlateral | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation | \n\t\t\tgas show | \n\t\t\tYN1 (k1y) | \n\t\t|
Vesicle, Intercentric pore | \n\t\t\tIntercrystalline crash fractures | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tHigh-angle fractures and oblique crossing fractures, reticular partly, width: 0.5~2 mm | \n\t\t\tanticline trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t30 | \n\t\t\tYS2 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
Complex | \n\t\t\tVesicle, Interbreccial pore, Corrosion pore | \n\t\t\tIntercrystalline crash fractures | \n\t\t\tDissolved pore | \n\t\t\thigh-angle fractures and Joints | \n\t\t\tanticline trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\tYS1 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
/ | \n\t\t\tCrash fractures, filled by calcite | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tBranched fractures, width:1 cm, filled by red magma, filling degree:30%~100% | \n\t\t\tfault nose trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\tgas show | \n\t\t\tYS4 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
intermediate-basic | \n\t\t\tPyroclastic | \n\t\t\tInterbreccial pore, vesicle (breccia) | \n\t\t\tCrash fractures | \n\t\t\tDissolved pore | \n\t\t\tHigh-angle structural fractures | \n\t\t\tanticline trap | \n\t\t\tvertical | \n\t\t\tlower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t5.6 | \n\t\t\tDS3 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Lava | \n\t\t\tMicro-vesicle | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tHigh-angle fractures, width: 2~30 mm, filled by calcite, filling degree: 10%~100% | \n\t\t\tfault nose trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tself generation and self preservation, lower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t0.4 | \n\t\t\tDB11 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
Amygdale, vesicle, Interbreccial pore | \n\t\t\tCrash fractures | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tReticular fractures, width:2~50 mm, filled by calcite, filling degree: 10%~100% | \n\t\t\tanticline trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tlower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\tDX5,DS3-1 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
Complex | \n\t\t\tAmygdale, vesicle, | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\t/ | \n\t\t\tReticular fractures, width:2~5 cm, filled by calcite, filling degree 10%~100% | \n\t\t\tanticline trap | \n\t\t\tlateral vertical | \n\t\t\tlower generation and upper preservation | \n\t\t\t5.0 | \n\t\t\tDS4 (k1\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
The characteristics of gas pool forming of volcanic edifices of faulted sequences in the Songliao Basin
Hydrocarbon exploration in volcanic rocks is a relatively new and important topic today. As a typical example in China, the Songliao Basin has been introduced here.
Natural transformation from organic matter to hydrocarbon is a slow process. This slow process can be accelerated by volcanic heat that is the thermal effect of volcanic activity. In addition, it can also be catalyzed by volcanogenic minerals, such as zeolite and olivine, and transition metals in hydrothermal liquid, such as Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ti, V, etc.
The origin of natural gas hosted in volcanic reservoirs can be both biogenic and abiogenic. In the Songliao Basin of China, most of hydrocarbon has been proved as having organic derivation, a few alkane gas and non-hydrocarbon gas have inorganic derivation. The origin of hydrocarbon can be distinguished with isotopes such as C and He.
Volcanic lithofacies can be classified into “
Volcanic lithology and lithofacies in drilled wells are effectively discriminated with cross-plots of different logging parameters. The most effective methods are GR-Th, Pe-Th and M-N cross-plots for lithological discrimination. Lithofacies are characterized by GR and RT with respect to amplitude, outer shape and frequency. The texture and structure information of volcanic rocks can be depicted with FMI images.
The spatial distribution of lithological and lithofacies associations can be characterized by seismic parameters, such as amplitude, frequency, phase and time intervals. Seismic facies are mapped with waveform classification between half a wavelength to two wavelengths. Geological facies are interpreted from seismic facies coupled with core section description and well-log information.
Volcanic rocks mainly act as reservoir or seal rocks in hydrocarbon accumulations. Most of the discovered volcanic oil and gas reservoirs are structural-lithologic and stratigraphic. Source rocks are essential to the formation of oil and gas. Although plays of proximal facies are predominant, distal facies have also been discovered to be productive in the Songliao Basin.
Porosity and permeability in volcanic rocks are more heterogeneous than sedimentary rocks. High resolution data are necessary for hydrocarbon exploration in volcanic rocks. Furthermore, diagenesis of volcanic rocks is one of the most important topics in the future because it is the controlling factor on the porosity and permeability of volcanic reservoirs.
This research was supported by a grant from the Major State Basic Research Development Programme of China (no. 2009CB219300), Key laboratory of Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, China.
One of the leading concerns in community psychology has been to capture the feelings that people have about the communities of which they are part. Following Sarason cited in [1], it is this area of work that has come to be associated with the term “sense of community” (SOC). The concept of SOC is necessarily a multidimensional one, covering various facets of people’s opinions about their communities. There are a number of further complexities to the question, not the least of them being the problem of how people define their communities in the first place. For example, in England, research has suggested that people often refer to their immediate localities when asked to say where they live and where they feel they belong, while at the same time they think in terms of a series of overlapping maps of different sizes, each significant in different ways. Furthermore, there is a need to come to terms with the fact that while many people may define their communities in territorial or locality terms, others do so in terms of common identity with a social, religious, or ethnic group [1].
Sense of community has been described as “the sense that one was part of a readily available, mutually supportive network of relationships upon which one could depend and as a result of which one did not experience sustained feelings of loneliness” Sarason cited in [2].
Gusfield cited in [3], distinguished between two major uses of the term community. The first is the territorial and geographical notion of community—neighborhood, town, and city. The second is “relational,” concerned with “quality of character of human relationship, without reference to location.” Gusfield noted that the two usages are not mutually exclusive [3].
According to Sarason cited in [3], the basic characteristics of sense of community are: perception of similarity to others, an acknowledge interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this inter dependence by giving or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure.
McMillan and Chavis defined sense of community as “a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together.” In this key definition, they identify four major elements required for a sense of community: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and a shared emotional connection. By their definition, all four elements must be present to define a sense of community.
