Common postoperative complications of hair transplantation.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10393",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Virtual Assistant",title:"Virtual Assistant",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"An intelligent virtual assistant (IVA) or intelligent personal assistant (IPA) is a software agent that can perform tasks or services for an individual based on commands or questions. Improving the quality of artificial intelligence (AI) learning algorithms increases the application of IVAs in different areas. The capabilities and usage of IVAs are expanding rapidly. IVAs, such as Siri, Alexa, and chatbots, help individuals and companies to make better decisions. They learn from collected historical data, and the quality of their recommendations depends on the size of the database they are using. Modern technology has provided a huge capacity for data collection and storage. This means that the new generation of IVAs can help people much better than the previous one. This book examines the applications of IVAs in different areas and presents a clear vision of how this new technology can be used in current and future activities. Chapters cover such topics as the scientific development of VA technology, generating voices for IVAs, the ethics of using IVAs, and using IVAs in banking and finance.",isbn:"978-1-83968-808-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-807-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-809-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91579",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"virtual-assistant",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"aa7745cb6a82816b6c189b4163741076",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",publishedDate:"October 13th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10393.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2202,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 12th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 1st 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257455/images/system/257455.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei is a global artificial intelligence (AI) projects leader, an international keynote speaker, and a professional author.\nHe completed his Ph.D. and postdoctoral research fellowship at The University of Queensland, Australia, in the field of AI applications in mining engineering, where he led a revolution in the use of deep learning and AI methods to increase energy efficiency, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in surface mines. As a scientific supervisor, he has provided practical guidance to undergraduate and postgraduate students in mechanical and mining engineering and information technology for many years.\nDr. Soofastaei has more than fifteen years of academic experience as an assistant professor and leader of global research activities. Results from his research and development projects have been published in international journals and keynote presentations. He has presented his practical achievements at conferences in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia.\nHe has been involved in industrial research and development projects in several industries, including oil and gas (Royal Dutch Shell), steel (Danieli), and mining (BHP, Rio Tinto, Anglo American, and Vale). His extensive practical experience in the industry has equipped him to work with complex industrial problems in highly technical and multi-disciplinary teams.",institutionString:"Artificial Intelligence Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"526",title:"Software Intelligent Agents",slug:"software-intelligent-agents"}],chapters:[{id:"78670",title:"Introductory Chapter: Virtual Assistants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100248",slug:"introductory-chapter-virtual-assistants",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali Soofastaei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78670",authors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],corrections:null},{id:"74876",title:"Generating the Voice of the Interactive Virtual Assistant",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95510",slug:"generating-the-voice-of-the-interactive-virtual-assistant",totalDownloads:385,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter introduces an overview of the current approaches for generating spoken content using text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) systems, and thus the voice of an Interactive Virtual Assistant (IVA). The overview builds upon the issues which make spoken content generation a non-trivial task, and introduces the two main components of a TTS system: text processing and acoustic modelling. It then focuses on providing the reader with the minimally required scientific details of the terminology and methods involved in speech synthesis, yet with sufficient knowledge so as to be able to make the initial decisions regarding the choice of technology for the vocal identity of the IVA. The speech synthesis methodologies’ description begins with the basic, easy to run, low-requirement rule-based synthesis, and ends up within the state-of-the-art deep learning landscape. To bring this extremely complex and extensive research field closer to commercial deployment, an extensive indexing of the readily and freely available resources and tools required to build a TTS system is provided. Quality evaluation methods and open research problems are, as well, highlighted at end of the chapter.",signatures:"Adriana Stan and Beáta Lőrincz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74876",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74876",authors:[{id:"333913",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Stan",slug:"adriana-stan",fullName:"Adriana Stan"},{id:"344059",title:"MSc.",name:"Beáta",surname:"Lőrincz",slug:"beata-lorincz",fullName:"Beáta Lőrincz"}],corrections:null},{id:"74746",title:"Virtual Assistants and Ethical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95479",slug:"virtual-assistants-and-ethical-implications",totalDownloads:426,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Virtual assistants are becoming a part of our daily life, from our homes to our work. Sometime we may not even know that the customer service agent that we were speaking with is a virtual assistant. These assistants continuously collect information from our interactions and learn many things about us. The information they gather over time is enormous. This chapter introduces the concept of ethics, discusses the ethical principles of virtual assistants, (Transparency, Justice & fairness, Non-maleficence, Responsibly and Privacy). Although there is limited regulation governing these virtual assistants, practical guidelines and recommendations are provided for designers and developers to understand the ethical implications when building a virtual assistant. In this chapter, we also discuss technology and learning techniques for virtual assistants and present examples on how to ensure ethical virtual assistant.",signatures:"Abhishek Kaul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74746",authors:[{id:"331237",title:"Mr.",name:"Abhishek",surname:"Kaul",slug:"abhishek-kaul",fullName:"Abhishek Kaul"}],corrections:null},{id:"75694",title:"Group-Assign: Type Theoretic Framework for Human AI Orchestration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96739",slug:"group-assign-type-theoretic-framework-for-human-ai-orchestration",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In today’s Information Age, we work under the constant drive to be more productive. Unsurprisingly, we progress towards being an AI-augmented workforce where we are augmented by AI assistants and collaborate with each other (and their AI assistants) at scale. In the context of humans, a human language suffices to describe and orchestrate our intents (and corresponding actions) with others. This, however, is clearly insufficient in the context of humans and machines. To achieve this, communication across a network of different humans and machines is crucial. With this objective, our research scope covers and presents a type theoretic framework and language built upon type theory (a branch of symbolic logic in mathematics), to enable the collaboration within a network of humans and AI assistants. While the idea of human-machine or human-computer collaboration is not new, to the best of our knowledge, we are one of the first to propose the use of type theory to orchestrate and describe human-machine collaboration. In our proposed work, we define a fundamental set of type theoretic rules and abstract functions Group and Assign to achieve the type theoretic description, composition and orchestration of intents and implementations for an AI-augmented workforce.",signatures:"Aik Beng Ng, Simon See, Zhangsheng Lai and Shaowei Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75694",authors:[{id:"341635",title:"Dr.",name:"Aik Beng",surname:"Ng",slug:"aik-beng-ng",fullName:"Aik Beng Ng"},{id:"342548",title:"Prof.",name:"Simon",surname:"See",slug:"simon-see",fullName:"Simon See"},{id:"346282",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhangsheng",surname:"Lai",slug:"zhangsheng-lai",fullName:"Zhangsheng Lai"},{id:"346285",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaowei",surname:"Lin",slug:"shaowei-lin",fullName:"Shaowei Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"74875",title:"AI-Powered Virtual Assistants in the Realms of Banking and Financial Services",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95813",slug:"ai-powered-virtual-assistants-in-the-realms-of-banking-and-financial-services",totalDownloads:581,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter