Set of MAS messages.
\r\n\tDespite enormous efforts, crop production is compromised due to a number of biotic and abiotic factors hence, the crop demands more attention of breeders, geneticists, biotechnologies, and farmers to improve its sustainable production. Modern approaches like next-generation sequencing, proteogenomics, and genetic engineering provide a wider scope for breeders, geneticists, physiologists, biotechnologists, genomicists, and agronomists for genetic improvement, production, weed, pests, and disease management.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will provide a broader platform to discuss issues, advancement in the technologies, and solutions to the problems of the sugarcane industry. Hence, the key features of the book that will broadly be, but not be limited to:
\r\n\t * Production Technology and Advancements
\r\n\t * Breeding and Molecular Breeding
\r\n\t * Tissue Culture and propagation
\r\n\t * Pests and Diseases and their Management
\r\n\t * Genomics, Genetics, and Biotechnology
\r\n\t * Whole-Genome Sequencing and QTL mapping
\r\n\t * Genetic transformation and trait development, etc
Epilepsy is one of the chronic brain disorders characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal excessive electrical discharges of cerebral neurons [1]. It is believed that genetic factors play a crucial role in the etiopathogenesis of epilepsy. So far ~1000 genes have been proved to be associated with epilepsy, among which genes encoding VGIC predominate [2].
VGICs are pore-forming membrane proteins. Their functions include establishing APs and maintaining homeostasis by gating the ionic flow traversing the cell membrane, managing the ionic flow across cells and regulating Ca2+ signal transduction, which are essential to the neuroexcitability, so VGICs are potentially involved in epileptogenesis [2]. The association of VGIC genes and epilepsy might provide insights into the etiopathogenesis underlying epilepsy. Pathophysiological studies illuminated that two key defects are (i) a neuronal disinhibition induced by loss-of-function of VGIC gene expressed specifically in inhibitory interneurons (for example, Nav1.1 and P/Q VGCCs) or (ii) dysfunction of axon initial segments, the neuronal structure in which APs are generated and many VGICs (such as Nav1.2 and Kv7) are mainly localized (Figure 1). Moreover, clinically originated studies identified novel genes, defined their neuronal functions, and sometimes established novel physiological principles [2].
Neuronal localization of some relevant voltage-gated ion channels. A schematic view of an excitatory pyramidal (orange), an inhibitory (green) neuron, and their synaptic connections is shown. Distinctive intracellular compartments are targeted by different populations of VGICs. Examples of which as mentioned in this chapter are shown here: in the somatodendritic compartment, Nav, Cav (L- and T-type), TRP, BK, and Kv channels; at axon initial segments (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier in pyramidal neurons, Nav1.2, Kv7 channels; at AIS of inhibitory neurons, Nav1.1; in the somatodendritic compartment of inhibitory neurons, BK and Nav1.6; in the presynaptic terminals, Cav P/Q type. GOF represents the gain-of-function mutation of VGICs-induced human epilepsy. LOF represents the loss-of-function mutation of VGICs.
In this chapter, we summarize the epilepsy-associated VGIC genes, the mutations, corresponding phenotypes, and functional changes, aiming to provide clues for evaluating the relationship between VGIC genes and epileptogenesis.
VGSCs play a critical role in the generation and propagation of APs in neurons, genetic alterations in VGSC genes are considered to be associated with epileptogenesis. Mammalian VGSC is composed of a large pseudotetrameric pore-forming α subunit with a molecular weight of 260 KDa, and one or more auxiliary β subunits (30–40 KDa) [3, 4, 5] (Figure 2). Nine subtypes of VGSC α subunits have been found in humans, including Nav1.1-Nav1.9, encoded by the genes SCN1A-SCN5A, SCN8A-SCN11A, respectively.
Structure of voltage-gated sodium channels. Schematic representation of VGSC subunits. The α subunit of the VGSC is illustrated together with β1 and β2 subunits; extracellular domains of the β subunits are shown as immunoglobulin-like folds, interacting with the loops in α subunits. Roman numerals indicate the domains of the α subunit; segments 5 and 6 (shown in green) are the pore-lining segments, and S4 helices (red) make up the voltage sensors. The red circle in the intracellular loop of domains III and IV indicates the inactivation gate IFM motif; Ψ, probable N-linked glycosylation site. The circles in reentrant loops in each domain represent the residues that form the ion selectivity filter.
Nav1.1 is mainly distributed in the inhibitory GABAergic neurons of cerebellum and hippocampus. The Nav1.1 gene SCN1A is the clinically most relevant SCN gene for epilepsy. More than 1200 mutants have been identified to be associated with epilepsy; most of them are febrile seizures [6]. M145T mutation, a well-conserved amino acid in the first transmembrane segment of domain I of the Nav1.1 α-subunit, caused a reduction in peak sodium currents and a positive shift in the voltage dependence of activation [7], which provided the first evidence that the mild loss-of-function mutations in Nav1.1 may cause a significant portion of febrile seizures. Complete loss-of-function mutations in Nav1.1 cause severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI or Dravet’s syndrome), which includes severe, intractable epilepsy and comorbidities of ataxia and cognitive impairment. Besides, homozygous null Nav1.1−/− mice developed ataxia and died on half a month of postnatal and did not change the voltage-dependent activity of VGSCs in hippocampal neurons. However, heterozygous Nav1.1+/− mice exhibited spontaneous seizures and sporadic deaths after 3 weeks, and the sodium current density was substantially reduced in inhibitory interneurons, except in excitatory pyramidal neurons [8]. So loss-of-function mutations in Nav1.1 can severely impair sodium currents and AP firing in hippocampal GABAergic inhibitory neurons. The functional downregulation in inhibitory neurons might cause the hyperexcitability of dentate granule or pyramidal neurons, which could lead to epilepsy in patients with SMEI. Experiments in mice have demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of Nav1.1 channels is sufficient to allow induction of seizures by elevated body temperature, supporting that haploinsufficiency of SCN1A is pathogenic in human SMEI which has striking temperature and age dependence of onset and progression of epilepsy [9]. What is more, SCN1A mutations were mostly missense mutations in GEFS+ patients, which are typically well controlled by treatment with antiepileptic drugs and no cognitive impairment is observed. The R1648H channels showed the reduced function in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons although the biophysical mechanisms were different, reducing peak sodium currents and enhancing slow inactivation in inhibitory neurons versus negatively shifted voltage dependence of fast inactivation in excitatory neurons [10]. The similar conclusion had been drawn when the R1648H mutation has been inserted into the mouse genome under the native promoter [11]. In light of these results, GEFS+ and SMEI may be caused by a continuum of mutational effects that selectively impair firing of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, which lead to increase in the excitability of the neural network [12].
