Estimates of USA Primary Pollutants Sources in million tons per year (Million Tons/Year). [Adapted from Thomas
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1292",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress Response in Plants - Physiological, Biochemical and Genetic Perspectives",title:"Abiotic Stress Response in Plants",subtitle:"Physiological, Biochemical and Genetic Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Plants, unlike animals, are sessile. This demands that adverse changes in their environment are quickly recognized, distinguished and responded to with suitable reactions. Drought, heat, cold and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. In general, abiotic stress often causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth, development and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold and heat) and oxidative stress are often interrelated; these conditions singularly or in combination induce cellular damage. To cope with abiotic stresses, of paramount significance is to understand plant responses to abiotic stresses that disturb the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular level in order to identify a common mechanism for multiple stress tolerance. This multi authored edited compilation attempts to put forth an all-inclusive biochemical and molecular picture in a systems approach wherein mechanism and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress are dealt with. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the effects of abiotic stress in plants at the cellular level.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-672-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4449-6",doi:"10.5772/1762",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"abiotic-stress-response-in-plants-physiological-biochemical-and-genetic-perspectives",numberOfPages:360,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"413adc817779da2de38e680658caa45b",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",publishedDate:"August 29th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1292.jpg",numberOfDownloads:57924,numberOfWosCitations:219,numberOfCrossrefCitations:87,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:270,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:15,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:576,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"153612",title:"Dr.",name:"Bandi",middleName:null,surname:"Venkateswarlu",slug:"bandi-venkateswarlu",fullName:"Bandi Venkateswarlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/153612/images/system/153612.jpg",biography:"Dr. B.Venkateswarlu has started his career as a Research Associate in ICRISAT\nin 1976 with biological nitrogen fixation as the initial research subject. He joined\nagricultural research service (ARS) of ICAR in 1977 and posted as Scientist S-1 at\nCentral Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur. He initiated research for the\nfirst time on desert microbiology and quantified the impact of sand dune stabilization\non soil microflora dynamics in the desert eco system. He also developed several\nstrains of nitrogen fixing and P-solubilizing microorganisms for arid legumes. He\nmoved to Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) in 1986 as\nSenior Scientist and pursued research in the areas of soil fertility management,\nbiofertilizers and bio-pesticides. He was appointed as Principal Production System\nScientist (PPSS) of the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) in 2001in\nwhich he served upto 2006. Under this project, more than 100 production system\nresearch projects were coordinated by him in the rainfed agro-eco-system across the\ncountry. He joined as Head of the Division of Crop Sciences in 2006 and then\nappointed as Director of the Institute in July, 2008. He is now holding this research\nmanagement position directing and coordinating the research programmes of\nCRIDA on rainfed agriculture, two coordinated projects on Dryland Agriculture and\nAgrometeorology and one network project viz. Climate Change. His current areas\nof research include, rainfed agriculture, rural livelihoods, NRM and climate change.\nDr.Venkateswarlu is the follow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences\n(NAAS), Fellow of Indian Society of Oilseeds Research, President of Indian Society\nof Dryland Agriculture Research, Member, New York Academy of Sciences and life\nmember of several Academic and Professional Societies in India. He is on the\nBoard of AP Horticulture University, Academic Council Member of MPKVV, Rahuri,\nSteering Committee member of Expert group on Integrated Watershed Management\nProject (IWMP) of Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and Expert\nPanel Member of National Disaster Management Authority. He served as the\nMember of the Sub-group of ICAR to prepare the Mission on Sustainable Agriculture\nDocument under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. He visited several\ncountries on bilateral programmes and as scientific expert. He published over 100\nresearch papers, 10 books and holds one patent.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"385",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"18465",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress Response Crosstalk in Plants",doi:"10.5772/23217",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-response-crosstalk-in-plants",totalDownloads:12740,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:77,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Saúl Fraire-Velázquez, Raúl Rodríguez-Guerra and Lenin Sánchez-Calderón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18465",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18465",authors:[{id:"51144",title:"Dr.",name:"Saul",surname:"Fraire",slug:"saul-fraire",fullName:"Saul Fraire"},{id:"60409",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Rodríguez-Guerra",slug:"raul-rodriguez-guerra",fullName:"Raúl Rodríguez-Guerra"},{id:"97089",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenin",surname:"Sánchez-Calderón",slug:"lenin-sanchez-calderon",fullName:"Lenin Sánchez-Calderón"}],corrections:null},{id:"18466",title:"Reactive Oxygen in Abiotic Stress Perception - From Genes to Proteins",doi:"10.5772/24891",slug:"reactive-oxygen-in-abiotic-stress-perception-from-genes-to-proteins1",totalDownloads:3747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michael Wrzaczek, Julia P. Vainonen, Adrien Gauthier, Kirk Overmyer and Jaakko Kangasjärvi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18466",authors:[{id:"60213",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaakko",surname:"Kangasjärvi",slug:"jaakko-kangasjarvi",fullName:"Jaakko Kangasjärvi"},{id:"97806",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Wrzaczek",slug:"michael-wrzaczek",fullName:"Michael Wrzaczek"},{id:"97808",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",surname:"Vainonen",slug:"julia-vainonen",fullName:"Julia Vainonen"},{id:"97809",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrien",surname:"Gauthier",slug:"adrien-gauthier",fullName:"Adrien Gauthier"},{id:"97810",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirk",surname:"Overmyer",slug:"kirk-overmyer",fullName:"Kirk Overmyer"}],corrections:null},{id:"18467",title:"Plant Organelles-to-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling",doi:"10.5772/24241",slug:"plant-organelles-to-nucleus-retrograde-signaling1",totalDownloads:3493,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nadezhda Yurina and Margarita Odintsova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18467",authors:[{id:"56269",title:"Prof.",name:"Nadezhda",surname:"Yurina",slug:"nadezhda-yurina",fullName:"Nadezhda Yurina"},{id:"59538",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Odintsova",slug:"margarita-odintsova",fullName:"Margarita Odintsova"}],corrections:null},{id:"18468",title:"Post-Translational Modifications of Nuclear Proteins in the Response of Plant Cells to Abiotic Stresses",doi:"10.5772/23822",slug:"post-translational-modifications-of-nuclear-proteins-in-the-response-of-plant-cells-to-abiotic-stre1",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jennifer Dahan, Emmanuel Koen, Agnès Dutartre, Olivier Lamotte and Stéphane Bourque",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18468",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18468",authors:[{id:"53906",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",surname:"Bourque",slug:"stephane-bourque",fullName:"Stephane Bourque"},{id:"57268",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Lamotte",slug:"olivier-lamotte",fullName:"Olivier Lamotte"},{id:"57269",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Dahan",slug:"jennifer-dahan",fullName:"Jennifer Dahan"},{id:"57270",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Koen",slug:"emmanuel-koen",fullName:"Emmanuel Koen"},{id:"105911",title:"Mrs.",name:"Agnès",surname:"Dutartre",slug:"agnes-dutartre",fullName:"Agnès Dutartre"}],corrections:null},{id:"18469",title:"Facing the Environment: Small RNAs and the Regulation of Gene Expression Under Abiotic Stress in Plants",doi:"10.5772/22250",slug:"facing-the-environment-small-rnas-and-the-regulation-of-gene-expression-under-abiotic-stress-in-pla1",totalDownloads:2954,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Inês Trindade, Dulce Santos, Tamas Dalmay and Pedro Fevereiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18469",authors:[{id:"46945",title:"MSc",name:"Inês",surname:"Trindade",slug:"ines-trindade",fullName:"Inês Trindade"},{id:"59944",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamas",surname:"Dalmay",slug:"tamas-dalmay",fullName:"Tamas Dalmay"},{id:"59945",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce",surname:"Santos",slug:"dulce-santos",fullName:"Dulce Santos"},{id:"59946",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Fevereiro",slug:"pedro-fevereiro",fullName:"Pedro Fevereiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"18470",title:"Cyclic Nucleotides and Nucleotide Cyclases in Plant Stress Responses",doi:"10.5772/24757",slug:"cyclic-nucleotides-and-nucleotide-cyclases-in-plant-stress-responses",totalDownloads:3552,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh, Ludivine Thomas, Claudius Marondedze, Helen Irving and Chris Gehring",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18470",authors:[{id:"59269",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",surname:"Gehring",slug:"chris-gehring",fullName:"Chris Gehring"},{id:"59273",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludivine",surname:"Thomas",slug:"ludivine-thomas",fullName:"Ludivine Thomas"},{id:"59274",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudius",surname:"Marondedze",slug:"claudius-marondedze",fullName:"Claudius Marondedze"},{id:"59275",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouad",surname:"Lemtiri-Chlieh",slug:"fouad-lemtiri-chlieh",fullName:"Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh"},{id:"59849",title:"Prof.",name:"Helen",surname:"Irving",slug:"helen-irving",fullName:"Helen Irving"}],corrections:null},{id:"18471",title:"Abiotic Stress-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Plants: A Phytaspase Connection",doi:"10.5772/23785",slug:"abiotic-stress-induced-programmed-cell-death-in-plants-a-phytaspase-connection1",totalDownloads:3654,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexander I. Tuzhikov, Boris B. Vartapetian Andrey B. Vartapetian and Nina V. Chichkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18471",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18471",authors:[{id:"53750",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Vartapetian",slug:"andrey-vartapetian",fullName:"Andrey Vartapetian"},{id:"60226",title:"Mr",name:"Alexander",surname:"Tuzhikov",slug:"alexander-tuzhikov",fullName:"Alexander Tuzhikov"},{id:"60227",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",surname:"Chichkova",slug:"nina-chichkova",fullName:"Nina Chichkova"},{id:"60228",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",surname:"Vartapetian",slug:"boris-vartapetian",fullName:"Boris Vartapetian"}],corrections:null},{id:"18472",title:"Plant Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Adaptation of Plants to Abiotic Stresses",doi:"10.5772/24121",slug:"plant-plasma-membrane-h-atpase-in-adaptation-of-plants-to-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:5891,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:48,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Małgorzata Janicka-Russak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18472",authors:[{id:"55600",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",surname:"Janicka-Russak",slug:"malgorzata-janicka-russak",fullName:"Małgorzata Janicka-Russak"}],corrections:null},{id:"18473",title:"Plant Abiotic Stress: Insights from the Genomics Era",doi:"10.5772/23215",slug:"plant-abiotic-stress-insights-from-the-genomics-era1",totalDownloads:4009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Erik R. Rowley and Todd C. Mockler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18473",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18473",authors:[{id:"51136",title:"Prof.",name:"Todd",surname:"Mockler",slug:"todd-mockler",fullName:"Todd Mockler"},{id:"60619",title:"Mr.",name:"Erik",surname:"Rowley",slug:"erik-rowley",fullName:"Erik Rowley"}],corrections:null},{id:"18474",title:"Role of Plant Transcription Factors in Abiotic Stress Tolerance",doi:"10.5772/23172",slug:"role-of-plant-transcription-factors-in-abiotic-stress-tolerance",totalDownloads:8812,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:86,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Charu Lata, Amita Yadav and Manoj Prasad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18474",authors:[{id:"50901",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Prasad",slug:"manoj-prasad",fullName:"Manoj Prasad"},{id:"59908",title:"Ms.",name:"Charu",surname:"Lata",slug:"charu-lata",fullName:"Charu Lata"},{id:"59909",title:"Ms.",name:"Amita",surname:"Yadav",slug:"amita-yadav",fullName:"Amita Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"18475",title:"The Roles of Germin Gene Products in Plants Under Salt Stress",doi:"10.5772/23313",slug:"the-roles-of-germin-gene-products-in-plants-under-salt-stress1",totalDownloads:3545,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mahmut Caliskan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18475",authors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],corrections:null},{id:"18476",title:"Does Environmentally Contingent Variation in the Level of Molecular Chaperones Mirror a Biochemical Adaptation to Abiotic Stress?",doi:"10.5772/22496",slug:"does-environmentally-contingent-variation-in-the-level-of-molecular-chaperones-mirror-a-biochemical-",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Branka Tucić, Sanja Manitašević Jovanović and Ana Vuleta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18476",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18476",authors:[{id:"47916",title:"Dr.",name:"Branka",surname:"Tucić",slug:"branka-tucic",fullName:"Branka Tucić"},{id:"57788",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanja",surname:"Manitašević Jovanović",slug:"sanja-manitasevic-jovanovic",fullName:"Sanja Manitašević Jovanović"},{id:"57789",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana",surname:"Vuleta",slug:"ana-vuleta",fullName:"Ana Vuleta"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5066",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d37213a7dbc2b6704c13b7ee519b563b",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",bookSignature:"Arun K. Shanker and Chitra Shanker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6171",title:"Climate Resilient Agriculture",subtitle:"Strategies and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2bc4a305c45c415bf556037d355377",slug:"climate-resilient-agriculture-strategies-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ch Srinivasa Rao, Arun K. Shanker and Chitra Shanker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6171.