Age-standardized incidence and mortality per 100,000 person-years and DALYs lost per 100,000 people, for hemorrhagic stroke, in Chile in 1990–2010.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6080",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents contributions from renowned experts addressing research and development related to the two important areas of heat exchangers, which are advanced features and applications. This book is intended to be a useful source of information for researchers, postgraduate students, academics, and engineers working in the field of heat exchangers research and development.",isbn:"978-953-51-3092-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3091-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4860-9",doi:"10.5772/68064",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"44b8c91750dc46288be70ea7e8c80b59",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",numberOfDownloads:21198,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:58,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 13th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 10th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 7th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24904/images/system/24904.jpg",biography:"Prof. S. M. Sohel Murshed was born in Bangladesh and obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is currently a professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Lisbon, Portugal, and a visiting professor at Rochester Institute of Technology, New York. Previously he worked as a postdoctoral fellow and visiting professor and scientist at different universities in Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. In 2020, he received the prestigious DUO-India Professorial Fellowship Award. Dr. Murshed has authored/co-authored 10 books, 30 book chapters, and more than 180 papers in leading international journals and conferences. His current Google scholar citation counts: 7560. He was recently named one of the World\\'s Top 2% Scientists by Stanford University.",institutionString:"Rochester Institute of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"185759",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:"Manuel Luis",surname:"Matos Lopes",slug:"manuel-matos-lopes",fullName:"Manuel Matos Lopes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185759/images/5549_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Manuel Matos Lopes was born in Lisbon and is a professor at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He obtained his degree in Chemical Engineering from the IST-Technical University of Lisbon, in 1981, and his PhD degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Lisbon, in 1992. He was a research assistant at the IPST, University of Maryland, USA, and a postdoctoral fellow at the Erlangen University and at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. He has authored 30 publications in scientific journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters and presented many communications. He is also involved in several educational projects and science outreach. His main research interests are the experimental study of thermophysical properties of fluids and materials and their implications in the molecular and technological aspects. Presently, he is committed with the study of ionic liquids and ionanofluids and their applications as heat transfer fluids in heat exchangers, advanced energy, and cooling technologies.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"826",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"54697",title:"Introductory Chapter: Advanced Features and Applications of Heat Exchangers–An Outline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68473",slug:"introductory-chapter-advanced-features-and-applications-of-heat-exchangers-an-outline",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel L Matos Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54697",authors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"},{id:"185759",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Matos Lopes",slug:"manuel-matos-lopes",fullName:"Manuel Matos Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"53115",title:"Pressure Drop and Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of R410A in Macro-Scale and Mini-Scale Channels",doi:"10.5772/65966",slug:"pressure-drop-and-boiling-heat-transfer-characteristics-of-r410a-in-macro-scale-and-mini-scale-chann",totalDownloads:1517,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter demonstrates the two‐phase flow pressure drop and heat transfer of R410A during boiling in various tube types. The pressure drop and local heat transfer coefficients were obtained for heat fluxes ranging from 10 to 40 kW/m2, mass fluxes ranging from 100 to 600 kg/m2s, the vapour quality up to 1.0 and the saturation temperatures of 5–15°C. The test sections were made of various tube diameters of 1.5, 3.0, 6.61 and 7.49 mm, respectively. The effect of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature and inner tube diameter on pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient was analysed. The experimental results were compared against several existing pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient correlation. New correlations of pressure drop and boiling heat transfer coefficient were also developed in this present study.",signatures:"Jong-Taek Oh, Nguyen Ba Chien, Kwang-Il Choi and Pham Quang\nVu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53115",authors:[{id:"14439",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Taek",surname:"Oh",slug:"jong-taek-oh",fullName:"Jong-Taek Oh"},{id:"195659",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien Ba",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"chien-ba-nguyen",fullName:"Chien