Membership referred to the feeling of belonging, of being part of a collective. A major part of membership was boundaries; if one belongs to a particular community, then the implication is that there are those who do not. This concept intuitively seems to be a necessary part of any definition of community; to have a sense of community, one must first belong to a community. Emotional safety derived from membership, the sense of belonging and identification with the community of interest, personal investment in the community leading to stronger bonds, and some kind of common symbol system, which unites a community.
The second dimension was that of influence, a bidirectional concept, as for a group to be attractive, an individual must feel they have some control and influence over it, whereas, conversely, for a group to be cohesive, it also must influence its individual members. McMillan and Chavis stated that pressure of conformity from community members actually comes from the needs of individual members for consensual validation. In turn, conformity serves as a force for cohesiveness.
The third dimension, integration and fulfillment of needs, referred to the idea that for a community to maintain a positive sense of togetherness, the individual group association must be rewarding for the individual members. Some of the more obvious rewards examined in their paper are status of membership, success of the community, and the perceived competence of other members.
The last dimension is that of shared emotional connection. McMillan and Chavis suggested that this was in part based on a sense of shared history and identification with the community. The authors suggested that the more people interact, the more likely they are to form close relationships. As this interaction becomes more positive, the bond becomes stronger. Investment in the community determines the importance to individuals of the community’s success and current status. Those who give time and effort to community organizations and events will be more concerned about seeing the positive effects of these events than are those who have not been involved.
McMillan and Chavis stated that these aspects of community contribute to create each of the dimensions, which in turn work together dynamically to create and maintain an overall sense of community.
Generally, the first element is membership. Membership is the feeling of belonging or of sharing a sense of personal relatedness. The second element is influence, a sense of mattering, of making a difference to a group and of the group mattering to its members. The third element is reinforcement: integration and fulfillment of needs. This is the feeling that members’ needs will be met by the resources received through their membership in the group. The last element is shared emotional connection, the commitment and belief that members have shared and will share history, common places, time together, and similar experiences [3].
Knowing how people from diverse cultures form attachments to social groups is important, so general objective of the study is to capture an understanding of sense of community in the “Awramba” experience. Based on this general objective, this study tried to answer the following questions.
What and how the community was established?
What are the criteria to be part of the community?
What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time?
As far as the researcher knowledge, there is empirical gap in the study of sense of community on “Awramba” community. But there are two research studies conducted related to women right and the nature of group communication under Addis Ababa University, which were: Women’s Decision-Making Rights in the Household [4], and a study of the Nature of Group Communication [5].
Solomon [4] found in his study on the community that, “it can be concluded that gender equality exists in most household matters in ‘Awramba’ community. The findings also indicate that the ‘Awramba’ community’s culture is women friendly; it respects the equality of every member especially men and women. In this community women are relatively emancipated from cultural domination and traditional patriarchal practices. Most married women in the home life have equal rights with their male counterparts.”
Tilahun [5] also found in his study on the community that, “the community exercises democratic principles in the sense that equal engagement and distribution of resources to the members. Developing brotherhood empathy, helping the misfortune and conflict reduction are basic principles of the community. A significant enhancement has also been made in empowering women. Unlike to the surrounding culture, the community could reshape the traditionally perceived role of women and men. The guiding perceived principle to ensure gender equality in the community is interpreted by assigning tasks regardless of sex, but ability”.
In addition to the above, there are problems of moral value deterioration in everywhere such as in respecting elders, being honest, and the problems of conflict, which is a practical gap. So, finding the answer for how the community is dealing with this problem is another reason for conducting this study.
The reason that sensitized the researcher to select the “Awramba” community for the study is that the shared values social practice that has survived for the test of the time. An indicator for this can be the following: (1) Women and children right existed in the community; elder care existed in the community, and (2) their commitment and cooperative work.
The method applied to the study of the “Awramba” community was realist ethnography. Realist ethnography is an objective account of the situation, typically written in the third-person point of view and reporting objectively on the information learned from participants at a site. In this ethnographic approach, the realist ethnographer narrates the study in a third-person dispassionate voice and reports on what is observed or heard from participants. The ethnographer remains in the background as an omniscient reporter of the “facts.” The realist also reports objective data in a measured style uncontaminated by personal bias, political goals, and judgment. The researcher may provide mundane details of everyday life among the people studied. The ethnographer also uses standard categories for cultural description (e.g., family life, communication networks, work life, social networks, and status systems). The ethnographer produces the participants’ views through closely edited quotations and has the final word on how the culture is to be interpreted and presented [6].
Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The primary data were generated from in-depth interviews, while secondary data were obtained from information desk of the community established by the community.
The data sources or the target population of the study that included “Awramba” people living in the village is also the researcher source of data.
This study was conducted on “Awramba” community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, “Fogera woreda,” 72 km far from “Bahir dar” city and 7.5 km from “Wereta” on the way road to “Debretabor.” The exact geographical coordinates of the community place are latitude and longitude – 11.9203453, 37.7868649 [7]. As the interviewees told the researcher, the “Awramba” community started to establish in 1971 around 66 individuals living in different “kebeles,” but after the “Derg” regime came to the position, the leader of the community arrested for 6 days and the member of the community became 48 individuals. In 1987, 13 individuals of the community members migrated to southern nation nationalities and people’s region (SNNPR), “Bonga,” and the rest of the community members migrated to “Bonga” in 1988/89, when the community reestablished in 1999, the community members were 19 individuals (Table 1).
Year E.C. | Numbers of the “Awramba” community members | ||
---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | |
196 | 207 | 403 | |
198 | 214 | 412 | |
211 | 221 | 432 | |
250 | 213 | 463 | |
232 | 245 | 480 | |
235 | 245 | 483 | |
240 | 254 | 494 | |
252 | 262 | 514 | |
253 | 263 | 516 | |
254 | 265 | 519 | |
257 | 278 | 535 |
The community members’ progress (source: “Awramba” community information desk established by the community and located in the center of the community).
The respondents of this study were “Awramba” people living in the village. In this community, there are a total of 177 households, for this study matter a total of four samples were purposefully selected to participate in the study.
