Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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These eusocial insects are omnivorous feeders and live in a wide variety of habitats. They belong to the order Hymenoptera, and family Formicidae. There are more than 8800 described species that occur throughout the world. They have large heads, segmented antennae, and powerful jaws and undergo complete metamorphosis. In general, ants live typically in structured nest communities, forming nest sites in close proximity to moisture and food, underground, in ground-level mounds, or in trees. Among ant species, there is a wide range of interesting behaviors displayed. Many species are mutualistic, where they develop interactions with other insects and/or plants. Other species display parasitic relationships among each other. Still other species exhibit predatory behaviors. This book contains contributions written by experts in their respective fields and targets a wide audience. It is highly recommended as a valuable resource for general biologists, entomologists, ecologists, zoologists, and students and teachers in training in this subject matter.",isbn:"978-1-78984-268-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-267-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-455-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70081",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"the-complex-world-of-ants",numberOfPages:92,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f90ac84c1aa317bb2557af3b7cc09091",bookSignature:"Vonnie Shields",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6400.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5559,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 9th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 30th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 21st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 25th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"82613",title:"Dr.",name:"Vonnie D.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shields",slug:"vonnie-d.c.-shields",fullName:"Vonnie D.C. Shields",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82613/images/system/82613.png",biography:"Vonnie D.C. Shields, Ph.D., is Associate Dean, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics and a full professor in the Biological Sciences Department, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA. Dr. Shields’ research explores gustatory, olfactory, and visual cues in insects. Her laboratory employs morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological techniques to better understand sensory mechanisms by which larval and adult insects find host plants and detect plant-associated volatiles. Dr. Shields received a BS and Ph.D. from the University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. A portion of her Ph.D. studies was carried out at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. After graduating, she accepted a research associate position to conduct postdoctoral studies at the Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA, before she joined the faculty at Towson University where she rose through the ranks from assistant to full professor.",institutionString:"Towson University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Towson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"39",title:"Insectology",slug:"insectology"}],chapters:[{id:"63392",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Complex World of Ants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80387",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-complex-world-of-ants",totalDownloads:1140,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vonnie D.C. 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Most temperate and all boreal climate ants are true heterodynamic. They manifest a real winter diapause (prospective dormancy) in their annual cycle. Thus, a variety of forms of dormancy, which were found in ants, extend from elementary quiescence to deep diapause. Heterodynamic ants use two main seasonal strategies with respect to brood rearing: strategy of concentrated brood rearing (Formica type) and strategy of prolonged brood rearing (Aphaenogaster type, Myrmica type). The larval stages at which diapause can occur are extremely variable among ants. The evolution of seasonal life cycles and possible ways of origin of diapause in ants are discussed. The subtropical (quasi-heterodynamic) and tropical (preadaptational) evolutionary paths to true heterodynamic development are considered. It is concluded that similar seasonal adaptations could arise in the evolution of ants independently many times and usually are not tightly bound to the taxonomic position of species.",signatures:"Elena B. Lopatina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60505",authors:[{id:"214873",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Lopatina",slug:"elena-lopatina",fullName:"Elena Lopatina"}],corrections:null},{id:"61673",title:"Foraging and Predatory Activities of Ants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78011",slug:"foraging-and-predatory-activities-of-ants",totalDownloads:1688,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ants are a ubiquitous component of insect biodiversity and well known for its eusocial behavior. They are active foragers, scavengers, and predators that are prevalent in the vicinity of several plantations and crops. They (workers) prey on many insect species and feed on nectar exudates from plants as well as sticky secretions produced by Homopteran and Lepidopteran insects. As ferocious foragers with an aggressive attacking habit (e.g., Oecophylla smaragdina), they have often been used as biological control agents against various crop pests. However, some economically important insect species like the wild silkworm, Antheraea mylitta, are also affected by these foragers, namely, O. smaragdina, Myrmicaria brunnea, Monomorium destructor, Monomorium minutum, etc., which leads to the loss in crop outcome. In addition, some of them are known to destroy several plant species including domesticated fruit trees, particularly at the seedling stage. In this chapter, the foraging habit and the predation biology of these foragers are explored, in which the sequence of attack, their interactions, and invasion caused are discussed. It may also serve as a primary source of information on the foraging and its invasive impact, which may help to protect and/or take counteractive actions against the foragers which are harmful to commercial cultivations.",signatures:"Ganesh Gathalkar and Avalokiteswar Sen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61673",authors:[{id:"215691",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Gathalkar",slug:"ganesh-gathalkar",fullName:"Ganesh Gathalkar"},{id:"215793",title:"Dr.",name:"Avalokiteswar",surname:"Sen",slug:"avalokiteswar-sen",fullName:"Avalokiteswar Sen"}],corrections:null},{id:"60453",title:"Leaf-Cutter Ants and Microbial Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75134",slug:"leaf-cutter-ants-and-microbial-control",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The attini tribe comprises fungusgrowing ants, such as the basal Apterostigma and other more specialized genera, including the higher attine and the ones that cut the fresh plant tissue (Atta and Acromyrmex), maintaining an obligatory mutualistic relation with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which serves as a food source for the ants. Leaf-cutter ants are considered agriculture pests and populate the soil, a rich environment, especially due to the presence of several microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms are natural enemies that may cause epizootics (quickly spreading opportunistic diseases). Such defence strategies include polyethism, that is, division of labor among the individuals. The older ants take on the responsibility of foraging, as their integument is harder and heavily sclerotized, serving as a protective barrier against pathogens (including bacteria and antagonistic fungi). The younger ants, whose metapleural glands synthetize important secretions to eliminate and control microorganisms that could attack the colony fungus garden and the immature (larvae and pupae), remain inside the colony cultivating symbiont fungi. The sum of the survival strategies of ants in general, including social immunity and nest-cleaning behavior, represents a barrier for the application of biological control programs, mainly microbial ones.",signatures:"Raphael Vacchi Travaglini, Alexsandro Santana Vieira, André\nArnosti, Roberto da Silva Camargo, Luis Eduardo Pontes Stefanelli,\nLuiz Carlos Forti and Maria Izabel Camargo-Mathias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60453",authors:[{id:"55145",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Camargo-Mathias",slug:"maria-camargo-mathias",fullName:"Maria Camargo-Mathias"},{id:"214366",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Raphael",surname:"Travaglini",slug:"raphael-travaglini",fullName:"Raphael Travaglini"},{id:"215404",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Vieira",slug:"alex-vieira",fullName:"Alex Vieira"},{id:"231665",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Arnosti",slug:"andre-arnosti",fullName:"André Arnosti"},{id:"231668",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",surname:"Forti",slug:"luiz-forti",fullName:"Luiz Forti"},{id:"231669",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Camargo",slug:"roberto-camargo",fullName:"Roberto Camargo"},{id:"231671",title:"Mr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Stefanelli",slug:"luis-stefanelli",fullName:"Luis Stefanelli"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6048",title:"Insect Physiology and Ecology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"741de9c4e0846c950ac20888e4f437c2",slug:"insect-physiology-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Vonnie D.C. 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\r\n\tExcept for the genital systems, human organs in both sexes share basically the same structure. However, some organs present sex differences in morphology or pathophysiology, and others in their cellular composition. Much remains to be studied about the sexual dimorphism of human organs, and such research will contribute to new treatment strategies for sex-specific diseases. Regarding morbidity rates, some diseases show significant sex differences, while others do not, or the situation may be unclear. There has been little research on this topic, and therefore not only reports of significant sex differences in morbidity rate but also reports of no or little sex difference can contribute to the prevention and clinical treatment of diseases. In this book, sexual dimorphism, no sexual dimorphism, and minor sexual dimorphism of human organs and the corresponding morbidity rates of diseases are discussed. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the progress in new sex-specific medicine.
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1. Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) was first isolated in culture media by Warren and Marshall in 1983. Since then much progress has been made regarding all the characteristics, the pathology and the resistance to antibiotics of this microorganism, However the history of this bacterium goes back a long time ago. In 1892 Bizzozzero described the presence of helical microorganisms in gastric mucosa of dogs and cats. In 1896 Salomon demonstrated the transmission to rats. In 1899 Iaworski & Krientis evidenced helicoidal microorganisms in human gastric biopsies. In 1967 Luck, in 1975 Steer, in 1979 Fung and in 1982 Gregory showed the bacterial ultrastructural morphology. In 1983 Marshall & Warren identified for the first time Hp [1]. In 1984 Langenberg hypothesized a relationship between stomach urease and spiral germs [2].
Hp is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium, with positive findings for urease, oxidase and catalase. It colonizes the human gastric epithelium. The main pathologies related to Hp infection are the following: chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Further, epidemiological and eradication studies have demonstrated a casual relationship between Hp infections and endothelial dysfunction, leading to vascular diseases [3, 4]. Generally, the colonization occurs primarily during childhood especially in the developing areas, usually in the same family for a cohort effect [5]. This colonization is widely asymptomatic even if a long-lasting infection can be established in some subjects. After colonization all patients with H. pylori infection develop histological gastritis, which corresponds to classical chronic gastritis and is characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells. However, most patients are asymptomatic for life, while few of them will develop a digestive disease. Infection is virtually lifelong in the absence of treatment, implying that evasion of the host response is efficient.
Hp infection is widespread with about 50% of world population infected. In developing countries, especially in lower socioeconomic classes, the prevalence is higher (about 80%), whereas in the developed areas such as the USA, Canada, Japan, and Western Europe, the prevalence is much lower (about 25–30%) [6, 7, 8, 9].
The infection outcome mainly depends on three factors: strain virulence, host response and environmental factors. The strain pathogenicity depends on the virulence markers present in the bacterium. Host response shows the peculiarity that it is not protective, indeed in some cases may worsen the patients situation. Environmental factor, such as cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for duodenal ulceration among Hp-infected persons. Other important factors include stress, childhood living conditions, diet, alcohol and NSAIDs (non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) use [10, 11].
Aim of this chapter was to study the virulence markers involved in the pathogenicity of Hp such as Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and vacA gene (vacuolating cytotoxin gene A), intermediate region (i) of vacA, CagA protein and the cag pathogenicity island. The molecular diagnostic of the microorganism, the genotypic resistance related to the phenotypic one, the antibiotic resistance and the updated treatment strategies including also non-antibiotics therapy are similarly studied.
2. Pathogenicity and virulence markers
2.1 Pathogenicity
The pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori. From Suerbaum et al. [11].
Here it is reported the course of Hp infection in the patients beginning from the childhood to the advanced age considering what may happen at high level or at low level of acidity. The infection starts with the colonization of the microorganism in the normal gastric mucosa which can lead to an acute Hp infection at a low level of acid production. This in turn can result in a chronic Hp infection which may be asymptomatic for a lifetime or produce a non- atrophic pangastritis which can lead to MALT lymphoma. At high level of acidity the infection can result in an antral predominant gastritis with an evolution to duodenal ulcer. At a low level of acidity it can result in a corpus predominant atrophic gastritis which may evolve in gastric ulcer, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer in 2% of infected patients [12].
2.2 Markers of virulence
Gastric colonization is a prerequisite for Hp-associated disease and this is mediated by both flagella and urease: mutant strains lacking these features cannot establish infection. The most important determinants of virulence are the following: (a) Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and vacA gene (vacuolating cytotoxin gene A), (b) Intermediate region (i) of vacA, (c) CagA protein and the cag pathogenicity island, (d) Hps60 superficial protein, (e) BabA adhesion, (f) Urease virulence determinant.
2.2.1 Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and vacA gene
This is a protein found in culture supernatant that induces vacuolation in a variety of cultured epithelial cell lines, The expression of Hp vacA gene leads to the production of a vacuolating cytotoxic protein VacA, (present only in about 40% of isolates), which is responsible for inducing the formation of acidic vacuoles. This secreted protein toxin is responsible for the gastric epithelial erosion observed in infected hosts [13].