Ba Nguyen"}],corrections:null},{id:"53595",title:"Comprehensive Study of Compact Heat Exchangers with Offset Strip Fin",doi:"10.5772/66749",slug:"comprehensive-study-of-compact-heat-exchangers-with-offset-strip-fin",totalDownloads:2381,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is aimed to address the performance of compact heat exchangers with offset strip fin, which have been studied by the researchers in detail for decades. The history and basic features of offset strip fins (OSF) are described first to introduce the fin geometry. Then, the effect of the fin geometry on the performance of the offset strip fin is given from experimental and numerical aspects, respectively. Flow streams evolution under varying offset strip geometries is summarized in order to demonstrate the physical impact on the flow. The thermohydraulic features of the flow in the offset strip fin are investigated by considering the Colburn j‐factor and friction (f) factors in diverse flow regimes. Furthermore the criteria, flow area goodness factor j/f, the ratio j/f1/3 and thermohydraulic performance factor JF, derived from the mentioned dimensionless factors, are also used as a scale of the performance of the structure and reported in the chapter.",signatures:"Latife Berrin Erbay, Mehmet Mete Öztürk and Bahadɪr Doɪan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53595",authors:[{id:"129442",title:"Prof.",name:"L. Berrin",surname:"Erbay",slug:"l.-berrin-erbay",fullName:"L. Berrin Erbay"},{id:"187233",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mete",surname:"Öztürk",slug:"mehmet-mete-ozturk",fullName:"Mehmet Mete Öztürk"},{id:"187234",title:"MSc.",name:"Bahadır",surname:"Doğan",slug:"bahadir-dogan",fullName:"Bahadır Doğan"}],corrections:null},{id:"53343",title:"Comprehensive Study of Heat Exchangers with Louvered Fins",doi:"10.5772/66472",slug:"comprehensive-study-of-heat-exchangers-with-louvered-fins",totalDownloads:2414,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to describe the basic physical features and the analysis of the thermal-hydraulic performance of the louver fins. The terminology which is used widely in the field of compact heat exchanger with louvered fin is described. The flow phenomenon affected by the operating conditions and the geometric parameters of the louvered fin is examined using the flow visualization techniques found in the literature. A methodology is given to calculate the heat transfer and the friction factor. Stanton number, Colburn j-factor and friction factor are defined as a performance criteria and the variations of these criteria with respect to the Reynolds number and the geometric parameters of the louvered fin. The combinations of these dimensionless number such as area goodness factor (j/f), volume goodness factor (j/f1/3) and JF number related with the volume goodness factor are discussed in terms of overall performance criteria. Finally, the correlations of the louvered fin heat exchanger and their tabulated data was summarized.",signatures:"Latife Berrin Erbay, Bahadır Doğan and Mehmet Mete Öztürk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53343",authors:[{id:"129442",title:"Prof.",name:"L. Berrin",surname:"Erbay",slug:"l.-berrin-erbay",fullName:"L. Berrin Erbay"},{id:"187233",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mete",surname:"Öztürk",slug:"mehmet-mete-ozturk",fullName:"Mehmet Mete Öztürk"},{id:"187234",title:"MSc.",name:"Bahadır",surname:"Doğan",slug:"bahadir-dogan",fullName:"Bahadır Doğan"}],corrections:null},{id:"52814",title:"Condensation Heat Transfer on Geometrically Enhanced Horizontal Tube: A Review",doi:"10.5772/65896",slug:"condensation-heat-transfer-on-geometrically-enhanced-horizontal-tube-a-review",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, an attempt has been made to present the recent state of knowledge of free‐convection condensation heat transfer on geometrically enhanced tubes. This survey is divided into three sections. The first section concentrates on research on condensate flooding or retention. The second and the third sections cover the experimental and the theoretical work on geometrically enhanced tubes, respectively.",signatures:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52814",authors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"52935",title:"Heat Transfer of Supercritical Fluid Flows and Compressible Flows",doi:"10.5772/65931",slug:"heat-transfer-of-supercritical-fluid-flows-and-compressible-flows",totalDownloads:1988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the heat transfer between supercritical fluid flows and solid walls and that between compressible flows and solid walls is described. First, the physical fundamentals of supercritical fluids and compressible flows are explained. Second, methods for estimating the heat‐transfer performance according to the physical fundamentals and conventional experimental results are described. Then, the known correlations for estimating the heat‐transfer performance are introduced. Finally, examples of practical heat exchangers using supercritical fluid flows and/or compressible flows are presented.",signatures:"Yu Ito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52935",authors:[{id:"187847",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",surname:"Ito",slug:"yu-ito",fullName:"Yu Ito"}],corrections:null},{id:"54148",title:"Heat Exchangers in the Aviation Engineering",doi:"10.5772/67486",slug:"heat-exchangers-in-the-aviation-engineering",totalDownloads:3251,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Heat exchangers are crucial in thermal science and engineering because of their essential role across the landscape of technology, from geothermal and fossil power generation to