Regional distribution centers - RDC
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9523",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a specialized branch of dentistry that deals with the surgical management of various head and neck pathologies. The specialty focuses on reconstructive surgery of the oro-facial region, surgery of facial trauma, the oral cavity and jaws, dental implants as well as cosmetic surgery. As such, surgeons in this field require extensive knowledge of not only these various surgical procedures but also head and neck anatomy. This book provides comprehensive information on both. Its goal is to educate oral and maxillofacial surgeons to enable them to treat a wide range of conditions and diseases using the most current surgical trends.",isbn:"978-1-83880-336-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-335-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-460-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87318",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",publishedDate:"January 14th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6495,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 12th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 31st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 29th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82453/images/system/82453.png",biography:"Dr. Gokul Sridharan is currently an associate professor in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, YMT Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai. He obtained a Ph.D. for his work titled 'Salivary and serum metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.” His fields of interest include oral pre-cancer, oral cancer, salivary diagnostics, metabolomics, and oxidative stress. He has several scientific publications to his credit and actively contributes as a peer reviewer to numerous journals. He is an active member of the editorial boards of several journals of repute. Dr. Sridharan has undergone training and is a qualified diploma holder in medical law and ethics and is also certified in tobacco cessation and control.",institutionString:"YMT Dental College and Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1149",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"73177",title:"Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93223",slug:"surgical-anatomy-of-the-temporal-bone",totalDownloads:1053,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Numerous neurological lesions and tumors of the paranasal sinuses and oral cavity may spread into the middle and posterior cranial fossae through the anatomical apertures. For the appropriate management of these pathologies, many extensive surgical approaches with a comprehensive overview of the anatomical landmarks are required from the maxillofacial surgery’s point of view. The surgical significance lies in the fact that iatrogenic injury to the petrous segment of the temporal bone including the carotid artery, sigmoid sinus, and internal jugular vein, can lead to surgical morbidity and postoperative pseudoaneurysm, vasospasm, or carotid-cavernous fistula. To simplify understanding complex anatomy of the temporal bone, we aimed to review the surgical anatomy of the temporal bone focusing on the associations between the surface landmarks and inner structures. Also, breaking down an intricate bony structure into smaller parts by compartmental approach could ease a deep concentration and navigation. To identify the anatomic architecture of the temporal bone by using reference points, lines and compartments can be used to supplement anatomy knowledge of maxillofacial surgeons and may improve confidence by surgical trainees. Especially, this systematic method may provide an easier way to teach and learn surgical spatial structure of the petrous pyramid in clinical applications.",signatures:"Gülay Açar and Aynur Emine Çiçekcibaşı",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73177",authors:[{id:"105745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aynur Emine",surname:"Cicekcibasi",slug:"aynur-emine-cicekcibasi",fullName:"Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi"},{id:"316257",title:"Dr.",name:"Gülay",surname:"Acar",slug:"gulay-acar",fullName:"Gülay Acar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72598",title:"Surgical Anatomy of the Tonsils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93038",slug:"surgical-anatomy-of-the-tonsils",totalDownloads:1061,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The tonsils represent a circular band of mucosa associated with lymphoid tissues, Waldeyer’s ring, which is located at the entrance of the upper aerodigestive tract, with a significant role in the immune defense system. Waldeyer’s ring is composed of the pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils acting as secondary lymphoid tissues. Particularly, the palatine tonsils are the largest of the tonsils with deep branching crypts and contain B and T lymphocytes and M cell which plays a role in the uptake and transport of antigens. Because of the tonsil enlargement during childhood, upper airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are mostly seen. Knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the tonsils and variations of the neurovascular and muscular structures around it allows optimal choice of