In Figure 2 the schematic structure of Vac A is reported [10].
Figure 2.
The protein VacA. From Atherton et al [10].
In this figure the mosaicism of VacA is underlined [13]. In fact the vacA gene contains two variables regions: the s- (signal) region encoding part of the signal peptide with the N-terminus of the mature protein (hydrophilic part) and the m- (middle) region encoding C-terminal portion of the final processed polypeptide (hydrophobic part). These regions are both cleaved upon secretion to yield a mature toxin monomer of 87–95 kilodaltons [14]. The combination between the s and m regions causes the strains virulence and is correlated with the kind of disease. In fact s1-type strains are associated with vacuolating activity, s2-type is non-vacuolating, m-region causes the specificty of cell vacuolating: m1 alleles are more toxigenic than strains with m2 alleles, vacA s1m1 is the most toxigenic combination and is associated with duodenal and gastric ulceration.
The subtype s1a m1 is the most virulent strain involved in patients with ulcer.
A further region of the vacA gene (i- intermediate region) has been reported in literature to be associated with gastric cancer [15].
2.2.2 CagA protein and the cag pathogenicity island
Cag pathogenicity island is a chromosomal region with about 37,000 bp and 29 genes. Four genes are similar to the components of the type IV secretion system. Proteins encoded by the island are involved in two major processes: the induction of interleukin-8 production by gastric epithelial cells and the translocation of CagA from the bacterium into the host cell by forming a syringe and a needle apparatus that delivers CagA protein (a protein of about 1200 amino-acids whose size varies between strains). Some genes are essential for the induction of interleukin-8; other genes are required for the translocation of CagA. The cagA-positive strain increases the risk of athrophic gastritis development and mucosal inflammation [16]. (see Figure 3).
Figure 3.
The Cag pathogenicity Island. Modified by Suerbaum et al [11].
2.2.3 Heat shock proteins (Hsps) or stress proteins
Hsps are families of highly conserved proteins serving as a strong antigenic target for the immune response linked with pathology. H. pylori produces 2 Hsps: a gro Es-like HspsA (size 13 kd) and a gro E1-like HspsB (size 54–60 kd). Hsp60 is shared by H.pylori and eukariotic cells (autoimmune response) [17, 18]. The role of heat-shock proteins in immune reactions is complex especially for the cellular effects of this proteins during the recognition processes by innate immunity. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed at high levels by bacterial pathogens during adaptation to intracellular survival. The Hsps of both pathogens and hosts are involved in the activation of the receptors in innate immune response and in the presentation of antigens for the adaptive immune response [17, 18].
2.2.4 Bab A adhesions
The microorganism needs of adhesins for beginning its infective process. The presence of bacterial adhesins devoted to the attachment to human gastric epithelium, is essential [19]. Helicobacter pylori adherence to the human gastric mucosa involves specific bacterial adhesins and cognate host receptors. babA gene codes for the blood group antigen-binding adhesin BabA whereas the babB product is associated with a non-binding phenotype. BabA major adhesin is directed to the fucosylated Lewis b blood group antigen not present in all kinds of gastric cells [19].
2.2.5 Urease virulence determinants
The enzymatic activity of urease manages to break the urea molecule in bicarbonate ion and ammonia so that it is able to neutralize the gastric acid and is also correlated with the dual function of adhesivity and immunogenicity. The urease binds to the CD74 receptors of gastric epithelial cells [20]. It can be suggested that urease is specifically important for the attachment of Hp and for the pro-inflammatory immune response initiated by the bacterium. The binding of the subunit urease B to CD74 expressed on gastric cells may therefore contribute to increase the bacterial virulence during infection [20].
3. Molecular diagnostic of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a fastidious bacterium difficult to grow in the common media culture. Essential conditions for Hp culture were the following: microaerophilic atmosphere, temperature of 37° (range 33°-40°), presence of 0.5% glycine. The appropriate culture medium such as Pylori Selective Agar (bio-Merieux, Marcy L’Etoile France) contains 5% sheep blood and antibiotics (amphotericin, vancomycin and trimethoprim). The incubation lasts 10 days under CO2 atmosphere. This method is complicated, expensive and time-consuming so that when the isolation of the strain is unnecessary, the molecular method is very useful for its rapidity and appropriateness.
Helicobacter pylori presence in gastric specimens can be assessed by various methods including molecular PCR assay (GenoType HelicoDR kit) [21]. PCR is a more sensitive method (84.3% sensitivity, 75.0% specificity), with a higher H. pylori detection rate compared to culture [22].
Tissue obtained from gastroscopic biopsy was minced using a sterile scalpel, lysed by tissue lysis buffer and proteinase-K enzyme (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea), and incubated for 10 min at 60°C. Ten total DNA was extracted with an AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). This kit contains a glass filter in a column tube that can bind efficiently to DNA in the presence of salts. Additional washing steps were performed for proteins and salt removal. Aliquots of 50 μL were used for PCR amplification as reported elsewhere [23].
Molecular methods such as PCR offer marginal improvements when done on biopsy material, but have the advantage of being able to accurately identify H. pylori in areas outside the stomach where cultures usually fail. PCR can detect low numbers of organisms in gastric juice, bile, stool and oral secretions. Because of its high sensitivity it can also be used for epidemiologic investigations of environmental sources [24]. Molecular methods have been used in variable specimens other than gastric mucosa [25].