aims at providing a framework for analysis on evolutionary trends in finance that have to do with technological progress and especially with artificial intelligence (AI) applications. The starting point can be identified with a survey on how they have modified the business areas involving banking and financial services and on what can be expected – in terms of future strategic shifts and behavioral changes – on both the supply and the demand sides. The next step revolves around a wider and deeper investigation on the role that virtual assistants have started to – and are likely to further – play in the areas under scrutiny: special attention is requested upon the provision of enhanced customer service support, including conversational AI and sound branding; implications encompass developments that are on the cards, based upon digitalization as a must – not just an option – as shown by the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions allow to emphasize the significance, advancing features and value of this conceptual paper, as it leads to sort out best practices and success stories that are worth disseminating and replicating to benefit not only individuals and enterprises having direct interest in them, but society as a whole.",signatures:"Margherita Mori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74875",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74875",authors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],corrections:null},{id:"75862",title:"Specific Wear Rate Modeling of Polytetraflouroethylene Composites via Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Tools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95242",slug:"specific-wear-rate-modeling-of-polytetraflouroethylene-composites-via-artificial-neural-network-ann-",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lately, artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models have been recognized as potential and good tools for mathematical modeling of complex and nonlinear behavior of specific wear rate (SWR) of composite materials. In this study, modeling and prediction of specific wear rate of polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) composites using FFNN and ANFIS models were examined. The performances of the models were compared with conventional multilinear regression (MLR) model. To establish the proper choice of input variables, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most influential parameter on the SWR. The modeling and prediction performance results showed that FFNN and ANFIS models outperformed that of the MLR model by 45.36% and 45.80%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis findings revealed that the volume fraction of reinforcement and density of the composites and sliding distance were the most and more influential parameters, respectively. The goodness of fit of the ANN and ANFIS models was further checked using t-test at 5% level of significance and the results proved that ANN and ANFIS models are powerful and efficient tools in dealing with complex and nonlinear behavior of SWR of the PTFE composites.",signatures:"Musa Alhaji Ibrahim, Yusuf Şahin, Auwal Ibrahim, Auwalu Yusuf Gidado and Mukhtar Nuhu Yahya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75862",authors:[{id:"334038",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Musa Alhaji",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"musa-alhaji-ibrahim",fullName:"Musa Alhaji Ibrahim"},{id:"340279",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Şahin",slug:"yusuf-sahin",fullName:"Yusuf Şahin"}],corrections:null},{id:"74500",title:"Intelligent Decision Support System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95252",slug:"intelligent-decision-support-system",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A phishing attack is one of the most common forms of cybercrime worldwide. In recent years, phishing attacks have continued to escalate in severity, frequency and impact. Globally, the attacks cause billions of dollars of losses each year. Cybercriminals use phishing for various illicit activities such as personal identity theft and fraud, and to perpetrate sophisticated corporate-level attacks against financial institutions, healthcare providers, government agencies and businesses. Several solutions using various methodologies have been proposed in the literature to counter web-phishing threats. This research work adopts a novel strategy to the detection and prevention of website phishing attacks, with a practical implementation through development towards a browser toolbar add-in. The IPDS is shown to be highly effective both in the detection of phishing attacks and in the identification of fake websites. Experimental results show that approach using the CNN + LSTM has a 93.28% accuracy with an average detection time of 25 seconds, whilst the approach has a slightly lower accuracy. These times are within typical times for loading a web page which makes toolbar integration into a browser a practical option for website phishing detection in real time. The results of this development are compared with previous work and demonstrate both better or similar detection performance. This is the first work that considers how best to integrate images, text and frames in a hybrid feature-based solution for a phishing detection scheme.",signatures:"Moruf Akin Adebowale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74500",authors:[{id:"332917",title:"Dr.",name:"Moruf",surname:"Adebowale",slug:"moruf-adebowale",fullName:"Moruf Adebowale"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8523",title:"Advanced Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"277ac6770bdb7c0841ffdba2b1de348d",slug:"advanced-analytics-and-artificial-intelligence-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5996",title:"Multi-agent Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cef4c0140f4ed164041011060d8378e6",slug:"multi-agent-systems",bookSignature:"Jorge Rocha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5996.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Andrade",slug:"izabelle-pereira-andrade",email:"izabelle.andrade@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"314476",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan Klynger Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger Da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato",email:"allan.lobato@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314477",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia Abreu",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Leticia Abreu Faria",slug:"leticia-abreu-faria",email:"leticia.faria@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314484",title:"Mr.",name:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior",slug:"elizeu-monteiro-pereira-junior",email:"ta.elizeujr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"71453",slug:"advancement-of-nitrogen-fertilization-on-tropical-environmental",signatures:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Beatriz Martineli Lima, Barbara Rodrigues Quadros, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato, Izabelle Pereira Andrade and Letícia de Abreu Faria",dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2019",dateReviewed:"November 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"March 25th 2020",datePublished:"April 8th 2020",book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira 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Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11889",leadTitle:null,title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book explains and educates the reader regarding normal sexual function, sexual dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction disorders both in males and females. The objective of the book will be to highlight the importance of sex education and explain normal human sexuality. With the growing number of males and females reporting sexual dysfunction the need for a ready reckoner of sexual dysfunction may be relevant and necessary.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will have chapters on normal human sexuality, sexual health, Sexual dysfunction in the male and female, sexual dysfunction disorders related to libido, orgasm, ejaculation, erection, and genetic or hormonal or developmental or sexuo-erotic orientation defects.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will also highlight the importance of sex counselors and therapists.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
Recently, hair transplantation has been frequently commonly applied for aesthetic surgical procedures. Hair transplantation has a low complication rate according to other aesthetic surgical procedures. However, it can lead to serious complications if proper attention is not given. But there are a wide range of possible complications that are less severe and manageable. Common postoperative complications of hair transplantation are listed in Table 1.
Common postoperative complications |
---|
|
Common postoperative complications of hair transplantation.
Postoperative pain in most of the patients occurs after hair transplantation surgery. This pain occurs especially in hair transplantation performed with FUT (follicular unit transplant). Because due to the transection of peripheral nerves during strip harvesting. In FUE (follicular unit extraction) method, an average of 3000 graft transplantation procedures lasts for 6–8 h. Muscle pain can occur depending on the lying position during this period. Small breaks need to be given during the process, intraoperative analgesic injection and postoperative NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflmmatory drugs) use to prevent and reduce pain [1].