The mutation of the Nav1.2 gene SCN2A is associated with various epilepsies, such as benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNIS), hereditary epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), Dravet’s syndrome (DS), and other stubborn childhood epilepsy encephalopathy. Nav1.2 subunit is mainly distributed in the axon-initiating segment (AIS) and node of Ranvier. SCN2A mutations cause changes in VGSC function and expression and result in abnormal neuronal discharge. Because Nav1.2 plays an important role in the AIS area during the development, it is more common for infants to show SCN2A mutant-induced epilepsy encephalopathy [13]. BFNIS is the most common phenotype caused by gain-of-function missense mutations in SCN2A [14]. Up to now, at least 10 SCN2A mutations associated with BFNIS have been identified. SCN2A mutations are also found to result in the reduced expression of Nav1.2 on the surface of neurons [15]. Therefore, SCN2A mutants will lead to the decrease of sodium current density at node of Ranvier and AIS, seriously affecting the excitability of neurons [16]. For missense mutation of SCN2A, p.Tyr1589Cys causes a depolarizing shift of steady-state inactivation, increased persistent Na+ current, a slowing of fast inactivation, and an acceleration of its recovery, which contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and familial epilepsy [17]. Due to the SCN2A mutation, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) patients with burst suppression and tonic-clonic migrating partial seizures showed a specific dose-dependent efficacy of VGSC blockers [18]. It is mainly caused by the dysfunction of VGSC [19]. By replacing neonatal Nav1.2 with adult Nav1.2 in mice, it has been suggested that neonatal Nav1.2 reduced neuronal excitability and had a significant impact on seizure susceptibility and behavior.
The SCN3A gene, clustered on human chromosome 2q24, encodes the Nav1.3 subtype [20], which is usually located in the soma of neurons. It is important in the integration of synaptic signals, determination of the depolarization threshold, and AP transmission [21]. In contrast to the rodent gene which is transiently expressed during development, human SCN3A is widely expressed in adult brain [22]. The first epilepsy-associated mutation (K354Q) in SCN3A was found in 2008. K354Q mutation decreased inactivation rate and increased INaP [23]. The mutation is not sensitive to antiepilepsy drug carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. K354Q mutation causes neuronal abnormal spontaneous discharge and membrane potential paroxysmal depolarization [24]. In 2014, four more missense variants were identified in SCN3A, which are R357Q, D766N, E1111K, and M1323V [25]. Compared to wild-type channels, R357Q caused smaller currents, slower activation, and depolarized voltage dependences of activation and inactivation. The E1111K mutation evoked a significantly greater level of persistent sodium current. All four mutants increase current activation in response to depolarizing voltage ramps. These findings support for a contribution of Nav 1.3 to childhood epilepsy. Recently, a novel SCN3A variant (L247P) was identified by whole exome sequencing of a child with focal epilepsy, developmental delay, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Voltage clamp analysis showed no detectable sodium currents in a heterologous expression system. To further test the possible clinical consequences of reduced SCN3A activity, they investigated the effect of a hypomorphic Scn3a allele (Scn3a Hyp) on seizure susceptibility and behavior using a gene trap mouse line. Heterozygous SCN3A mutant mice (SCN3A+/Hyp) neither exhibit spontaneous seizures nor hyperthermia-induced seizures, but they displayed increased susceptibility to electroconvulsive- and chemiconvulsive-induced seizures, which provide evidence that loss-of-function of SCN3A may contribute to increased seizure susceptibility [26].
Nav1.6, mainly distributed to the soma and synaptic origin, is important for APs generation and propagation [27]. In the development process, Nav1.2 is gradually replaced by Nav1.6 in the mature node of Ranvier [28]. The first heterozygous missense mutation (p.Asn1768Asp) in the Nav1.6 gene SCN8A was identified in 2012 by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in a patient with severe epileptic encephalopathy who exhibited early-onset seizures, autistic features, intellectual disability, ataxia, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) [29]. Since this initial discovery, more than 100 pathogenic SCN8A variants have been identified in patients with epilepsy [30]. Most of the SCN8A variants have been detected in individuals with EIEE.
Different mutations in the SCN8A gene encoding Nav1.6 have different effects on epilepsy. For the missense mutation V929F, an evolutionarily conserved residue in the pore loop of domain II of Nav1.6, it was found that heterozygous mutations produced well-defined spike-wave discharges and are associated to absence epilepsy in mice [31]. However, missense mutations in Scn8amed−jo were able to improve the epilepsy symptoms of SCN1A+/− heterozygotes. The mechanism might be the decrease in Nav1.6 expression of excitatory neurons compensating for the loss of Nav1.1 in inhibitory neurons [32]. Recently, more and more de novo and inherited SCN8A epilepsy mutations were detected by gene panel analysis [33]. For example, loss-of-function mutants [34], underlying the complex seizure phenotype, were identified using specific mouse line. It was suggested that decreasing Scn8a expression in cortical excitatory neurons could reduce seizures. On the contrary, the decreasing expression of SCN8A in the thalamic reticular nucleus (RT) leads to absence seizures. Loss of Scn8a will impair tonic firing mode behavior and impair desynchronizing recurrent RT-RT synaptic inhibition in the thalamic reticular nucleus, which suggested that Scn8a-mediated hypofunction in cortical circuits, conferring convulsive seizure resistance, while hypofunction in the thalamus is sufficient to generate absence seizures.