4. Antibiotic resistance and heteroresistance
4.1 Antibiotic resistance
The antibiotics once regarded as the first choice for Hp infection (such as metronidazole and clarithromycin), included in all therapeutic regimens, are now declining in efficacy because of their extensive use in many areas for unrelated infections. Metronidazole (MZ) mostly showed a very high resistance worldwide achieving a level up to 78.2% in China [26]. Clarithromycin (CLA) resistance rates have currently reached high levels, such as 30% in Italy and Japan, 40% in Turkey, and more than 70% in China, although rates in Sweden, Taiwan, and Germany are lower [27]. CLA was once considered the most powerful antibiotic for Hp infection. The local pattern of Hp resistance to CLA results as being crucial in each area, considering that in countries where CLA resistance is above 15–20%, this drug should not be used. CLA-resistant Hp has been extensively studied: its prevalence has become increasingly higher in many geographical areas. Fluoroquinolone (the most common fluoroquinolone is Levofloxacin LEV) resistance has been increasing worldwide in recent years achieving 20% in Italy, 13.3% in Germany, and 19.2% in China [26, 28]. These data are especially important in those regions planning a levofloxacin-based therapy because resistance to fluoroquinolones generally shows a major impact on the success of treatment [29].
In a study conducted in an Academic Hospital in Rome by our group on 80 Hp strains isolated from 80 biopsy samples in infected patients, the resistance percentage measured phenotypically through MIC values to MZ, CLA, LEV, TE (tetracycline) and AMX (amoxicillin) resulted as follows: 61.6% (50/80), 35% (28/80), 20% (16/80), 2.5% (2/80), and 1.25% (1/80), respectively. The MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations) resulted as being very high mainly to MZ showing three strains with MIC = 256 μg/mL and to CLA showing four strains with MIC ranging from 64 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL. As for LEV the MIC ranged from 0.25 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL (only one strain showed a MIC equal to 32 μg/mL) [30].
Multidrug resistance (the contemporaneous resistance to two or more antibiotics) is reported in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Characteristics of phenotypic antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains. From Mascellino et al. [30]. Notes: Proportion of phenotypic resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates (%) to the respective antibiotics in an Academic Hospital in Rome (Italy). Abbreviations: MZ: metronidazole; CLA: clarithromycin; LEV: levofloxacin; TE: tetracycline. Resistance belonging to the association CLA + MZ was the highest one being detected in 30% of samples (24/80), resistance to the combinations MEZ + LEV and CLA + LEV ranged between 13.75% (11/80) and 11.25% (9/80 strains) respectively. Only 6.25% samples (5/80) harbored the triple resistance MZ + CLA + LEV. As far as the dual combination MZ + TE is concerned, resistance was found just in one strain (1.25%). In China too, a similar trend of multidrug resistance of Hp is found [26]. In general, the antibiotic combinations consisting of MET, CLA and LEV had higher combined resistance rate, whereas the antibiotic combinations recommended in bismuth-containing quadruple therapy (Bismuth, Omeoprazole, MZ, TE) had lower combined resistance rates.
4.2 Heteroresistance (HR)
Heteroresistance is defined as the concomitant presence of a different susceptibility pattern in the different districts of a single stomach in the same patient [31]. This is a common occurrence in Hp population and can be explained either as the result of multiple infections (unrelated isolates) or as the presence of susceptible and resistant variants of the same strain (related isolates). In the latter case, HR has been described either as intra-district when susceptible and resistant isolates are present at the same time in the same site of gastric mucosa or as inter-district when multiple strains colonize different areas of the stomach [32, 33]. Heteroresistance of 5 strains out of 80 considered above is reported in Table 1.
For each of these patients, we found a different antimicrobial pattern in the strains isolated from antrum (susceptible) and corpus/fundus (resistant) towards CLA (five patients), MZ (two patients), AMX (three patients), LEV (three patients) and TE (one patient). The strain genotypes, identified on the basis of virulence genes (cagA and vacA), were the same for both loci in pairs of isolates (susceptible and resistant) obtained from different regions (A,C and F) of a single stomach (cag + s1m2 in one patient, cagA+s1m1 in three patients and cagA s2m2 in one patient).
5. Phenotypic resistance versus genotypic resistance
The phenotypic resistance was calculated on the basis of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) performed on the biopsy samples. Interpretation of susceptibility test results was performed in accordance with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST 2020) recommendations [34]. In order to define strains resistance the following MIC breakpoints were used: S ≤ 0.125 μg/ml and R > 0.125 μg/ml for AMX; S ≤ 0.25 μg/ml and R > 0.5 μg/ml respectively for CLA; S ≤ 1 μg/ml and R > 1 μg/ml for both TE and LEV; S ≤ 8 μg/ml and R > 8 μg/ml for MZ.
The genotypic resistance is based on the point mutations present on the chromosome. Common resistance mechanisms to clarithromycin include point mutations in the bacterial domain V of 23S rRNA, which prevents antibiotic binding [35]. There are 3 point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene: A2143G, A2142G, and A2142C; these account for 90% of cases for primary resistance in Western countries [36]. Fluoroquinolone agents (mainly levofoxacin, which is a broad-spectrum quinolone) are an alternative therapy for infections caused by H. pylori and serve as second-line treatment [37]. Fluoroquinolone targets are the DNA gyrase, an enzyme responsible for negative supercoiling during the DNA replication process. This enzyme contains two A subunits and two B subunits, encoded by gyrA and gyrB, respectively [38]. Resistance to clarithromycin and fuoroquinolones, which is mostly acquired through point mutations, can be detected by molecular techniques. GenoType HelicoDR (Hain Life Science, Germany) test is a molecular diagnostic method for easy and simultaneous detection of frequent point mutations responsible for clarithromycin and fuoroquinolones resistance [21].
Genotypic susceptibility testing can be also performed by a real-time PCR followed by melting curve analyses using fluorochrome labeled hybridization probes for identifying the mutations on the 16S rRNA conferring resistance to TE [28].
5.1 Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic methods
The correlation between genotypic and phenotypic methods is reported in Table 2.
6 gyr A mutation codon 87 4 gyr A mutation codon 91
5 R MIC>1mcg/ml
16/21 R (76%)
12/21 R (57%)
10/12 R (83%)
6/12 R (41%)
Table 2.
Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic methods.
Refers to mixed iinfections (from Mascellino et al. [39]).