Four interviewees were participated in the study. Out of the four participants of the study, participant 1 was selected purposefully by the researcher, because she was a person assigned by the community as a tour guide, worker in the museum and information desk of the community. The rest three participants of the study were the community members selected by her, because she assumed that they were knowledgeable about the “Awramba” community (Table 2).
No | Sex | Age | Code | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | F | 30 | Participant:1 | The community member, tour guide, worker in the community museum and information desk of the community. |
2 | M | 27 | Participant:2 | Community member |
3 | M | 59 | Participant:3 | Community member |
4 | F | 53 | Participant:4 | Community member |
Participants of the study.
The data gathering tools employed to gather reliable information from sample participants were in-depth interview questions and observation guide.
First, the researcher prepared the interview questions, go to the community, and explained the objective to the person who assigned by the community to promote and who guides anyone who want to know about the community. Then the researcher conducted the interview with the participants who are selected by the community worker. During the course of the interview, the researcher had note of what has been said by the interviewees and made audio-visual record. And the observation also held simultaneously with the interview through having field note.
The data collected through in-depth interview recorded in audio-visual data changed into written form and the field note together with observation was organized by assembling the responses according to thematically in the result of the study part. The identified themes related to the literatures in the discussion part accordingly. In the interpretation part, the identified themes interpreted according to the objectives of the “Awramba” community and using McMillan and Chavis [3] four elements that define sense of community theory. Original name of participants of the study changed into numbers to keep confidentiality.
The analysis of the data showed 13 themes existed in the transcripts in the “Awramba” community. The 13 key themes were:
Biography of Zumra and the establishment of the community (theme-1)
Membership criteria (theme-2)
Means of income (theme-3)
Handicraft skill and environmental protection (theme-4)
Celebration (theme-5)
Marriage and divorce (theme-6)
Marriage (theme-6a)
Divorce (theme-6b)
Mourning value (theme-7)
Religious view (theme-8)
Gender equality (theme-9)
Commitment (theme-10)
Commitment to be Honesty (10a)
Commitment for the scheduled meetings (10b)
Ways of handling conflict (theme-11)
Services delivered (theme-12)
Elders care (theme-12a)
Preschool and moral education (theme-12b)
Public library
Members who do not share geographical location (theme-13)
The community was established by the now 72-year-old farmer Zumra Nuru. He was born in 1949 in “Este, Gondor.” At the age of 4, he was raised and asked four challenging questions to his family. The first one was, gender equality, he was raised this question for the reason that when he was looking his peasant parents, his father and mother work together at the day time, in the evening his father takes a rest but his mother continues her work in the home without getting any support from her husband, at that time Zumra thought why his father does not support his mother and thought that was not fair.
The second question he was raised was about children right, children were commanded by their parents that was above their capacity, if they fail, insult and physical punishment apply to them, Zumra asks why?
The third question was about the elders, when elder get sick or when they loss their ability to work, no one looks and helps them, Zumra asked, why not they help them?
The fourth one was Zumra’s experience that he faced many times when people attack, rob, talk falsely, and kill another people, he was asked, why people do things to others that they do not want for themselves?
When he raised these four questions, his mother took it as mental disorder and took him to different traditional medicines, but there was no change.
Till the age of 13, he rose in his parent house and his family assumed that “his idea was different from other children and people for the reason that he was born with mental disorder.”
After the age of 13, according to Participant:1, he thought, “If he goes to different places and explain his ideas may be, he would get some people and might understand his ideas,” by considering this, he gone out a journey in different places of “Gondor” and “Gojam” to spread his ideas. At that time most of the time he availed himself in different social gatherings such as social gathering for mourning and so on.
Even though people who listened to his ideas did not consider him as mentally disordered as his family, but they did not take the idea rather they said the ideas are good. He stayed for 5 years to explain his ideas rounding in different places of “Gondor” and “Gojam,” he passes the day time with people and the night time sleeping under the tree, at that time different animals stay with him and leave him at the morning. After 5 years, he thought to go back to home to farm and to help elders and peoples in need, to get mental satisfaction.
Zumra came back to his family after 5 years and told them he wants to marry and to farm the land. His family said according to Participant:1, “the traveling from place to place and the migration taught him so now he became healthy because he is asking us to provide him a girl for marriage and to farm the land.” After he married and worked as a farmer, he started helping the elders and people in need, his family said according to Participant:1, “we said he is recovered from his mental illness, but he is in the worst condition, because he spent his money for non-relatives or others rather than spending it for family and relatives.”
After this occurrence, according to Participant:1, “he raised the fifth question by saying that he gave his money for his people why his family say, he is giving his money for non-relatives or external bodies? his family replied him ‘if he knows he became mentally ill unless he should know that after seven generation people become non-relatives’ external bodies’ and he said ‘after counting seven generation they said non-relatives or external bodies where did they get this saying from? Whose people, are they? considering people as external bodies results hatred, hatred results conflict, people start to fear people because of this, instead if people ignore picturing people as external bodies, and consider all human being as brother and sister so that people can create earthly paradise and we can live in harmony.”
And he was added “as to him all human being are the sons of Adam and Eve, so he gave to his people.” But still his family said “his idea is strange because of his mental illness’ so; he ignored his family start to use his free time after farm and helping people in need for searching people who can understand and accept his ideas.”
Zumra was traveling in different places for searching people who might understand and accept his ideas.
At the time of traveling, he got some peasants who understood and accepted his ideas, they said to him according to Participant:1, “your ideas are good, but how can we establish such like community?” then Zumra thought that “if he moves to this place, they will accept all his ideas” so brought his family to the then place “Awramba” community are living in 1971, and started establishing the community. He did not get all the people who accepted his ideas in the same place because those people are living in different places.
Some of his ideas that explained to the peasants were according to Participant:1, “when we establish the community, we should consider cooperative working, women equality, avoiding bad habits and speech, we bring peace instead of expecting it from others, bad habits and bad attitude are like spiders web it has not root.”
He added “there are two important things, they are bad doing and bad speech, we should avoid bad doing and bad speech that what we do not want to be done for us and to be saying about us, we should avoid anger, insult and bad attitudes. We should do for others what we want to be done for us. If a female works a male work, she is working her father’s work similarly if a male works female work, he is working his mothers work, if we get this it is development, change, if we consider our wives as external body, we are also considering our mothers and sisters like that, so we should avoid such kind of attitudes” some people accepted him still others ignored him.
