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Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. 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Appl”\nMember of APS (American Physics Society)\nMember of OSA (Optical Society of America)\nPermanent Member of China Physical Science and Technology\nPermanent Member of the Chinese Optical Society\nTechnical committee member of PIERS, organizing a series of “quantum information processing and devices” sessions\nTechnical committee member of ICICM",institutionString:"Southwest University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southwest University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Extant arthropods can be classified into four subfamilies: Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Although it is now widely accepted that Crustacea and Hexapoda are integrated as Pancrustacea, Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects) are used to focus on non-insect arthropods in this chapter. Their phylogenetic relationship has been debated for many years. However, recent progress in next-generation sequencing has provided their exact position (Figure 1) [1, 2, 3]. Genetics and developmental biology using model insects such as fruit fly
Phylogenetic tree of extant arthropods. The branching pattern is constructed based on previous studies [
Tadpoles developing into frogs, and insect larvae or pupae into adults, are classical examples of metamorphosis, and biologists have long been fascinated with these dramatic and obviously spontaneous transformations [5, 6, 7]. Previous studies showed that such morphological alterations were accompanied by major changes in the chemical composition and biochemical function of almost all larval tissues. In the last century, the discovery that metamorphosis is centrally regulated by endocrine systems has allowed us to understand how these post-embryonic developmental and physiological processes are brought about and controlled [7, 8]. This section outlines the endocrine and molecular mechanisms of canonical complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) in insects and then overviews current research findings on larval metamorphosis in the decapod crustaceans and arachnid chelicerates.
Holometabolous insects go through a series of discrete stages (larva, pupa, and adult) that hardly resemble one another, but are finely adapted to specific roles in their life cycle. Juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids (the representative active form is 20-hydroxyecdysone: 20E) are the two key endocrine factors that together coordinate molting and metamorphosis (Figure 2) [7, 9, 10, 11].
Chemical structures of JHIII, methyl farnesoate (MF), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).
JHs are a family of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that are involved in a range of physiological processes in insects such as not only metamorphosis, but also ovarian development, reproductive behavior, and various types of phenotypic plasticity including caste differentiation in social insects and weapon traits development in beetles [12, 13]. In terms of metamorphosis, JH acts as the best-known anti-metamorphic hormone which prevents larvae/nymphs from undergoing precocious metamorphosis and is often referred to as the
More than half a century of arthropod endocrinology research has revealed that molting is precisely regulated by complex multiple hormone systems, and ecdysteroids are a key hormone mediating a variety of physiological and behavioral changes that are essential for molting and metamorphosis [7, 10, 17]. Their primary function is to induce molting and they serve this function throughout the arthropods [10, 18]. In insects, circulating ecdysteroids typically come from the prothoracic glands. The prothoracic glands secrete ecdysone which is then further converted to 20E in peripheral tissues [19]. The functions of ecdysteroids in the control of insect metamorphosis have striking parallels with those of the thyroid hormones in directing the metamorphosis of amphibians [5, 6].
Recent molecular phylogeny has supported the theory that the Crustacea clade is not monophyletic, but is divided into at least three extant clades (Ostracoda, Malacostraca, and Branchiopoda) (Figure 1) [4]. As aforementioned, both Crustacea and Hexapoda form a new clade known as Pancrustacea [1, 2, 3]. This theory spurs the notion that a comparative analysis between crustaceans and insects is essential to understanding the evolutionary origins of various traits considered unique to insects. Indeed, crustaceans and insects share various basic traits, such as endocrine-driven developmental and reproductive processes, which are regulated primarily by JHs and ecdysteroids. In non-insect Arthropods, methyl farnesoate (MF) is thought to be the equivalent of JH in insects. In insects, MF is finally converted to JH III (active JH form in insects) by CYP15A1, except for the Lepidoptera [20]. However, CYP15A1 orthologs have never been found in non-insect Arthropoda [21, 22], indicating that the CYP15A1 gene acquisition might have been an important event enabling JH biosynthesis in insects [20]. In fact, detection of insect-type JH (e.g., JH III) has not been reported in crustaceans; instead, MF has been widely regarded as the functional crustacean JH since its discovery in various crustaceans [8, 23, 24]. Research on crustacean larval metamorphosis and endocrine pathways such as MF and ecdysteroids has been vigorously pursued in the fisheries-important decapod order (crabs and shrimps). Production of MF and ecdysteroids in decapod crustaceans is thought to take place in the mandibular organ and Y-organ, the glands unique to Malacostraca crustaceans which are considered to be functionally analogous to the insect corpus allatum and prothorathic glands [21]. Unlike insects, the synthesis of MF and ecdysteroids in decapod crustaceans is inhibitory regulated by mandibular organ-inhibiting hormones (MOIHs) and molt-inhibiting hormones (MIHs), cryptic members of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-like neuropeptides secreted from the X-organ/sinus gland complex in the eyestalk [25].