The SCN9A gene encodes the Nav1.7 subtype, which was initially identified in the peripheral nervous system, sympathetic ganglion, and olfactory sensory neurons [35, 36, 37, 38]. Nav1.7 is also found expressed in the central nervous system such as in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus [39]. A missense mutation of SCN9A (N641Y), at a conserved amino acid residue located at the intracellular loop between domain I and II, is associated with a family of febrile seizures (FS, N641Y). Mice carrying N641Y mutations were more susceptible to electrical stimulation-induced clonic and tonic seizures [40]. However, it is still unclear how SCN9A gene mutation caused epilepsy in the CNS.
K+ channels control the resting membrane potential and enable rapid repolarization of the AP by producing outward K+ currents, thus limiting neuronal excitability. K+ channels are composed of four pore forming a subunits and modulatory b subunits. Kv channels are the largest ion channel group (Kv1–Kv12) that are expressed substantially in the CNS. Dysfunction of Kv channels including Ca2+-activated K+ channels, are associated with epilepsy [2].
Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels, consisting of functional α subunit and the tissue-specific regulatory subunits (β1–4 and γ1–4), are widely distributed in the CNS. BK channels are usually considered as vital players in the development of epilepsy (Figure 3), with the evidence including the K+ derangement and regulating AP shape and duration [41, 42].
Yin and Yang of BK channels in epilepsy. For epilepsy suppression, BK (α) channels act as negative feedback regulators on calcium rise and transmitter release in most synapses. Activation of mitoBK channel subtypes (α or α+β4) may contribute to suppressing seizure as well as conferring neuroprotection via the inhibition of ROS synthesis [54]. For epilepsy promotion, astrocyte and OPCs BK channel subtypes (α+β1 or α+β4) may induce elevate [K+]o, causing membrane depolarization as well as neuronal hyperexcitation. Microglial BK channels (α+β3) may involve in the neuroinflammation during status epilepsy. Mutation D434G of α causes the neurohyperexcitation in hereditary epilepsy. However, ubiquitin ligase CRL4ACRBN could inhibit the overactivation of BK channels.
Gain-of-function mutation of BK, promoting the high-frequency neuron firing, is associated with spontaneous epileptic seizures paradoxically in both humans and rodents [43]. In fact, patients suffering from generalized epilepsy were detected a site mutation D434G at the RCK1 domain of BK α subunit. D434G increased the opening time of BK, through the enhancement of Ca2+ sensitivity [43]. In terms of functionality, the enhanced membrane excitability is associated with the increased BK activity and fAHP consequent [43, 44]. The augment seems to be induced by an increased recovery rate, underlying fast currents of VGSCs with a APs’ reduced refractory period and/or through disinhibiting thalamocortical circuits by blocking brain GABAergic interneurons [43, 45, 46].
The knockout mice of BK channel β4 subunit exhibit temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) seizure associated with a gain-of-function phenotype of BK, which not only sharpens APs but also induces a higher neuronal firing frequency in hippocampus DG granule cells [47].It is worth mentioned that epileptic seizures themselves also could induce a gain-of-function effect to BK. Picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) caused generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, with giving rise to a gain-of-function effect on BK channels, presenting increased BK currents and neuron firing in the neocortex [48]. It is of interest that BK-specific inhibitors attenuated generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures in picrotoxin or PTZ-induced epilepsy models, which suppressed the increase of neuron firing [48, 49].
Loss-of-function phenotype of BK might also contribute to the pathological process of clinical TLE. It was reported that two siblings suffered from the severe cerebellar atrophy and developmental delay, who adopted the exome analysis that identified a homozygous frameshift duplication in BK gene KCNMA1 (c.2026dupT;p.(Tyr676 Leufs*7)) in children from a consanguineous family with epilepsy [50].
KCNMB3, encoding the auxiliary BK β3, mapping the human chromosome 3 (3q26.3-q27) [51], is duplicated in the dup (3q) syndrome, which is characterized by neurological abnormalities, especially epileptic seizures [51]. Because of the dup (3q) syndrome having early onset during developmental process, the KCNMB3 duplication implies that β3 subunits overexpression might contribute to the etiology of epilepsy. Similarly, site mutations might also contribute to both neurohyperexcitation by a single nucleotide deletion at KCNMB3 exon 4 (delA750), which is associated with the generalized epilepsy, especially in the form of the typical absence epilepsy [52]. BK coexpressed with β3 variant of β3b-V4 (delA750) shows fast inactivation properties [53], which suggest that BK currents were reduced and the repolarization of cell membrane was attenuated during an action potential, eventually leading to neurohyperexcitation.
Kv7 is its seventh member of Kv channel family (Kv1–Kv12). The Kv7.1 mutation mediates type 1 long QT syndrome (long-QT syndrome type 1, LQT1) and is therefore named KCNQ1 (K, potassium; CN, channel; Q, LQT). KCNQ has five subtypes of KCNQ1–KCNQ5, which play crucial roles in physiological functions. Dysfunction of KCNQ is associated with many diseases.
KCNQ1 is mainly distributed in the heart, which mediates cardiac delayed-rectifier K+ current and maintains the normal repolarization process of cardiomyocytes [55]. KCNQ2–KCNQ5 are mainly distributed in central and peripheral neuronal tissues, of which KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 are distributed in brain regions [56]. KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 form functional heterotetramers, which are the main molecular bases for the formation of M currents that can be inhibited by acetylcholine M1 receptor activation [57]. Abundant KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 mutations could induce abnormal M currents, causing similarities in neonatal seizures and other nervous system diseases.