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltat",title:"Corrigendum to: Spatial Analysis of the Erosive Hazard of Soils and Natural Risks of Reservoir Siltation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70783.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70783",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70783",chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1847",leadTitle:null,title:"Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences and Knowledge Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This is a unique and groundbreaking collection of questions and answers coming from higher education institutions on diverse fields and across a wide spectrum of countries and cultures. It creates routes for further innovation, collaboration amidst the Sciences (both Natural and Social), the Humanities, and the private and public sectors of society. The chapters speak across sociocultural concerns, education, welfare and artistic sectors under the common desire for direct responses in more effective ways by means of interaction across societal structures.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0687-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5117-3",doi:"10.5772/2273",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"theoretical-and-methodological-approaches-to-social-sciences-and-knowledge-management",numberOfPages:422,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"76ab953fe7ca1b6e89d7937d69842d5f",bookSignature:"Asunción López-Varela",publishedDate:"August 16th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1847.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:57653,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302731/images/system/302731.jpeg",biography:"Asun López-Varela Azcarate is an associate professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests are cognitive and intermedial semiotics, inter-art studies, sustainability, and STEAM approaches. A proactive member of the profession, Dr. Azcarate established the research program “Studies on Intermediality and Intercultural Mediation” (SIIM) in 2007. She serves as an editor for various international journals. She was previously president of the European Society of Comparative Literature, deputy head of the Department of English Studies at her university, and an evaluator in various international research programs, including Vice-Chair at EU Unit REA.A2, Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, Social Sciences and Humanities (SOC).",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"442",title:"Organizational Research",slug:"organizational-research"}],chapters:[{id:"38278",title:"Social Research Methods in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of Methodological Issues and Emerging Trends at the Zimbabwe Open University",slug:"social-research-methods-in-higher-education-a-critical-analysis-of-methodological-issues-and-emergin",totalDownloads:6843,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116563",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Kangai",slug:"caleb-kangai",fullName:"Caleb Kangai"}]},{id:"38279",title:"Methodology Transfers Between Social Sciences and Humanities in Relation to Natural Sciences, Technology and Government Policy",slug:"methodology-transfers-between-social-sciences-and-humanities-in-relation-to-natural-sciences-technol",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115410",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Eto",slug:"hajime-eto",fullName:"Hajime Eto"}]},{id:"38280",title:"Causality in Social Studies Education",slug:"causality-in-social-studies-education",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114537",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayram",surname:"Tay",slug:"bayram-tay",fullName:"Bayram Tay"}]},{id:"38281",title:"The Assumption of Non-Gaussianity in Natural and Social Sciences and Its Influence on Detection of Causal Relationships",slug:"the-assumption-of-non-gaussianity-in-natural-and-social-sciences-and-its-influence-on-detection-of-c",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139164",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Hlavackova-Schindler",slug:"katerina-hlavackova-schindler",fullName:"Katerina Hlavackova-Schindler"}]},{id:"38282",title:"Qualitative Research: The Toolkit of Theories in the Social Sciences",slug:"qualitative_research_toolkit_theories_social_sciences",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118755",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Cibangu",slug:"sylvain-cibangu",fullName:"Sylvain Cibangu"}]},{id:"38283",title:"A Simulation Approach to Validate Models Derived from Observational Studies",slug:"a-simulation-approach-to-validate-models-derived-from-observational-studies",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116407",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Robillard",slug:"pierre-robillard",fullName:"Pierre Robillard"}]},{id:"38284",title:"Cartographic Generalization Applied to Social Networks Maps in the City of Curitiba in Brazil",slug:"cartographic-generalization-applied-to-social-networks-maps-in-the-city-of-curitiba-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118639",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Martins",surname:"Pombo",slug:"renan-martins-pombo",fullName:"Renan Martins Pombo"}]},{id:"38285",title:"Open-Source Tools for Data Mining in Social Science",slug:"open-source-tools-for-data-mining-in-social-science",totalDownloads:4153,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"119511",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Štambuk",slug:"nikola-stambuk",fullName:"Nikola Štambuk"},{id:"119512",title:"Dr.",name:"Paško",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"pasko-konjevoda",fullName:"Paško Konjevoda"}]},{id:"38286",title:"Applying Social Sciences Research for Public Benefit Using Knowledge Mobilization and Social Media",slug:"applying-social-sciences-research-for-public-benefit-using-knowledge-mobilization-and-social-media",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113142",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Phipps",slug:"david-phipps",fullName:"David Phipps"},{id:"117588",title:"Ms.",name:"Krista",surname:"Jensen",slug:"krista-jensen",fullName:"Krista Jensen"},{id:"117589",title:"Mr.",name:"J. Gary",surname:"Myers",slug:"j.-gary-myers",fullName:"J. Gary Myers"}]},{id:"38287",title:"Re-Visiting Ethnographic and Orthodox Research Methodologies: Field Research Experiences from an African Perspective",slug:"re-visiting-ethnographic-and-orthodox-research-methodologies-field-research-experiences-from-an-afri",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117005",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",surname:"Mtapuri",slug:"oliver-mtapuri",fullName:"Oliver Mtapuri"}]},{id:"38288",title:"Social Physics: An Interdisciplinary Way to Explore the Mechanism of Public Opinion",slug:"social-physics-an-interdisciplinary-way-to-explore-the-mechanism-of-public-opinion",totalDownloads:1615,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"95451",title:"Dr.",name:"Yijun",surname:"Liu",slug:"yijun-liu",fullName:"Yijun Liu"},{id:"139508",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenyuan",surname:"Niu",slug:"wenyuan-niu",fullName:"Wenyuan Niu"}]},{id:"38289",title:"The Methodology of Formulating Iranian National Policy of Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Framework",slug:"the-methodology-of-formulating-iranian-national-policy-of-entrepreneurship-a-conceptual-framework",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113145",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",surname:"Noruzi",slug:"mohammad-reza-noruzi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Noruzi"}]},{id:"38290",title:"Theoretical Approaches to Employment and Industrial Relations: A Comparison of Subsisting Orthodoxies",slug:"theoretical-approaches-to-employment-and-industrial-relations-a-comparison-of-subsisting-orthodoxies",totalDownloads:15317,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116449",title:"Mr.",name:"Okwy",surname:"Okpala",slug:"okwy-okpala",fullName:"Okwy Okpala"},{id:"155386",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher Odogwu",surname:"Chidi",slug:"christopher-odogwu-chidi",fullName:"Christopher Odogwu Chidi"}]},{id:"38291",title:"Human Capital Resourcing Practices and Organisational Performance: A Study of Selected Organisations in Lagos State, Nigeria",slug:"human-capital-resourcing-practices-and-organisational-performance-a-study-of-selected-organisations-",totalDownloads:2207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116449",title:"Mr.",name:"Okwy",surname:"Okpala",slug:"okwy-okpala",fullName:"Okwy Okpala"},{id:"155386",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher Odogwu",surname:"Chidi",slug:"christopher-odogwu-chidi",fullName:"Christopher Odogwu Chidi"}]},{id:"38292",title:"Enhancing Productivity Through Lean Behavior",slug:"enhancing-productivity-through-lean-behavior",totalDownloads:2597,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117989",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Puvanasvaran",surname:"A.Perumal",slug:"puvanasvaran-a.perumal",fullName:"Puvanasvaran A.Perumal"}]},{id:"38293",title:"Organizational Sustainability: The Case of Handcrafts Micro-Business in Southern San Sebastian, Jalisco, México",slug:"organizational-sustainability-the-case-of-handcrafts-micro-business-in-southern-san-sebastian-jalisc",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"122110",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",surname:"Vargas-Hernandez",slug:"jose-g.-vargas-hernandez",fullName:"José G. Vargas-Hernandez"}]},{id:"38294",title:"Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Science, Technology and Innovation in Uganda",slug:"strengthening-institutional-capacity-for-science-technology-and-innovation-in-uganda",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117103",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberts",surname:"Muriisa",slug:"roberts-muriisa",fullName:"Roberts Muriisa"}]},{id:"38295",title:"A Didactic and Methodological Lesson of the Study of Economics and the Skill Development of Students",slug:"a-didactic-and-methodological-lesson-of-the-study-of-economics-and-the-skill-development-of-students",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117516",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Covadonga",surname:"De La Iglesia Villasol",slug:"maria-covadonga-de-la-iglesia-villasol",fullName:"Maria Covadonga De La Iglesia Villasol"}]},{id:"38296",title:"New Public Management and Reforms in Iran: Analysis of Government Downsizing",slug:"new-public-management-and-reforms-in-iran-analysis-of-government-downsizing",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113145",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",surname:"Noruzi",slug:"mohammad-reza-noruzi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Noruzi"}]},{id:"38297",title:"Media of Exchange and Liquid Assets of Political and Market Enterprises: A New Monetary Perspective on Medieval French Monetary Mutations",slug:"media-of-exchange-and-liquid-assets-of-political-and-market-enterprises-a-new-monetary-perspective-o",totalDownloads:1203,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114544",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Marmefelt",slug:"thomas-marmefelt",fullName:"Thomas Marmefelt"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2301",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",subtitle:"Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8b131a7ee5b8a5b952c49dc19c0cfe5",slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5702",title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcb1a08fbdb3244ae3ae57de5e8dea5b",slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela Azcarate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"938b8668018c9338fbc8992e8e03f971",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3726",title:"Products and Services",subtitle:"from R&D to Final Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00f9ed3ad58c6e5d10c299d312242e7d",slug:"products-and-services--from-r-d-to-final-solutions",bookSignature:"Igor Fuerstner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121454",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Fuerstner",slug:"igor-fuerstner",fullName:"Igor Fuerstner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16051",title:"Air Pollution: A Case Study of Ilorin and Lagos Outdoor Air",doi:"10.5772/16845",slug:"air-pollution-a-case-study-of-ilorin-and-lagos-outdoor-air",body:'
Air pollutants are continuously released from numerous sources into the atmosphere. Several studies have been carried out on the quantification of pollutants and analyzing their consequences on public health. It has been estimated that each year between 250 and 300 million tons of air pollutants enter the atmosphere above the United States of American [Dara, 2004; Onianwa, 2001; Stephen and Spencer, 1992]. Tropospheric pollution causes degradation of crops, forests, aquatic systems, structural materials, and human health. It was reported recently, that NOx air pollution is becoming a far reaching threat to USA National Parks and Wilderness Areas as these areas are suffering from harmful effects of oxides of nitrogen pollution [EDFS, 2003]. It has also been confirmed that NOx contributes to ground – level ozone (smog) pollution which can cause serious respiratory problems, especially young children and the elderly, as well as healthy adults that are active outdoors. Furthermore, the same report confirmed worsening ozone concentration in nearly all the national parks over the last ten years [EDFS, 2003]. Towards this, an assessment of new vehicles emission certification standards was carried out in metropolitan area of Mexico city and the results show that light duty gasoline vehicles account for most carbon (II) oxide and NOx emissions [Schifter
During a five-day period marked by temperature inversion and fog in London in 1952, between 3,500 and 4,000 deaths in excess of normal occurred with 1.3 ppm SO2 level recorded [O’Neill, 1993; ACGIH, 1991]. SO2 is oxidized to SO3 in the atmospheric air by photolytic and catalytic processes involving ozone, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and hydrocarbon (HC), giving rise to the formation of photochemical smog [Dara, 2004].