In the marine decapod species, each larva differs from conspecific juveniles and adults based on morphological, ecological, behavioral, physiological, and/or other biological traits. Moreover, the juveniles and adults are benthic feeders or predators, whereas larvae grow in the pelagic environment, preying on phyto- and/or zooplankters [26]. In addition, those larval forms are so different from the conspecific adults that some of them have been described as distinct species, and many larval names were originally genus names, for example, nauplius, cypris, zoea, megalopa, mysis, nisto, puerurus, and phyllosoma in decapod species [26]. This disorganization of larval names causes confusion in advancing comparative developmental and physiological biology in decapods; however, no unified nomenclature has yet been defined. To resolve this problem, clarification of the endocrine regulation of larval metamorphosis and the associated gene regulatory network among decapod species would facilitate interspecific comparative analysis and advance our understanding of this phenomenon, as is the case with insects. Although several studies have challenged the current understanding of the effects of MF and 20E on larval metamorphosis, no consistent results have been obtained, as follows.
Our group demonstrated that treatment of either MF or 20E induced high mortality caused by disruption of molting-associated metamorphosis in the kuruma prawn
Larval developmental staging (nauplius, zoea, and mysis) and adult (dorsal and frontal views) of kuruma prawn. Each scale bar indicates 100 μm.
Chelicerates are classified into a large and ancestral sister group of arthropods (Figure 1). Chelicerates have generally been considered to be ametabolous because the larvae display a very similar morphology to adults (Figure 4). However, detailed morphological observations in several chelicerates cast doubt that the chelicerates are “ametabolous.”
The appearance of larvae and adult in
Observations with a scanning electron microscope show that scorpion larvae have incomplete mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors [37]. Larvae differ in the morphology of the tip of tarsi and aculeus compared to that of nymphs and adults [37, 38]. The scorpion larvae ride on the mother’s back after the delivery, at which point the structure at the tip of the larva’s tarsi works, the tip of the tarsi functions like a sucker, before developing into a claw after molting [37, 38]. In addition, the exoskeleton of adult scorpions fluoresces when exposed to UV light, whereas the exoskeleton of first-instar larvae does not fluoresce [39, 40]. In ticks, the genital primordium opens to the exoskeleton through multiple molting [41]. The fourth leg, not observed in first-instar mite larvae, appears in molted nymphs [42]. In spiders (
In insects and crustaceans, it is demonstrated that ecdysteroids and MF regulate metamorphosis, but the molecular mechanism of metamorphosis in chelicerates is unknown [8, 12, 44, 45, 46]. In chelicerates, 20E has been detected in ticks, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and spiders [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which act as 20E receptors, have also been identified in ticks, scorpions, and spiders [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. In fact, the administration of 20E demonstrates to induce molting of ticks, horseshoe crabs, and spiders [60, 61, 62, 63]. Although there have been no reports of identification of sesquiterpenoid hormones in Chelicerata, genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that ticks and spiders may have precursors of JH, MF [64, 65]. Therefore, it is possible that ecdysteroids and sesquiterpenoid hormones cause molting and associated metamorphosis in chelicerates, despite this not being direct evidence.