Benign familial neonatal seizure (BFNS) is an autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsy syndrome that occurs on the 2nd to 8th day after birth and stops spontaneously after a few weeks. Whereas 15% of patients in later life may have recurrence of epilepsy [58]. With the study of pathogenic genes in epilepsy, 60–70% of patients with BFNS were found to be associated with KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 mutations. More than 80 different mutations have been reported on KCNQ2, and multiple mutations on KCNQ3 are associated with BFNS. Soldovieri et al. [58] studied the genes of 17 BFNS clinical patients. Sixteen different heterozygous mutations were found in KCNQ2, including 10 substitutions, 3 insertions/deletions, and 3 large deletions. One substitution was found in KCNQ3. Most of these mutations were novel, except for four KCNQ2 substitutions that were shown to be recurrent. Electrophysiological studies in mammalian cells revealed that homomeric or heteromeric KCNQ2 and/or KCNQ3 channels carrying mutant subunits with newly found substitutions displayed reduced current densities. Borgatti studied a BFNS family with four affected members: two of them exhibit BFNS only, while the other two, in addition to BFNS, present either with a severe epileptic encephalopathy or with focal seizures and mental retardation. All affected members of this family carry a novel missense mutation in the KCNQ2 gene (K526N), disrupting the tridimensional conformation of a C-terminal region of the channel subunit involved in accessory protein binding. When heterologously expressed in CHO cells, potassium channels containing mutant subunits in homomeric or heteromeric configuration with wild-type KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 subunits exhibit an altered voltage-dependence of activation, without changes in intracellular trafficking and plasma membrane expression. The KCNQ2 K526N mutation might affect M-channel function by disrupting the complex biochemical signaling involving KCNQ2 C-terminus [59, 60]. KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 mutations cause M current to be downregulated, and the frequency of neuronal firing increases, leading to epilepsy.
Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific subset of potassium channels. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified, which are associated with a variety of diseases [61]. The G-protein-coupled Kir (GIRK) channels belong to the subfamily of Kir3 (GIRKs) which are activated by ligand-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs, interacting with GIRK channels, facilitate their activation, resulting in hyperpolarization of the cell membrane [61].
GIRK channels have four identified subunits (GIRK1–4, encoded by KCNJ3, KCNJ6, KCNJ9, and KCNJ5, respectively) in mammals, existing in vivo both as homotetramers and heterotetramers with unique biophysical properties, regulation, and distribution [61, 62]. GIRK 1, 2, 3, and 4 subunits are expressed in the brain, localized in certain axons, postsynaptic, and presynaptic regions [63]. GIRK channels may be involved not only in slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials but also in the presynaptic modulation of neuronal activity [61].
GIRK in the CNS is a heterotetramer composed of GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits [63], which is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential and excitability of the neuron [64]. GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits are found in the dendritic areas of neurons highly [63] correlate with the large concentration of GABAB receptors. Once the GABAB receptors are activated by their ligands, they can in turn activate IRK, mediating a significant part of the GABA postsynaptic inhibition [63].
Alterations in GIRK function have been associated with pathophysiology of severe brain disorders, including epilepsy. In this regard, a GIRK2 knockout mouse model resulted to be more susceptible to develop both spontaneous and induced seizures in respect to wild-type mice [65]. In particular, mice carrying a p Gly156Ser mutation displayed an epileptic phenotype [66]. Indeed, this mutation has been found to alter the putative ion-permeable, pore-forming domain of the channel, inducing Ca2+ overload in cells and reducing channel availability, leading thus to neurodegeneration and seizure susceptibility [67].
An increased expression of GIRK was observed in rat brain after an electroconvulsive shock, probably altering the excitability of granule cells and the functions of neurotransmitter receptors which are coupled to these channels [68]. Another evidence in support of a role of GIRK in epilepsy was provided by the demonstration that ML297, a potent and selective activator of GIRK, showed epileptogenic properties in mice [69]. On the other hand, the inhibition of GIRK activity by drugs causes seizures [70]. All these considerations imply that changes in Kir3 channel activity may alter the susceptibility to seizures.
As an important second messenger, Ca2+ plays a vital role in normal brain function and in the pathophysiological process of different neurodegenerative diseases. Ca2+ entry via VGCCs conveys the electric signals to intracellular transduction cascades in a wide variety of cells [71]. VGCCs were first identified by Fatt and Katz [72] and shown to consist of several subunits [73, 74]. VGCCs were divided into low-voltage-activated (LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA), based on electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. HVA channels, composed of α1, β, α2δ, γ subunit, are further divided into L, N, P, and Q types, which have an activation threshold at membrane voltage positive to −20 mV [75]. LVA channels, also called T type, consist only of the α1 subunit, activated at a membrane voltage positive to −70 mV. It is composed of transmembrane topology with four homologous transmembrane domains, each containing six transmembrane segments and a pore region between segments S5 and S6.
The L-type VGCC family has four members, Cav1.1–1.4, of which α subunits present tissue-specific expression, such as the α1D subunit in the brain. The L-type VGCC family shapes neuronal firing and activates Ca2+-dependent pathways involved in regulation of gene expression [76]. Cav1.2 channels appear to contribute critically to the generation of febrile seizures, which was proved by testing the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal cells in rat brain slices [77]. The Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rij (WAG/Rij) model experiments suggest that L-type calcium channels play a positive role in the frequency and duration of epileptic spikes [78]. Verapamil, an L-type VGCC blocker, could significantly reduce TLE seizure, enhancing the expression of the α subunit of γ-GABAAR [79].