surgical technique to avoid iatrogenic complications during tonsillectomy. Recent medical studies reported that a detailed understanding of the anatomic risk factors in upper airway obstruction allows to predict treatment response to surgical intervention. Due to the penetration of benign or malign lesions of the tonsil into the lateral wall of the pharynx, transoral robotic approach to this region is necessary to identify the surgical anatomic landmarks which are required to perform safe and effective surgical intervention.",signatures:"Gülay Açar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72598",authors:[{id:"316257",title:"Dr.",name:"Gülay",surname:"Acar",slug:"gulay-acar",fullName:"Gülay Acar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72367",title:"Methods of Collection and Transport of Materials to Laboratory from Oral and Dental Tissue Lesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92677",slug:"methods-of-collection-and-transport-of-materials-to-laboratory-from-oral-and-dental-tissue-lesions",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The oral pathology laboratory is the most resourceful place for the diagnosis of oral lesions. Most clinicians err on the collection and transport of oral and associated tissues to the laboratory. Oral tissue examination includes a wide range such as oral biopsy (for routine formalin fixed and fresh tissue), saliva, swabs, cytology smears and fine needle-aspirated, cystic fluid. This in turn adversely affects the final diagnosis of the disease. Thus, it is high time to appreciate and acknowledge the role of collection containers, fixing reagents and transport media as an adjunct for successful diagnosis.",signatures:"Krishna Sireesha Sundaragiri, Soumya Makarla and Bharat Sankhla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72367",authors:[{id:"316511",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Sireesha",surname:"Sundaragiri",slug:"krishna-sireesha-sundaragiri",fullName:"Krishna Sireesha Sundaragiri"},{id:"316760",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumya",surname:"Makarla",slug:"soumya-makarla",fullName:"Soumya Makarla"},{id:"316761",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",surname:"Sankhla",slug:"bharat-sankhla",fullName:"Bharat Sankhla"}],corrections:null},{id:"73532",title:"Contemporary Overview of Blood Concentrates in Oral and Maxillacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93865",slug:"contemporary-overview-of-blood-concentrates-in-oral-and-maxillacial-surgery",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It has always been a target to shorten and improve the healing process in medical field. Platelets with cytokines and growth factors in their structure have great importance on wound healing. Features of platelets gave the clinicians the idea of using platelet concentrates to promote the healing process. For this reason, many platelet-derived biomaterials have been tried in the medical field over the years. When approaching today, platelet concentrates have been found to be used medically, especially with the use of platelet rich plasmas (PRPs) and then platelet rich fibrins (PRFs). In particular, several studies conducted in recent years have revaled different blood concentrates. This chapter summarizes the develoment over time, properties and usage areas of blood concentrates in dentistry.",signatures:"Onur Gönül, Ahmet Usame Çiçek, Murat Afat, Onur Atali and Faysal Uğurlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73532",authors:[{id:"166970",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",surname:"Gonul",slug:"onur-gonul",fullName:"Onur Gonul"},{id:"327655",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmet Usame",surname:"Çiçek",slug:"ahmet-usame-cicek",fullName:"Ahmet Usame Çiçek"},{id:"327656",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",surname:"Atalı",slug:"onur-atali",fullName:"Onur Atalı"},{id:"327657",title:"Dr.",name:"Faysal",surname:"Uğurlu",slug:"faysal-ugurlu",fullName:"Faysal Uğurlu"},{id:"327658",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Afat",slug:"murat-afat",fullName:"Murat Afat"}],corrections:null},{id:"71949",title:"Emerging Role of Nuclear Medicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92278",slug:"emerging-role-of-nuclear-medicine-in-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:721,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the past several years, nuclear medicine has emerged as one of the most useful imaging studies in oral and maxillofacial surgery, not only in diagnosis and staging but also in the management plan and follow-up protocols of many cancer or inflammatory diseases. Nuclear medicine has in addition a special place in treating several benign and malignant diseases. The practicing maxillofacial surgeon’s knowledge of nuclear medicine capabilities and advantages and disadvantages of each modality is crucial in his or her daily work. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the important role of nuclear medicine in diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial region pathologies as well as its indications and limitations in the daily practice of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon.",signatures:"Tina Nazerani, Peter Kalmar and Reingard M. Aigner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71949",authors:[{id:"177355",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",surname:"Nazerani",slug:"tina-nazerani",fullName:"Tina Nazerani"},{id:"319210",title:"Prof.",name:"Reingard M.",surname:"Aigner",slug:"reingard-m.