S = susceptible, R = Resistant, A2143G = point mutation on CLA23SrRNA gene conferring resistance to CLA, gyrA = gene conferring resistance to LEV.
The PCR method results as being very useful in detecting the resistant strains in comparison with the E-test technique which primarily detects the susceptible ones. Mixed Hp infections were demonstrated only through the PCR in patients concomitantly yielding both wild type and resistant strains in a single gastric region. The resistance with both methods (phenotypic tests and PCR molecular tests) for CLA and TE demonstrated the superiority of PCR over the phenotypic test (data not shown). As for CLA, the resistance was detected in 76% (16/21) of patients by PCR and 57% (12/21) by E-test, whereas for LEV the same values corresponded to 83% (10/12) and 41% (6/12) respectively. In this last case the difference turned out to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).
The genotypic test performed directly on the biopsy samples shows some great advantages over the E-test. In fact the genotypic-resistance resulted very useful to identify mixed infections that represent a real problem possibly leading to a resistance underestimation or in the case of absence of live bacteria (coccoid forms) or contamination. The real-time PCR detects the resistant population at a lower concentration than the phenotypic tests which primarily show susceptible bacteria. Following our results [30], the E-test is unable to detect all resistant strains because when there are many susceptible bacteria compared with the resistant ones, these susceptible bacteria are identified first leading to a misclassification. On the contrary through a direct examination of gastric samples by genetic tests, a diversity of strains (susceptible, resistant or both) can be detected at the same time. Mixed Hp infections were demonstrated in patients yielding both wild type and resistant strains in a single gastric region at the same time. The use of genotypic tests directly on the clinical specimens could predict the antibiotic resistance addressing changes in previous treatments or for evaluating the primary resistance to antibiotics (ie CLA) in order to avoid administration of ineffective antimicrobials [23, 38].
6. Antibiotic therapy
Therapy regimens used over the past decade are declining in efficacy being the Hp treatment affected by drug-resistant strains. New treatment strategies are under study worldwide. The knowledge of the local susceptibility to the antibiotics in a single geographical area is crucial in order to establish a correct therapy. For instance as far as CLA susceptibility is concerned, it is stated that in those regions that show a resistance percentage > 15%, this antibiotic should not be used [30]. Indeed it would be possible to predict the efficacy of any treatment knowing the prevalence of antibiotic resistance for a regimen or even for a specific patient. As a matter of fact empiric therapy that takes into consideration the regional and mostly the local resistance patterns may be superior to the tailored therapy in predicting the efficacy of any regimen [40]. Hence, the regional resistance patterns and the eradication rates in the context of local environment are crucial for a correct establishment of Hp cure in real-world settings [41].
The old triple therapy (PPI=Proton Pump Inhibitors + clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or metronidazole) should be considered only in areas where the resistance to CLA is low (<15%) or where a high eradication success with these regimens (>85%) is well known. In general, in Western countries, clarithromycin-containing triple and sequential therapy should be considered obsolete as empiric therapies.
The resistance to CLA is reported to be increasing all over the world, and in some countries, it depends on the local seropositivity rate [42]. As far as LEV is concerned, there is a more limited number of studies evaluating susceptibility to LEV. In Italy LEV resistance has been reported to be 22–24% as well as in Portugal [43]. MZ shows a high rate of resistance (50–80%) in almost all the studied countries achieving a rate of 80% especially in developing areas [26]. Nevertheless in spite of its high resistance in vitro, it is included in the BQT (Bismuth Quadruple Therapy). This discrepancy between in vitro MZ resistance and treatment outcome may partially be explained by changes in oxygen pressure in the gastric environment, as MZ-resistant Hp isolates become MZ susceptible under low oxygen conditions in vivo [44]. The Bismuth Quadruple Therapy (PPI + Bismuth +MZ + TE] for 14 days has proven high efficacy in spite of MZ resistance in Europe bypassing also the quinolone resistance [29].
The new guidelines for the cure of Hp recommend to prolong the therapy from 10 to 14 days [45]. As first line therapy a concomitant non-bismuth quadruple therapy (PPI + AMX + MZ + CLA) may be used in those countries where the resistance to CLA is <15% otherwise the traditional bismuth quadruple therapy unaffected by CLA resistance, should be used. The BQT (PPI + Bismuth+MZ + TE, PBMT) results as being very useful in the countries where particular Hp high resistance is detected and when the AST (Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) is complicated to perform. In contrast if a bismuth-based quadruple therapy is used in these different situations, it is not recommended to perform AST because a risk of having a TE-resistant strain is extremely low and it was shown that MZ-resistance has no impact in the treatment of patients [29]. Recommended rescue therapy includes LEV as a second line of treatment ie PPI, AMX, LEV (PAL) [45] these therapeutic options are reported in Table 3.
PPI + CLA + either AMXorMZ PPI + AMX + MZ + CLA** PPI + bismuth+MZ*TE ***
Second line
Concomitant non bismuth quadruple therapy.
BQT
LEV- containing therapy
See above See above PPI + AMX + LEV
Rescue therapy
Rifabutin containing therapy (undetermined)
LEV-containing therapy
PPI + AMX + RIF See above
Table 3.
Antibiotic therapy.
Obsolete therapy.
Used in the countries where CLA – resistance is <15%.
Unaffected by CLA - resistance.
Notes: The therapy should be prolonged for 14 days.
PPI = proton pump inhibitor, CLA = clarithromycin, MZ = metronidazole; TE = tetracycline; AMX = amoxicillin, RIF = rifabutin.
7. New treatment strategies
Hp antibiotic resistance has been increasing all over the world in the last decade and this phenomenon constitutes an important challenge for the treatment of this fastidious bacterium. This has prompted the researchers to an obstinate search for new solutions such as the vaccine development and new treatments based on the use of natural resources such as plants, probiotics, and nutraceuticals [46, 47].