P/Q-, N-, and R-type are corresponding to Cav2.1, Cav2.2, and Cav2.3, respectively, which initiate rapid synaptic transmission, regulated primarily by direct interaction with G proteins and SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) and secondarily by protein phosphorylation. The loss function of P/Q VGCC could lead to epileptic spikes, paroxysmal dystonia and ataxia. If P/Q VGCCs were blocked, it could disrupt the triggering synaptic neurotransmitter release [80]. Spikes of Cacna1aNtsr−/− mice are increased in layer VI corticothalamic neurons compared with control group, suggesting that Cav P/Q deletion generates absence epilepsy [81]. Cacna1a LOF from parvalbumin (PV)(+) and somatostatin (SST)(+) interneurons results in severe generalized epilepsy. It might be the mechanism for severe generalized epilepsy that the loss of Cav2.1 channel function from cortical PV(+) interneurons inhibits GABA release from these cells, which impairs their ability to constrain cortical pyramidal cell excitability [82]. When knocking out the cerebellar Cav2.1 channel in mice, cortical function is changeable, which caused movement disorders and epilepsy [83]. In two families with idiopathic epilepsy, the loss of function mutation in γ4 subunits, auxiliary subunit of Cav2.1 channels, could also cause seizures, and maybe aggravate seizures [84]. Downregulation of α2δ2 subunits in rats will generate 5–7 Hz epileptic wave accompanied by ataxia [85]. N-type calcium channels are mainly distributed in the nucleus of different neurons and glial cells. In the pilocarpine model, Cav2.2 expression decreased in the granule layer of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cells of the CA3 region during the acute phase of seizure. However, the expression of N-type calcium channels increased in the subsequent chronic phase, which demonstrated that the increase of N-type calcium channels might be associated with recurrent status epilepticus [86]. R-type calcium channel, Cav2.3, is mainly distributed in the presynaptic membrane, such as hippocampal mossy fibers, globus pallidus, and neuromuscular junctions. Knocking out R-type calcium channels could increase the susceptibility of seizures, with altering the seizure form [87]. The lack of Cav2.3 resulted in a marked decrease in the sensitivity of the animal to γ-butyrolactone-induced absence epilepsy and change thalamocortical network oscillations [88]. Administration of kainic acid revealed alteration in behavioral seizure architecture, dramatic resistance to limbic seizures and excitotoxic effects in Cav2.3−/− mice compared with controls. It indicated that the Cav2.3 plays a crucial role in both hippocampal ictogenesis and seizure generalization and is of central importance in neuronal degeneration after excitotoxic events [89].
T-type channels, widely distributed in the thalamus, are important for the repetitive firing of APs in rhythmically firing cells, which could be activated and inactivated more rapidly at more negative membrane potentials than other VGCCs [90]. Three subtypes of T-type channels have been identified, designated as Cav3.1, Cav3.2, and Cav3.3; they correspond to complexes containing the pore-forming α1 subunits, α1G, α1H, and α1I, respectively [91]. It has long been suggested that generalized absence seizures are accompanied by hyperexcitable oscillatory activities in the thalamocortical network [92]. The evidence that succinimide and related anticonvulsants could block thalamic T-type channels make researchers speculate that T-type Ca2+ channels might be related to the pathogenesis of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in generalized absence seizures [93]. In the kainate epilepsy model, Cav3.1−/− mice display significantly reduced duration of seizures compared to wild type, but the frequency of seizures increased slightly [94]. In the WAG/Rij model, the expression of Cav3.1 may be related to age, and blocking Cav3.1 can reduce the onset of epilepsy [94, 95] which suggested that decrease in Cav3.1 channel expression and Ca2+ current component that they carry in thalamocortical relay neurons serves as a protective measure against early onset of SWD and absence seizures [96]. Notably, Cav3.1−/− mice are resistant to SWD seizures specifically induced by γ-GABABR agonists. Simultaneously, the γ-GABABR agonists induced only very weak and intermittent SWDs in Cav3.1−/− mice [97]. Cav3.2 single nucleotide mutation has been reported in patients with childhood absence epilepsy and other types of idiopathic generalized epilepsies [98, 99]. Gain-of-function mutations (C456S) in Cav3.2 channels increase seizure susceptibility by directly altering neuronal electrical properties and indirectly by changing gene expression [100].
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which could induce a transient voltage changes to continuous light mutations of Drosophila melanogaster, are expressed in photoreceptors carrying trp gene. The first homologous human gene was reported in 1995. There are 30 trp genes, and more than 100 TRP channels have been identified so far, and TRP channels were divided into 7 subfamilies, including TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, TRPML, and TRPN. Focus on TRPs, one family of Ca2+ channels, plays a role in neuronal excitability. It is obviously known that Ca2+ is an important second messenger, which is related to the etiology of epilepsy [101]. Therefore, TRP channels are thought to be partially responsible for epileptic seizures, especially for TPRC and TRPV1 channels.
TRPC channels are the closet homolog to Drosophila TRP channels. Based on the functional comparisons and sequence alignments, four subsets of mammalian TRPCs (TRPC1, TRPC2, TRPC3/6/7, and TRPC4/5) have been generated [101]. These channels form receptor-modulated currents in the mammalian brain and important to SE-induced neuronal cell death. These channels could play a critical role in the generation of spontaneous seizures. TRPC1 and TRPC4 are expressed in CA1 pyramidal neurons. The amplitude of the plateau and the number of spikes were significantly reduced in mice without TRPC1 and TRPC4 [102]. TRPC3 channels are found to be responsible for pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice. The reduction on SE in TRPC3 KO mice is caused by a selective attenuation of pilocarpine-induced theta wave activity [103]. TRPC7 can be detected in CA3 pyramidal neurons largely. The spontaneous seizures in CA3 pyramidal neurons and the pilocarpine-induced increase in gamma wave activities during the latent period could be significantly reduced by ablating the gene TRPC7 [104].
TRPV1 is one subfamily of TRP channels, expressing in most neurons. The expression of TRPV1 protein in epileptic brain areas was increased [105], but the epileptic activity in hippocampal slices was decreased by iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX), a selective TRPV1 channel antagonist [106]. It is well known that glutamate could be released when the TRPV1 channel was activated [107], and the glutamate neurotransmitters are related to the etiology of epilepsy. Thus, focusing the TRPV1 channels activity may be important for the modulating neuronal excitability in epilepsy [106]. Recent studies showed that the high expression of TRPV1 channels could induce the temporal lobe epilepsy [105]. Cytosolic calcium elevation through activation of TRPV1 channels plays a physiologically relevant role in the regulation of epileptic seizures [108], decreasing the calcium accumulation by inhibiting the TRPV1 channels, could play a neuronal protective role against epilepsy-induced Ca2+ entry in hippocampal neurons. As mentioned above, the TRPV1 could be activated by hyperthermia; the hyperthermia-induced TRPV1 might be an effective candidate therapeutic target in heat-induced hyperexcitation [109, 110]. The activation of TRPV1 promotes glutamate release by increasing the excitability of neurons and synaptic terminals [111]. Whereas the activities would be reduced in hippocampus slices of rats after given the CPZ and ITRX, which were the TRPV1 channel blockers.