Postoperative edema is the most common complication in hair transplantation. The average incidence of postoperative edema in hair transplantations varies from 40 to 50%. Edema can develop due to tumescent anesthesia and trauma during processing. Tissue edema begins at the time of surgery, but it is only evident 3–5 days later when it descends over the forehead. Occasionally, edematous fluid travels into the periorbital tissues and causes periorbital ecchymosis. Additionally, in some cases, this edema is so severe that patients cannot open his/her eyes.
\nTo prevent and minimize edema, patients should be explained in the lying position during the postoperative period. The use of massage, cold pack, systemic steroids, infiltrative steroids, and NSAID can reduce edema.
Attentive planning and marking of the recipient site will minimize the risk of asymmetry. Causes of asymmetry include the design of false frontal hairline, density difference between the right and left frequency, and previously deformed head. Always check your design markings in a mirror, viewed from behind the patient’s head and at his eye level and get his approval as well. You will frequently be surprised how different it looks in the mirror than when you are standing in front and 2 m away [2].
The scalp, whether hair bearing or bald, has an abundant blood supply, but the incidence of hemorrhage is surprisingly small. Less often, bleeding occurs after the patient leaves the clinic. Applying pressure for 15 minutes with a clean gauze is very effective for reducing the risk of hemorrhage.
\nDuring the preoperative evaluation, patients should be screened for history of bleeding diathesis, for intake of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, vitamin E, alcohol, anabolic steroids, or other anticoagulative agents. Topical minoxidil and smoking must be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to the surgery. Intraoperative recipient-site bleeding is not uncommon and can, usually, be minimized by injection with epinephrine-containing tumescent solutions [3–5].
Visible scarring in the donor area is the most common patient complication encountered in hair transplantation. Hair transplant performed with FUT can leave linear scar at donor region. In the hair transplantation with FUE, visible scarring may occur due to the frequent and abreast entrance of the punch. To avoid this situation, frequent and side-by-side entered punch should not be performed. The treatment for patients with scar includes visible scar revision, hair transplantation, and micro-pigmentations.
Folliculitis is the term used to describe hair follicle inflammation in response to infection, physical injury, or chemical exposure. The reported incidence of postoperative folliculitis in hair transplantations varies from 1.1 to 20% and the severity ranges from a mild, superficial inflammation with mild erythema, and scattered pustules. The infection can occur in either the recipient or the donor area. The treatment of folliculitis depends on the underlying cause. When a mild folliculitis begins 2–3 months postoperatively, hair growth is the probable cause. In such cases, the initial treatment includes warm compresses for 15 min three times daily, and a topical antibiotic ointment such as mupirocin [6].
Crusting occurs on dry to superficial epidermis of the surrounding graft and bleeding after 24–48 h of hair transplant. Crusting disappears after an average of 7–10 days.
\nThe crusts do not affect the graft survival or the healing process unless they persist for a long period. A first washing is recommended after 48 h to dissolve early crusts. Applying a moisturizer or an emollient is recommended before 30–45 min of washing for softening of crusts. If crusts are still present after postoperative 9–10 days, wet compress or vapor is applied.
Graft dislodgement usually occurs in the initial 3 days after hair transplant operation. Direct trauma is the main cause of graft dislodgement. Grafts do not survive long time in the external environment. When trauma or similar reasons occur, graft dislodgement should be replaced as quickly as possible. Patients can store graft dislodgement for a short period in lens solution, saline, or brackish liquid, thereby preventing drying of grafts.
Hiccups are an uncommon complication of hair transplantation. The reported incidence of hiccups in hair transplantations is 4.11%. Hiccups are found intraoperatively or shortly after the operation. Usually, it lasts for 2–3 days in the absence of treatment. They can also result from excessive air aspiration consequent to the stimulation of diaphragmatic muscle movements by very excited or vocal patients [7].
Postoperative effluvium of preexisting recipient area hair occurs after near transplant, but significant effluvium is far less common. Postoperative effluvium causes recipient site creation, vascular disruption, or edema. It usually presents 2–4 weeks after surgery. However, the majority of the affected hairs begin to regrow after 2–3 months. To reduce postoperative effluvium, protection of existing hair during the recipient site creation should be noted, limiting recipient site size and density to prevent excessive vascular disruption and reducing postoperative edema. Postoperative minoxidil may reduce the incidence of this problem [8].
Hair effluvium is a relatively common occurrence in recipients, especially in females, whereas in donors, it is significantly less common. It usually presents within 6 weeks of surgery as temporary hair loss along the inferior and superior margins of linear wounds, or as diffuse hair loss in the case of FUE. Most likely, it is a consequence of anagen effluvium, in response to interrupted blood supply. Patients should be reassured that the problem spontaneously resolves within 3–4 months, but minoxidil can hasten hair regrowth.
Pruritus can be seen after hair transplantation in the donor and the recipient areas. Wound healing process may be the cause. Other reasons may be the use of minoxidil after hair transplantation. Scalp irritation can be caused depending on the frequency of use and the concentration of minoxidil. Topical steroids or and antihistamines are recommended for the treatment of many patients.
Temporary loss of sensation nearly always occurs in the donor and recipient areas, and is the result of the severing of nerves by the punch as it bores out donor and recipient sites. Patients usually notice this, but rarely complain about it. Sensation returns over a period of 6–12 months after the procedure is completed [9]. Less common complications of hair transplantation are listed in Table 2.
Less common postoperative complications |
---|
|
Less common complications of hair transplantation.
Keloid and hypertrophic scarring are rare occurrences in hair transplant complications. The reported incidence of keloid and hypertrophic scarring in hair transplantations is 0.1%. They represent an abnormal response to dermal injury, characterized by exuberant collagen deposition. Keloid scaring usually develops months or years after surgery and persists indefinitely. Individuals with a history of keloid scarring are not candidates for hair restoration surgery. Those with a high risk of developing keloids, due to ethnicity and age, or with a personal history of hypertrophic scarring, should be informed of the potential for abnormal scarring [9, 10].
The postoperative complication of arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication of punch-graft hair transplantation. This complication has been observed after large punch-graft hair transplantation is done especially to the temporal region in the 1970s.
\nA pulsatile subcutaneous mass with an associated thrill or bruit and symptoms including pain or headache is a common presentation. Angiography is required for complete diagnostic evaluation.