refrigeration, desalination, and air conditioning. In the aviation engineering, they have a fundamental role especially in reducing the temperatures of the fuel and thus increasing the efficiency of the aircraft engines. The literature on aviation heat exchangers is voluminous and continues to be updated today. Two main aspects of this class of flow systems are widely investigated: fluid flow and heat transfer performances, and criteria for evaluating those performances. In addition, the need of a smart and light equipment to be used inside a transport system is ever and ever felt. This requires a particular attention in the selection of components, for example in the engine zone, not only to reduce the weight but also to improve the whole heat transfer efficiency. With this aim, engineers focus their attention on new materials, for example porous materials, that recently have attracted researchers. The design process may be considered the heart of engineering. In this chapter, we will explore methods for the design or the choice of heat exchangers and list some practical case studies.",signatures:"Antonio Carozza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54148",authors:[{id:"187078",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Carozza",slug:"antonio-carozza",fullName:"Antonio Carozza"}],corrections:null},{id:"53747",title:"Operation and Performance Analysis of Steam Generators in Nuclear Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/66962",slug:"operation-and-performance-analysis-of-steam-generators-in-nuclear-power-plants",totalDownloads:3282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Steam generators are components in which heat produced in the reactor core is transferred to the secondary side, the steam supply system, of the nuclear power plant (NPP). Steam generators (SGs) have to fulfil special nuclear regulatory requirements regarding their size, selection of materials, pressure loads, impact on the NPP safety, etc. The primary-side fluid is liquid water at the high pressure, and the fluid on the secondary side is saturated water-steam mixture at the pressure twice as low. A special attention is given to preserving the boundary between the contaminated water in the primary reactor coolant system and the water-steam mixture in the secondary system. A brief overview of the SG design, its operation and the mathematical correlations used to quantify heat transfer is given in the chapter. Results of the SG transient behaviour obtained by the simulation with the best-estimate computer code RELAP5, developed for safety analyses of NPPs, are also presented. Two types of steam generators are analyzed: the inverted U-tube SG, which is commonly found in the present-day pressurized water reactors and the helical-coil SG that is part of the new-generation reactor designs.",signatures:"Siniša Šadek and Davor Grgić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53747",authors:[{id:"187243",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinisa",surname:"Sadek",slug:"sinisa-sadek",fullName:"Sinisa Sadek"},{id:"200563",title:"Dr.",name:"Davor",surname:"Grgić",slug:"davor-grgic",fullName:"Davor Grgić"}],corrections:null},{id:"52929",title:"Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion",doi:"10.5772/66274",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",totalDownloads:3139,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heat exchanger is equipment used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. It has extensive domestic and industrial applications. Extensive technical literature is available on heat exchanger design, operation and maintenance, but it is widely scattered throughout the industrial bulletins, industrial design codes and standard, technical journals, etc. The purpose of this book chapter is to consolidate into basic background and concepts design of heat exchangers, operation, cleaning and green technology maintenance on heat exchanger closely related to the industrial practices.",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52929",authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",surname:"Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng"},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",surname:"Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat"},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",surname:"Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew"},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A"},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",surname:"Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw"}],corrections:[{id:"68579",title:"Corrigendum to: Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5395",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Design, Experiment and Simulation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2df2e51f2bb427d6a50b215ac8d1e68c",slug:"heat-exchangers-design-experiment-and-simulation",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. 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More than two thirds of the global burden of stroke occurs in developing countries, where the average age of patients is 15 years younger than in developed countries [2]. In the period 2000–2008, the total incidence rates in low- and middle-income countries exceeded the level of stroke incidence in high-income countries by 20% for the first time [3]. Latin America is experiencing an epidemiological transition toward older urban-dwelling adults that has led to a rise in cardiovascular risk factors and an increase in morbidity and mortality rates related to both stroke and myocardial infarction [4, 5]. According to the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study (GBD 2013), stroke is the second cause of death in Latin America [6].