In contrast to NO2, SO2 is deleterious to plant life [Haagen-Smith, 1952; Molski and Dmuchowski, 1986]. Air pollution causes the decline in Eastern Europe [Nihlgard, 1985; Schutt and Cowling, 1985]. Area with extensive large-scale forest decline correlate with the areas where SO2 concentration were elevated [ECE, 1984; Molski and Dmuchowski, 1986], therefore If the concentration of SO2 is higher along with other gaseous pollutants (NOx, O3, HC, organic and inorganic peroxides etc) in the troposphere and continues to accumulate over time, the overall concentration can have a negative effect on health, vegetation and structures [Abdul Raheem, 2007; Abdul Raheem et al., 2009a].
Surface concentration of ozone has been reported to be on the increase in the last decades in northern hemisphere [Vautard et al., 2007] and in Southeast Asia [Jaffe, 1999]. A rise of about 26% in the ambient concentration of ozone has been reported in Taiwan between 1994 and 2003 [Chou et al., 2006]. High levels of ambient air ozone can cause serious damage to health. The health hazards include shortness of breath, nausea, eye and throat irritation, and lung damage [Menezes and Shively, 2001]. Identification of air pollution source characteristics is an important step in the development of regional air quality control strategies. Receptor modeling, using measurements of pollutant concentrations at one or more sample sites, is often a reliable way to provide information regarding source regions for air pollution [Watson, 1984]. One of such receptor-modeling technique is principal component analysis (PCA) [Einax and Geiss, 1997; Jackson, 1991; Norman, 1987]. This is often combined with multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least square regression, which have been demonstrated as powerful tools for handling several environmental problems, especially source apportioning [Otto, 1999; Timm, 1985; Vogt, 1989].
In recent years, certain statistical techniques that incorporate the influence of meteorological variables have been applied to asses the trend in ozone levels in the ambient air [Bakken et al., 1997]. One common approach is the use of a parametric regression model to link some characteristics of ozone, such as the mean level of ozone to meteorological variables. Other scientists have equally used PCA to pattern the spatial and temporal variations of ozone and to identify the important factors influencing ozone concentration [Klaus et al., 2001; Lengyel et al., 2004; Pissimanis et al., 2000]. Different subregions have, however, been identified where ozone concentration exhibited characteristic spatial and temporal patterns based on the differences arising from the interaction of their respective meteorological conditions with anthropogenic effects [Alvarez et al., 2000]. More specifically, Bloomfield et al., (1996) established a nonlinear regression model for hourly ozone data in the Chicago area in which meteorological variables, seasonality, and a trend term were all implicated. Cox and Chu (1992), on their part, proposed a model for the daily maxima of hourly ozone concentrations based on the Weibull distribution in which the scale parameter is allowed to vary as a function of meteorological conditions. On the other hand, Menezes and Shively (2001) used a multivariate approach to estimate the long-term trend in the extreme values of tropospheric ozone in Houston and Texas. They found that there is a downward trend in the probability of an exceedance followed by a relative flat trend. Shively and Sager (1999) extended the work of Cox and Chu (1992) as well as Bloomfield et al., (1996) by using nonparametric regression models to model ozone. The use of multivariate methods was further supported by Lengyel et al., (2004) who analyzed air quality data of which the hidden structure was uncovered by factor analysis and modeled ozone concentration using MLR, PLS, and PCR. While PCA is a very useful tool for selection of properties and different qualities processes leading to a linear model of the data, MLR and PCR or PLS can predict ozone concentration with an error below 2, 5, and 1ppb levels, respectively.
The aim of the present investigation was therefore to analyze environmental data gathered on the daily monitoring of ambient ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur (IV) oxide at five monitoring sites in Lagos and four monitoring sites in Ilorin, Nigeria. The data were collected between early morning and late evening of the day, and they covered both dry and wet seasons from years 2003 to 2006. The study also included establishment of prediction models on the influence of meteorological parameters on the seasonal variation of concentration of gaseous pollutants in the two Nigerian cities and comparison of measured and modeled concentration values of ozone [Abdul Raheem et al., 2009b].
Air is all around us, odourless, colourless and essential to all life on earth as it acts as a gaseous blanket, protecting the earth from dangerous cosmic radiation from outer space. It helps in sustaining life on earth by screening the dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiations (< 300nm) from the sun and transmitting only radiations in the range 300nm to 2500nm, comprising of near UV, visible and near infrared (IR) radiations and radio waves (0.01 to 4 x 105nm) [Smart, 1998]. The atmosphere also plays a vital role in maintaining the heat balance on the earth by absorbing the IR radiation received from the sun and re-emitted by the earth. In fact, it is this phenomenon, called “the greenhouse effect”, which keeps the earth warm enough to sustain life on the earth. Yet, the air is actually a combination of gaseous elements that have a remarkable uniformity in terms of their contribution to the totality of life. Thus, oxygen supports life on earth; nitrogen is an essential macro - nutrient for plants; and carbon (IV) oxide is essential for photosynthetic activity of plants. Moreover, atmosphere is a carrier of water from the ocean to land, which is so vital for the hydrological cycle. Any major disturbance in the composition of the atmosphere resulting from anthropogenic activities may lead to disastrous consequences or may even endanger the survival of life on earth [Dara, 2004]. The constituent elements are primarily nitrogen and oxygen, with a small amount of argon. Below 100km, the three main gaseous elements, which account for about 99.9% of the total atmosphere, are N2, O2 and Ar and they have concentration by volume of 78%, 21%, and 0.93% of respectively [Stanley, 1975]. The presence of trace amounts of other gases would account for the remaining 0.07%. These remaining trace gases exist in small quantities and they are measured in terms of a mixing ratio. This ratio is defined as the number of molecules of the trace gas divided by the total number of molecules present in the volumes sampled. For example, ozone (O3), carbon (IV) oxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO2 + NO) as NOx and chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs) are measured in parts per million by volume (ppmv), parts per billion by volume (ppbv) as well as microgram per cubic meter (µgm-3), [Dale, 1976]
Air pollution has been defined [World Bank, 1978] as ‘the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke, or vapour in such quantity, characteristics and duration as to make them actually or potentially injurious to human, plant or animal life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property’. Pollution on the whole is caused principally by human activities, though it can also be a natural process. Air pollution arises from people’s economic and domestic activities like modern agriculture which requires agrochemicals. Industrial activities are responsible for wide range of pollution. Thermal power station, burning fossil fuel and moving vehicles emit harmful pollutants like sulphur (IV) oxide, nitrogen (II) oxide and carbon (IV) oxide. Some of these emitted gases have been responsible for acid – rain, global warming and malfunctioning of human / animal’s haemoglobin [Stanley, 1975]. Other causes arising from human activities include inappropriate solid waste disposal, gas flaring and oil exploration. Air pollution can also arise from natural causes such as volcanic eruption, whirlwind, earthquake, decay of vegetation, pollen dispersal, as well as forest fire ignition by lightning.
These are substances introduced into the environment in an amount sufficient to cause adverse measurable effects on human beings, animals, plant, vegetation or materials. Pollutants are referred to as primary pollutants, if they exert the harmful effects in the original form in which they enter the atmosphere e.g. CO, NOx, HCs, SOx, particulate matter and so on. On the other hand, secondary pollutants are products of chemical reactions, among primary pollutants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetylnitate (PAN) and peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN). Classification of pollutants can also be according to chemical compositions i.e. organic or inorganic pollutants or according to the state of matter i.e. gaseous or particulate pollutants. Air pollution is basically made up of three components and these are source of pollutants, the transporting medium, which is air and target or receptor which could be man, animal, plant and structural facility.
Generalized Plot of Atmospheric Concentrations of Species Involved In Smog Formation As A Function of Time of The Day
The various chemical and photochemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere mostly depend upon the temperature, composition, humidity and the intensity of sun light. Thus the ultimate fate of chemical species in the atmosphere depends upon these parameters. Photochemical reactions take place in the atmosphere by the absorption of solar radiations in the UV region. Absorption of photons by chemical species gives rise to electronically excited molecules. These reactions are not possible under normal laboratory conditions except at higher temperature and in the presence of chemical catalysts [Hansen
Generalized Scheme For The Formation Of Photochemical Smog
return to the original state [Dara, 2004]. Any of these transformation pathways may serve as an initiating chemical step or a primary process. The three steps involved in an overall photochemical reaction are Absorption of radiation, Primary reactions and Secondary reactions.