The people who ignored his ideas replied, when he talks about women right, they said “who is going to bear and who is being bearded” when he talks about child right, they said “child should eat what is provided to him and work what he commanded and should not talk equally with his parents” when he talks about elders care they said “who bear who’s poor” and when he said “we should avoid being liar and captious (‘negeregnanet’)” they also did not accept him. People who ignored his ideas said “he should not take our children” and start working to avoid him, at the time of the occurrence of political conflict between “Tigray” liberation front (TPLF) and “Derg,” those people who opposed Zumra’s idea reported to the “Derg” officers as the member of TPLF and then he was jailed for 6 days. After that, he and peoples who accepted his idea migrated through “Jimma” to the then South Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region specifically a place named “Bonga.” They stayed there for 5 years and returned in 1992/93 to then place of “Awramba” community members are living.
At this time their land was gone, got a small plot of land, though they asked the government body, they got the answer “wait till 1996 at that time we rearrange the land so you will get on that time.” Even though the community asked on the time, people who ignored the community idea collaborated with the field team who were assigned to the rearrangement of the land said, “if we give them the land the ‘Awramba’ community stay here and live forever but if we ignore to give them additional land, they will leave the area and will migrate to other place” and decided not to give them the additional land. Still the community limited to the only 17.5-hectare land.
The community decided and said that “people who depend on only land income cannot improve; we should create additional income generating activities” the community changed this plan into application; they are getting income from different activities.
Though the community faced many problems during the migration and when they reestablished the community in 1999, after they promoted themselves in 2000/2001, not only Ethiopian but also human being around come and appreciate the community and their ideas. Zumra said “previously I lost a single person who understands my ideas but now I got people around the world that understand and accept my ideas therefore I think, I tread one step forward.”
Now he is saying according to Participant:1, “we should reach our ideas to the educated people, let them decide if they accept our ideas, they took it, or if they think our ideas is not accepted let, they decide to ignore, and we should also pass our ides to the next generation and we should think about what should we work and pass, if they accepted or not let them decide by themselves is now the main objective of the community.”
The major criteria to be members of the community are respecting human being, the great asset in the community is human, money is the second asset. Additionally, there are other criteria one should obey to be members of the community, they are: avoiding being liar, captious, theft, adultery, addiction (chewing khat or drinking alcohol). Avoiding bad doing and speech, collaborating with the community, if anyone interested to be member of the community and fulfill the above criteria can be accepted by the community.
From this it is clear that respecting human being and the norm of the major community are the criteria used to be a member of that community.
As they are limited to 17.5-hectare land, the community used it effectively for market garden and created other sources of income because begging is not accepted in the community.
They work different businesses such as shops, cafe, mill, traditional cloths store, guest house for tourists, and weaving workshops, which produce different traditional raiments.
Currently the community started producing food oil and exports it to different places such as “Bahir dar” (see Figures 1–4).
The community traditional cloth shop (photo of the author).
The community guest house (photo of the author).
The community weaving workshop (photo of the author).
The community is building storage and working place for the production of food oil (photo of the author).
After watching the “Awramba” community members; hard working outputs and the community members’ ethics of the community that is living around, the community started to say according to Participant:2, “please stay here for our children, we hated you unknowingly,” the interviewee added what their leader Zumra said to them before long time ago when the surrounding community members treating the community in bad way, “if they did not talk to you, try to talk them, if they did not salute you try to salute them, because unknown person is like infant, if the infant raise a fire to his mother the mother took the fire from the infant but not reply to him in the same way, like that our neighbor community members treat us badly because of the fail to know our ideas and beliefs one they could understand us and treat us in a good way, now we are looking our patients fruit it enable us to live in a peaceful way.”
The community members work 6 days a week and the remaining 1 day, which is Sunday, is used to do their individual work at home.
The community members have a good handicraft skill and applied it all of their home by working environmentally friendly cooking hearth, which uses small amount of fire wood, and surprisingly most of the materials such as: shelf, table, chair, and even bed made from some amount of wood and mostly through clay soil (Figure 5).
The community made and shelf with some amount of wood and mostly through clay soil (photo of the author).
The community also made different materials from clay soil but because these materials are produced by the neighboring community, to avoid tender, the community stopped its production for business purposes.
The celebration of the formation of the community and New Year ceremony is the most and well-celebrated ceremony in the community. This is celebrated once a year, at every “Paugume 5 or 6” linking it with Ethiopian New Year. This can strengthen the social network of the community.
As Participant: 4 said, “we celebrate once a year two consecutive days which are the last day of the year and the first day of the new year, we celebrate the last day of the year because of it was the day that our leader Zumra finished founding the community with our fathers, and we also add one day on it as the first day of the new year, so we at those days we stop working, and take a rest but we did not prepare special food for the ceremony we eat what are prepared in our home and gather around a tree which are located at center of the village, the community orchestra come and we pass those time on playing and relaxing.”
The other important issue that uses as a means of strengthening the social network of the community is their wedding value.
In the community, members believe that, when human being is living, he is better to marry whom he/she wants and replace himself. In the community, wedding has the following steps. Firstly, by the time the boy and girl become emotional attached and become eager to get married, he/she tells the elder near him/her.
Secondly, the elder checks their age whether the boy’s age is 20 and above and the girl’s age is 19 and above, and their need to be marry each other.
Finally, the elder takes the responsibility and the bride and the groom sign for each other. The amazing thing is that there is no wedding ceremony, after signing for the marriage, the bride and the groom immediately go to their work. Their family gives the ceremony expenditures for the married couples instead of making wedding ceremony.
As Participant:3 explained that, “the marriage should be one to one, before marriage sex is prohibited, after marriage sex is also prohibited out of marriage, if not we are not different from animals, so we should apply the law that we are agreed upon that is the norm of marriage.”
There are three reasons that the community put might enable someone to make divorce, it is not compulsory but it might make the person to divorce and the community may accept it if the reason is real.