Stroke is also a serious public health problem in Chile. It is the leading cause of death in Chile, with a rate of 50.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2011 [7]. Stroke accounted for 9% of all deaths in 2010 (8888 people) [8]. In addition, stroke is the first specific cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in people older than 74 years and the fifth in those between 60 and 74 years [7]. 26,072 were hospitalized with the diagnosis of stroke in Chile in 2009 [8].
The prevalence of stroke in Chile, according to the National Health Survey (NHS) 2016–2017, is 2.6% in the general population and rises to 8.2% in ≥65 years [9]. A slight increase was observed when comparing the prevalence estimated in the 2009–2010 NHS, with 2.2 and 8.1%, respectively [10].
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second cause of stroke in Chile and represents approximately 23% of all strokes [11]. According to the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study, the incidence of ICH in Chile is 46.9 per 100,000 person-years; the mortality is 22.36 per 100,000 person-years, and DALYs lost are 443.9 [12]. The comparison of the incidence, mortality, and DALYs between 1990 and 2010 is shown in Table 1.
Year | Incidence | Mortality | DALYsa |
---|---|---|---|
1990 | 58.26 (42.38–76·24) | 43.21 (38.58–48.77) | 884.19 (787.41–996.20) |
2010 | 46.93 (35.24–61.38) | 22.36 (19.41–26.57) | 443.90 (385.72–519.42) |
Age-standardized incidence and mortality per 100,000 person-years and DALYs lost per 100,000 people, for hemorrhagic stroke, in Chile in 1990–2010.
Disability-adjusted life-years.
The main source of information about the epidemiology of stroke comes from the Proyecto Investigación de Stroke en Chile: Iquique Stroke (PISCIS) Study conducted in Iquique in the north of Chile in 2000–2002 [11]. This study included 69 cases of first-ever ICH. Of these, 64 (92.7%) had spontaneous ICH. The mean age was 57.3 ± 17 years, and 62.3% of the subjects were male. The age-adjusted incidence rates were 13.8 (non-lobar) and 4.9 (lobar) per 100,000 person-years. Non-lobar ICH was more frequent in young men and lobar ICH in older women. The non-lobar-to-lobar ratio was similar to previous findings in Hispanics. Hypertension was more frequent in non-lobar ICH and in diabetes, while heavy drinking and antithrombotic use were more frequent in lobar ICH, but in none significantly. There was no association between location and prognosis [13]. In the PISCIS Study, the incidence rate per 100,000 was 27.6 for ICH. The case-fatality rate for incident ICH was 28.9 (17.7–44.8). The outcome at 6 months after the first-ever ICH was 33% of patients at mRankin 0–2, 28% at mRS 3–5, and 39% dead [11].
The INTERSTROKE (risk factors for ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries) Study showed that hypertension, smoking, waist-to-hip ratio, diet, and alcohol intake were significant risk factors for ICH [14]. According to the National Health Survey (NHS) 2016–2017, 27.6% of the population in Chile has hypertension; 73.3% in the subgroup ≥65 years old; 12.3% with diabetes (30.6% in ≥65); 74.2% with overweight-obesity; 86.7% with physical inactivity; 11.7% with alcoholism; and 33.3% who smoke [9].
In relation to the in-hospital management of ICH in Chile, the percentage of patients admitted with ICH varies from 14% in a private neurological intermediate care unit to 34% of stroke cases in a public hospital in Santiago [15, 16].
The most important risk factor for ICH is age. Each advancing decade from 50 years of age is associated with a twofold increase in ICH incidence [17]. In other words, ICH is more common in the elderly (1.97 x for each 10-year increase) [18]. This is a very important issue because according to the 2017 Chilean National Census, 11.4% of the population is 65+ years old [19]. On the other hand, in the Araucanía Region, 12.6% of population is 65+ years old; this region is the second oldest after the Valparaíso Region (13.6% 65+ years old) [19].