Sex determination is the most fundamental developmental process that establishes sexually dimorphic traits. In many animals, males and females have distinct sex-related characteristics such as body size, ornamentation, and color [66]. These extreme phenotypic differences make sexual dimorphism one of the most interesting aspects of animal morphology, physiology, and behavior. This outstanding diversity of sexually dimorphic traits is reflected in the underlying molecular mechanisms by a series of systems ranging from sex-specific gonadal steroid hormones sealing sexual fate in mammals and other vertebrates [67], to cell-autonomous sex-specific splicing loops that maintain the sexual state in holometabolous insects [68, 69].
The DMRT gene, which is conserved in metazoans, is an important transcriptional factor that has a key role in sex determination [70, 71, 72]. Four DMRT genes (
Focusing on the mechanisms inducing the sex-specific traits by DSX function, there are major differences between insects and non-insect arthropods. As described above, in insects, sex-specific splicing of
In general, sex determination and sexual differentiation in arthropods are cell-autonomous in manner, whereas in most mammals and other vertebrates, sexual identity is unified throughout the body by sex steroids (estrogens and androgens) secreted by the gonads. Interestingly, only Malacostraca crustaceans including decapods exceptionally have a cell-nonautonomous sexual differentiation manner, and unlike gonad-dependent endocrine regulation in vertebrates, have male-specific endocrine glands known as the androgenic glands (AG), which are located on the terminal of the vas deferens [80]. Physiological roles of the AGs have been historically revealed to play a key function in male sexual differentiation, by AG ablation and implantation in the amphipod
Several studies have demonstrated that the
In addition to IAG, the crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH) was discovered as a novel eyestalk-derived neuropeptide that induces the development of secondary female characteristics in two crab species
Currently, its homolog has been successfully identified in several other decapod species such as the swimming crab
Some recent studies have demonstrated the crosstalk between CFSH and IAG to facilitate sexual differentiating processes. In the mud crab
Since chelicerates is an ancestral sister group among arthropods, it is an important group for considering the evolutionary diversity of sex determination and sexual differentiation mechanisms including arthropods and vertebrates. Among chelicerates, spiders display a particularly clear morphological sexual dimorphism, females are 3–14 times larger than males and, in some species, females are 75.2 times heavier than males [112, 113]. In addition, several species of males, such as the banksia peacock spider, show a brilliant appearance like a peacock male and perform the mating dances [114, 115]. While studies on morphological and behavioral sexual dimorphism have been proceeding, studies on sex determination and sexual differentiation are completely unclear. Not only in spiders but also in other chelicerates, has research on sex determination and sexual differentiation remained almost untouched. However, recent studies have begun to find clues to the mechanism of sex determination and/or sexual differentiation in Chelicerata, referring to the sex determination cascade of insects.
In tick (
Spiders and scorpions experienced whole-genome duplication (WGD) after diverging from other chelicerates [118]. Seven
This chapter focuses on larval metamorphosis, sex determination, and sexual differentiation in non-insect arthropods, especially in decapod crustaceans and spider chelicerates. Insects have long been the frontrunners in the study of these phenomena in arthropods, however, new emerging methods such as next-generation sequencing, 3D and high-resolution imaging techniques [120, 121], and genome editing methods [122, 123, 124, 125] are opening the door for every non-model species. It is of great benefit to the wealth of available knowledge of insects. Indeed, although this chapter referred primarily to holometabolous insects, the latest work has revealed that some hemimetabolous insects such as termites do not have the sex-specific splicing isoforms of
Although not described extensively in this chapter, the research environment is paving the way for Myriapoda species using the centipede
To date, chelicerates have generally been considered ametabolous because their offspring display similar morphology to adults. However, detailed observations of several species revealed the morphological changes associated with molting. These results suggest that we need to change our perception to chelicerates as being hemimetabolous organisms.
Chelicerates tend to only be seen as pest organisms because they are a source of allergies and have venom. However, in recent years, among the chelicerates, spiders, and scorpions have begun to be emphasized as material sources and models that can play an active role in various industries. Spiders spin up to seven types of thread called “spider silk” [131, 132, 133]. It had been used in sutures and fishing lines in ancient times due to its lightweight, strong and extensible properties [131, 133, 134]. In addition to these, spider silk and its constituent spidroins are currently being considered for application in adhesives, cosmetics, humidity sensors, and the aerospace industry [132, 135, 136]. It is also attracting attention as a biomaterial for biomedical applications (artificial blood vessels, matrigels, porous sponges, and microcapsules) due to its high cell compatibility, low immunogenicity, and slow
The authors would like to thank Dr. Mike Roberts, Independent Consultants, UK for his critical readings of this manuscript.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.