A new compound, a guanidine derivative bearing adamantane-1-carbonyl 2-bromo-4,6-difluouro-phenyl substituents (H-BDF), seemed to be promising against the strains tested [48]. Other substances were studied against Hp such as three known and five unknown N-substitute-2-oxo- H-1-benzopyran-3- carboxamides (coumarin-3-carboxamides). The compounds with a 4-acyl-phenyl group showed the best activity against H. pylori metronidazole- resistant strains [49].
Non-traditional therapies have been indicated as a means to target this important gastric pathogen. This approach also includes the use of antimicrobial peptides (core component of innate immune system of numerous eukaryotes) that interact with the anionic Gram-negative cell wall because of charge electrostatic attractions [50]. It also seems reasonable to investigate other options aimed at reinforcing the immune system of these patients, The potential role of N-acetil-cysteine which is capable of destroying bacterial biofilm, is an emerging treatment for recalcitrant infections [51]. Vonoprazan (potassium-competitive acid blocker P-CAB) is a new compound which could improve eradication rates by raising the intragastric pH and thus increasing bacterial antibiotic susceptibility [52]. Recent studies revealed that P-CAB-based triple therapy was more effective than PPI-based triple therapy (76.1% versus 40.2%) as a first-line Hp eradication method [53]. Furthermore, even in the presence of CLA-resistant strains, P-CAB-based triple therapy showed good eradication rates [52].
Furazolidone (FUR) is a new antibiotic studied mainly in China which has demonstrted a great activity either alone or in combination with other antibiotics against H. pylori. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor which can interact with the metabolism of tyramine causing side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea and nervous system disorders. In China, the FUR is available for the treatment of patients. Therefore, quadruple therapy with proton pump inhibitors, bismuth and a combination of two antibiotics specifically FUR, TET or AMX would be more suitable for Chinese patients [26]. This treatment is also recommended in the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report [29] the new treatment strategies are shown in Table 4.
New treatment strategies and non-traditional therapies.
Used alone or in combination with other antibiotics (in western countries).
Fur = Furazolidone, MZ = Metronidazole, TE = tetracycline, AMX = amoxicillin, R = Resistant.
8. Conclusions
Helicobacter pylori is a complex microorganism that is difficult to cultivate, and treat also presenting particular characteristics of pathogenicity and virulence markers. Much progress has been made since 1983 when it was discovered first by Warren and Marshall [1] making it one of the most studied bacteria. Hp is well adapted to the human host as evidenced by its chronical persistence in the gastric niche and by the finding that the bacterial surface carries structures (antigens) which are identical to those found on human cells [54].
The markers of virulence such as CagA and VacA are seen to greatly influence the outcome of Hp infection. The combination of different virulence genotypes is the most important factor that strongly affects the bacterial virulence making some strains more pathogenic than others.
The heteroresistance is a big problem in the evaluation and management of Hp resistance in the infections. In fact the heteroresistance detected in five of our patients worsens the situation being an important issue as an isolate could be mistakenly considered susceptible if a single biopsy is used for antimicrobial tests possibly leading to a resistance underestimation [31].
The emergence of PCR method provides a quick, convenient way to guide tailored therapy in clinical practice of H. pylori [55]. In this situation without performing the susceptibility tests which are time-consuming and expensive, the gastroenterologists could establish a suitable treatment for Hp infected patients who in any case underwent a gastroscopy. The use of genotypic tests directly on the clinical specimens could predict the antibiotic resistance addressing changes in previous treatments. The real-time PCR detects the resistant population at a very low concentration not detectable by phenotypic tests which primarily show susceptible bacteria. The genotypic-resistance is useful in case of absence of live bacteria, contamination or for identifying mixed infections.
The CLA-resistance levels and mainly the local susceptibility turn out to be crucial to establish a correct therapy. The quadruple therapy (BQT) with proton pump inhibitor, bismuth and a combination of two antibiotics, specifically MZ and TE then unaffected by CLA and LEV resistance, turns out to be appropriate in the Hp infected- patients resulting in an effective eradication rate.
The lack of data on local susceptibility patterns and on eradication success rates was identified as a knowledge gap that has a major impact on the choice of therapy and hence best management. Periodic susceptibility testing should be considered by health authorities and clinicians should be encouraged to record their successes.
All in all we can say that this microorganism since its discovery in 1983 by Marshall and Warren, has been deeply studied and considered one of the most important gastric pathogen involved in a wide range of pathologies other than the classical ones, such as cancer, atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction leading to vascular diseases.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Mrs. Maria Paola Hassemer for her valuable support in finding and organizing the bibliography.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Helicobacter pylori infection, virulence markers, molecular diagnostic, heteroresistance, antibiotic resistance, updated treatment strategies",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/75971.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/75971.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75971",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75971",totalDownloads:230,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 30th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 22nd 2021",datePublished:"October 20th 2021",dateFinished:"March 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter aims at studying the microbial virulence determinants and markers of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), the molecular diagnostic of Hp, the growing antibiotic resistance with the related problem of heteroresistance, the genotypic resistance to antimicrobials compared with the phenotypic methods and the new treatment strategies for Hp eradication also evaluating new antimicrobial agents (furazolidone, vonoprazan). The virulence markers cover an important area in Hp pathology due to the correlation between these and the different diseases. The Hp molecuar diagnosis is fast, accurate and reliable over the traditional methods that are expensive and time- consuming. Therapy regimens used over the past decade are declining in efficacy being the Hp treatment bedevilled by drug-resistant strains. New treatment strategies are under study worldwide. The determination of the genetic resistance to antibiotics is very useful when used directly on gastric biopsies for prediction of antibiotics ineffectiveness or for addressing changes in previous treatments.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/75971",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/75971",signatures:"Maria Teresa Mascellino, Massimiliano De Angelis, Dania Al Ismail and Alessandra Oliva",book:{id:"10141",type:"book",title:"Helicobacter pylori",subtitle:"From First Isolation to 2021",fullTitle:"Helicobacter pylori - From First Isolation to 2021",slug:"helicobacter-pylori-from-first-isolation-to-2021",publishedDate:"October 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Bruna Maria Roesler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10141.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-292-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-291-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-293-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"54995",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Roesler",slug:"bruna-maria-roesler",fullName:"Bruna Maria Roesler"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",slug:"maria-teresa-mascellino",email:"mariateresa.mascellino@uniroma1.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"236850",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Oliva",fullName:"Alessandra Oliva",slug:"alessandra-oliva",email:"alessandra.oliva@uniroma1.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"352331",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimiliano",middleName:null,surname:"De Angelis",fullName:"Massimiliano De Angelis",slug:"massimiliano-de-angelis",email:"massimiliano.deangelis@uniroma1.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"352332",title:"Dr.",name:"Dania",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ismail",fullName:"Dania Al Ismail",slug:"dania-al-ismail",email:"dania.alismail@uniroma1.