The Araucanía Region has an area of 31,842.3 km2, which represents 4.2% of the American and insular territory [20]. The region has a 17.2% poverty by income, twice the national rate (8.6%) [21]. It also has 9.9 years average schooling (11.1% national) and 29.1% rurality that it is the second at the national level [19]. The Temuco-Padre Las Casas (PLC) conurbation has approximately 360,000 inhabitants [19].
According to the 2017 Chilean National Census, 34.0% of those surveyed in the Araucanía Region stated they belonged to an indigenous or native group, a proportion significantly higher than the 12.8% registered nationally [19]. According to the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) 2015, the indigenous population in Chile has worse socioeconomic indicators than nonindigenous [22]. For example, 18.3% of the indigenous population lives in poverty by income compared to 11% of the nonindigenous population; extreme poverty by income was 6.6 vs. 3.3%, respectively. Eighty-seven percent of the indigenous population is served in the public health system compared to 76.3% of the nonindigenous population [22]. There is evidence of a higher incidence of stroke among native populations and minorities [23, 24]. However, in a recent case-control study, we found no association between Mapuche ethnicity and stroke incidence. This study only included 16 patients with ICH [25].
The Araucanía Region, along with the Valparaíso, Maule, and Bío Bío regions, has double the mortality rate by stroke compared with the rest of the regions in Chile. Most of the increased risk is due to the prevalence of poverty, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight [26]. Furthermore, according to the 2009–2010 NHS, the Araucanía Region has the highest prevalence of high systolic blood pressure compared to the other regions [10].
On the other hand, the incidence rate of stroke, calculated as a diagnosis of hospital discharge, in the period 2001–2010 in the Araucanía Sur Health Service, was 961.3 per 100,000 inhabitants/year [27].
ICH is the fourth most frequent reason for neurological consultation in the emergency room (ER) of the Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena (HHHA) in Temuco, Chile, accounting for 4.5–7% of the care provided by the neurologist and 13.5–18.1% of stroke cases [28, 29].
The HHHA is located in the heart of the Temuco-PLC conurbation (360,000 inhabitants), about 670 kilometers south of Santiago de Chile. The HHHA has 730 beds, is the only hospital of high complexity in the Araucanía Region, and serves a beneficiary population of approximately 800,000 inhabitants [30]. The Araucanía Sur Health Service also has four medium-complexity hospitals (nodes) and eight low-complexity hospitals. The HHHA is also a referral center for neurological emergencies from the Araucanía Norte Health Service.
The HHHA neurology unit does not have its own service and depends on the internal medicine service. Our hospital lacks a stroke unit [30]. The hospital has two CT scanners and a MRI. There is an interventional neuroradiologist (MP) during daytime hours.
The HHHA has face-to-face neurologists 24/7 in the ER since July 2013 [29]. Patients with mild ICH (ICH score 0–1) are admitted to the internal medicine service [31]. Patients with severe ICH (ICH score 2–3) are admitted to the ICU. The ICU has 54 beds (18 with mechanical ventilation) for a population of about 800,000 inhabitants. Most patients with ICH stay a long time (24–48 h) in the ER waiting for a bed in the ICU. In these conditions it is very difficult to provide the standard care to these patients, including intensive blood pressure management and general neuroprotection. Based on the results of INTERACT2 and ATACH-2 studies, our target for systolic blood pressure in the first 48 h is less than 140 mmHg [32, 33]. Intravenous labetalol and nitroglycerin are the drugs more frequently used.
Another issue is the delay for the presentation of ICH patients. In a recent study, we estimated a median of 4 h and 45 mins (P25–P75 = 3 h 13′–14 h 16′) for arrival to the ER. Just 17.4% of patients with ICH arrived in less than 3 h. In a chi-square test, the variables associated with a presentation in under 3 h were living in Temuco-PLC (p < 0.01), urban origin (p = 0.02), arrival by own car (p = 0.032), and severity (NIHSS ≥7) (p < 0.01). In a logistic regression model, only living in Temuco-PLC and severity were statistically significant with a combined odds ratio of 5.97 (95% CI = 3.23–11.04) [34].
The objective of this chapter is to report the experience in the treatment of patients with ICH in a regional public hospital in Temuco, Chile.