\nClinical findings usually resolve spontaneously within 6 months, but superficial vessels can be ligated if the surgeon is concerned about vessel rupture or cosmetic appearance [11–13].
Infections of the scalp are very rare because it is well vascularized. Serious infections occur in less than 1% of cases and are, usually, associated with poor hygiene, excessive crust formation, or preexisting medical risk factors. There are several measures to be followed for prevention and infection control after hair transplantation: clean and decontaminated operating room, use of sterilized material, donor area asepsis, use of disposable instruments, and antibiotic prophylaxis [14, 15].
The cobblestoning occurs when follicular units are implanted into hole or slits that are too small or implanted at the incorrect depth.
Occasionally, very nervous patients faint or feel faint during the procedure, but this can be managed by simple measures such as lowering the head between the knees or laying the patient in a prone position [16].
Pigment alterations of the skin can appear after a hair transplant. The transplanted area should not be subjected to the sun for at least 1 month after hair transplant procedure. A hat (men) or a scarf (for women) is recommended.
Recipient area necrosis is a rare but dangerous complication that arises when an increased number of recipient grafts are utilized and de-vascularization of the scalp occurs as a result of dense splitting of the recipient skin that results in large wound areas.
\nPredisposing factors of skin necrosis: Recipient-site necrosis is a result of vascular compromise. Predisposing influences composed of patient’s factors and technical factors are as follows:
\nPatient’s factors: Smoking, atrophic skin damage, diabetes mellitus, scarring of the recipient site, or a history of scalp surgery.
Technical factors: Dense packing, megasessions, large openings, use of anesthetic or tumescent solutions with high epinephrine concentration, and deep recipient incisions.
The treatment of central recipient area necrosis focuses on wound debridement and the cultivation of a viable wound base. Extensive sharp debridement is not recommended, and limited sharp debridement of the hyperkeratotic edge of the wound will stimulate reepithelialization. The application of mupirocin ointment is recommended twice daily. Occasionally, for extensive areas of necrosis, scalp expansion may be required for repair. In the treatment of tissue necrosis, hair transplantation can be performed after recovering tissue necrosis [16].
\nOther less common postoperative complications include granulomatous reaction [17], pyogenic granuloma [18], epidermoid cysts or cysts, and Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption [19].
Fat grafting and its use in aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries are considered a state of art, but looking back at the history, it is just a revival in the techniques, which was described previously by others when
The revolution in surgical specialty directed toward minimally invasive therapeutic modalities where endoscopic surgery replaced the open surgical operations; similarly, the recent discovery of the regenerative effect of fat micrograft due to presence of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), cytokines, growth factors, pre adipocytes, and mature adipocytes led to a growing interest for the use fat graft as regenerative treatment replacing the major surgical rejuvenative operation, and Liu et al. [3] in his major review article, which includes over 265 clinical trials about therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for common bone and joint diseases, indicated that the MSCs are considered as an ideal source of cell therapy for different types of diseases including bone and joint diseases [3, 4, 5].
In this chapter we present our experience over the current decade in management of osteoarthritis (OA) by intra-articular injection of fat micrograft (IAFMG), describing our approach, which was developed from the belief in the powerful reparative effect of autologous fat graft for damage tissue as well as natural lubricating effect on the joints. We started on animal model, and upon confirming its safety and positive regenerative effects, we applied this minimally invasive modality on patients with advanced and moderate chronic osteoarthritis with fulfillment of ethical approval requirement for the trials on human subjects. The satisfactory outcome of this minimally invasive modality indicates that intra-articular injection of fat micrograft can replace or delay considerably the need for the classical major joint replacement surgery (JRS), with its impact on the quality of life of patients and financial cost of JRS, and long hospitalization and absence of work when compared to our minimally invasive procedure [6, 7].
Chronic osteoarthritis is a common complex disorder affecting middle-aged and elderly females more than males but all races. The main risk factors are constitutional, including sedentary lifestyle, obesity and aging, and genetic and local factors (biomechanical consequences of joint injury, joint laxity, or malalignment). Therefore, the stress from mechanical force plays an important critical role in the initiation and progression of the disease; it is also associated with chronic disease such as diabetes, gout, and poor diet [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Osteoarthritis is the disease of the whole joint, including the bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, synovium, and synovial fluid. Osteoarthritis mainly affects weight-bearing joints (i.e., knees, hips, or spine) due to chronic high stress, which leads to degradation of the cartilage; subchondral cysts; sclerosis, which stimulates new bone outgrowths (osteophytes); and synovitis leading to reduction of joint viscosity and lubrication with more friction, irritation, consequently more cartilage damage and effusion, ligament laxity and meniscal tears, and progressive narrowing of joint space. The usual patient presentation is joint pain, swelling, crepitus, morning joint stiffness, and, after prolonged rest, hyperthermia, progressively restricted movement, and major disability with deterioration in quality of life [9, 10, 16, 17].
Management included the diagnosis of the disease and its extent based on clinical presenting symptoms and signs of the patient, evaluating the degree of pain, mobility, and functions of the diseased joint, and then utilizing the radiological modalities to confirm the disease and its severity with plain X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and other available imaging modalities; following clinical and radiological diagnoses, the plan of treatment is established according to the extent of the disease, which is ranging from nonsurgical to minimally invasive or major surgical procedure.
Currently there is no curative intervention; all treatment modalities are directed toward pain control, improvement of joint mobility and functions, and avoiding drugs with adverse effects. Non-pharmacological management should include a combination approach in the form of patient education, modification of lifestyle, self-management, weight reduction, exercise, conventional physiotherapy, electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and occupational therapy to prevent excessive stress on the joint.
The pharmacological symptomatic therapies for pain control are in the form of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as acetaminophen and COX-2-specific inhibitors and topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. On the other hand, intra-articular injection of corticosteroids and viscous supplementation injections of hyaluronic acid improve pain and viscosity, but these pharmacological treatments have short-term improvement effect and are costly, and the intra-articular injections have a risk of acute synovitis [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
Recently, the intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma to human osteoarthritic joints associated with significant clinical symptomatic improvements of inflammation and pain and viscosity [24].
Surgical therapy included minor and major surgical operations, but the recent use of the minimally invasive surgical procedure of intra-articular injection fat micrograft with the contained adipose-derived stem cells, which we studied on animal model followed by human joints, showed very satisfactory outcome; this modality of treatment is the main theme of this chapter which will be discussed in details.