If one of them is sterile and if it is checked by diagnosis, the one that has no problem can divorce and remarry.
Between the couple if there is sexual problem that cannot be recovered by treatment, if the problem can be fixed by treatment, and if the couples do not have enough money, the community supports them, but if the problem cannot be treated, they can divorce, because the problem may be a burden to both of them.
If there is Barney that cannot be fixed by advising, if the problem cannot be avoided, the community interference helping them in advice, for the reason that the Barney should not be transferred to the children the couples can divorce.
But other than the above reasons such as because of gossip or attraction of another person cannot be allowed to divorce.
Mourning value of the community is different from other community members who live in neighborhoods and with other Ethiopian community. The community believes that the mourning should be in lifetime, through sympathy people should help each other, but after death happens, God takes his thing, so only the assigned members of the community go to the mourning place but other community members stay supporting the mourners, only the assigned persons attend the funeral, after the burial, as Participant:1 said, “we bring the mourners with us to work place not assuming that the mourners will do work, but to keep their mental from the side effects of exaggerating mourning. We do this because of three reasons, the first one is, we already lost our person so why we lost our time for the second time, the second one is not to harm our and the mourners mental, the third one is to prevent the mourners from financial crises because of mourning ceremony. Therefore, what we do is helping and supporting the mourner family by any means, if they are elders, we support what they need, if they are children, we give them any care what they need and support to achieve their goal. In general, the community believes in helping and supporting when the individual is alive.”
All of the community members are believers in one god. Even though they believe in one god, they do not have a single mosque or church. Participant:4 said “we believe in one god, and our God is with us and get everywhere so we do not need to build mosque or church.”
Participant:3, said “The community members believes that human belief can be explained by the work of people do on people. We should help people in need, human can be explained by his good did, we all the community members believe in this, we believe in one God, members of the community came from the religions of Islam and Christianity, we believe that we should not dived by race, clan even in religion, as we are human being, we all are brothers and sisters.”
The community is distinct from the rest of Ethiopian community related to gender role, the first question that made the leader of the community to establish the community is gender equality. In the community, there is no differentiated role for male and female. All males work what females work including work in the kitchen and females also work all the works that males work including farming outside of the home. So, in the community, male and female participate equally in all things.
In the community, honesty is one of their assets, if anyone gets any material or money, it is returned to the owner, if the person who gets the material did not meet the owner, he should give to the committee that is already established to do this responsibility.
There are three types of scheduled meetings in the community: the first one is family meeting in every 15 days during the night time, they used it to monitor children ethics and to make solutions if they face, in this meeting all the family members including children participate. The second type of meeting is every once in a month at each working institution to plan and put solutions for problems if they faced related their work. The last kind of meeting is once in every 6 months, this meeting is a general meeting, in which all the community members participate.
In the first place to handle conflict, there are the community members who put the coping mechanism at the time of the community establishment in 1964. As Participant:2 said that “The community believe that the great asset is human being, so there should no need to create conflict with this great asset, if we consider this idea, we should do good thing for this our great asset and if we want to create earthly paradise and want to live in harmony, we should avoid bad doing and bad speech.”
If the conflict occurs, the community considers it as ideas conflict rather than taking it as individual conflict, both the individuals discuss on the issue and try to understand each other, most of the time the conflict of the ideas solves at this stage. But if they cannot solve the problem, they take the issue to the grievance listener committee, if the problem is serious and the committee cannot solve it, the issue is taken to the “woreda” court. Participant:1, who works as the promoter of the community, said that, “the entire problem solved at individual level so that even the grievance committee cannot get any case of the conflict.”
As the researcher got information from the community members, there is no a single police station or court in the village.
The community-built school starting from Kindergarten up to grade 8, health center, cafeteria, and public library were built and still managed by persons selected from the community. These indicate that how the community is motivated to solve their problems.
As a participant said that “we help the elders without any external support for only our conscience satisfaction and because of the community believes that the great asset in our community is human being.” The community supports the elders in two ways: one is in their home, and the second way by preparing dormitory they bring them to elder care center. And the community uses two sources of income to support the elder, the first one is the income collected from the tourists as entrance fee, and the second one is by organizing the community as voluntaries one day a week every Tuesday working for the elder’s care (Figure 6).
The community elder care house external picture (photo of the author).
The elders who supported in the elder care house come voluntarily, they can walk and sit out of the house, and their relatives and family members come and pass time with them (Figure 7).
The community elder care house internal picture (photo of the author).
As the researcher got the information from the interview, the community-based organization, which is the so called “aregawuyan maqoya,” in which members and voluntary supporters are only members of the community.
The researcher observed the kindergarten or the preschool, which was built by the community before the government built the schools. In the preschool, as Participant:1 said “the children differentiate the Amharic and English alphabet and learn numbers in the pre-school. In addition to this they learn moral education, like avoiding lying, being captious, making conflict between individuals and so on. At the end of every daily lesson the children say the slogan ‘
In the community taking people’s money is a crime; the children also are learning it. The children learn not only in word but also in practice, because the community believe that speech and work should go in the same way, if the adults teach the children and fail to apply, the children give more attention to what is seen than what they listen to. So, the community teaches the children not only in word but also in practice, when the children’s age becomes 7, they are sent to formal school (Figure 8).
The community preschool, built by the community (photo of the author).
There are kindergarten, primary and senior secondary and preparatory schools in the village. The kindergarten and the senior secondary (grade 9 to grade 10) schools were built by the community themselves and the primary school (grade 1 to grade 8) and preparatory school (grade 11 to grade 12) were built by the government, and the community also built public library (Figures 9 and 10).
The community preparatory school (photo of the author).
The community public library (photo of the author).
There is one health center in the community and still managed by the board selected from the community.
The interviewee from the community told us there is no as such challenging problem in these aspects. Water, electricity, and telephone services are available in the residence.
Members of the community graduated students now become 70, some of them are working in the community who got related fields, some of them want working on unrelated fields in the community by saying that “we should serve the community who teach us without learning for themselves” and still others are who did not get their fields are working in governmental and nongovernmental organizations, which are out of the community.