We performed a descriptive study of ICH in our hospital. A convenience sample of the consultations for ICH made during shift # 1 at the ER between January 2016 and December 2018 was analyzed. All patients were evaluated and diagnosed by AS in the ER. Due to the huge number of stroke patients diagnosed in the ER of the HHHA (about 220 cases of ICH per year), it was not possible to access to the clinical data of all patients with ICH in the period. We collected clinical, biodemographic, and imaging data. The radiological data were reviewed in all cases by a neuroradiologist (MP) unblinded to the clinical data. The cases were allocated to either spontaneous ICH or secondary to vascular malformation (arteriovenous malformation, cerebral saccular aneurysm, or cavernous angioma), tumor, or anticoagulants. On the other hand, the cases were classified according to one of two possible locations: supra- or infratentorial. Supratentorial hemorrhages included lobar, basal ganglia, and thalami locations. Infratentorial hemorrhages included the brainstem or cerebellum. The volume of the hematoma was calculated using the formula ABC/2, where A is the greatest diameter of the hematoma on the slice with the largest diameter, B is the diameter of the hematoma on the axis perpendicular to A, and C is the number of axial slices in which the hematoma is visible, multiplied by the slice thickness [35].
The continuous variables were described with measures of central tendency and dispersion, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and/or medians with percentiles 25–75 (P25–P75). The STATA 14.2 software was used for the data analysis.
There were 108 consultations for ICH in the period. The average age of the patients was 66.0 years (SD = 14.1). 56.5% of the patients were male. The median NIHSS was 14 points. The median time to arrival to the ER was 4 h and 45 min. The median ICH score at admission was 1 point. Only 39.8% of patients were admitted in the ICU. The mortality at 30 days was 30.6%. This value was equivalent with in-hospital mortality. The clinical and biodemographic characteristics of the ICH patients are shown in Table 2. The radiological characteristics of patients are shown in Table 3.
Characteristics | Patients (N = 108) |
---|---|
Age (SDa) | 66.0 (14.1) |
≥65 years (%) | 55.6 |
≥80 years (%) | 17.6 |
Male sex (%) | 56.5 |
Mapuche ethnicity (%) | 27.8 |
Rurality (%) | 38.0 |
Temuco (%) | 35.2 |
NIHSSb (median, P25–P75) | 14.0 (5–20) |
Time to arrival (median, P25–P75) [min] | 4 h 45′(3 h–14 h 21′) |
Time to triage (median, P25–P75) | 8 min (5–15) |
Time to evaluation (median, P25–P75) | 34 min (17–78) |
ICHc score (median, P25–P75) | 1 (1–3) |
ICH score (%) | 0 = 23.1 1 = 32.7 2 = 15.4 3 = 14.4 4 = 12.5 5 = 1.9 |
Surgical hematoma evacuation (%) | 3.1 |
EVDd placement (%) | 2.1 |
Mortality (%) | |
30-day | 30.6 |
90-day | 32.4 |
180-day | 37.0 |
Destination (%) | Intensive care unit = 39.8 Internal medicine service = 32.4 Other hospital =24.1 Dye = 2.8 Discharge = 0.9 |
Clinical and biodemographic characteristics of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile, in 2016–2018.
Standard deviation.
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.
Intracerebral hemorrhage.
External ventricular drain.
Characteristics | Patients (N = 108) |
---|---|
Location 1 | |
Supratentorial | 81.5 |
Infratentorial | 18.5 |
Location 2 | |
Basal ganglia | 32.4 |
Lobar | 25.0 |
Thalamus | 24.1 |
Cerebellum | 10.2 |
Pons | 8.3 |
Volume (cm3, SDa) | 29.1 (37.6) |
Intraventricular hemorrhage (%) | 52.6 |
Etiology (%) | Hypertension = 70.4 Amyloid angiopathy = 18.5 Other = 11.1 |
Radiological characteristics of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile, in 2016–2018.
Standard deviation.