-aigner",fullName:"Reingard M. Aigner"},{id:"319211",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Kalmar",slug:"peter-kalmar",fullName:"Peter Kalmar"}],corrections:null},{id:"73020",title:"Review of Current Practice for Temporomandibular Joint Meniscopexy Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93403",slug:"review-of-current-practice-for-temporomandibular-joint-meniscopexy-surgery",totalDownloads:425,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Disc repositioning for temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is a known and established procedure. Indications for the surgery and outcomes vary. A review of the available literature on the indications, surgical technique, and outcomes of TMJ Meniscopexy as a means of management of temporomandibular joint disease was performed. This was carried out using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar and was limited to the past 11 years using key medical search terms relevant to the subject area while being consistent with our exclusion criteria. The search yielded a total of 23 articles containing 3 reviews, 6 technical notes, 11 retrospective studies, and 3 prospective studies. Multiple techniques were described in the literature including arthroscopic techniques (n = 4), open suturing techniques (n = 4), mini-anchor techniques (n = 9), and splint-assisted surgery (n = 1). Several variables were used to determine success including both qualitative and quantitative measures determined clinically, through MRI or via patient questionnaire. When considering various combinations of these functional outcomes, all studies showed a significant improvement post-operatively. This demonstrates the success of disc repositioning procedures as an option in certain cases of TMD. Although there is evidence to show improvement in functional outcomes associated with Meniscopexy as a means of TMD management, there remains to be a lack of high-level evidence to further support this.",signatures:"Omar Sheikh, Matin Ali Madadian and Amanveer Benning",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73020",authors:[{id:"215524",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"omar-sheikh",fullName:"Omar Sheikh"},{id:"322367",title:"Dr.",name:"Matin",surname:"Madadian",slug:"matin-madadian",fullName:"Matin Madadian"},{id:"322368",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanveer",surname:"Benning",slug:"amanveer-benning",fullName:"Amanveer Benning"}],corrections:null},{id:"73663",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93795",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-mandibular-condyle-fractures",totalDownloads:1016,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the maxillofacial region, mandibular condyle fracture accounts for about 10–40% of the trauma spectrum. This chapter deals with the etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and contemporary management of mandibular condyle fractures. Along with the regular management strategies, treatment protocols for geriatric and pediatric patients have also been discussed. The indications and contraindications of closed as well as open reduction and fixation of condyle fractures are analyzed in detail.",signatures:"Kasi Ganesh Sriraam and K. Rajendran Arun Vignesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73663",authors:[{id:"319910",title:"Dr.",name:"Kasi",surname:"Ganesh Sriraam",slug:"kasi-ganesh-sriraam",fullName:"Kasi Ganesh Sriraam"},{id:"326422",title:"Dr.",name:"K. Rajendran Arun",surname:"Vignesh",slug:"k.-rajendran-arun-vignesh",fullName:"K. Rajendran Arun Vignesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"74298",title:"Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Techniques in Implant Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94285",slug:"alveolar-ridge-augmentation-techniques-in-implant-dentistry",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Implant supported restorations have become an ideal treatment alternative for the rehabilitation of edentulous sites. However alveolar bone defects due to resorption, trauma or oncologic diseases may considerably affect favorable implant positioning and prosthetic outcomes. Various alveolar ridge augmentation procedures are available to gain enough bone volume and apply the ideal treatment plan afterwards. Guided bone regeneration, ridge splitting, distraction osteogenesis, maxillary sinus augmentation and autogenous block bone grafting are main techniques which have successful outcomes in reconstruction of bone defects. It’s difficult to demonstrate that one augmentation procedure offers better outcomes than another. Studies documenting augmentation techniques seem to be comparable and state favorable results for each procedure.",signatures:"Melike Aytekin and Volkan Arisan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74298",authors:[{id:"49161",title:"Prof.