Smoggy atmosphere show characteristics variations with time of the day in levels of NO, NO2, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and oxidants. A generalized plot showing these variations is shown in Figure 1. This shows that shortly after dawn the level of NO in the atmosphere decreases markedly, a decrease which is accompanied by a peak in the concentration of NO2. During the mid – day the levels of aldehydes and oxidants become relatively high, however, the concentration of total hydrocarbons in the atmosphere peaks sharply in the morning, then decreases during the remaining daylight hours. The variations in species concentration shown in the above Figure 1 may be explained by a generalized reaction scheme in Figure 2. This is based on the photochemically initiated reactions which occur in an atmosphere containing oxides of nitrogen, reactive hydrocarbons, and oxygen. The various chemical species that can undergo photo - chemical reactions in the atmosphere include NO2, SO2, HNO3, N2, ketones, H2O2, organic peroxides and several other organic compounds and aerosols; the time – variations of which are explained in a group of overall reactions first proposed by Friedlander nd Seinfeld (1974)
Primary photochemical reaction:
NO2 + hע NO + O
Reactions involving oxygen species
O2 + O + M O3 + M
(M is an energy absorbing third body)
O3 + NO NO2 + O
Production of organic free radicals from hydrocarbons,
RHO + RH R.\n\t\t\t\t
o3 + RH R. + other products
R. is a free radical, which may or may not contain oxygen
Chain propagation, branching and termination
NO + R. NO2 + R1\n\t\t\t
In this case R. contains oxygen and oxidizes NO. It is one of many chain propagation reactions, some of which involve NO
NO2 + R. products (e.g. PAN)
A number of specific reactions are involved in the above overall scheme for the formation of photochemical smog, which is smoke and fog [Thomas
NO2 + hט NO + O
This leads to several reactions involving oxygen and nitrogen oxide species. Examples of such reactions are given below:
O + O2 +M O3 + M
O + NO + M NO2 + M
O + NO2 NO + O2
O3 + NO NO2 + O2
O + NO2 + M NO3 + M
O3 + NO2 NO3 + O2
Pollutant Source | CO | NOx | HC | SOx | Particulate | Total |
Transportation | 111.0 | 11.7 | 19.5 | 1,0 | 0.7 | 143.9 |
Fuel Combustion (Stationary Source) | 0.8 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 26.5 | 6.8 | 44,7 |
Industrial Processes | 11.4 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 13.1 | 36.2. |
Solid wastes disposal | 7,2 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 11.1 |
Miscellaneous | 16.8 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 28.0 |
Total | 147.2 | 22.7 | 34.7 | 33.9 | 25.4 | 263.9 |
Estimates of USA Primary Pollutants Sources in million tons per year (Million Tons/Year). [Adapted from Thomas
The determinations of the concentrations of total oxidants (undertaken as O3), NOX and SO2 in the ambient air were carried out between 2003 and 2006 to cover the two seasons; dry season (November to April) and rainy season (May to October) using standard methods. Total oxidants were determined by buffered potassium iodide solution method proposed by Byers and Saltzman (1958). Determination of oxides of nitrogen concentrations were done using the Intersociety Committee Method of Analysis (1972) which is based on the Griess–Saltzman (1954) colorimetric, azo dye forming reagent while oxides of sulphur were determined by conductivity measurements as proposed by Stanley (1975). The application of these techniques to monitoring required the preparation of the following range of reagents as sampling and absorbing solutions as well as preparation of calibration curves. All the chemicals used in the preparation of sampling and absorbing solutions were of analytical grade. The reagents had been prepared and seen stable for months prior to their use. The validation of all procedures was further confirmed using LaMotte standard air sampler.
The absorbing solution used for trapping ozone was 1% KI buffered at 6.8 ± 0.2. The standard solution and calibration curve were prepared as follows: 4.09ml of standard 0.001M iodine solution was taken and diluted to 100ml with distilled water. 10ml of this solution was taken and further diluted to 100ml with absorbing reagent and this was labelled solution A. 1ml of A was further diluted to 100ml using absorbing reagent, which gives solution B. This provides a calibrated iodine solution equivalent to 1.92μg of ozone per ml [Stanley, 1975 and Dara, 2004] as ozone reacts with iodine ion in neutral buffer solution according to the following equation:
O3 + 3I - + H2O → I3- + 2 OH - + O2\n\t\t\t\t
The tri – iodide ion liberated has an intense yellow colour. The standard solution was always prepared freshly when needed. A series of standard solutions prepared from above were used to obtain calibration curve. The absorbance measurement was carried out at 352nm. The calibration curve is shown in Figure 3 and it has regression value of 0.9972
Total oxidants calibration curve
The set-up of the high volume sampler is given in Figure 4. To follow strict guidelines needed when monitoring for criteria pollutants as discussed earlier, our equipment is validated with LaMotte air sampler (Figure 5) purchased from LaMotte & Company, USA, for capability, repeatability and reliability needed to collect accurate data, and operation of the equipment within our established methods. The impinger used is a big boiling tube of capacity 250cm3 with 42mm diameter. Teflon tubing’s used as delivery tubes along with
Picture of The Sampling train
Lamotte Air- Sampler
glass tubing that serves as inlet for the ambient air sampled. Silicone grease was used to make the set up airtight by it application to all necessary joints. The air was sampled at the rate of 1 dm3 min -1 with absorbing solution fixed at 30 cm3 as found appropriate and used [Abdul Raheem et al., 2009c], after each sampling for one hour, the impinger was carefully removed and the sample transferred quantitatively into the sample bottle for analysis. The impinger was wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid sunrays’ interference. In order to determine pollutant variability over daytime periods, air samples were taken at each location over ten defined sixty - minute periods for any sampling day. The ten sampling periods were spaced equally between approximately 6 am and 6 pm to reflect morning, afternoon and evening. Minimum of 30 samples were collected at each site per week for the pollutants monitored. The time of sixty minutes was found to be optima from the preliminary investigations for the quantitative sampling of these toxic gases within the environment [Abdul Raheem et al., 2009c]. All samplings reported were carried out in triplicates. As the road traffic is the common source of pollution cutting across all sites classes, the average traffic volume were determined for all sampling zones. Traffic count was manually done, counting the vehicles passing on the road for 10 minutes in every hour from which hourly traffic was calculated [Abam and Unachukwu, 2009].
The daily minimum and maximum temperatures were between 23 C and 36.5 C, throughout the sampling period.
A freshly prepared absorbing solution serves as sample reference or blank solution in order to take care of any impurities during preparation. Absorbance of samples for total oxidants was measured at 352 nm with UV / Visible spectrophotometer. The concentration was read out in μg / 10ml from the reference plot of which one of the examples is shown in Figure 3. The concentrations were converted to μgm-3 or ppm or ppb using appropriate conversion factor.
for 1 μgm-3 of ozone, the ppb value will be
QUANTITY | CONTENTS | CODE |
2 × 120 Ml | Total oxidants reagent #1 | 7740-J |
30Ml | Total oxidants reagent #2 | 7741-G |
30Ml | Total oxidants reagent #3 | 7742-G |
3 | Test Tubes, 5mL, w/ caps | 0230 |
1 | Total oxidants in Air Comparator | 7739 |
LaMotte total oxidants in air test kit code 7738. Total oxidants in air calibration chart** [LaMotte 6.05] Comparator index number. ** Values in ppm.
10 mL of reagent #1 was put into impinging tube, followed by 2 drops of reagent #2 added and swirled to mix then 2 drops of reagent #3 added and also swirled to mix. The impinging apparatus was connected to intake of the sampling pump as shown in Figure 5 such that the long tube was immersed in the absorbing solution. The impinging tube was covered with foil to protect it from light while sampling. The flow meter of sampling apparatus was adjusted to collect air at 1.0 Lm-1 rate. The sampling continued until 15 minutes when a measurable pink colour developed. The impinging tube was disconnected from the pumping apparatus and the contents poured into a clean test tube (0230). The test tube was later inserted into the total oxidants in air comparator (7739) and the sample colour was matched with an index value. The index value was recorded and the calibration chat was used to convert the index readings into concentration of the pollutant in the atmosphere in parts per million.
Time(min) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
5 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 1.08 | 1.44 | 2.88 | 4.32 | 5.76 |
10 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 1.44 | 2.16 | 2.88 |
15 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.96 | 1.44 | 1.72 |
Total oxidants in air calibration chart** [LaMotte 6.05] Comparator index number. ** Values in ppm.
The absorbing solution used for trapping NOx was Saltzman solution which is an azo dye forming reagent.
The standard solution and calibration curve were prepared as follows: 2.16g of sodium di - oxo nitrate (III), NaNO2 was dissolved in 1000 cm3 volumetric flask and the solution labeled A. 1ml of solution A was measured out into 100 ml volumetric flask and the solution made up to the mark. This solution of concentration 0.0216 gL-1 was labeled B. 1ml of B was added to 100 ml volumetric flask and distilled water added to the mark to give 0.000216 gL-1 solution C. 10ml of solution C was added to 100ml volumetric flask and filled to the mark with distilled water to give solution of concentration 0.0000216 gL-1 labeled D. Further dilutions of the last two solutions C and D were used for calibration plot. As the standardization was based on the empirical observation that 0.72 mole of NaNO2 produces the same colour as 1mole of NO2 [Hesketh, 1972]. In other words, 1ml of the 0.000216 gL-1 working standard which contains 0.216μg of NaNO2 should be equivalent to 0.2 μg of NO2. Series of standard solutions prepared in 10 ml volumetric flasks from solutions C and D above were allowed to stay for 15 minutes for colour development and the spectra run at 550 nm to obtain a set of absorbance value which were recorded against known concentrations. The formation of red azo dye of which the absorbance is picked at 550 nm can be explained according to the equation in Figure 6 However, a plot of absorbance against concentration in μg / 10 ml was made, a straight line graph obtained with regression value of 0.9962 as shown in Figure 7.