As the community promoter officer Participant:1, said “at the time when the united Nations team visitors come to us and they said ‘we tried to settle peace around the world and different beliefs agreed on ‘do to others what you want for yourself’, but the community members are doing in practice and living on it” and they bestow our community two gold medals and one trophy, and they also bestow our leader Zumra a medal by saying “you are peace ambassador. Then they asked us if we are voluntary, they want to be members of the community from the place they were living and working. We replied them, the community is the house for anyone wants to make peace, making black or white is our God’s work so you can be the member of the community, so they are members of the community.”
The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in the “Awramba” context. To achieve this objective, realist ethnography method was applied. From the study result, 13 major themes were found.
The first theme (theme-1) was the causes for the community founder Zumra to establish the community, which were four questions; gender role equality, children right, about helping elders, and fairness. Till the age of 13, Zumra raised and stayed with his parent house, he moved around different places of “Gondor” and “Gojam” to spread his ideas for 5 years. He also raised the fifth question about human brotherhood. At the time of traveling, he got some peasants who understood and accepted his ideas. He brought his family to the current place in 1971 and started establishing the community. People who ignored his ideas started working to avoid him. After that he and peoples who accepted his idea migrated through “Jimma” to the then SNPPR specifically “Bonga.” They stayed there for 5 years. When they returned in 1992/93 to then place of “Awramba,” their land was gone, and got a small plot of land. The community decided to create additional income generating activities rather than depending on the farm. After they promoted themselves in 2000/2001 on different media, Ethiopians and tourists around the world came and appreciated their ideas and way of life.
Regarding (theme-2), which is about membership criteria, the major criteria to be members of the community are respecting human being and adhering to the community norm. Adhering to these criteria, there were members who share geographical location and who do not share geographical location with the community. Members who do not share geographical location with the community (theme-13) were individuals who are members of the community but working in different places of the country and the accepted members from the United Nation, this result is in agreement with the study of [8], which showed that a community can exist beyond geographical borders as long as people share something in common.
Related to means of income in the community (theme-3), the community members cooperated and created different sources of income, such as: businesses, for example, shops, café, mill, traditional cloths store, guest house for tourists, and weaving workshops, which produces different traditional raiments.
Handicraft skill and environmental protection (theme-4), using their handicraft skill, they work environmentally friendly cooking hearth, which uses small amount of fire wood. Most of the materials such as: shelf, table, chair, and even bed made from some amount of wood and mostly through clay soil.
Once a year, the community celebrates the formation of the community on the last day of the year and first day of the Ethiopian New Year (theme-5). They celebrate gathering around a tree that is located at center of the village and pass those time on playing and relaxing.
In the marriage value of the community (theme-6a), there is no wedding ceremony, after signing for the marriage, the bride and the groom immediately go to their work. Their family gives the money for the married couples instead of expending it on wedding ceremony. This result is the same with Tilahun [4] findings about marriage value of the community, which indicated that, “Another distinctive feature in the community is that members do not celebrate any wedding ceremony. They believe that marriage ceremony is an extravagance which demolishes all the accumulated money of parents and couples within a few days. As a result, an informant of the member stated that they do not even make tea for any marriage celebration. The only required thing is that couples should confirm their agreement by putting their signature in front of a witness (the witness might be a female or male). The bride and the bridegroom are never given even a day to enjoy their marriage; they are expected to join the field work very soon.”
Related to divorce, there are reasons that the community agreed upon for making divorce (theme-6b), If one of them is sterile, or if there is sexual problem that cannot be recovered by treatment, and/or if there is barney that cannot be fixed by advising, the community may accept the divorce.
The community mourning value (theme-7), the community believes that mourning should be in lifetime, through sympathy people should help each other. If it happened, only the assigned persons go to the mourning place to attend the funeral. After the burial, the community members bring the mourners to work place, not assuming that the mourners will do work, but to keep their mental health from the side effects of exaggerating mourning.
The community religious view (theme-8), the community members believe that they are believers in one god. There is no a single mosque or church in the community. Because they believe God is with them and they can get everywhere. This result is closer to the finding of Solomon [4], which indicated that the community does not have religion, but faith or belief. They believe in the existence of supernatural force or creator of earth and heaven. They do not give a name for this supernatural force … but, they accept prayer for the creator individually. The result also agreed with the study of Tilahun [5], which indicated that, “They believe that religion means being obeyed to the single super natural force. So, if there is a full consent for the presence of one creator, dividing him and the doctrine by giving different names is wrong of human beings.”
Gender equality (theme-9), in the community there is no differentiated role for male and female. All males work what females work including work in the kitchen, and females also work what all the males work including working outside the home. This result agreed with the finding of Solomon [4], which said “in ‘Awramba’ community the role of men and women is identical.”
In the community, honesty is one asset. In the commitment to be honest (theme-10a), if a person finds anyone’s lost property, he/she should return to the owner. If he/she did not get the owner, he/she should give to the committee that is already established to do this responsibility. In the community, taking people’s money is a crime.
Commitment for the scheduled meetings (theme-10b), the community has family meeting in every 15 days during the night time, meeting once a month at each working institution to plan and put solutions for problems if they faced related to their work. And once in every 6 months, this meeting is the general meeting, in which all the community members participate. The family meeting result was confirmed by the finding of Tilahun [5], which says, “There is a regular discussion program in which groups of two or more families meet together at every 15 days to evaluate their plan and control the behavior of members. It usually takes place at night when all members come back from their field work and after daily activities are nearly over.”
Ways of handling conflict (theme-11), there is an established committee to solve, if any conflict happens among the community members. If the conflict happens, they consider it as ideas conflict rather as individual, solve on the following way: first, the individuals discuss on the issue, to understand each other and in order to solve the problem. Second, if they cannot, they take the issue to the grievance listener committee and try to solve it. Third, if the problem is serious and the committee cannot solve it, the issue is taken to the “woreda” court. Almost all the problem solved at individual level.
The community elder care (theme-12a), the community supports the elders in two ways: one is in their home, and in the elder’s care center. They use two sources of income to support elders: one is income collected from the tourists as an entrance fee, and the second way is through the community members’ work 1 day a week for this purpose.