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Arisan",slug:"volkan-arisan",fullName:"Volkan Arisan"},{id:"318272",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Melike",surname:"Aytekin",slug:"melike-aytekin",fullName:"Melike Aytekin"}],corrections:null},{id:"72805",title:"A Review of Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Using Osseointegrated Implants in Oncological Patients: Buttress Implant Concept",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93224",slug:"a-review-of-maxillofacial-rehabilitation-using-osseointegrated-implants-in-oncological-patients-butt",totalDownloads:455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer leaves important consequences in the shape, function and esthetics of the patient, especially when it is cancer of the oral cavity or upper aero-digestive tract. Although reconstruction with local and microvascular flaps is sometimes a viable option, maxillofacial rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a well-reported treatment alternative with a high success rate. The main advantages in this modality of rehabilitation are the decrease in biological and economic costs, simplifying the management of these defects by reducing surgical intervention, hospitalization time, postoperative morbidity and treatment time. There are several classification systems; however, there is no classification system that has accurately described the maxillofacial defect under a surgical, prosthetic and reconstructive approach with osseointegrated implants. The purpose of this study is to guide professionals in decision-making for maxillofacial rehabilitation using osseointegrated implants located in the anatomical buttresses of the maxillofacial region.",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez, Vicente González-Cardín, Antonio Gómez-Pedraza and Martín Granados-García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72805",authors:[{id:"319052",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez",slug:"leandro-diez-suarez",fullName:"Leandro Díez Suárez"},{id:"319053",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Gómez Pedraza",slug:"antonio-gomez-pedraza",fullName:"Antonio Gómez Pedraza"},{id:"319054",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicente",surname:"González Cardín",slug:"vicente-gonzalez-cardin",fullName:"Vicente González Cardín"},{id:"322414",title:"Prof.",name:"Martín",surname:"Granados García",slug:"martin-granados-garcia",fullName:"Martín Granados García"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7905",title:"Saliva and Salivary Diagnostics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae7cd7860043968aa88daae89795a591",slug:"saliva-and-salivary-diagnostics",bookSignature:"Sridharan Gokul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10791",title:"Oral Cancer",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Future Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5feb836870aef4d30893f10898e7791",slug:"oral-cancer-current-concepts-and-future-perspectives",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10791.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9387",title:"Oral Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76591a3bd6bedaa1c8d1f72870268e23",slug:"oral-diseases",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan, Anil Sukumaran and Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2988",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5d9f2be309d43646fca5ce2cd1e3d19",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4553",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af81386d06d6e1495f564629f833620",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-2",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5112",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9155af3479cbb41b2af5fc7e333d238f",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-3",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7157",title:"Bone Grafting",subtitle:"Recent Advances with Special References to Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"536ef0d393c2af079dcc8b90dae0e68c",slug:"bone-grafting-recent-advances-with-special-references-to-cranio-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Raja Kummoona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5927",title:"Issues in Flap Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001d81ef8d1213b428ef9da8e29fb5e7",slug:"issues-in-flap-surgery",bookSignature:"Sherif Amr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179930",title:"Prof.",name:"Sherif",surname:"Amr",slug:"sherif-amr",fullName:"Sherif Amr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1170",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6925aedd650ca3255c43d0215a6eb837",slug:"maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Leon Assael",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100926",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",surname:"Assael",slug:"leon-assael",fullName:"Leon Assael"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7928",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity",subtitle:"Practices and Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"734c4a37da9817d5c3aa68c8f15a0d93",slug:"maxillofacial-surgery-and-craniofacial-deformity-practices-and-updates",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri and Raja Kummoona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"80207",slug:"corrigendum-to-aspects-regarding-thermal-mechanical-fatigue-of-shape-memory-alloys",title:"Corrigendum To: Aspects Regarding Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue of Shape Memory Alloys",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80207.