The minor surgical procedures include arthroscopic joint lavage debridement, which demonstrated short-term symptom relief with more improvement when combined with marrow-stimulating microfracture and drilling procedures of articular surface; this improvement in joint functions would postpone the need for knee replacement [25].
On the other hand, joint replacement as major surgical intervention is reserved for patients with failure of other modalities and in patients with joint end-stage disease, as joint implants have a finite life span (~10–15 years). After that a variety of complications might occur such as wear particle formation, which contribute to loosening which required revision surgery; therefore the use of artificial joints in young patients (e.g., <55 years) is associated with higher revision rates of this operation with its associated disadvantages as being a major procedure with complications, long hospitalization, absence from work, and high cost, which indicate the need to develop new treatment options. Therefore tissue engineering regeneration offers a long-term solution for repair of the affected tissue components of the joints such as the bone, ligament, and knee meniscus [26, 27, 28].
Osteoarthritis is an active disease process with an imbalance between the repair and destruction and degeneration of joint with poor intrinsic healing power and regeneration due to poor vascularization and absence of direct access to progenitor cells of bone marrow [29].
For many years, researchers have been seeking to understand the body’s ability to repair and replace the damaged tissues; these researches led them to the discovery of the unique mesenchymal stem cell, which is partly responsible for maintenance and repairing of damaged connective tissues after injury. They can migrate toward injured tissues, where they display trophic effects of synthesis of proliferative, proangiogenic, and regenerative molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells undergo site-specific differentiation into a variety of connective tissues including cartilage, bone, fat, tendon, ligament, marrow stroma, and others, with its reparative and regenerative effects with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions via direct cell-cell interaction or secretion of bioactive factors, resulting in differentiation, stemness maintenance, self-renewal, prevention, and modification of progress of the disease [17, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38].
Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from several human sources other than the bone marrow and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue (ADSCs) with similar phenotypic characteristics but different propensities in proliferation and differentiation potentials, and provide an abundant and easily accessible source of stem cells [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46].
With all these properties, MSCs are considered as an ideal source of cell therapy for different types of diseases including bone and joint diseases as reviewed by Liu et al. [3] as a review article about therapeutic application of MSCs for common bone and joint diseases, which include over 265 clinical trials of MSCs registered with clinical trial for knee osteoarthritis and other joint and bone diseases; they conclude that MSC is a promising prospect in clinical application for bone and joint diseases, without any reports of post application adverse immune side effects [5].
With the growing interest of using MSCs as biological treatment for cartilage repair in arthritic joint diseases on different animal models where stem cells grown on different media scaffolds include synthetic or natural extracellular matrix, implantation of stem cells into the joints is either as invasive via arthroscopy with possible increased risk of infection or noninvasive intra-articular injection MSCs. These trials are summarized in Table 1 [6, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59].
Animal model trial | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Publication | MSCs | Description | Intervention | Outcome |
Murphy et al. [46] | BMC | MSC and suspension of hyaluronan injected in goat OA joint Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | + Cartilage regeneration |
Guo et al. [47] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffolds of bioceramic beta-tricalcium phosphate via open arthrotomy | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Hui et al. [48] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffolds of fibrin glue by open arthrotomy implantation | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Liu et al. [49] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffolds of hyaluronic acid and gelatin by open arthrotomy | Invasive risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Kayakabe et al. [50] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffold of hyaluronic gel sponge by open arthrotomy | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Yan et al. [51] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffolds of polylactic acid by open arthrotomy | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Lee et al. [52] | BMC | MSC and suspension of hyaluronan in injected mini pig OA joint Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | +Cartilage regeneration |
Kuroda et al. [53] | BMC | MSCs grow on scaffolds of collagen gel by open arthrotomy | Invasive with risk of infection | +Cartilage regeneration |
Black et al. [54, 55] | ADMSCs | Double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effect? IN dogs with chronic OA of the coxofemoral and humeroradial joints Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | Significant improvement |
Noth et al. [56] | BMC | MSCs seeded on three-dimensional biodegradable scaffolds Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | +Cartilage regeneration |
Horie et al. [57] | Synovium MSCs | Synovium MSCs in massive meniscal defect knee rat intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | Promoted meniscal regeneration |
Mokbel et al. [58] | BMC | MSC and suspension of hyaluronan in donkey Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | +Cartilage regeneration |
Sato et al. [59] | BMC | MSC and suspension of hyaluronan in Hartley strain guinea pig Intra-articular injection | Minimally invasive | +Cartilage regeneration |
Moshref et al. [6] | ADMSCs | Intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft | Minimally invasive | Increase of the articular hyaline cartilage thickness Significant chondrocyte proliferation |
The other animal model trial studies.
Our study started as an idea on 2010, when we plan to use autologous fat micrograft for treatment of osteoarthritis and we started by injecting fat micrograft into normal hind joints of sheep to determine the safety and effects of intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft, followed by observing the animal’s activities in using their injected joints, and by examining any macroscopic or microscopic changes in the articular cartilage of the fat-injected joints compared to other similar non-injected joint of the same animal; the study confirmed the safety, without any associated detrimental effects, on the joint tissues. Furthermore, it had positive microscopic findings as there was increase of the thickness of the articular hyaline cartilage layer with significant proliferation of chondrocytes including different mitosis stages (Figures 1 and 2, Table 2). Therefore, intra-articular injection of fat micrograft is an ideal minimally invasive choice for joint lubrication with high potential healing effects.
(a–c) The control sheep H&E stain; longitudinal sections in femoral diarthrosis of left hind knee. (a) Normal histological structure of the articular hyaline cartilage (Hc) compact bone (Cb), spongy bone (head arrows), and bone marrow (*), 100×. (b, c) Flattened chondrocytes (head arrows) of the surface layer of hyaline cartilage followed by internal globular chondrocytes arranged in rows (arrows), 400×; 1000×.
(a–c) The treated sheep right hind knee; longitudinal sections in femoral diarthrosis H&E stain. (a) Increasing the thickness of the articular hyaline cartilage (Hc) layer; compact bone (arrows), spongy bone (head arrows), and bone marrow (*) were observed in normal view, 100×. (b) Increasing the number of chondrocytes (arrows), 400×. (c) Chondrocyte division, metaphase (head arrows), telophase (arrows) 1000×.