At present, the treatment of epilepsy is still dominated by drugs. More than 35% of marketed antiepileptic drugs target VGICs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and ethosuximide. Phenytoin and carbamazepine are broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs blocking VGSCs as their primary mechanism of action. For example, phenytoin is a more effective inhibitor of SCN8A-I1327V than other drugs [112], which could be used in treating patients with gain-of-function mutations of SCN8A. Different types of VGCCs play different roles in the pathological process of epilepsy. Decreased expression of P/Q type could induce epilepsy, whereas increased expression of N-type and T-type calcium channels could lead to epilepsy. Calcium blockers including ethosuximide have been widely accepted for the treatment of absence epilepsy [71]. Gain-of-function BK channels contribute to epileptogenesis and seizure generation. BK-blocking agents, like paxilline [49], might be used as potential therapeutic drugs.
In the future, novel techniques might contribute to develop reasonable therapies for treating inherited or acquired epileptic syndromes. For instance, induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS) and genetically engineering animal models could be used for accurate treatments of epilepsy. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VGIC genes from hereditary epilepsy patients could be detected by de novo genomic sequencing. VGICs of IPS cells could be mutated by CRISPR-Cas9 according to the information of these SNPs [113]. Through inducing IPS cells differentiated into neurons, phenotype of VGIC gene SNPs could be well investigated. It is also a well-detection platform for selecting antiepileptic drugs that would be sensitive to mutated VGICs in vitro [112]. For in vivotests, besides transgenic mice, construction of nematode or zebrafish epileptic models may be creating a shortcut for choosing suitable and personalized antiepileptic drugs [114, 115]. In addition to drug control, optogenetics and ultrasonic control are hopeful to suppress the epileptic seizures induced by VGIC dysfunction [116, 117].
We systemically summarized the mutations and phenotype information of 21 epilepsy-associated VGIC genes. The dysfunctional VGICs are like the blasting fuse for neuronal hyperexcitability. We have good reason to believe that epilepsy-associated mutations of VGICs could be considered as a biomarker, which is possible to be one of the molecular bases underlying the classification of epilepsy syndromes identified by modern medicine. VGICs are the important targets for many antiepileptic drugs. Novel VGIC modulators are potentially effective strategy for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs. Individualized precise treatment using matching VGIC drugs will provide novel research directions and antiepileptic strategies.
This work was supported by National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81603410 and 31771191), Innovation Fund of Putuo District Health System (No. 17-PT-10), Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Fund (Nos. 20184Y0086, 2016JP007, and 2018JQ003), Project within budget of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 18TS086), the Key Speciality Program (No. 2016102A) and Research Project (No. 2016208A) of Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.
Filtering multiset grammars (FMG) were developed as a result of multiset-based deep integration and convergence of classical mathematical programming and modern knowledge engineering for compact, flexible and natural representation of wide spectrum of combinatorial problems and their solution by application of unified algorithmics [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
\nOne of the advantages of FMG is natural parallelism of generation of multisets (MS) due to the possibility of independent application of rules to the currently available MS. Such feature being supported by appropriate hardware is a very promising background for the effective implementation of FMG and hence effective solution of the aforementioned problems. However, the “brutal force” approach, demanding on the extensive parallelism, is not suitable here because of evident cost restrictions. More attractive looks such techniques which would be based on the “branches and bounds” logics providing cut off sets of multisets (SMS) which provably do not contain terminal multisets (TMS), defined by FMG, without their generation.
\nTo develop such perspective approach we propose to apply multi-agent technology (MAT) [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] as a basis for implementation of the aforementioned techniques. The main idea of the suggested method of TMS generation is representation of the generating engine as a multi-agent system (MAS), which includes:
\nN agents, each corresponding to one rule from FMG scheme;
one agent corresponding to FMG filter;
one supervising agent, accumulating generated TMS, satisfying filter.
This MAS operates in such a way that every rule is applied (i.e. agent becomes active) as soon as there occurs multiset, matching this rule. By this approach maximally possible degree of parallelism is achieved.
\nStructure of the chapter is as follows. Section 2 contains main definitions and notions of the multigrammatical framework, necessary for further considerations. Proposed techniques of the multi-agent implementation of multisets generation is introduced in Section 3. Directions of future development of these techniques are discussed in the conclusion.
\nClassical theory of sets is based on notion of set as an unordered collection of mutually distinguishable elements. Basic assumption of theory of multisets is that aforementioned collection may contain indistinguishable (identical) elements:
\nRecord (1) is usually represented as
\nwhere \n
Zero multiplicity of some object is equivalent to the absence of this object in multiset, i.e.
\nFact, that object \n
Number \n
is called power of MS\n\n
Two basic relations on multisets – inclusion (“\n
\nMS\n\n
i.e. for every MO\n\n
If \n
\nMS\n\n
Let us illustrate introduced notions by the following example, where, as in all other examples, having place in this chapter, objects will be represented by strings in brackets.
\n\nExample 1. Let
\nAs seen, according to (5), \n
Three basic operations on multisets are multiplication by a constant, addition, and subtraction, which are denoted by bold symbols ∗, + and − respectively. Semantics of these operations is defined by use of the well known set-theoretical operations (join and intersection), as well as arithmetic operations on integer numbers:
\nwhere “×” denotes multiplication of integer numbers;
\nAlong with these operations, we shall use set-theoretical operations on multisets – join and intersection, – denoted respectively by bold symbols ∪ and ∩, different from ∪ and ∩:
\nWe have used equivalence between \n
\nExample 2. Let\n
Common feature of all described operations, which are known from theory of multisets [13, 14], is that their operands are multisets and integer numbers. Unlike them, following operation called “filtration” applies set of multisets (SMS) as the first operand and so called “filter”, being set of conditions, as the second operand. Filtration is denoted as \n
Conditions entering filter F may be boundary and optimizing.