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80207",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80207",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80207",chapter:{id:"62954",slug:"aspects-regarding-thermal-mechanical-fatigue-of-shape-memory-alloys",signatures:"Petrică Vizureanu and Dragoș-Cristian Achiței",dateSubmitted:"April 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2018",book:{id:"7213",title:"Shape-Memory Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Shape-Memory Materials",slug:"shape-memory-materials",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7213.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",email:"peviz2002@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"209329",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabela Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Minciuna",fullName:"Mirabela Georgiana Minciuna",slug:"mirabela-georgiana-minciuna",email:"mirabela.minciuna@yahoo.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"245668",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Achitei",fullName:"Dragos Cristian Achitei",slug:"dragos-cristian-achitei",email:"dragos_adc@tuiasi.ro",position:null,institution:null},{id:"245669",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Perju",fullName:"Manuela Cristina Perju",slug:"manuela-cristina-perju",email:"cryss_ela@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62954",slug:"aspects-regarding-thermal-mechanical-fatigue-of-shape-memory-alloys",signatures:"Petrică Vizureanu and Dragoș-Cristian Achiței",dateSubmitted:"April 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2018",book:{id:"7213",title:"Shape-Memory Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Shape-Memory Materials",slug:"shape-memory-materials",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7213.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",email:"peviz2002@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"209329",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabela Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Minciuna",fullName:"Mirabela Georgiana Minciuna",slug:"mirabela-georgiana-minciuna",email:"mirabela.minciuna@yahoo.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"245668",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Achitei",fullName:"Dragos Cristian Achitei",slug:"dragos-cristian-achitei",email:"dragos_adc@tuiasi.ro",position:null,institution:null},{id:"245669",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Perju",fullName:"Manuela Cristina Perju",slug:"manuela-cristina-perju",email:"cryss_ela@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7213",title:"Shape-Memory Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Shape-Memory Materials",slug:"shape-memory-materials",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7213.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11476",leadTitle:null,title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe debate on globalization and sustainability issues has gained momentum in the last few years, thus shedding unprecedented light upon their interrelatedness, as well as their cross-cultural dimensions. They range from the trade-off between global and local aspects to the urban-rural polarization, from global health security to international migration flows, and from cultural globalization to glocalization of technocultures, just to mention a few topics in relation to globalization. Turning to sustainability, it comes naturally to evoke the 2030 Agenda as a strategic to-do list, which leads to focus on its Sustainable Development Goals and associated targets. The areas to be further explored include – but are not limited to – sustainable growth, tourism, and food systems.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tWithin this scenario, special attention needs to be devoted to financial implications, due to their pervasiveness. Nobody would question the key role that finance plays to complement the real sphere of the economy and that has increasingly attracted both academics and practitioners. As a result, traditional pillars – such as financial markets, products, and institutions – have evolved significantly, with financial innovation fueling further progress over time. The global side of the coin features – among others – financially connected markets, international financial exchanges, and financial conglomerates that provide valuable opportunities in terms of international corporate finance. On the other side, recent advances have involved a wider recourse to ESG factors, allowed forward steps towards a more inclusive financial system, and have made digital finance a must, rather than an option, even though much remains to be accomplished, for instance, to facilitate access to formal financial channels in many underdeveloped regions.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book aims to examine emerging trends, new perspectives, and empirical applications that deal with globalization and sustainability. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of these important concepts as valuable support to successfully meet the challenges and take on the opportunities ahead. At the same time, drawing upon empirical evidence can contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice, which also fits within the scope of this book.