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Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10060",title:"Cement Industry",subtitle:"Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a1e79b25dad63378b81fdb16909cd09",slug:"cement-industry-optimization-characterization-and-sustainable-application",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8436",title:"Sandy Materials in Civil Engineering",subtitle:"Usage and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b448d888478a3a8836bb6dca78facaf8",slug:"sandy-materials-in-civil-engineering-usage-and-management",bookSignature:"Saeed Nemati and Farzaneh Tahmoorian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8436.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296316",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Nemati",slug:"saeed-nemati",fullName:"Saeed Nemati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8757",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2170e51b425059296e5464e0fe13f237",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",bookSignature:"Pavlo Kryvenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180922",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Krivenko",slug:"pavel-krivenko",fullName:"Pavel Krivenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5214",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f7096ba0b4812663b72c918c4a4eff7",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",bookSignature:"Salih Yilmaz and Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5214.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75636",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"salih-yilmaz",fullName:"Salih Yilmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66446",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85675",title:"Compressive Behavior of Concrete under Environmental Effects",slug:"compressive-behavior-of-concrete-under-environmental-effects",totalDownloads:1120,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Concrete strength is fairly sensitive to environmental effects. Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4840,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"51409",doi:"10.5772/64386",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"68188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88057",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4841,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"70930",title:"The Influence of Interfacial Transition Zone on Strength of Alkali-Activated Concrete",slug:"the-influence-of-interfacial-transition-zone-on-strength-of-alkali-activated-concrete",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A process of structure formation taking place in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) “cement stone-aggregate” was studied on a variety of concretes made with artificial and real aggregates. The study of these processes in the case of artificial aggregate prepared from a mixture of clay loam and alkali-activated slag cement showed that not only active SiO2 and Na2O but also other substances of both cement and aggregate are involved in the formation of the ITZ. This results in the formation of alkaline and alkaline-alkali-earth aluminosilicate hydrates which strengthen the ITZ and improve strength and durability of the concrete. Thus, the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) transforms from a destructive one (negative effect) into a constructive one (positive effect). The study on the ITZ in the alkali-activated cement concretes made with real alkali-susceptible aggregates selected from crushed basalt rock, glassy waste product from basalt fiber production, crushed perlite rock, and expanded perlite suggested to make a conclusion on the possibility to prevent the destructive processes in the ITZ through the addition of the metakaolin additive into the cement composition in quantities of 5–10% by mass. These conclusions were supported by the long-term testing of strength of these concretes, by measuring the deformations “shrinkage-expansion” as well as the results of study on hardness of the ITZ.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Pavel Krivenko, Oleh Petropavlovskyi, Oleksandr Kovalchuk and Oleksandr Gelevera",authors:null},{id:"68188",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null},{id:"51409",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"51780",title:"High-Performance Concrete and Fiber-Reinforced High- Performance Concrete under Fatigue Efforts",slug:"high-performance-concrete-and-fiber-reinforced-high-performance-concrete-under-fatigue-efforts",totalDownloads:2321,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fatigue is the process of mechanical degradation of a material, which leads to its collapse. Repeated load applications with a maximum value lower than the one that provokes the static failure of the material, causes internal damage in the material that, progressively, reduces its mechanical capacity until it finally collapses. The increasingly widespread use of high-strength concretes permits the construction of more lightweight structures. This implies that the variable loads (which are the causes of fatigue) represent an ever larger percentage of the total load. In consequence, fatigue is an increasingly important factor in concrete structures. In some cases, it even begins to be the dimensioning load of the structure. In addition, the presence of fibers within the concrete modifies the fatigue response of the concrete. In this chapter, the classic theory of fatigue is presented in detail and the most recent developments in the study of concrete fatigue are discussed.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Miguel A. Vicente, Jesús Mínguez, José A. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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