In our study we found several similarities with many papers about ICH. In our series the mean age of the patients was 66 years old. The same was reported by Hemphill et al. (66 ± 15 years) but is higher than the age reported by Lavados et al. in the PISCIS Study (57.3 ± 17 years) [13, 31]. This difference could be explained because we used a convenience sample with cases that were not included consecutively. In our series we included about 1/6 of the ICH cases diagnosed in the ER of HHHA (about 220 cases/year). On the other hand, the locations found were similar to the findings of Hemphill et al.: 81.5% supratentorial and 15.5% infratentorial [31]. We also found a 70.4% of the cases due to hypertension as the presumed cause. This is similar to the Hemphill study but higher than what was reported in the PISCIS Study [13, 31]. This difference in the results in comparison with our study can be explained because in the PISCIS Study, the patients were younger.
We found a 30-day mortality of 30.6% which is lower than the mortality reported by Hemphill in 2001 (45%) and similar to the 28.9% reported in Iquique, Chile [11, 31]. We also found a 6-month mortality of 37.0% which is similar to the 39% found in the PISCIS Study [11].
Unlike what was reported by Hemphill who found an association between mortality and age over 80 years, we found an association with age 65+ years (p = 0.091) [31]. In this sense we consider useful the modification in the ICH score proposed by Hegde et al. by reducing the age criteria by 10 years to prognosticate the disease better in populations belonging to developing countries like Chile [36].
Only 39.8% of our patients were admitted in the ICU. This reality is completely contrary to the clinical recommendations in developed countries. For instance, the American guideline for ICH management states that the initial monitoring and management of ICH patients should take place in an intensive care unit or dedicated stroke unit with physician and nursing neuroscience acute care expertise (Class I; Level of Evidence B) [37]. We can suppose that many patients die because they do not receive the care that the severity of their illness requires.
When presenting our results, we must emphasize that the HHHA does not have a specific infrastructure to attend to neurological patients, that is, a stroke unit. These units have demonstrated their cost-effectiveness in decreasing mortality and disability due to stroke [38]. In our situation, not all ICH patients are admitted to the ICU and complete 24–48 h of observation in the ER, being later hospitalized at the internal medicine service.
About 80% of the population in Chile is treated in the public health system [21]. Users of the public system have worse health indicators than users of the private health system [9]. On the other hand, it is expected that the incidence of ICH will increase significantly in our country due to the aging of the population and the poor control of cerebrovascular risk factors. This is why we see the need to have a stroke unit and/or a neurologic intermediate care unit in our hospital for the adequate management of patients with ICH. We also hope to set a Telestroke system with the future primary stroke centers in our region (Nueva Imperial, Pitrufquén, Lautaro, Villarrica, Victoria, and Angol hospitals). In short, we hope that the HHHA will become a comprehensive stroke center [39]. We also consider a priority to develop a better access in the detection and treatment of all the vascular risk factors mainly the control of hypertension. In the NHS 2003 in Chile, only 60% of the hypertensive knew their condition, 33% were being treated, and only 30% had normal values [40].
ICH is a common cause of consultation in our hospital, especially in older people. The implementation of 24/7 neurology shifts in the emergency room allowed us to reduce the evaluation time and to improve the management of ICH patients; however, it is still difficult to admit ICH patients to the ICU. We are aiming for a soon implementation of a stroke unit, so ICH patients receive a standardized care. It’s a main priority to have better access to primary care prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in developing countries like ours.
This study is funded by the Universidad de La Frontera.
None.
Many 3D hydrodynamic and water quality models have been developed since the 1960s, and different numerical solution techniques have been used to solve the governing equations. The most popular numerical models and the basis that other models has been built based on are POM [1, 2], ECOM [1, 3], NCOM [4, 5], FVCOM [6, 7], EFDC [8], TRIM-3D [9], UnTRIM [10], GLLVHT [11], and DNS [12].
\nDuring the development stage of any numerical model, verification tests need to be performed to ensure that model foundations are valid. The 3D simulation models available in market have been tested either by comparing the predictions with the analytical solution, field data, or both. As a result, each verification approach has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the model complexity (governing equations used to develop the model and assumptions used to simplify the problem).
\nAll three-dimensional models available to simulate surface waterbodies do not have outputs related to the model of volume balance performance (see the user manuals of the above popular models). Therefore, the user does not know the model preserves volume or not during the simulation period even though the model gives results. In addition, most 3D users run the simulation for a very short time (even for seconds), thinking the model is stable, since the 3D numerical models require long computation time to run. Thus, the need to develop a new volume balance tool arises based on these issues related to 3D hydrodynamic numerical models used in practice for surface waterbodies.