Design, management and control of a logistic distribution system are very critical issues in supply chain management (SCM). They involve a large number of interdependent decisions, such as the determination of the best location and capacity of a distribution center (DC), a production plant, a wholesaler etc., the allocation of customer demand to suppliers, e.g. regional DC (RDC), the adoption of a transportation mode, e.g. rail and truck, the vehicle routing adopting/not adopting a “groupage” strategy. This chapter presents an original and automatic supporting decisions platform for the integration of strategic (long-term), tactical (mid-term) and operational (short-term) decisions in the design, management and control of a logistic network including up to four operating levels: sources (production plants), central distribution centers (CDCs), RDCs, and customers (points of demand-Pods). A case study is illustrated and obtained results discussed in presence of different problem settings and operating hypotheses.
The main contribution of this chapter is the illustration of an automatic supporting decisions tool for the design, management, control and optimization of a logistic network.
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of the literature studies on the design and management of a supply chain. Section 3 illustrates the proposed conceptual framework for planning a supply chain: this framework has been adopted by LD-LogOptimizer. Section 4 presents a case study and illustrates the obtained results. Finally Section 5 presents conclusions and further research.
A supply chain (SC) is a network of suppliers (sources), production plants, warehouses, and distribution channel organized to acquire raw materials, convert them to finished products, and distribute products to customers. The flow of goods between a supplier and customer passes through several levels and stages, and each level consists of many facilities (Bidhandi and Yusuff, 2011).
A generic SC network is depicted in Figure 1. It is made of 4 levels (sources, CDCs, RDCs, Customers) and 3 stages (Sources-CDCs, CDCs-RDCs, RDCs-Customers). The generic stage involves two different kinds of entities, e.g. CDCs and RDCs, linked with a direct flow of materials. In general by-pass flows are admissible, e.g. from the source level to customers, i.e. points of demand (Pods).
A generic supply chain network
Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of key business processes among a network of interdependent suppliers, manufacturers, distribution centers, and retailers in order to improve the flow of goods, service, and information from original suppliers to final customers, with the objective of reducing system-wide costs while maintaining required service levels (Simchi-Levi et al. 2000).
Stadtler (2005) presents a framework for the classification of SCM and advanced planning issues and targets: there are several commercial software packages available for advanced planning, the so-called advanced planning systems (APS), incorporating models and solution algorithms and tools widely discussed by the literature. In particular, Su and Yang (2010) discuss the importance of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems for improving overall SC performance. ERP systems are essential enablers of SCM competences. Nevertheless there are not yet valuable integrated tools as supporting decisions makers for planning strategic, tactical and operational issues and activities of a wide and complex logistic network. In particular, ERP systems and APSs do not support decision making on the whole system (logistic network) optimization and design. The great complexity of such a problem forces the managers to accept
Planning a SC network involves making decisions to cope with long-term strategic planning, medium-term tactical planning and short-term operational planning as summarized in Figure 2.
Figure 3 reports main decisions for the strategic planning (e.g. supplier selection, production facilities location), the tactical planning (master production planning, DCs assignment, storage capacity determination) and the short time operational planning and scheduling (scheduling, multi-facility MRP, vehicle routing) classified in terms of decision typology:
Classification of planning decisions
Issues and decisions (
The strategic level deals with decisions that have a long-lasting effect on a company (Simchi-Levi et al. 2000) and supports the design and configuration of a logistic network. The terms “network design” and “SC network design” are usually synonymous of
As a consequence, the strategic planning usually deals with long-term decisions,
The tactical planning deals with medium-term and short-term decisions by a
As a result of the application of a multi-period tactical planning to a distribution network, the logistic manager needs to daily supply products to a large set of customers/consumers, the so-called points of demand (Pods), by the adoption of a set of different transportation modes. The operational planning of a SC network deals with the short-term scheduling of vehicle missions & trips necessary to supply products to the demand points, in presence (or in absence) of the groupage strategy. This strategy consists in defining groups of Pods that can be visited by a vehicle in a single trip. Consequently, adopting the groupage strategy the customers/Pods are grouped in disjunctive pools and a single vehicle serves the members of each group simultaneously in a multi-stop (multi-visit) trip (route/mission). This is the well-known vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is a non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) combinatorial optimization and nonlinear programming problem seeking to service a number of customers with a fleet of vehicles (Baldacci and Mingozzi 2009, Dantzig and Ramser 1959). In particular CVRP is the so-called capacitated VRP, where a fixed fleet of delivery vehicles of uniform capacity must serve known customer demands from a common depot, e.g. a distribution center CD, at minimum transit cost (Güneri 2007).