Preschool and moral education in the community (theme-12b), in the preschool, children learn moral education, such as avoiding lying, being captious, making conflict between individuals, and so on. At the end of every daily lesson, children say the slogan, which strengthens their moral behavior. This result is closer to the findings of Tilahun [5], which indicated that, “the preprimary school has a potential impact in reshaping students’ attitude. It makes them more ethical and freer to express their ideas according to the established local traditions.”
The data indicated that the following are the objectives of the “Awramba” community.
To support each other
To solve their problem
To share their joy
Indicators of the above objectives are the following:
The indicator of the first objective is the different kinds of supports (financial, emotional, and the like) given to the community during grief time when there exist problems.
For example, in “Awramba” community, there are different community-based organizations such as income generating activity association and elder care house, which serve as means of sources of income and support during the time of old age.
An indicator for the second objective can be an effort done to solve problems of school where children acquire knowledge and health center the place where people need to get medical care. Examples of the second objective in the community are the existence of public library, kindergarten, senior secondary (grade 9 to grade 10) school, and one health center built by the community.
The celebration of anniversary “Pagume 5 or 6” and New Year ceremony in the community can also be an indicator for the third objective.
The community mourning values (theme-7), religious view (theme-8), and gender equality (theme-9) results are agreed with the study by [4].
As the McMillan and Chavis sense of community theory is a major theory in community psychology, it is cited in more than 2500 different, scholarly publications, the researcher used it for the interpretation purpose.
McMillan and Chavis define sense of community as “a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together.”
In this key definition, they identify four major elements required for a sense of community: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and a shared emotional connection. By their definition, all four elements must be present to define a sense of community.
As the theory said there needs to be a defined territory or boundary, physical or not, something that shows who is a member and who is not. This can be a geographic marker, or it may involve similar interests, etc. These say who is in and who is out, who belongs here, and who does not. This is related with the “Awramba” community members living in the community village. And in addition to members of the community who share physical boundary, there are also members of the community who do not share geographical location, which is (theme-13).
In a community with clear boundaries, members experience emotional safety. This means a physical sense of safety from crime, etc. Relationally, it means a secure place to make friends, a safe space to speak truthfully. As the researcher got information from the community members, there is no a single police station or court in the village. And it also explained by the “Awramba” community’s value of being honest (theme-10a) and ways of handling conflict (theme-11).
A member who feels safe is more likely to make personal investment in the community. Personal investment is made in order to show commitment, and it’s made because one feels wanted by the community and entitled to be there. This idea of the theory also related with the “Awramba” community members’ commitments for scheduled meetings (theme-10b).
Related to influence, which refers to how the individual influences the community, and that community influences the views and actions of the person. Participant:2 said “If we miss to adhere to the norm of the community, there is advise in the first place provided by other community member for that.” This can show how the group influences individual members of that community. It also related to the community members adhering to the norms of the community.
McMillan and Chavis considered this the “definitive element for true community.” It involves a spiritual bond, not necessarily religious, and not easily defined, yet recognizable to those who share it. It’s the soul of the people. It’s hard to define or describe to outsiders. Members of the community know what this deep bond is for them. This last element is sometimes just thought of as love. It’s based on a shared story, a community narrative, the story of my people, and it will have some rituals around that, which remind them why they are together.
These concepts reflected on celebration of the formation of the “Awramba” community and New Year (theme-5), marriage and divorce (theme-6), mourning value (theme-7), and religious views of the community (theme-8) (Figure 11).
The relationship between all themes and the four elements with sense of community.
Based on the information got from interview and observation, the researcher comes up with the following conclusions:
Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm.
The community has a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, their commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves.
The emotional connection of the community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary and New Year and scheduled meeting.
The moral education is also given in the school and at home meetings and in practice.
The services of education, health, water, electricity, and telephone are available in the community.
First of all, my special appreciation goes to the “Awramba” community and all participants who kindly volunteered to be part of the study. I also want to appreciate my brother Yusuf Tsegaye who helped me in traveling to the community and during data collection.
The purpose of this interview is to obtain data for a study of the “Awramba” community lifestyle and culture. You are selected for this study by assuming that you could give enough information on the issue. Therefore, your unreserved cooperation in providing the most genuine information will have a great significance to the study.
Any information that you give is confidential.
You are not required to mention your name during the interview.
The information you give will be used for this research purpose only.
It is up on your willingness to the interview; you have the right to participate or not to participate on the study and to interrupt the study.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
Gender _________
Age _______
Marital status _____________________________
Educational status _________________________
Occupation _______________________________
What is the name of this place?
What is the name that the community members call themselves?
What is the name of the community?
By who and when the community was established?
How many members the community had during the establishment?
Male _____________ Female ____________ Total ___________.
What were the reasons that you think to increase members of the community?
Are you member of the community?
How many times have you lived in the community?
What is your role in the community?
What is your plan for future about living in the community?
What do you think about being member of the community?
How do you see the importance of the community to you and your importance for the community?
What are the sources of income of the community members?
What it seems culture of the community related to work?
Is there work classification in the community? And what is it?
Is there work motivation in the community members?
What are the reasons for it?
Is there a chance to get a person who does not have motivation for work in the community?
What will be done for that?
How many members of the community do you know?
Are there criteria to be member of the community? 15a. What are they?
Does the individual influence the community? And does the community also influence the views and actions of members of the community?
What is it? And how?
Based on the norms of the community, are there things that are allowed and forbidden for members of the community? 17a. What are they?
Who manages or controls norms of the community?
In what way?
What is the measure during violation of the norm?
What is the meaning of cooperation in this community?
Is there cooperation between members of the community?
If there is cooperation, what strengthens it in the community?
What is the meaning of honesty in the community?
What it looks like in the community the experience of honesty?
Is there the experience of teaching related to honesty?
If there is experience, where does the teaching is delivered?
Is there moral education for children in the community? And how is it delivered?
Is there a custom that allows participation of all members of the community including children, youth, male, female, and elders?
If it is there, what is it and in what way is it held?