Equation showing the formation of azo dye
The procedure for sampling is as given above
Oxides of nitrogen (nox) calibration curve
The absorbing solution serves as sample reference or blank solution in order to take care of any impurities during preparation. Absorbance of samples for oxides of nitrogen was measured at 550nm with UV / Visible spectrophotometer. The concentration was read out in μg / 10ml from the reference plot of which an example is shown in figure 7. The concentrations were converted to μgm-3 or ppm or ppb of which the conversion factors are explained hereafter.
for 1 μgm-3 of NOx as NO2, the ppb value will be
QUANTITY | CONTENTS | CODE |
2 × 120 mL | Nitrogen (Iv) oxide reagent #1 Absorbing solution | 7684-J |
30 mL | Nitrogen (Iv) oxide reagent #2 | 7685-G |
10g | Nitrogen (Iv) oxide reagent #3 powder | 7688-D |
2 | Test tubes,10mL, glass, w/caps | 0822 |
1 | Spoon, 0.005g, plastic | 0696 |
1 | Pipet, droping, plastic | 0352 |
1 | Nitroge (IV) oxide in air comparator | 7689 |
1 | Tubing | 23609 |
1 | Pipet | 30410 |
1 | Needle | 27336-01 |
LaMotte nitrogen (IV) oxide in air test kit code 7690
10mL of reagent #1 i.e. absorbing reagent was poured into the impinging tube, a gas bubbler impinger (0934). The impinging apparatus was connected to the intake of air sampling pump and the long tube was immersed in the absorbing solution. The special adaptor was attached to the intake of the pump to sample at 0.2Lm-1 while the sampling was done for 20 minutes when a measurable amount of nitrogen (IV) oxide was absorbed. At the end of the sampling period the contents of the impinging tube was poured into test tube (0822). The pipette (0352) was used to add a drop of reagent #2, the test tube capped and mixed after which the 0.05g spoon was used to add 0.05g of reagent #3. The test tube capped and the solution left for 10 minutes for colour development after which the test tube was placed into comparator (7689) and the sample colour matched to index of colour standards. The index number which gave the proper colour matched was recorded and the calibration chart used to convert the index read to concentration of nitrogen (IV) oxide in ppm.
Comparator index number | ||||||||
Time (min) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
1 | 0.00 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 28.0 | 42.0 | 56.0 |
5 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 1.40 | 2.80 | 4.20 | 5.60 | 8.40 | 11.20 |
10 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.70 | 1.40 | 2.10 | 2.80 | 4.20 | 5.60 |
15 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.93 | 1.40 | 1.87 | 2.80 | 3.74 |
20 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 1.40 | 2.10 | 2.80 |
Nitrogen (IV) oxide in air calibration chart
The absorbing solution used for trapping SO2 was 0.3M H2O2 solution buffered at pH 5 ± 0.2.
The standard solution and calibration curve were prepared as follows:
0.1M H2SO4 was used as parent standard solution. All other lower concentrations were prepared from serial dilution of 0.1M H2SO4. 0.1M H2SO4 was standardized by titration against Na2CO3 using methyl orange as indicator. The conductivity measurement of each of the concentrations of H2SO4 (0.001 – 0.01M) obtained from serial dilution were taken, using Hanna Instrument EC 214 conductivity model. A graph of conductivity values in Siemens per centimeter (Scm-1) against concentrations of H2SO4 in mol dm-3 was plotted. The data gave a straight line which passes through the origin with regression value of 0.9874. The calibration curve so obtained is shown in Figure 8. This was used as a working curve for the determination of SO2 during the analysis of samples.
The procedure for sampling others remained except the flow rate that was increased to 2 Lmin-1 for optimization purpose [Abdul Raheem et al., 2009c].
Sulphur (iv) oxide calibration curve
Conductivity measurements were undertaken using the Hanna Instrument Model E 214 conductivity meter.From the sample and reference solutions 20 cm3 volume was measured respectively into a liquid sample holder test tube of Hanna model conductivity meter. The concentrations in mol dm-3 of H2SO4 formed from SO2 of the samples were read out from the reference plot (Fig.8), the concentrations obtained in mol dm-3 were converted to parts per million or parts per billion or microgram per cubic meter (ppm or ppb or μgm-3) as shown below using appropriate conversion factor. Equation of reaction for formation of H2SO4 from SO2 is shown below:
for 1 moldm-3 of SO2, ppm value will be
in μgm-3, the value becomes:
QUANTITY | CONTENTS | CODE |
2 × 250 mL | Sulphur (IV) oxide absorbing solution | 7804-K |
15g | Sulphur (IV) oxide reagent #1 | 7693-E |
30mL | Sodim hydroxide, 1.0 N | 4004PS-G |
60mL | Sulphur (IV) oxide passive bubbler indicator | 7805-H |
2 | Pipets, 1.0mL, plastic | 0354 |
2 | Test tubes, 5 mL, plastic, w/caps | 0230 |
2 | Test tubes, Hester, w/caps | 0204 |
1 | Spoon, 0.25g | 0695 |
1 | Dispenser caps | 0693 |
1 | Sulphur (IV) oxide passive bubbler comparator | 7746 |
LaMotte sulphur (IV) oxide in air test kit code 7714
10mL of Sulphur (IV) oxide absorbing solution was added to impinging tube and connected to the impinging apparatus as shown in Figure 5. The long tube was immersed into the absorbing solution. Sampling was done at 1.0 Lpm for 60 minutes or 90 minutes. The impinging apparatus was covered with foil to protect it from light. At the end of the sampling time the small test tube (0230) was filled to the line with the sample and 0.25g spoon was used to add a level measured of Sulphur (IV) oxide reagent #1. The test tube containing the mixture was capped and vigorously shaken to dissolve the powder. A 1 mL pipette was used to add 1mL sodium hydroxide, 1.0N, to the same small test tube, capped and inverted several times to mix. The other 1mL pipette was also used to add 2mL (2 measures) of Sulphur (IV) oxide passive bubbler indicator (7805) to a large test tube (0204). The contents of the small test tube were poured into the large test tube containing the indicator. Immediately the tube capped and inverted six times, holding the cap firmly in place with the index finger. After waiting for 15 minutes, the test tube was placed into the Sulphur (IV) oxide passive bubbler comparator (7746). The sample colour matched with the standard colour and the index number read and recorded from the comparator. The index number was converted to concentration in ppm using the calibration chart provided.
Comparator index number | ||||||||
Time (min) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
10 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.76 |
30 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.25 |
60 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
90 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Sulphur (IV) oxide in air calibration chart.** Values in ppm.
The impinger was well rinsed with distilled water and properly wrapped with foil paper before each use. The tubing’s and corks in the sampling train were checked before and during sampling, in case they had become slackened, however silicone grease was used to increase the pressure by making them air tight.
The absorbing reagents were always prepared freshly ahead of sampling for the solution to stabilize. They were stored in amber coloured bottles and refrigerated because of light interference. They were always allowed to thaw and assume the 25 C temperature before use.
Lengthy contact with air by the absorbing reagent was avoided during both preparation and use to prevent absorption of the oxides. The absorbance of the reagent blank was deducted from that of the samples where the machine could not be adjusted to zero to avoid matrix error, especially with the conductivity meter.
For the nitrogen oxides determination, a gas bubbler impinger (fritted gas bubbler) was used instead of a general purpose impinger as absorption tube. The general purpose impinger has been reported to give low absorption efficiency with oxides of nitrogen [ICMA, 1972; Onianwa et al., 2001; Saltzman, 1954]. However the results were corrected and correlated with the fritted bubbler as well as standardized absorbing solution imported from LaMotte and Company, USA.
Greatest accuracy has been reported to be achieved by standardizing the sampling train with accurately known gas sample in a precision flow dilution system like a permeation tube [Dara, 2004]. Due to lack of the apparatus necessary for the standardization of the train, the actual collection efficiency is not known. However with the use of LaMotte sampling pump with inbuilt flow meter and standardized reagents, we recorded high collection efficiency at sites with increase concentrations of samples.
This is already discussed extensively in Abdul Raheem, 2007 and Abdul Raheem et al., 2009a,b,c. Typical tables are shown to show the typical measurements concentration results and the meteorological data
Start of sampling | End of sampling | OX (ppb) | NOx (ppb) | SO2 (ppb) | RELHUM (%) | WND ms-1 | DWND (oC) | AIRTEMP (oC) | Sun ExpWm-2 |
6.30am | 7.30am | 29.08 ±11.73 | 1.47 | 7.83 | 78.17 | 27.60 | 144.60 | 22.70 | -1.55 |
7.45am | 8.45am | 29.72 ±10.5 | 3.44 | 6.54 | 71.67 | 36.30 | 156.40 | 23.20 | 0.51 |
9.00am | 10.0am | 29.71 ±5.57 | 0.43 | 4.17 | 57.30 | 44.60 | 156.50 | 27.90 | 8.63 |
10.15am | 11.15am | 33.11 ±5.51 | 1.67 | 4.42 | 53.30 | 42.00 | 160.50 | 29.80 | 12.61 |
11.30am | 12.30pm | 46.69 ±7.49 | 1.73 | 6.27 | 42.00 | 42.30 | 153.20 | 31.50 | 15.36 |
12.45pm | 1.45pm | 69.94 ±15.45 | 1.04 | 7.36 | 38.67 | 43.40 | 154.00 | 32.80 | 16.09 |
2.00pm | 3.00pm | 35.55 ±11.21 | 2.46 | 8.84 | 35.50 | 41.60 | 160.00 | 34.30 | 13.39 |
3.15pm | 4.15pm | 21.44 ±6.31 | 2.46 | 7.62 | 37.17 | 39.40 | 167.90 | 33.80 | 10.16 |
4.30pm | 5.30pm | 17.62 ±3.13 | 2.69 | 9.52 | 39.00 | 39.30 | 178.00 | 33.00 | 5.66 |
5.45pm | 6.45pm | 11.56 ±2.19 | 2.91 | 9.11 | 42.67 | 37.60 | 176.70 | 31.30 | 0.86 |
Dry season environmental data for Ilorin
Start of sampling | End of sampling | OX (ppb) | NOx (ppb) | SO2 (ppb) | RELHUM (%) | WND ms-1 | DWND (oC) | AIRTEMP (oC) | Sun Exp Wm-2 |
6.30am | 7.30am | 14.26 | 12.40 | 10.72 | 90.58 | 3.07 | 107.02 | 25.99 | -1.65 |
7.45am | 8.45am | 22.92 | 5.89 | 7.20 | 87.58 | 4.67 | 156.38 | 26.38 | 2.80 |
9.00am | 10.0am | 28.95 | 5.39 | 11.15 | 73.75 | 7.09 | 189.02 | 29.05 | 8.90 |
10.15am | 10.0am | 46.86 | 5.66 | 14.82 | 67.92 | 7.35 | 182.63 | 30.25 | 11.00 |
11.30am | 12.30pm | 43.21 | 6.41 | 10.51 | 63.50 | 8.76 | 170.67 | 31.30 | 12.06 |
12.45pm | 1.45pm | 85.31 | 5.68 | 12.74 | 60.33 | 10.11 | 159.55 | 32.00 | 17.30 |
2.00pm | 3.00pm | 73.77 | 6.45 | 16.62 | 60.08 | 10.36 | 155.00 | 31.98 | 15.10 |
3.15pm | 4.15pm | 26.06 | 6.84 | 15.47 | 62.67 | 10.94 | 163.79 | 31.37 | 13.20 |
4.30pm | 5.30pm | 12.23 | 5.72 | 16.48 | 67.00 | 10.21 | 165.22 | 30.38 | 10.70 |
5.45pm | 6.45pm | 8.58 | 6.90 | 19.21 | 72.75 | 8.99 | 166.64 | 29.20 | 3.30 |
Dry season environmental data for Lagos
This is showing typical results of statistical modeled analysis of Ilorin and Lagos during dry season MLR with backward selection in stepwise mode (without intercept) results in the following equation:
OXILO = 6.092 x SO2 + 0.657 x RHUM – 2.653 x ATEMP + 4.385 x SUNEXP
Where R = 0.981, F (4, 6) = 38.389, p < 0.000
This shows that only four of the variables are found to be significant for retention in the model.