In SC planning, given a point in time
The daily SC planning is a very complex problem and consists in defining the best groups of customers and the best geographical routings minimizing the global logistic costs in accordance to different kinds of constraints, e.g. time windows, load capacities, pickup and delivery sequencing, set-up, etc. Literature presents several models and methods to help the manager to find good solutions; but they are generally very complex and not effective given a real instance/application of the transportation problem characterized by a realistic dimension, e.g. hundreds of Pods and many depots.
Figure 4 presents the conceptual framework of the proposed integrated planning process. The proposed automatic tool LD-LogOptimizer has adopted this framework. It is a multi-step supporting decisions framework for strategic, tactical and operational planning activities. This is the basis for the development of an automatic tool, named LD-LogOptimizer. LD-LogOptimizer is illustrated in this chapter and has been applied to a significant case study as discussed in last sections of this chapter. This tool deals with many input data and generates a lot of results and system performance as discussed below.
Framework for an integrated planning of a distribution network
Figure 5 presents the input data to be collected for the implementation of the approach briefly illustrated in Figure 4. For the generic Pod: geographical location and demand quantity for each product and each point in time
Input data for the implementation, logic scheme
Figure 6 illustrates the strategic planning as modelled and implemented by the proposed automatic tool LD-LogOptimizer. In particular, given previously illustrated input data, a 3-stage (4-levels) single-period multi-product mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the location allocation problem (LAP) is defined. Euclidean distances are generally adopted to model the distances between two locations, e.g. a source and a RDC. A set of input data on variable and fixed costs and vehicles’ settings has to be introduced because different transportation modes are available.
The model can be solved as-is (see "strategic model 3S" in Figure 6) or reducing the number of levels from four to three (i.e. the number of stages to two) by the generation of two distinct sub-problems: the assignment of Pods demand to RDCs by the execution of a heuristic rule and the assignment of materials flows to the higher levels of the network (from RDCs to the sources passing from the CDCs). The in-depth illustration of the heuristics is not the aim of this chapter. The simplification introduced by the heuristic approach to problem solving significantly reduces the computational complexity of the decision problem: the as-is "strategic model 3S" is substituted by the so-called heuristic rule at the first stage combined with the "strategic model 2S" at the second and third stages. The as-is problem modelling is for the optimal solution of the LAP; the simplified reduces the computational time but accept feasible solution very closed to the unknown optimal one. The strategic planning as reported in Figure 6 generates a large number of output results.
The tactical planning implemented by LD-LogOptimizer is illustrated in Figure 7. The dynamic multi-period, multi-product, multi-transportation mode, 3-stage LAP can be solved as a result of the application of the so-called "pre-setting" process (see Figure 7), i.e. by the activation of facilities and/or flows and/or transportation modes adopted at the strategic decisional step, or as an optimization problem without assuming any hypothesis/decision generated at the previous step. In absence of pre-setting the model is called "tactical model 3S" (see Figure 7). Examples of output data, mainly time based, for the tactical planning are: inventory levels at production/distribution facilities, material flows, picking/delivery lists of products at the generic Pod for a point in time
Figure 8 illustrates the adopted operational planning for a 3-stage, multi-period, multi-product, multi- (transportation) -mode. It is a cluster-first and route-second procedure based
Strategic planning, LD-LogOptimizer
Tactical planning, LD-LogOptimizer
Operational Planning, LD-LogOptimizer
on the introduction of original similarity indices for clustering of demand points (e.g. Pods at the first stage RDCs-Pods or RDCs at the second stage CDCs-RDCs) and sequencing/routing of visits (e.g. Pods) within each cluster of demand points assigned to a supplier (e.g. an RDC). Examples of output data generated by the tool are: configuration of clusters, vehicle loading and saturation, vehicle routing, routes, costs, distances, etc.
