Glucose-induced oxidative stress can be found related to “glucose variability” and “glucose memory”. The irregular low and elevated glucose conditions cause damage to endothelial cell function than a steady, constant rise in level of glucose. Activation of PKC, NADPH oxidases, and mitochondrial oxidants are some of the pathways exhibited as a result of this aggravated cellular response. Regarding glucose memory, long after the normalization elevated level of glucose in the endothelial cells of diabetic rats and culture, a existance or ‘memory’ of induced basement membrane mRNA is expressed. This demonstrates that glucose causes dangerous long-term effects beyond the hyperglycemia period. Oxidative stress give rise to glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity which are phenomena’s related to diabetes. Following the pathogenesis of diabetes, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia exerts a supplementary toxic effect on the beta-cells. So, hyperglycemia can be considered as a requirement for the destructive effects of lipotoxicity. Thus glucolipotoxicity can be considered as a substitute for lipotoxicity which relates the detrimental correlation between lipids and beta-cell function. Generally, the antioxidant pharmacotherapy can be coupled with drugs to boost the natural cellular defense mechanisms as the naturally existing antioxidant components, which neutralizes free radical damage. This considers antioxidant a boon tool for pharmacotherapeutic agent.
Part of the book: Antioxidants
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory condition characterized by joint degradation and permanent disability. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in RA pathogenesis, leading to oxidative stress and tissue damage. In recent years, nano-particles have emerged as promising carriers for ROS regulation therapies in RA treatment. This review explores the interplay between ROS and RA, emphasizing the importance of cell signaling pathways in ROS control. The potential of nano-particles as targeted drug delivery systems to scavenge excess ROS and restore redox equilibrium within affected cells is discussed. Preclinical studies using ROS-neutralizing nano-particles in RA animal models have shown significant reductions in joint inflammation and cartilage degradation. Clinical trials have further validated the safety and efficacy of nano-particle treatments in RA patients, leading to improved disease activity and joint function. The review highlights the benefits of nano-particle-based ROS control therapies, including improved drug solubility, prolonged drug delivery, reduced systemic side effects, and enhanced specificity for inflamed joints. However, further research is needed to fully understand the intricate mechanisms of ROS management in RA and optimize nano-particle production and delivery. Overall, nano-particle-based ROS control therapy holds great promise for revolutionizing RA treatment and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.
Part of the book: Reactive Oxygen Species