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Pathogenicity and virulence markers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Pathogenicity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Markers of virulence",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and vacA gene",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 CagA protein and the cag pathogenicity island",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.2.3 Heat shock proteins (Hsps) or stress proteins",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.2.4 Bab A adhesions",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.5 Urease virulence determinants",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Molecular diagnostic of Helicobacter pylori",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Antibiotic resistance and heteroresistance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.1 Antibiotic resistance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2 Heteroresistance (HR)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Phenotypic resistance versus genotypic resistance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.1 Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"6. Antibiotic therapy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"7. New treatment strategies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Warren JR, Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet. 1983 Jun 4;1(8336):1273-1275. PMID: 6134060'},{id:"B2",body:'Langenberg ML, Tytgat GNJ, Schipper MEI, Rietra PJGM, Zanen HC. Campylobacter-like organisms in the stomach of patients and healthy individuals. Campylobacter pylori, 1984: 151-153'},{id:"B3",body:'Ando T, Minami M, Ishiguro K, Maeda O, Watanabe T, MizunoT, et al.. Changes in biochemical parameters related to atherosclerosis after Helicobacter pylori eradication. 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Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019:49(11):1385-1394. doi: 10.1111/apt.15273'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",address:"mariateresa.mascellino@uniroma1.it",affiliation:'
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Massimiliano De Angelis",address:null,affiliation:'
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Dania Al Ismail",address:null,affiliation:'
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Furthermore, commercialized electronic cooling devices for various applications are highlighted, and their operating functions are discussed, which has not been presented before.",signatures:"Yousef Alihosseini, Amir Rezazad Bari and Mehdi Mohammadi",authors:[{id:"184929",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Mohammadi",fullName:"Mehdi Mohammadi",slug:"mehdi-mohammadi",email:"mm.ashani@yahoo.com"},{id:"333233",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Alihosseini",fullName:"Yousef Alihosseini",slug:"yousef-alihosseini",email:"yousef.alihosseini@modares.ac.ir"},{id:"333235",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amir",surname:"Rezazad Bari",fullName:"Amir Rezazad Bari",slug:"amir-rezazad-bari",email:"Amir_rezazad@modares.ac.ir"}],book:{id:"10374",title:"Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluids",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-and-nanofluids",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"38340",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyuro",surname:"Sasaki",slug:"kyuro-sasaki",fullName:"Kyuro Sasaki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38340/images/618_n.jpg",biography:"Kyuro Sasaki is a professor of Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan (KU) since 2005. He had taught at Mining College, Akita University for 20 years, and moved to KU. He holds BS, MS and PhD degrees from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. His research interests are fluid mechanics and heat & mass transfer phenomena in mineral resource production processes, and published several papers on SAGD, Methane Hydrate Production Method and Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery, CO2 Geological Storage, Spontaneous Combustion of Coal and Mine Ventilation. He recently has studied CO2 behaviors in reservoir conditions by PVT measurements and numerical simulations.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"144294",title:"Dr.",name:"Liji",surname:"Huang",slug:"liji-huang",fullName:"Liji Huang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Founder of Siargo Ltd., has served as President and Chief Executive Officer since its inception in 2004. Dr. Huang has over 20 years of experience in semiconductor process and MEMS device fabrications. Prior to Siargo, Dr. Huang worked for Intpax, Inc. that he co-founded in 2000 on MEMS optical devices for telecommunication applications. He was technical staff members of Seagate Technology from 1995 to 2000 where he made a number of innovations in recording media. Before Seagate Technology, he was working for Surface Science Western Institute in Ontario, Canada, and had spent time as visiting scientists to Eastman Kodak in Rochester and National Research Council of Canada, and was served as adjunct professor of Department of Physics, University of Western Ontario. \nDr. Huang received his Ph.D. from Tsinghua University in 1988. He is the Senior Member of IEEE. He holds 39 US patents and published over 120 technical papers in peer reviewed journals and proceedings.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"330558",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanne",surname:"Seibt",slug:"susanne-seibt",fullName:"Susanne Seibt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"330991",title:"Dr.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Ryan",slug:"timothy-ryan",fullName:"Timothy Ryan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"332256",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ronald",surname:"Nguele",slug:"ronald-nguele",fullName:"Ronald Nguele",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333582",title:"Dr.",name:"Nan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"nan-zhang",fullName:"Nan Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"335482",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"Nchimi Nono",slug:"katia-nchimi-nono",fullName:"Katia Nchimi Nono",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université de Yaoundé I",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"346021",title:"Prof.",name:"Honggang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"honggang-zhang",fullName:"Honggang Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"346753",title:"Mr.",name:"Haoyang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"haoyang-zhang",fullName:"Haoyang Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"346755",title:"Mr.",name:"Tianyu",surname:"Guan",slug:"tianyu-guan",fullName:"Tianyu Guan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"attribution-policy",title:"Attribution Policy",intro:"
Definition of Terms:
\n\n
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
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Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\n
Attribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\n
Creative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\n
Rules of Attribution for Works Published by IntechOpen
\\n\\n
With the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
All Chapters published in IntechOpen books prior to October 2011 are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0);
\\n\\t
All Chapters published in IntechOpen books after October 2011 are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0);
\\n
\\n\\n
In case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\n
1. Rules for reusing of books in their entirety or significant parts of books
\\n\\n
All rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\n
A Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
In instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Information about the first publisher must be provided – please note the fact that the material was originally published by IntechOpen as an OA (Open Access) publication must be acknowledged;
\\n\\t
All original Academic Editor(s) must be credited;
\\n\\t
Since you are reusing content that someone else created and allowed you to use freely, you must credit all Authors involved;
\\n\\t
The type of license that is available for the Works must be indicated, as well as a link to the license provided, so that others can investigate the terms of the license. You will be aware that the material can be used for free in consequence of the CC license attribution, so you must acknowledge that fact. It is not sufficient that the material is Creative Commons, because that says nothing about how the material can actually be used. There are different CC licenses and you have to identify the specific license that is being used;
\\n\\t
Any original Copyright Notices associated, with the Works which constitute the Book must be kept intact;
\\n\\t
Provision of the original title of the Book, as well as the original titles of any individual Works;
\\n\\t
Provision of the URL where the Book is hosted, with a notice to the effect that the Book is an OA (Open Access) publication;
\\n\\t
Provision of the URL to every individual Work which constitutes the Book with a notice that the Work is an OA (Open Access) publication. As the material has been accessed for free, it is incumbent upon you to provide the source so that others can also access it for free.