After the successful encouraging results of our previous animal study, which demonstrates the potential healing power and regenerative effect of autologous fat micrograft with its stem cells and all other study reports of clinical trials and publication by using mesenchymal stromal/stem cells for management of osteoarthritis, which offer a great hope for the treatment of osteoarthritic joints, we decided to evaluate the efficacy of fresh non-processed autologous fat micrograft with its ADSCs for management of osteoarthritic joints as prospective interventional clinical trial, which was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, after obtaining the ethical approval from the local research and ethics committee, No. 822-12, according to latest vision of the Declaration of Helsinki. Over the period of 2012–2013, a preliminary clinical trial was conducted on 10 adult patients of both genders suffering from severe to moderate knee osteoarthritis with encouraging results as an effective and safe method for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, then we expand the trial on 80 adult patients which confirm our previous finding, and then the clinical trial concluded with the final reporting to ethical committee on December 2016 [2, 3, 6, 7, 66].
But our work in utilizing this modality of treatment continued, and we are currently presenting the outcome in 205 adult patients (392 knee joints) who were managed and completed the required period of follow-up [7, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78].
The other studies were mainly revolving around the use of bone marrow or expanded adipose tissues and non-expanded autologous MSCs although some trials use allogenic MSCs. Most researchers focus on the use of intra-articular injections without the use of scaffolds or major surgeries since injections are more cost-effective, have little morbidity, and are a desirable way of treatment. The satisfactory outcome of our study over 10 years indicated that MSC treatment appears to be a good option for treatment of moderate to severe OA in the elderly; other studies reported similar results to ours in demonstrating promising prospect of cell therapy in many refractory diseases, including bone and joint diseases, in great improvement of pain, mobility, and other joint functions; these have high potential for clinical use in tissue engineering and regenerative and reparative medicine. Other studies found MSCs effective in cartilage healing; these trials are summarized in Table 3 [28, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76].
Human clinical studies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Publication | Type of MSCs | Description | Intervention | Outcome |
Davatchi et al. [76] | BMC | MSCs injected with autologous BMSCs intra-articularly of four patients | Minimally invasive | Marked improvement |
Wakitani et al. [70] | BMC Human autologous culture expanded | MSC embedded in collagen gel injected into medial femoral condyle of 12 patients and 12 as control | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Ohgushi et al. [71] | BMC | MSC seeded at ceramic ankle prosthesis and injected in the three-severe arthritic ankle for patients | Invasive with risk of infection | Marked improvement |
Centeno et al. [72] | BMC | MSCs injected intra-articularly for 46-A case report study year | Minimally invasive | Marked improvement |
Buda et al. [73] | BMC Human autologous culture expanded | MSC and hyaluronic acid for 20 patients (12 males and eight females) | Minimally invasive | Marked improvement |
Pak et al. [74, 75] | ADSCs | MSC and hyaluronic acid, calcium chloride, a nanogram dose of dexamethasone, and platelet-rich plasma injected intra-articularly for knee osteoarthritis or hip osteonecrosis | Minimally invasive | Marked clinical improvement and cartilage thickening |
Koh et al. [77] | ADSCs Infrapatellar fat pad | Autologous AMSCs from infrapatellar fat pad injected at intra-articular injection for 25 patients | Minimally invasive | Significant regeneration of cartilage |
Koh et al. [78] | ADSCs Infrapatellar fat pad | AMSCs autologous injection intra-articular of 18 patients | Minimally invasive | Marked improvement |
Moshref et al. [7] | ADSCs | Intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis Preliminary trail of 10 patients | Minimally invasive | Significant clinical improvement |
Moshref et al. [66] | ADSCs | Intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. 80 patients and 148 joints | Minimally invasive | Significant clinical improvement |
Moshref 2019 (under consideration) | ADSCs | Intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. 205 patients and 392 joints | Minimally invasive | Significant clinical improvement |
The other human clinical studies.
The procedures were performed under controlled local anesthesia and sedation. Dexmedetomidine 0.7 mcg/kg/hour was administered intravenously as a sedative and pain reliever. Patients were monitored for heart rate, pulse oximetry, temperature, and noninvasive blood pressure.
The surgical site of liposuction was carefully chosen based on the availability of fat and the patients’ wishes. Liposuction was performed under complete aseptic technique and antibiotic coverage of cefuroxime 1.5 g IV one dose, 1 hour preoperative followed by 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days. Fat harvesting was obtained using 10-hole, Olivaire blunt cannula (Pouret Medical, Clichy, France) with 1 mm tip attached to a 10 mL Luer-Lok syringe (Terumo, Auburn, WA, USA). Fifty milliliters of fat micrograft was collected and then left for thirty minutes to settle and separate into various layers; the upper and lower layers were removed, while the middle layer of fat was kept for intra-articular injection (Figure 1). The surgical site was prepared and injected with 100–200 mL of tumescent solution. Solution was prepared by mixing 30–50 mL of 1% lidocaine and 0.5 mg (0.5 mL) of epinephrine in 449.5 mL of lactated ringers. The osteoarthritic knee joint was injected with autologous intra-articular fat micrograft 15–20 mL through the lateral approach according to the case in an amount that did not produce high pressure inside the joint and did not produce pain to the patients due to tension of the joint capsule.
After operation, the patient received antibiotics at home for 1 week and on regular pain killer for 2 weeks and is to start walking immediately as early as possible and increase activity as tolerated.
Stress the preoperative advice to reduce weight, improve diet regimen, and perform regular exercise especially aqua or hydrotherapy therapy to strengthen muscle with consequently more improvement of outcome of the procedure.
All patients were followed up in the clinic on a regular basis every 1–2 weeks in the first month and then every 3 months to assess incidence of side effects, complications, pain evaluation, stiffness and knee function problems, and recurrence of pain.
The patient was informed that the improvement will start during the first month and increase with time, and the maximum appreciated improvement at 6 months, provided he will follow the given instructions and improve the predisposing risk and comorbid factors.
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY USA), was used for data analysis. Data were presented as mean ± SD and minimum-maximum or number and percentage (
In this current study, we used the same methodology and patient’s selection that we applied in the preliminary trial and in the main study of 80 patients indicated in the requested ethical approval, but in this chapter, we are presenting our experience in the management of 205 patients.