MLR using backward selection in stepwise mode (without intercept) results in the following equation:
OXLag = 1.679 x ATEMP + 5.622 x SUNEXP – 8.079 x WND
where, R = 0.961, F (3, 7) = 27.874, p < 0.000
MLR shows that only three of the variables are significant for retention in the model.
A table Comparing the ozone measured concentration with calculated results from MLR model equations
ILORIN | LAGOS | |||
RAIN | DRY | RAIN | DRY | |
MEASURED | 21.86 ± 2.47 | 32.44 ± 5.13 | 9.87 ± 0.99 | 36.22 ± 5.76 |
MODELED | 16.12 ± 1.86 | 44.32 ± 4.25 | 9.89 ± 0.82 | 36.29 ± 3.87 |
MLR equation modeled results for ozone compared with monitored results for the two cities of interest during rainy and dry seasons (ppb)
The direction and spatial extent of transport and the relative contribution of transported ozone and precursors to individual downwind areas are highly variable. A number of factors influence site to site differences in ozone concentrations, including sources of precursor’s emissions and meteorological conditions.
Data analysis also reveals that NOx and SO2 as well as volatile organic compounds contribute to ozone formation and this is in accordance with other researchers [Winer
On the whole the chemometric multivariate analysis results confirmed our experimental results and unfold the fact that meteorological influence plays a major role in the atmospheric chemistry of ozone.
Finally, these results and analysis suggested that ozone acting in concert with other pollutants need to be recognized as important health and ecosystem related air quality concern in Nigeria. Based on increasing evidence on regional transport of ozone all over the world, there is need for recognition that ground – level ozone would be an appropriate issue to be considered by the Nigerian government. In particular, a proactive measure has to be formulated towards reducing NOx and SO2 and by consequence O3 in Nigeria.
An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two structures. It usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of the intestine. Surgeons can choose to join together the two parts of the intestine by using either sewing (sutures) or staples. Sewing by hand has been used successfully for over 100 years. However, stapling takes less time to perform. As with any intervention, anastomosis carries some risks. These include blood clots, bleeding, scarring, blockage, stricture, or abnormal narrowing, damage to the surrounding structures, and infections, all of which can lead to anastomotic leakage, sepsis, septic shock, or even death (Figures 1 and 2).
Intraoperative aspect of an anastomosis performed manually at the level of the small bowel.
Intraoperative aspect of an anastomosis performed mechanically at the level of the small bowel.
Barbed sutures are available in a variety of both absorbable and nonabsorbable monofilament materials. Specifically, currently available bidirectional and unidirectional barbed suture materials include PDO, polyglyconate, poliglecaprone 25, glycomer 631, nylon, and polypropylene. A study performed by Wiggins [1] searched through a systematic review and meta-analysis for the benefits of barbed suture utilization in gastrointestinal anastomosis. The conclusion was that the use of barbed sutures for gastrointestinal anastomosis appears to be associated with shorter overall operative times. There was no difference in rates of complications (including anastomotic leak, bleeding, or stricture) compared with standard suture materials.
The study included consecutive CD patients with ileal/ileocolonic strictures who had SWE shear wave elastography within one week of surgical resection.
The SWE of the stenotic bowel wall was compared to the biofragmentable anastomosis ring used for gastrointestinal anastomoses in a literature review conducted by Bobkiewicz and coauthors [2].
The theoretical idea was that a biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR) could be used instead of manual and stapled anastomoses in the upper and lower GI tracts.
The aim of this study was to see how effective BAR was for bowel anastomoses using our own content. Methodologies: Between 2004 and 2014, a retrospective study was conducted on a total of 203 patients who underwent bowel surgery with BAR anastomosis in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. The study concluded that using BAR for GI tract anastomoses is an easy and quick procedure with a low rate of perioperative mortality (0.5%) and complication rates (Figures 3 and 4).
Foreign body reaction at the level of the tissues containing suture material.
Colorful surgical nylon monofilament suture with a curved needle.
The ideal stapling device should be capable of rapid creation of an anastomosis with serosal apposition without the persistence of a foreign body or a foreign body reaction, which potentially contributes to early anastomotic dehiscence or late anastomotic stricture (Figures 5 and 6).
Linear surgical stapler.
(a and b) circular stapling device and its mode of appliance.
While 2-row stapling has become normal in low anterior resections (LARs), it has no effect on morbidity or the incidence of AL.
Conducted by Nekliudov [3] is the first prospective, randomized clinical trial that compares the success rate of modern 3-row circular staplers to that of traditional 2-row staplers.
According to the hypothesis, the frequency of AL in the 3-row stapler group is not significantly higher than in the 2-row stapler group.
The rate of AL, as determined by imaging studies and measured using the Pearson chi-squared test and Fisher exact test, is the primary endpoint.
Secondary outcomes include AL severity (A, B, or C), anastomotic bleeding, postoperative complication rate (graded using the Clavien-Dindo classification), reintervention rate, stapler dysfunction rate, complications of nonfunctioning stoma, overall and cancer-specific quality of life (measured using short-form (36) questionnaire and quality-of-life (30) questionnaire core, respectively), fecal incontinence, and overall and cancer-specific quality of life.
Following the LAR, both patients will be tracked for a period of 12 months.
This is the first prospective randomized trial to look at the efficacy of 3-row staplers for colorectal anastomosis following rectal cancer surgery.
It could show that 3-row circular staplers are feasible in LAR in terms of short- and long-term patient outcomes (Figures 7 and 8).
2-row staple lines.
3-row staple lines.
A study performed by Jeong and coauthors [4] was assembled to report an institution’s experiences with transanal total mesorectal excision (TME) of rectal cancer using single-port equipment and to discuss the feasibility and safety of the technique. In the institution mentioned, 10 patients (6:4) treated with transanal TME with colorectal anastomosis were examined (Figure 9).
Complete TME specimen (a) and sectioned (b) after abdomino-perineal resection with intact mesorectum.
In six of 10 patients, TME was done without the use of a laparoscope.
The average time spent on the operating table was 303.5 minutes.
The distal margin was 2.1 (0.2–4.2) cm on average.
The average number of lymph nodes harvested is 17.5.
Except for one patient who had an anastomotic leak, the majority of patients began dietary intake on POD 3 and were discharged on POD 7.
The only postoperative complication was an anastomotic leak.
Conclusions: In selected cases of rectal cancer, pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) TME with coloanal anastomosis was found to be healthy and feasible.
Anastomotic leak (AL) is a common problem in colorectal surgery, and its prevalence has remained steady in recent years.
The use of an intra-abdominal drain or mechanical bowel preparation to prevent AL has been shown to be ineffective and should be avoided.
The function of oral antibiotic preparation regimens should be explained and compared to other routes of administration, such as intravenous or enema, according to a study conducted by Meyer and coauthors [5].
Parallel to this, preoperative antibiotherapy should target pathogens that induce collagenase, as defined by the microbiome study.
Fluorescence angiography may minimize AL even further, resulting in major intraoperative improvements in surgical strategies.
Fluorescence angiography can be used more often.
There have been studies, such as the one by Gained and coauthors [6], that looked at the literature’s connection between colorectal cancer recurrence, microbiome, and anastomotic leakage, and among the findings, one can find the aspect according to which the numerous mechanisms by which environmental factors act on the microbiome to alter its composition and function, with the net effect of adversely affecting oncological outcomes following surgery, are well documented and increasing.
Diet, antibiotic use, the procedures used to prepare the colon for surgery, and the physiological discomfort of the procedure are all examples of environmental causes.
Furthermore, using next-generation sequencing technologies to investigate the intestinal microbiome has the ability to affect cancer outcomes following colon resection. In a systematic review that targeted the endoscopic management of early postoperative complications, a literature search was performed by Clifford and coauthors [7] for published full text articles using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases using the search criteria string “colorectal anastomotic (“leak” or “bleed”),” “endoscopy,” and “endoscopic management.” Endoscopic therapy in the management of stable patients with colorectal anastomotic leaks appears safe and is associated with the high rates of technical performance in selected patients, according to a review of 89 papers.
The most suitable method, patient selection, and considering the practical and long-term consequences of this approach remain challenging.
To fully assess the function of these novel strategies, further data from large prospective cohort studies are needed.
Shalaby and coauthors [8] conducted another systematic review on endoluminal vacuum-assisted therapy as a salvage treatment for rectal anastomotic leakage and found the following findings among 476 articles identified, 17 studies reporting on 276 patients:
The weighted mean success rate was 853% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 801–905), with a median time from the start of EVT to full healing of 47 (range 40–105) days.
The weighted mean rate of stoma reversal was 759% (646–872%) across the studies.
After EVT, twenty-five patients (91%) needed additional interventions.
Thirty-eight patients (138%) experienced complications as a result of the procedure.
The weighted mean complication rate was 111% (60–162%) across all tests.
Preoperative radiotherapy, the absence of a diverting stoma, complications, and male sex were all found to be significantly associated with failure.
According to the findings of the study, EVT is linked to a high rate of full healing of anastomotic leakage and stoma reversal.
In appropriately selected patients with anastomotic leakage, it is a viable choice.
Colorectal cancer surgery is thought to involve “high tie” and “low tie” of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
However, the blood supply of the anastomosis is closely linked to the ligation stage, which can increase the leakage rate, and it is unclear which technique confers a lower anastomotic leakage rate (AL) and survival advantage.
The aim of the literature review, as stated by Yang and coauthors [9], was to compare the efficacy and impact of IMA high ligation versus IMA low ligation on anastomotic leakage, lymph node yield rates, and 5-year survival.
Finally, after reviewing studies from 1990 to 2017, researchers came to the conclusion that neither the high-tie nor the low-tie approach has any data in terms of anastomotic leakage, harvested lymph nodes, or 5-year survival rates.
More RCT is needed.
A study conducted by Simianu and coauthors [10] looked at the recency effect, which means that people place disproportionate emphasis on events that occurred recently when making decisions, but the magnitude of this influence on surgeons’ decisions is uncertain.