\n\nBoundary conditions (BC) are recorded as \n
Let \n
Then
\n\nExample 3. Let \n
and \n
\nOptimizing conditions (OC) are recorded as\n
Let \n
\nExample 4. Let \n
\n\n
If filter \n
then
\ni.e. result of filtering set of multisets \n
Application of filters, containing boundary and optimizing conditions, is illustrated by \nFigure 1\n.
\nFilters application.
Considered operations on multisets and their sets make it possible to define syntax and semantics of family of multiset grammars.
\nBackground of this family is notion of multiset grammar as a couple \n
\nRule\n\n
where multisets v and \n
If \n
Speaking informally, (16) defines, that if left part of the rule, i.e. multiset \n
and it is said, that MS\n\n
\nSet of multisets, generated by application of multigrammar\n\n
As seen, \n
In general case \n
If MS\n\n
and, if so,
\nMultiset \n
i.e. no any rule \n
\nExample 5. Let \n
and scheme \n
and \n
According to (18)–(19),
\nAs seen, this MG provides generation of all possible collections of Euros, US dollars, and Russian rubles, which may be obtained from the initial collection \n
Generalized scheme of application of multiset grammars is presented at \nFigure 2\n.
\nApplication of multiset grammars.
Due to the fact, that multiobjects contain both numerical and symbolic components (multiplicities and object names), generation of multisets provides knowledge-driven numerical computation, that creates a lot of new opportunities for simple formalizing and effective solution of various sophisticated practical problems with hard combinatorial background. To implement such opportunities, so called filtering multiset grammars were proposed in [1, 2]. FMG are such generalization of MG, that integrate two basic concepts—generation of set of multisets and selection from it such MS, that satisfy some logical conditions, joined to filter.
\n\nFiltering multiset grammar is a triple \n
Verbally, \n
Application of filtering multiset grammars.
After description of syntax and semantics of filtering multiset grammars we may move to their implementation issues, which background are multi-agent technologies.
\nDue to granularity and natural internal parallelism of multigrammatical representation it is perspective to try to use multi-agent paradigm as a background for implementation of the FMG application engine (AE), providing generation of multisets.
\nWe shall use scheme, depicted at \nFigure 4\n, as a basis for primary multi-agent implementation of FMG AE. Proposed multi-agent system implementing FMG\n\n
Multi-agent system implementing FMG.\n
Described multi-agent system is operating according to the definition of mathematical semantics of FMG (15)–(26). Set of messages, which are circulating between the agents, is represented in \nTable 1\n.
\nN | \nSender | \nReceiver | \nMessage | \nComment | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\nj – number of MS,\n\n | \n
2 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n \n\n | \n
3 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \nRule \n | \n
4 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \nAs 1 | \n
5 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\njth MS satisfies filter F\n | \n
6 | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\njth MS does not satisfy filter F\n | \n
Set of MAS messages.
All messages are couples, the first components of which are numbers of multisets, processed by the agents, and every MS has its unique number. Assigning numbers to multisets is performed by agent \n
Agent \n
As may be seen, proposed multi-agent system provides generation and filtration of multisets by parallel operation of all agents, entering this MAS.
\nHowever, there are some evident bottlenecks, limiting speed of multisets generation. Most essential of such bottlenecks are massive transmissions of multiply repeated sets of multiobjects via MAS communication network. To reduce such transmission it is possible not to send MO to agents \n
To implement proposed logics, we shall introduce auxiliary database L, which elements would be couples \n
\nExample 6. Let scheme \n
and \n
Then \n
Database L has such internal organization, that there exists associative index, providing direct selection of couple \n
\nStatement 1. Let \n
As seen, proposed associative organization of set of left parts of rules entering scheme R provides fast selection of sets of rules, which may be applied to the current multiset.
\nLet us consider further enhancement of FMG application engine, based on the multi-agent technology.
\nFirst of all, it is evident, that it is not necessary to send all multiobjects of multiset \n
\nExample 7. Let \n
Proposed techniques provides further reduction of traffic on MAS communication network and, thus, total time of generation of STMS, defined by FMG.
\nApplication of the described MAS-based generation of STMS is flexible as it is only possible: due to granularity of multigrammatical knowledge representation local corrections of FMG by replacement of one rules by another are easily reflected by corresponding replacement of only concerned agents without touching the other. The same may be done with FMG filters. Such flexibility provides the simplest implementation of the most practically useful “what-if” regimes of application of MG-centered knowledge-based decision support systems.
\nProposed techniques of application of multi-agent technology to the high-parallel generation of sets of multisets, defined by filtering multiset grammars, provides essential growth of speed of creation of STMS. However, there are some evident ways of further enhancement of FMG implementation upon this background:
development of methods of matching constructed MAS to real homogeneous or heterogeneous hardware in such a way that delays, caused by information exchange between agents, would be minimal;
development of more efficient MAT application techniques concerning some more particular cases of MG – first of all, filtering context-free multiset grammars as well as filtering unitary MG and unitary multiset metagrammars;
design of special-purpose computing environments suitable for direct implementation of FMG and other dialects of MG family;
development of MAT-based techniques of implementation of algorithmics of unitary multiset metagrammars as most practically useful tool of the MG family.
Author is grateful to Prof. Fred Roberts and Prof. Alexey Gvishiani for useful discussions.