\\n
\\n\\n
Every single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
2. Rules of attribution for works published by IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Individual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Credit all Authors – since you are reusing contents that someone created and allowed you to use freely, you have to acknowledge authorship;
\\n\\t
Indicate the type of license under which the Work is available and provide the URL to the license so others can find out the license terms. Preferably keep intact any original Copyright Notice associated with the Chapter (if any). You will be aware that the material can be used for free in consequence of the CC license attribution, so you must acknowledge that fact. It is not sufficient that the material is Creative Commons, because that says nothing about how the material can actually be used. There are different CC licenses and you have to identify the specific license that is being used;
\\n\\t
Provide the URL where the Work is hosted, preferably providing the original title of the Work, as well as the original title of the Book with a notification that the Work is an OA (Open Access) publication. As the material has been accessed for free, it is incumbent upon you to provide the source so that others can also access it for free;
\\n\\t
Provide information about the first publisher – please note the fact that the material was originally published by IntechOpen as an OA (Open Access) Work must be acknowledged.
\\n
\\n\\n
Every single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
In the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\n
All these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\n
Parts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\n
All the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\n
Attribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\n
Creative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\n
Rules of Attribution for Works Published by IntechOpen
\n\n
With the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n
\n\t
All Chapters published in IntechOpen books prior to October 2011 are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0);
\n\t
All Chapters published in IntechOpen books after October 2011 are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0);
\n
\n\n
In case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\n
1. Rules for reusing of books in their entirety or significant parts of books
\n\n
All rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\n
A Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\n
In instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\n
\n\t
Information about the first publisher must be provided – please note the fact that the material was originally published by IntechOpen as an OA (Open Access) publication must be acknowledged;
\n\t
All original Academic Editor(s) must be credited;
\n\t
Since you are reusing content that someone else created and allowed you to use freely, you must credit all Authors involved;
\n\t
The type of license that is available for the Works must be indicated, as well as a link to the license provided, so that others can investigate the terms of the license. You will be aware that the material can be used for free in consequence of the CC license attribution, so you must acknowledge that fact. It is not sufficient that the material is Creative Commons, because that says nothing about how the material can actually be used. There are different CC licenses and you have to identify the specific license that is being used;
\n\t
Any original Copyright Notices associated, with the Works which constitute the Book must be kept intact;
\n\t
Provision of the original title of the Book, as well as the original titles of any individual Works;
\n\t
Provision of the URL where the Book is hosted, with a notice to the effect that the Book is an OA (Open Access) publication;
\n\t
Provision of the URL to every individual Work which constitutes the Book with a notice that the Work is an OA (Open Access) publication. As the material has been accessed for free, it is incumbent upon you to provide the source so that others can also access it for free.
\n
\n\n
Every single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\n
2. Rules of attribution for works published by IntechOpen
\n\n
Individual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\n
\n\t
Credit all Authors – since you are reusing contents that someone created and allowed you to use freely, you have to acknowledge authorship;
\n\t
Indicate the type of license under which the Work is available and provide the URL to the license so others can find out the license terms. Preferably keep intact any original Copyright Notice associated with the Chapter (if any). You will be aware that the material can be used for free in consequence of the CC license attribution, so you must acknowledge that fact. It is not sufficient that the material is Creative Commons, because that says nothing about how the material can actually be used. There are different CC licenses and you have to identify the specific license that is being used;
\n\t
Provide the URL where the Work is hosted, preferably providing the original title of the Work, as well as the original title of the Book with a notification that the Work is an OA (Open Access) publication. As the material has been accessed for free, it is incumbent upon you to provide the source so that others can also access it for free;
\n\t
Provide information about the first publisher – please note the fact that the material was originally published by IntechOpen as an OA (Open Access) Work must be acknowledged.
\n
\n\n
Every single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\n
In the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\n
IntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\n
All these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\n
Parts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\n
All the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2016-06-09
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
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\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"
\r\n\tThe success of dental implant treatment is not solely dependent on the osseointegration around the implant. Aside from the criteria used to describe the hard tissue response at the implant level, the success criteria in implant dentistry include three additional aspects: peri-implant soft tissue, prosthesis, and patient’s satisfaction.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry topic will provide readers with up-to-date resources on the prosthodontics factors such as aesthetics, restorative materials, the design of prosthesis, case selection, occlusion, oral rehabilitation, among others, all of which play an important role in determining the success of a well osseointegrated implant. With the help of digital dental technology, these can now be accomplished more predictably.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe end goal of prosthesis is always considered when planning successful implant placement. The readers in this field will be able to learn more about taking a holistic approach when treating their dental implant cases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11398,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:null},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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