The use of preventative leak testing before and after colorectal operations with anastomotic leaks is examined in this study to see whether there is a recency effect in surgeons.
A prospective cohort of adult patients (aged 18 years) undergoing elective colorectal surgery at Washington State hospitals participating in the Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program was used to develop the materials and methods (2006–2013).
The key outcome measure was the difference in leak monitoring between 6 months before and 6 months after an anastomotic leak.
A leak rate of 2.6% (n = 124) was found in 4854 elective colorectal operations performed by 282 surgeons at 44 hospitals.
The anastomosis was not checked in 40 leaks (32%), which were spread through 25 surgeons.
While the small sample size restricted the ability to detect an overall difference in leak testing use, 9 (36%) of the 25 surgeons increased their leak testing by 5% or more after leaks in cases where the anastomosis was not checked.
The above facts led to the conclusion that only one-third of qualified surgeons demonstrated the recency effect.
Understanding the degree to which the recency effect influences clinical decisions may be useful in developing quality management strategies that involve clinician’s behavior change.
Wang and colleagues [11] contrasted many aspects of robot-assisted versus laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer by reviewing 20 studies with a total of 5496 patients, divided into a robot-assisted surgery group (
Longer operating period (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.82), lower conversion to open surgery rate (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.69), shorter LOS (Length Of Stay) (OR: −0.15, 95% CI: −0.30, 0.00), faster bowel function recovery (OR: −0.38, 95% CI: −0.74, −0.02), and lower postoperative complications were all correlated with the robot-assisted surgery community (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.97).
There were no substantial differences between groups in EBL, anastomosis leak rate, or oncological outcomes such as the number of lymph nodes removed, the DRM, or the PCRM (Figures 10 and 11).
Dehiscence at the level of the anastomosis.
Methylene blue test.
Postoperative ileus generates a high impact on morbidity, hospital stay, and costs. Vergara Fernandez and coauthors [12] conducted a randomized controlled trial of 64 patients who had elective colorectal surgery with primary anastomosis in a tertiary referral center. Patients were divided into two groups: (i) those who chewed their gums (
Illustration of a simple abdominal X-ray exam in a patient with bowel obstruction.
It can sometimes be treated endoscopically, when surgery is contraindicated, by performing, as was found in a case report by Deng and team [13] with minimally invasive endoscopic approach was adopted to repair the obstruction. A needle knife was used to puncture the linear white scar, and contrast agent was injected under endoscopy and fluoroscopic guidance. Fluoroscopically, the proximal bowel was identified and a dual knife-mediated membrane puncture was performed. A guidewire was then passed through the incision into the proximal bowel and progressive pneumatic dilatation was performed successively with a controlled radial expansion balloon dilator until a 1.8-cm-diameter dilation was achieved. After conventional balloon dilatation, the endoscope easily passed through the anastomosis without any patient discomfort. There were no postoperative signs of immediate or delayed complications (Figure 13).
Colonoscopic aspect of a anastomotic stenosis.
Following TME, postoperative defecation dysfunctions known as “anterior resection syndrome” might appear.
Straight colorectal anastomosis (SCA), colon J-pouch (CJP), and side-to-end anastomosis are all common reconstruction techniques (SEA) (Figures 14 and 15).
Types of anastomoses illustrated.
Aspect of the J-pouch.
There are no prospective, randomized, multi-center trials that compare their functional results, including long-term evaluations.
As a result, the primary endpoint of a study designed by Marti and collab [14] that included 336 patients from 15 hospitals who were randomized had a comparison of composite evacuation scores 12 months after TME as a primary endpoint.
Secondary endpoints included a comparison of composite evacuation and incontinence ratings at 6, 18, and 24 months after surgery, as well as morbidity and overall survival.
The study looked at the “per protocol” (PP) population, which complied with all-trial criteria, as well as the “intention-to-treat” (ITT) population.
At any time point, there were no statistically significant variations in the composite evacuation ratings of the PP and ITT populations.
Similarly, at any time point, there was no statistically significant difference in composite incontinence scores for the PP and ITT populations among the three trial weapons.
Conclusions: Within the scope of the investigation, surgeons in charge can continue to conduct intestinal continuity reconstruction following TME at their discretion.
In addition to the studies previously reported, Hou and collab [15] investigated whether the use of side-to-end anastomosis (SEA) in sphincter-preserving resection (SPR) is problematic and conducted a meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of SEA with colonic J-pouch (CJP) anastomosis, which has been shown to improve postoperative bowel function.
The meta-analysis included a total of 864 patients from 10 RCTs.
At 12 months after SPR, patients who underwent SEA had a higher defecation frequency and a lower incidence of incomplete defecation than those who underwent CJP anastomosis with low heterogeneity and a lower incidence of incomplete defecation at 3 months after surgery.
The SEA group also had a shorter operating period with no substantial heterogeneity.
The SEA group had a higher anorectal resting strain, but there was a lot of heterogeneity.
There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of efficacy outcomes such as defecation frequency, urgency, incomplete defecation, use of pads, enema, medications, anorectal squeeze pressure, and maximum rectal volume, or safety outcomes such as operating time, blood loss, use of protective stoma, postoperative complications, clinical outcomes, and complication rates.
In comparison with CJP anastomosis, the current evidence indicates that SEA is a successful anastomotic technique for achieving comparable postoperative bowel function without raising the risk of complications.
Shorter operating times, a lower occurrence of incomplete defecation three months after surgery, and improved sphincter function are all advantages of SEA.
However, after SPR, long-term defecation frequency should be closely monitored.
Assessing intraoperative perfusion with indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) visualization can aid in selecting the degree of intestinal transection and subsequent anastomotic vascular sufficiency, according to the theory.
In a prospective study of nonselected patients undergoing any elective colorectal surgery with anastomosis in three tertiary hospitals over a 3-year span, NIR-ICG was used to look at anastomosis perfusion.
In addition to standard operator visual evaluation alone, a standard procedure was followed to evaluate NIR-ICG perfusion before and after anastomosis construction.
The researchers looked at 540 patients (median age 64 years, 279 men) who had surgery for neoplastic (330) and benign (174) pathology.
A total of 425 operations (853%) were initiated laparoscopically, with a 59% conversion rate.
In total, 220 patients (437%) had high anterior resection or reversal of Hartmann’s procedure, and 90 patients (179%) had low anterior resection.
ICG angiography was effective in every patient, with leak rates of 24% (12 of 504) overall, 26% for colorectal anastomoses, and 3% for low anterior resection.
The anastomotic leak rates were lower when NIR-ICG imaging was used than in the participating centers from over 1000 related operations conducted with the same technique but without NIR-ICG technology. As a result, the study’s findings were as follows:
Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery should have their NIR-ICG levels checked on a regular basis.
The use of NIR-ICG can alter intraoperative decisions, potentially lowering anastomotic leak rates.
Kryzauskas conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of publications, which included a total of 23 studies, with a total of 7115 patients, that were conducted to see whether intraoperative testing of the mechanical integrity and perfusion of the colorectal anastomosis could minimize the risk of AL. Intraoperative checks for the integrity (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.82, P.001) and perfusion (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22–0.752, P.001) of the lower gastrointestinal tract anastomoses are linked to a substantially lower AL rate, according to a pooled study. The researchers came to the conclusion that intraoperative monitoring for anastomosis integrity or perfusion both reduced the AL dose. Studies combining these two anastomosis testing methods, especially intraoperative endoscopy and indocyanine green fluorescence angiography, could be very promising for further AL reduction. Since diabetes is a well-established independent factor that results in higher anastomotic leakage rates, the effects of biological sealants on colorectal anastomosis and their potential impact in patients with severe diabetes were studied in depth.
Fibrin sealants have been used to avoid anastomotic dehiscence in both laboratory and clinical trials.
We looked for existing evidence in the field by searching Medline (1966–2016) and Scopus (2004–2016). There is no evidence to support the use of fibrin sealants as a supplement in diabetic patients undergoing colorectal surgery at this time.
Experimental animal models with severe diabetes may be very useful in this area, and more research is required before fibrin sealants are used in a clinical environment.
In a systematic study and meta-analysis, Wu and team [16] analyzed the air leak test conducted intraoperatively.
The intraoperative air leak test (ALT) is a standard intraoperative test used to detect anastomosis that is mechanically inadequate.
The aim of this meta-analysis is to see whether ALT can help reduce postoperative colorectal anastomotic leakage (CAL).
The report included 22 experiments, with the following being the most notable.
According to the data, conducting an ALT using the recorded technique does not substantially reduce the clinical CAL rate, but it is still important due to the increased risk of CAL in ALT(+) cases.
Additional repairs, unfortunately, may not be successful in reducing this risk using current methods.
The findings of this study call for the standardization of ALT methodology and the creation of successful methods for repairing ALT(+) anastomoses.
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the use of suction drains following rectal surgery was conducted by Guerra and coauthors [17], and after looking at 760 patients from four RCTs that were eligible (RCT comparing drained with undrained anastomoses following rectal surgery), the use of drains showed little benefit in terms of anastomotic leak, pelvic complications, or reintervention.
On the other hand, the drained party had a slightly higher rate of postoperative bowel obstruction.
The researchers concluded that using pelvic drains routinely does not provide a major benefit in preventing postoperative complications following rectal surgery with extraperitoneal anastomosis.
Furthermore, a higher risk of bowel obstruction following surgery should be considered.
Non-surgery-based intraoperative risk factors for anastomotic healing also influence surgical outcome.
After analyzing 117 papers, a review by van Rooijen and team [18] provided an overview of potential modifiable risk factors that could play a role during the operation, and the results (the main outcome measure was the risk of anastomotic leakage and other postoperative complications during colorectal surgery) revealed that diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia and a high HbA1c, anemia, and data on blood pressure, inotropes/vasopressors, oxygen supplementation, form of analgesia, and goal-directed fluid therapy are all unequivocal.
There was no research that looked into the effect of body core temperature or mean arterial pressure on CAL.
Subjective considerations including the surgeon’s own evaluation of local perfusion and the visibility of the operating field have not been studied for incidence in CAL patients.
The findings revealed that in order to enhance colorectal treatment, both surgery-related and non-surgery-related risk factors that can be changed must be established.
In their ongoing attempt to minimize the number of CAL, surgeons and anesthesiologists can collaborate on these issues.
In the Netherlands, a multicenter cohort study is currently being conducted to determine individual intraoperative risk factors for CAL.
In perforated diverticulitis, for example, there has been no consensus in the management, which is why the Shaban and coauthors [19] felt compelled to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis, particularly because many surgeons choose the Hartmann’s procedure to avoid the risk of an anastomotic leak.
As a result, we proposed that in certain patients, resection with primary anastomosis is a healthy option.