Table 4 showed the demographic data and the clinical characteristics of the patients. The median age of the patients was 61.59 years, and the body mass index was 35.10 kg/m2. The female patients were more than male (74.10% versus 25.90%) with a ratio of 2.88:1. Only five patients (2.90%) were smoking. The associated comorbidities were obesity (74.60%), hypertension (34.60%),
Parameters | Data |
---|---|
61.59 ± 10.32 (33–92) | |
87.25 ± 16.89 (48–164) | |
1.56 ± 0.10 (1.14–1.86) | |
35.10 ± 5.77 (22.00–50.60) | |
Male | 53 (25.90%) |
Female | 152 (74.10%) |
5 (2.90%) | |
Obesity | 153 (74.60%) |
Hypertension | 71 (34.60%) |
Type 2 | 44 (21.50%) |
Hypothyroidism | 14 (6.80%) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 10 (4.90%) |
Low back pain | 10 (4.90%) |
Lower limb edema | 3 (1.50%) |
Hepatitis | 4 (2.00%) |
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients (
Data are expressed as mean ± SD (minimum-maximum) or number (%) as appropriate.
The duration of OA ranged from 1 to 33 years. The right knee was affected in 6.30% of patients and left knee in 2.40%, while both knees were affected in 91.20% of the cases. 99.50% of patients used NSAID, while glucosamine was used by 8.80%, prednisone by 4.90%, methotrexate by 3.40%, and relaxon by 4.40%. The number of fat injection was single in 97.10%, twice in 2.4%, or triple in 0.50% of cases (Table 5).
Parameters | Data |
---|---|
8.00 ± 5.98 (1.00–33.00) | |
Right knee | 13 (6.30%) |
Left knee | 5 (2.40%) |
Bilateral knees | 187 (91.20%) |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory | 204 (99.50%) |
Glucosamine | 18 (8.80%) |
Prednisone | 10 (4.90%) |
Methotrexate | 7 (3.40%) |
Relaxon | 9 (4.40%) |
Single injection | 199 (97.10%) |
Two injections | 5 (2.40%) |
Three injections | 1 (0.50%) |
Disease duration and treatment of patients (
Data are expressed as mean ± SD (minimum-maximum) or number (%) as appropriate.
VAS values were significantly higher in preinjection versus postinjection both during rest (8.02 ± 1.81 versus 0.69 ± 0.64,
Visual analogue scale | Preinjection | Postinjection | Significance ( |
---|---|---|---|
Rest | 8.02 ± 1.81 (2.00–10.00) | 0.69 ± 0.64 (0.00–4.00) | |
Exercise | 9.53 ± 0.88 (6.00–10.00) | 1.46 ± 0.80 (0.00–5.00) |
Visual analogue scale values at rest and with activity before and after intra-articular fat micrograft injection.
Visual analogue scale values at rest and with activity before and after intra-articular fat micrograft injection.
Table 7 presented the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index before and after intra-articular fat micrograft injection. The three domains of WOMAC index, pain, stiffness, and physical function, were significantly lower in the post intra-articular fat injection period than the preinjection values. The total score of WOMAC test and its percentage were significantly lower in the post intra-articular fat injection period than the preinjection values (77.65 ± 11.84 versus 5.69 ± 4.60,
Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index | Preinjection | Postinjection | Significance ( |
---|---|---|---|
1. Walking | 3.85 ± 0.401 (2.00–4.00) | 0.65 ± 0.52 (0.00–2.00) | |
2. Stair climbing | 3.95 ± 0.24 (2.00–4.00) | 0.98 ± 0.40 (0.00–2.00) | |
3. Nocturnal | 3.36 ± 0.76 (0.00–4.00) | 0.25 ± 0.50 (0.00–4.00) | |
4. Rest | 3.15 ± 0.79 (0.00–4.00) | 0.11 ± 0.32 (0.00–1.00) | |
5. Weight-bearing | 3.94 ± 0.29 (2.00–5.00) | 0.96 ± 0.45 (0.00–2.00) | |
6. Morning stiffness | 3.103 ± 0.89 (0.00–4.00) | 0.20 ± 0.40 (0.00–1.00) | |
7. Stiffness occurring later in the day | 2.04 ± 1.17 (0.00–4.00) | 0.14 ± 0.35 (0.00–1.00) | |
8. Descending stairs | 3.90 ± 0.34 (2.00–4.00) | 0.93 ± 0.36 (0.00–2.00) | |
9. Ascending stairs | 3.92 ± 0.32 (2.00–4.00) | 0.94 ± 0.45 (0.00–4.00) | |
10. Rising from sitting | 3.28 ± 0.76 (1.00–4.00) | 0.20 ± 0.47 (0.00–4.00) | |
11. Standing | 3.52 ± 0.69 (1.00–4.00) | 0.47 ± 0.58 (0.00–4.00) | |
12. Bending to floor | 3.09 ± 0.86 (0.00–4.00) | 0.22 ± 0.43 (0.00–2.00) | |
13. Walking on flat surface | 3.20 ± 0.75 (1.00–4.00) | 0.21 ± 0.41 (0.00–1.00) | |
14. Getting in/out of car | 3.40 ± 0.80 (1.00–4.00) | 0.64 ± 0.54 (0.00–2.00) | |
15. Going shopping | 3.87 ± 0.41 (2.00–4.00) | 1.02 ± 0.52 (0.00–2.00) | |
16. Putting on socks | 2.62 ± 0.84 (0.00–4.00) | 0.22 ± 0.41 (0.00–1.00) | |
17. Lying in bed | 2.80 ± 0.91 (0.00–4.00) | 0.12 ± 0.32 (0.00–1.00) | |
18. Taking off socks | 2.16 ± 0.86 (0.00–4.00) | 0.05 ± 0.22 (0.00–1.00) | |
19. Rising from bed | 2.86 ± 0.86 (0.00–4.00) | 0.14 ± 0.34 (0.00–1.00) | |
20. Getting in/out of bath | 3.84 ± 0.60 (0.00–4.00) | 1.17 ± 0.60 (0.00–2.00) | |
21. Sitting | 2.95 ± 0.78 (0.00–4.00) | 0.14 ± 0.40 (0.00–3.00) | |
22. Getting on/off toilet | 2.65 ± 0.79 (1.00–4.00) | 0.14 ± 0.36 (0.00–2.00) | |
23. Heavy domestic duties | 3.91 ± 0.40 (1.00–4.00) | 1.15 ± 0.53 (0.00–4.00) | |
24. Light domestic duties | 2.35 ± 0.76 (0.00–4.00) | 0.04 ± 0.22 (0.00–2.00) | |
Out of 96 | 77.65 ± 11.84 (32.00–96.00) | 5.69 ± 4.60 (0.00–24.00) | |
Percentage (%) | 80.89 ± 12.34 (33.33–100.00) | 5.93 ± 4.79 (0.00–25.25) |
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index before and after intra-articular fat micrograft injection.