\nIn this work, the volume balance approach was used as a tool to measure how a model preserves volume during the simulation time by calculating the accumulated error over time as a percent. Therefore, the modeler can monitor the model performance over time and decide whether the model is robust or not while running the model rather than waiting until the end of simulation.
\nTo implement the volume balance approach, the three-dimensional model W3 developed by [13] for modeling hydrodynamics, temperature, and water quality in surface waterbodies was employed. Using the finite differences, the model solves the governing equations of continuity, free surface, momentums, and mass transport. Comparisons with analytical solutions and field data were carried out for verifying and validating the W3 model [13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
\nThe model of volume balance was performed by comparing the water volume in the model domain during a time period with the water volume entering and leaving the same domain during the same period of time.
\nLet Vol be the accumulated water volume in the model domain over time. Then,
\nwhere Volinitial = the initial water volume within the domain; Volin = the accumulated water volume entering the domain; and Volout = the accumulated water volume leaving the domain.
\nThus, the error over time can be calculated as follows:
\nwhere Volinternal is the water volume within the domain at any time during the simulation period.
\nA subroutine was added to the model to check the volume preservation by calculating % error at every time step. A lower % error represents more accurate model predictions. The error should reach a constant value with time and should not grow with time. If % error grows with time exponentially, this implies that the model goes unstable (blows up). Two tests implementing the volume balance check were performed. One of these tests examined the volume balance over a rectangular domain, and the other tests evaluated the volume balance over an irregular domain. Both tests were performed over a period of 100 days based on the same real meteorological data, calculated solar short radiation, and constant inflow and outflow. The meteorological data are shown in Figures 1
Wind speed input data.
Wind direction input data.
Air temperature input data.
Dew point input data.
Cloud cover input data.
The physical domain was divided into computational cells of 1000 × 500 × 1 (
Irregular physical domain and the input bathymetry.
Using a time step of 35 s and a degree of implicitness (θ) of 1, the code was run for the simulation period. Figure 7 presents the model predictions of the surface velocity field at Julian day 100. The model results showed good performance in following the bends at the boundaries. Furthermore, the volume balance error gave a good agreement in preserving volume in which the percent error reached a constant low value over time as shown in Figure 8, which is a semilog plot of the percent error with time. The corresponding water levels at three locations over time were shown in Figure 9, denoting a very small change (≅0.005 m) in the surface layer thickness resulting from the free water surface waves.
\nSurface velocity field for the irregular domain at Julian day 100.
Volume balance for the irregular domain using θ = 1.
Surface layer thickness over time for the irregular domain using θ = 1.
Since the W3 model uses the degree of implicitness to switch between the fully implicit numerical scheme and the fully explicit scheme, the effect of the degree of implicitness on the accumulated error was evaluated by running the code using θ = 0.5 with the same inputs that were used with θ = 1. The results showed that using the semi-implicit scheme of θ = 0.5 produces less percent error than using θ = 1. Figure 10 shows the percent error after running the code for day 100 using two degrees of implicitness (θ = 1 and θ = 0.5).
\nThe volume balance for the irregular domain using θ = 1 and θ = 0.5.
In addition and in order to make sure that the numerical answers do not depend on the grid resolution, a grid refinement was performed, and the associated volume error was assessed. The code was run using θ = 0.5 with three horizontal grid resolutions 1000 × 500, 500 × 500, and 500 × 125 (
The effect of grid refinement.
Model verification is the first step after building any new hydrodynamic numerical model for surface waterbody simulation. In this chapter, a new volume balance approach was introduced for verifying the three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical models in surface waterbody simulation. This technique provides information about whether the code preserves fluid mass or not by calculating the volume balance percent error over time during a model simulation. The model results indicated that the model is considered numerically stable if the volume balance error reaches a constant value over time. In addition, even though the model degree of implicitness had a reasonable volume balance error (less than 0.1%), the semi-implicit numerical scheme had slightly better volume balance error than the fully implicit scheme.
\nThe authors thank the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA, for their help in doing this research in association with the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Babylon.
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He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. 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