\nAs an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
",metaTitle:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",metaDescription:"As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/conflicts-of-interest-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\\n\\nIntechOpen requires:
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,13,16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10707",title:"Primary Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdb1aeb61b1eb116c1bdb09d25593686",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10715",title:"Brain MRI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d56c88c53776966959f41f8b75daafd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10715.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10723",title:"Brachial Plexus Injury",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"441fb315d751efcdc4ae3fdb03808b46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10723.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10731",title:"Cannabinoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1d2e090ecf2415b8d3c9fba15856b7b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10731.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10747",title:"Parvoviridae",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"694a3c1bc3af4d00d994fc83b527eacc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10747.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10712",title:"Thrombectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"853e71d74c3dd5007277d3770e639d47",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10712.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d23fca4321fbc65c3e5c3e0d377c6e1f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10721.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10729",title:"Sepsis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3981e82a4ab305272c07784a8f7298fb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10729.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10745",title:"Nematodes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b04a8befc32e564599c44178d8a8152",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10745.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10708",title:"Regional Anesthesia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b481b3c45dfcce8c4f048ce08f520763",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10708.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10717",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e38724c0e4f2bd852444e9b6f0facc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10717.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:61},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"534",title:"Information Security",slug:"information-security",parent:{title:"Communications and Security",slug:"communications-and-security"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:18,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5775",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e8cfc4e4aca32b98ee8c7c18d133c0f",slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151924",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54749",doi:"10.5772/67801",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1067,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"54465",doi:"10.5772/67721",title:"Implementation of a Multimaps Chaos-Based Encryption Software for EEG Signals",slug:"implementation-of-a-multimaps-chaos-based-encryption-software-for-eeg-signals",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Chin-Feng Lin and Che-Wei Liu",authors:[{id:"15251",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chin-feng-lin",fullName:"Chin-Feng Lin"},{id:"196965",title:"Mr.",name:"Che-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"che-wei-liu",fullName:"Che-Wei Liu"}]},{id:"54809",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68412",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55682",title:"Machine Learning in Application Security",slug:"machine-learning-in-application-security",totalDownloads:1460,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Nilaykumar Kiran Sangani and Haroot Zarger",authors:[{id:"196324",title:"Mr.",name:"Nilay",middleName:"K",surname:"Sangani",slug:"nilay-sangani",fullName:"Nilay Sangani"},{id:"198200",title:"Mr.",name:"Haroot",middleName:null,surname:"Zarger",slug:"haroot-zarger",fullName:"Haroot Zarger"}]},{id:"55820",title:"Implementing Secure Key Coordination Scheme for Line Topology Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"implementing-secure-key-coordination-scheme-for-line-topology-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Walid Elgenaidi, Thomas Newe, Eoin O’Connel, Muftah Fraifer,\nAvijit Mathur, Daniel Toal and Gerard Dooly",authors:[{id:"14279",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Newe",slug:"thomas-newe",fullName:"Thomas Newe"},{id:"68370",title:"Dr.",name:"Eoin",middleName:null,surname:"O\\'Connell",slug:"eoin-o'connell",fullName:"Eoin O\\'Connell"},{id:"197649",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Elgeanidi",slug:"walid-elgeanidi",fullName:"Walid Elgeanidi"},{id:"204613",title:"Dr.",name:"Muftah",middleName:null,surname:"Fraifer",slug:"muftah-fraifer",fullName:"Muftah Fraifer"},{id:"204645",title:"MSc.",name:"Avijit",middleName:null,surname:"Mathur",slug:"avijit-mathur",fullName:"Avijit Mathur"}]},{id:"54749",title:"Cloud Cyber Security: Finding an Effective Approach with Unikernels",slug:"cloud-cyber-security-finding-an-effective-approach-with-unikernels",totalDownloads:1067,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Bob Duncan, Andreas Happe and Alfred Bratterud",authors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"},{id:"198078",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bratterud",slug:"alfred-bratterud",fullName:"Alfred Bratterud"},{id:"198079",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Happe",slug:"andreas-happe",fullName:"Andreas Happe"}]},{id:"54671",title:"Proactive Detection of Unknown Binary Executable Malware",slug:"proactive-detection-of-unknown-binary-executable-malware",totalDownloads:993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Eric Filiol",authors:[{id:"101428",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Filiol",slug:"eric-filiol",fullName:"Eric Filiol"}]},{id:"54809",title:"Protection of Relational Databases by Means of Watermarking: Recent Advances and Challenges",slug:"protection-of-relational-databases-by-means-of-watermarking-recent-advances-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Javier Franco Contreras and Gouenou Coatrieux",authors:[{id:"179193",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Contreras",slug:"javier-franco-contreras",fullName:"Javier Franco-Contreras"},{id:"180016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouenou",middleName:null,surname:"Coatrieux",slug:"gouenou-coatrieux",fullName:"Gouenou Coatrieux"}]},{id:"54465",title:"Implementation of a Multimaps Chaos-Based Encryption Software for EEG Signals",slug:"implementation-of-a-multimaps-chaos-based-encryption-software-for-eeg-signals",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Chin-Feng Lin and Che-Wei Liu",authors:[{id:"15251",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chin-feng-lin",fullName:"Chin-Feng Lin"},{id:"196965",title:"Mr.",name:"Che-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"che-wei-liu",fullName:"Che-Wei Liu"}]},{id:"55748",title:"Advanced Access Control to Information Systems: Requirements, Compliance and Future Directives",slug:"advanced-access-control-to-information-systems-requirements-compliance-and-future-directives",totalDownloads:2206,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Faouzi Jaidi",authors:[{id:"196358",title:"Dr.",name:"Faouzi",middleName:null,surname:"Jaidi",slug:"faouzi-jaidi",fullName:"Faouzi Jaidi"}]},{id:"55851",title:"Energy-Secrecy Trade-offs for Wireless Communication",slug:"energy-secrecy-trade-offs-for-wireless-communication",totalDownloads:676,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-security-in-computing-and-communications",title:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications",fullTitle:"Advances in Security in Computing and Communications"},signatures:"Ruolin Zhang",authors:[{id:"198089",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruolin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ruolin-zhang",fullName:"Ruolin Zhang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"information-security",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/331803/aloysio-campos-da-paz-neto",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"331803",slug:"aloysio-campos-da-paz-neto"},fullPath:"/profiles/331803/aloysio-campos-da-paz-neto",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()