The activities in each category are rated according to the following scale of difficulty: 0 = none; 1 = slight; 2 = moderate; 3 = very; 4 = extremely. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (minimum-maximum). Wilcoxon test for nonparametric variables was used to compare pre- to postinjection values.
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index
Wilcoxon test for nonparametric variables was used to compare pre- to postinjection values.
We did have complication like infection or graft rejection; it was well tolerated because it is autologous.
Over 10 years our clinical study of treatment of chronic osteoarthritis using intra-articular injection of autologous fat micrograft offers an effective and safe treatment as a nonantigenic, lubricating, regenerative, and reparative modality which helps to restore the damaged cartilages and in turn improve joint pain, mobility, and other functions of the osteoarthritic joints; it is minimally invasive, without scars, and with lower cost than other lines of therapy, improves the quality of life, and is mostly effective with single injection, but reinjection is needed in some patients according to disease severity and chronicity. We found a selection of patients and preoperative correction of risk factors, e.g., obesity muscle weakness led to better outcome of the procedure.
The authors have no conflict of interest.
The authors did not receive any type of commercial support either in forms of compensation or financial support for this study. The authors have no financial interest in any of the products or devices or drugs mentioned in this article.
The study design was reviewed and approved by the Unit of Biomedical Ethics Research Committee at King Abdulaziz University.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. 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Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. 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The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. 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Nonetheless, family factors—especially those related to parenting—seem to be crucial during childhood, because children are nested within their families and family factors are able to indirectly influence other factors as well. The current chapter focuses on the relationship between parental style and internalizing symptoms in childhood. In the first part of the chapter, the most important studies on the topic are reviewed in detail and differences in parenting behaviors between mothers and fathers are illustrated. A discussion on the cognitive and metacognitive factors as possible pathways of the relation between parenting and childhood symptoms is also proposed. The last part of the chapter reviews studies investigating the efficacy of parental involvement in cognitive behavior therapy for children who exhibit internalizing symptoms.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Simona Scaini, Sara Palmieri and Marcella Caputi",authors:[{id:"240074",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Scaini",slug:"simona-scaini",fullName:"Simona Scaini"},{id:"240906",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcella",middleName:null,surname:"Caputi",slug:"marcella-caputi",fullName:"Marcella Caputi"}]},{id:"67575",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86757",title:"Toward Management Based on Knowledge",slug:"toward-management-based-on-knowledge",totalDownloads:1140,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In a world overwhelmed with pervasive digital technologies, the organization is transformed and becomes a socio-technical system which is constantly renewed. Organization needs specific skills, adapted to the values and to the cultures peculiar to each location. The cooperation and the mobility become a shape of inescapable work which rests on a permanent personal and collective learning. Beyond the information handled in the digital information systems, the role of the tacit knowledge, which is in each individual’s head, cannot be ignored. A constructivist attitude replaces a determinist attitude strongly deep-rooted in our educational modes. The managers have to pass from a posture of authority and of control to a posture of incitation, of support, and of accompaniment. The notions that are introduced in this chapter result from a managerial and socio-technical vision of knowledge management. They arouse essential reflections to develop a mode of management adapted to the digital transformation of the organizations called management based on knowledge.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Michel Grundstein",authors:[{id:"292425",title:"Mr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Grundstein",slug:"michel-grundstein",fullName:"Michel Grundstein"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55633",title:"Parental Self-efficacy in Promoting Children Care and Parenting Quality",slug:"parental-self-efficacy-in-promoting-children-care-and-parenting-quality",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Parental self-efficacy (PSE) emerges as a crucial variable into exploring variability in parenting quality. After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. 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The chapter is based on an empirical study starting from the classification of oil district and aims to understand how firms’ position affect knowledge transfer process within the district. We support the idea that knowledge transfer is deeply affected by firms’ contractual power as well as by their position within the district. The companies of the industrial districts have the advantage of exploiting and sharing knowledge with each other. The literature generally holds that knowledge transfer requires a sense of equality and fairness among the firms, to create conditions in which firms will share their own knowledge for joint competitive advantage. However, empirical evidence shows that the value chains are often characterized by hierarchical relations and asymmetry between the parties: this feature is particularly evident in the oil districts. For companies attempting to acquire new information, the typologies of their intercompany collaboration and their cultural relationships are crucial.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Giovanna Testa",authors:[{id:"293404",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Testa",slug:"giovanna-testa",fullName:"Giovanna Testa"}]},{id:"67167",title:"Aligning Human Resource Management with Knowledge Management for Better Organizational Performance: How Human Resource Practices Support Knowledge Management Strategies?",slug:"aligning-human-resource-management-with-knowledge-management-for-better-organizational-performance-h",totalDownloads:1993,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Contributing to the HR-approach to knowledge management (KM), this chapter aims at outlining the role of human resource management (HRM) in supporting KM through utilizing the theoretical and empirical literature. The article is divided into two sections. The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. The review ends up by identifying some research gaps and opportunities to be carried out in future studies. 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Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. Georgiou and Maria Symeou",authors:[{id:"193345",title:"Prof.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiou",slug:"stelios-georgiou",fullName:"Stelios Georgiou"},{id:"197682",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Symeou",slug:"maria-symeou",fullName:"Maria Symeou"}]},{id:"59028",title:"Parent Training Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Aggressive Behavioral Problems",slug:"parent-training-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents-with-aggressive-behavioral-problems",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Children who display early disruptive and aggressive behavior are also at greater risk for delinquency, mood and anxiety disorders, and substance use in the long term. As is the case for many forms of childhood psychopathology, a number of factors are associated with the emergence of aggressive and disruptive behavior, including family factors. Indeed, conduct problems during childhood are usually associated with peculiar parenting practices, such as increasingly coercive cycles of harsh parenting and noncompliance exhibited by child; insensitive and nonresponsive parenting; inconsistent, severe discipline and vague commands and directions; lack of parental warmth and involvement; and absence of parental monitoring and supervision. That is why behavioral parent trainings (BPTs) represent one of the gold standard interventions for conduct problems. The main goal of BPT is to decrease coercive interchanges and, consequently, children aggressive problems by teaching parents strategies in order to apply a more effective discipline. Therefore, the putative mechanism for change in youth behavior in BPT is change in parent behavior. Some of the most employed parent training interventions for aggressive behavior problems are presented.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Pietro Muratori, Valentina Levantini, Azzurra Manfredi, Laura\nRuglioni and Furio Lambruschi",authors:[{id:"238556",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Muratori",slug:"pietro-muratori",fullName:"Pietro Muratori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1388",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. 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He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? 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Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"
\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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