The study found 1933 abstracts, of which 14 trials (2 RCTs, 4 prospective non-randomized, and 8 retrospective non-randomized) with 765 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 482 in the Hartmann’s group and 283 in the primary anastomosis group.
Primary anastomosis had a slightly lower mortality rate (10.6%) than Hartmann’s (20.7%) (
The rate of morbidity was also lower (41.8 vs. 51.2%) (
Primary anastomosis had a risk ratio of 0.92 in favor of mortality (
The average rate of anastomotic leak was 5.9%.
Resection and primary anastomosis should be considered as a feasible and secure operative technique in selected patients with perforated diverticulitis, according to the findings of the study.
However, there is a scarcity of high-level data, and further research is needed.
Resection with primary anastomosis (PRA) with or without diverting ileostomy (DI), Hartmann’s procedure (HP), laparoscopic lavage (LL), and damage control surgery were among the aspects reviewed in another and more complicated approach to damage control strategy in perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis performed by Sohn and team [20] (DCS).
DCS is divided into two levels.
Limited resection of the diseased colon, oral and aboral closure, lavage, and vacuum-assisted abdominal closure are all options for emergency surgery.
After proper resuscitation, a second look operation is performed: definitive reconstruction with colorectal anastomosis (±DI) or HP.
The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by eight observational studies involving 256 patients.
There was no randomized study available.
Purulent peritonitis affected 67% of the patients, while feculent peritonitis affected 30%. Hinchey stage II diverticulitis was observed in 3% of the patients. The Mannheim peritonitis index (MPI) was greater than 26 in 49% of the cases. In 73% of cases, a colorectal anastomosis was developed during the second surgery. DI was used in 15% of the above group. HP was given to the remaining 27%. The postoperative mortality rate was 9%, and the morbidity rate was 31%. The rate of anastomotic leak was 13%. Without a stoma, 55% of patients were discharged.
Conclusions: DCS is a safe treatment for acute perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis, with a high incidence of colorectal anastomosis and stoma-free hospital discharge in more than half of patients.
Pickhardt [21] compared the accuracy of CT colonography versus optical colonoscopy for neoplastic involvement at the surgical anastomosis 1 year after curative-intent colorectal cancer resection for neoplastic involvement at the surgical anastomosis.
As part of a prospective, multicenter study, 201 patients (mean age 58.6 years; 117 men, 84 women) underwent same-day contrast-enhanced CT colonography and colonoscopy approximately 1 year (mean, 12.1 months; median, 11.9 months) after colorectal cancer resection.
Many of the patients enrolled had no clinical signs of illness and were found to have a low risk of recurrence (stage I–III).
Relevant intraluminal anastomotic pathology tends to be very rare 1 year after colorectal cancer resection in lower-risk cohorts, according to the findings.
Diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT colonography, unlike colonoscopy, successfully measures both the intraluminal and extraluminal dimensions of the anastomosis.
Yang and collab [22] investigated the use of stents as a bridge to surgery in the treatment of acute left-sided obstructive colorectal cancer.
In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, the factor according to which the trials were conducted was taken into account.
The use of self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery in the treatment of acute left-sided obstructive colorectal cancer has remained contentious.
The following were the outcomes:
We chose 8 RCTs papers with a total of 497 instances.
The stent group had significantly lower directly stoma rates, significantly higher active primary anastomosis rates, and significantly lower post-procedural complication rates.
The stent party, on the other hand, had substantially higher tumor recurrence rates, leading to the following conclusions:
This meta-analysis confirms that SEMS placement can lower the rate of direct stomas and increase the rate of active primary anastomosis; however, it is linked to a higher rate of tumor recurrence.
Laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR) is nowadays routine practice in specialized high-volume centers, with equivalent oncological outcomes to open surgery. Anastomotic leakage (AL) remains one of the most threatening complications in colorectal surgery with the incidence of up to 20%. Therefore, recognition of the risk factors of postoperative complications is essential in order to be prevented. Moreover, one must underline the importance of some risk factors such as age, nutrition status of the patient, experience of the surgeon, and many other factors that influence outcome of colorectal surgery. Some risk factors can be modified before the intervention to prevent postoperative complications. Contrary to that, long-term postoperative complications may promote tumor recurrence and decrease survival.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11698",title:"Pigmentation Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11701",title:"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba8e8f4710bed414568846f8162a4942",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51736",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet Mesrur",surname:"Halefoğlu",slug:"ahmet-mesrur-halefoglu",fullName:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11599",title:"Leukemia - From Biology to Diagnosis and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"30b431385424f0b84aee499d839f46cc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Margarita Guenova and Prof. Gueorgui Balatzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11599.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52938",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Guenova",slug:"margarita-guenova",fullName:"Margarita Guenova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11651",title:"Bone Tumors - Recent Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf7dd688b160a1ba07e3179613684f16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hiran Wimal Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11717",title:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - A Growing Concern",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0396d89369495b63682157e938f788fa",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11717.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11874",title:"Craniofacial Surgery - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"91dd1465d7b60e227877563c5f978c16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Belma Işik Aslan and Prof. Ayşe Gülşen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11874.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11591",title:"The Wounds of Our Mother Psychoanalysis - New Models for a Psychoanalysis in Crisis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Azzone",slug:"paolo-azzone",fullName:"Paolo Azzone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12107",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 2",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fe674b93710773f0db746ca96d6e048",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Philip Salen and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"217603",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Salen",slug:"philip-salen",fullName:"Philip Salen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:76},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1106",title:"Hebiatrics",slug:"hebiatrics",parent:{id:"194",title:"Pediatrics",slug:"pediatrics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:15,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1106",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"765",title:"Perinatal Mortality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"998fe57b7407963d0e7a0bbec3082c1b",slug:"perinatal-mortality",bookSignature:"Oliver C. Ezechi and Karen Odberg‐Petterson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/765.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:"Chukwujekwu",surname:"Ezechi",slug:"oliver-ezechi",fullName:"Oliver Ezechi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37453",doi:"10.5772/45749",title:"Neonatal Mortality: Incidence, Correlates and Improvement Strategies",slug:"neonatal-mortality",totalDownloads:4946,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Sajjad ur Rahman and Walid El Ansari",authors:[{id:"84941",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:"Ur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"sajjad-rahman",fullName:"Sajjad Rahman"}]},{id:"37450",doi:"10.5772/50039",title:"Overview of Global Perinatal Mortality",slug:"overview-of-global-perinatal-mortality",totalDownloads:4279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Oliver C. Ezechi and Agatha N. David",authors:[{id:"74807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:"Chukwujekwu",surname:"Ezechi",slug:"oliver-ezechi",fullName:"Oliver Ezechi"}]},{id:"37452",doi:"10.5772/32328",title:"Current Trends in Perinatal Mortality in Developing Countries: Nigeria as a Case Study",slug:"current-trends-in-perinatal-mortality-in-developing-countries-nigeria-as-a-case-study",totalDownloads:2816,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Uchenna Onwudiegwu and Ibraheem Awowole",authors:[{id:"91034",title:"Prof.",name:"Uchenna",middleName:null,surname:"Onwudiegwu",slug:"uchenna-onwudiegwu",fullName:"Uchenna Onwudiegwu"},{id:"127218",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibraheem",middleName:"Olayemi",surname:"Awowole",slug:"ibraheem-awowole",fullName:"Ibraheem Awowole"}]},{id:"37454",doi:"10.5772/32441",title:"Perinatal Mortality in Multiple Pregnancy",slug:"perinatal-twin-mortality",totalDownloads:6623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Patricia Steenhaut and Corinne Hubinont",authors:[{id:"91534",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Hubinont",slug:"corinne-hubinont",fullName:"Corinne Hubinont"},{id:"96293",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Steenhaut",slug:"patricia-steenhaut",fullName:"Patricia Steenhaut"}]},{id:"37456",doi:"10.5772/47916",title:"The Contribution of Severe Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia to Perinatal Mortality in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital",slug:"the-contribution-of-severe-pre-eclampsia-eclampsia-to-perinatal-mortality-in-a-nigerian-teaching",totalDownloads:2154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Olufemiwa Niyi Makinde",authors:[{id:"88142",title:"Dr.",name:"Olufemiwa",middleName:"Niyi",surname:"Makinde",slug:"olufemiwa-makinde",fullName:"Olufemiwa Makinde"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37451",title:"The Effect of Intrauterine Development and Nutritional Status on Perinatal, Intrauterine and Neonatal Mortality: The MDN System",slug:"the-effect-of-intrauterine-development-and-nutritional-status-on-intrauterine-neonatal-and-perin",totalDownloads:2075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Péter Berkő and Kálmán Joubert",authors:[{id:"91133",title:"Dr.",name:"Péter",middleName:null,surname:"Berkő",slug:"peter-berko",fullName:"Péter Berkő"}]},{id:"37458",title:"Super Eyes and Hands for Future Fetal Intervention",slug:"super-eyes-and-hands-for-future-fetal-intervention",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Hiromasa Yamashita, Takashi Kakimoto, Wenji Yuan and Toshio Chiba",authors:[{id:"91662",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiromasa",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"hiromasa-yamashita",fullName:"Hiromasa Yamashita"},{id:"93134",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Chiba",slug:"toshio-chiba",fullName:"Toshio Chiba"},{id:"126979",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kakimoto",slug:"takashi-kakimoto",fullName:"Takashi Kakimoto"},{id:"126983",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenji",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"wenji-yuan",fullName:"Wenji Yuan"}]},{id:"37453",title:"Neonatal Mortality: Incidence, Correlates and Improvement Strategies",slug:"neonatal-mortality",totalDownloads:4949,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Sajjad ur Rahman and Walid El Ansari",authors:[{id:"84941",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:"Ur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"sajjad-rahman",fullName:"Sajjad Rahman"}]},{id:"37450",title:"Overview of Global Perinatal Mortality",slug:"overview-of-global-perinatal-mortality",totalDownloads:4280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Oliver C. Ezechi and Agatha N. David",authors:[{id:"74807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:"Chukwujekwu",surname:"Ezechi",slug:"oliver-ezechi",fullName:"Oliver Ezechi"}]},{id:"37452",title:"Current Trends in Perinatal Mortality in Developing Countries: Nigeria as a Case Study",slug:"current-trends-in-perinatal-mortality-in-developing-countries-nigeria-as-a-case-study",totalDownloads:2821,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"765",slug:"perinatal-mortality",title:"Perinatal Mortality",fullTitle:"Perinatal Mortality"},signatures:"Uchenna Onwudiegwu and Ibraheem Awowole",authors:[{id:"91034",title:"Prof.",name:"Uchenna",middleName:null,surname:"Onwudiegwu",slug:"uchenna-onwudiegwu",fullName:"Uchenna Onwudiegwu"},{id:"127218",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibraheem",middleName:"Olayemi",surname:"Awowole",slug:"ibraheem-awowole",fullName:"Ibraheem Awowole"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"