Are there things or experiences shared by all of the community members?
What are they?
What do you think about the safety of the neighborhoods in the community?
What is it about the leader follow-ups for the issues of the community?
In what way the community prevents crime and deviance?
Are there police station and court in the community?
What is the relationship between government and the community?
Are there problems that affect the community directly or indirectly?
What are they?
Do the community members cooperate to reduce the problems? And how?
What are the marriage customs in the community?
What are the customs of mourning in the community?
Are there celebrations in the community?
What are the times for the celebrations?
In what way are they celebrated?
Are there customs or traditions at family or community level held in a fixed way at weekly, monthly, or yearly?
What are they?
Is there a tradition of sharing money or things between the community members?
How?
Are there chances of conflicts that occur between community members?
What are the conflict resolution methods applied in the community?
Does globalization have an effect on the community members?
What are the effects?
Do the community members try to cope the effects?
What are they?
What is the meaning of race in the community?
What is the religious view of the community?
Name of the community __________________________________.
Place _______________________ Date _______________ Hour ___________.
Observer ________________________________.
General environmental condition of the community ____________________.
Services available in the community __________________________________.
Others ___________________________________________________________
IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndSecondStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:494},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"44",title:"Bionanotechnology",slug:"bionanotechnology",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:19,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:85,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"44",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9012",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8412775aad56ba7350a6201282feb1ec",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5310",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e68868f88148c8c3af4cc8a70e93e2e0",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105309",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"neeraj-kumar-mishra",fullName:"Neeraj Kumar Mishra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"68970",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88390",title:"Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture",slug:"applications-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:3547,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide applications in several areas like medicine, medical drugs, catalysis, energy and materials. Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"68760",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88744",title:"Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers",slug:"nanofibrous-scaffolds-for-skin-tissue-engineering-and-wound-healing-based-on-synthetic-polymers",totalDownloads:1291,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Nanofibrous scaffolds are popular materials in all areas of tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. In this chapter, we focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is an organ with several vitally important functions, particularly barrier, thermoregulatory, and sensory functions. Nanofibrous meshes not only serve as carriers for skin cells but also can prevent the penetration of microbes into wounds and can keep appropriate moisture in the damaged skin. The nanofibrous meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This review is concentrated on synthetic non-degradable and degradable polymers, which have been explored for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. These synthetic polymers were often combined with natural polymers of the protein or polysaccharide nature, which improved their attractiveness for cell colonization. The nanofibrous scaffolds can also be loaded with various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, antioxidants, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. In advanced tissue engineering approaches, the cells on the nanofibrous scaffolds are cultured in dynamic bioreactors enabling appropriate mechanical stimulation of cells and at air-liquid interface. This chapter summarizes recent results achieved in the field of nanofiber-based skin tissue engineering, including results of our research group.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Lucie Bacakova, Marketa Zikmundova, Julia Pajorova, Antonin Broz, Elena Filova, Andreu Blanquer, Roman Matejka, Jana Stepanovska, Petr Mikes, Vera Jencova, Eva Kuzelova Kostakova and Alla Sinica",authors:null},{id:"52066",doi:"10.5772/64394",title:"Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Catalysts",slug:"supported-gold-nanoparticles-as-promising-catalysts",totalDownloads:3109,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"In recent times, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) either in the form of colloids or as supported nanoparticles are being extensively used as efficient redox catalyst materials. Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. Narayana Kalevaru"}]},{id:"50852",doi:"10.5772/63729",title:"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Amino Acids by Light Irradiation",slug:"synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-amino-acids-by-light-irradiation",totalDownloads:3622,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The synthesis of nanoparticles is generally carried out by chemical reduction, which is effective but uses a number of toxic substances, making the process potentially harmful to the environment. Thus, as part of the search for environmentally friendly or green synthetic methods, this chapter aimed to present the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using only HAuCl4, Milli-Q water, white light from a xenon lamp, and amino acids. A total of 21 amino acids were studied, and the shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles were evaluated. The products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]},{id:"72461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92796",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68970",title:"Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture",slug:"applications-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:3546,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide applications in several areas like medicine, medical drugs, catalysis, energy and materials. Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"72461",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]},{id:"51930",title:"Gold-Catalysed Reactions",slug:"gold-catalysed-reactions",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent years, there have been three significant pieces of research which helped propel gold catalysis research into the forefront: the discoveries that gold/silica can catalyse the hydrogenation of pentene, that gold on carbon can be used in the hydrochlorination of acetylene and that deposition-precipitation (DP) methods can be used to prepare nanogold on titania capable of enabling the oxidation of CO at very low temperatures. The synthesis of small gold particles, their characterisation and peculiar properties are considered together with their behaviour as heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of reactions. Some of the issues concerning the practical application of gold catalysts are also discussed.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"J.A. Moma, T.A. Ntho and Michael Scurrell",authors:[{id:"179872",title:"Prof.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Scurrell",slug:"mike-scurrell",fullName:"Mike Scurrell"},{id:"183973",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moma",slug:"john-moma",fullName:"John Moma"},{id:"183974",title:"Dr.",name:"Thabang",middleName:"Abraham",surname:"Ntho",slug:"thabang-ntho",fullName:"Thabang Ntho"}]},{id:"52066",title:"Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Catalysts",slug:"supported-gold-nanoparticles-as-promising-catalysts",totalDownloads:3108,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"In recent times, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) either in the form of colloids or as supported nanoparticles are being extensively used as efficient redox catalyst materials. Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. Narayana Kalevaru"}]},{id:"50852",title:"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Amino Acids by Light Irradiation",slug:"synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-amino-acids-by-light-irradiation",totalDownloads:3621,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The synthesis of nanoparticles is generally carried out by chemical reduction, which is effective but uses a number of toxic substances, making the process potentially harmful to the environment. Thus, as part of the search for environmentally friendly or green synthetic methods, this chapter aimed to present the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using only HAuCl4, Milli-Q water, white light from a xenon lamp, and amino acids. A total of 21 amino acids were studied, and the shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles were evaluated. The products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"44",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/337145",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"337145"},fullPath:"/profiles/337145",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()