Figure 9 shows the conceptual framework adopted by LD-LogOptimizer as the integration of strategic, tactical and operational planning activities.
LD-LogOptimizer tool for the integrated planning
This case study refers to a 3-stage US distribution system operating in USA and made of:
3 production plants located in Sacramento (California), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and Topeka (Kansans);
3 CDCs located in Baltimore (Maryland), Kansas City (Missouri) and Reno (Nevada);
12 RDCs whose location, capacities and costs are reported in Table 1;
120 Pods all located in USA;
the number of time units for the planning period is 20 corresponding to days (20 days are about one month);
3 transportation modes are available: truck, train and plane.
Regional distribution centers - RDC
Figure 10 shows the main form of the strategic planning in LD-LogOptimizer. It is made of different sections for input and output data. A quick report guides the user to the full comprehension of the tool activities. Figure 11 presents the input data including the geographical map. In particular, on the map yellow flags represent the production plants (sources), white flags the RDCs, light blue flagsthe CDCs, green flags the Pods.
Figure 12 shows the results of the application of the strategic planning: the activated nodes of the network and the activated material flows are visible. For example, RDC1 and RDC6 are closed at the third stage of the system; Pod98 is supplied by RDC3 that supplies also other points of demand, e.g. Pod99, Pod101, Pod106. The total logistic cost and different contributions are reported in the quick report.
6 of 12 available RDCs are closed; 1 of 3 available CDCs is activated (open); 1 of 3 available plants is open. Closed plants are represented in black colour, in blue closed CDCs and in red closed RDCs. Figure 12 show also the flows of material for a specific product at the first stage.
Figure 13 presents the results of the strategic planning showing also the flows at the third stage (RDCs-Pods). Similarly Figure 14 shows the flows activated by product P2.
Figure 15 reports the graph of the distribution of costs within the system as the result of the strategic planning in LD-LogOptimizer: about 21% of the total cost is due to transportation activities; about 34% to fixed costs (e.g. to open/activate facilities as CDCs and RDCs); about 45% of the total cost is variable (e.g. handling cost).
Table 2 presents the obtained results in terms of KPI.The activated facilities are: 6 of 12 RDCs, 1 of 3 CDCs, 1 of 3 production plants. The total cost refers to the whole planning period of one year. It is a very expensive cost because it includes all fixed cost contributions necessary to build the network, i.e. to open/active logistic facilities, and to move materials from suppliers to demand points.
Tactical planning is a time-dependent planning. Consequently, for each product and the generic point in time
Strategic planning, LD-LogOptimizer, main form
Input data for the strategic planning
Results, strategic planning
Product 1, strategic planning. Flows at the first stage.
Product 2, materials flows. Strategic planning.
Strategic planning, network cost.
Figure 16 presents the result of the execution of LD-LogOptimizer on the case study object of the analysis and for the tactical planning. In particular, results in figure refer to the product named P1. The list of deliveries for the active RDCs to the Pods in the point in time T1 is also reported: this is the input for the operational planning illustrated in next subsection. Flows of product P1 between active facilities in T1 are shown.
Figure 17 shows the material flows of another product, P2, for the period of time T1.
Strategic planning, KPI
Tactical planning, case study
Tactical planning (P2 in T1)
Table 3 presents the obtained results in terms of KPI for the tactical planning. In particular, the expected costs significantly differ from the strategic planning costs because they refer to the planning period made of 20 units of time. The activated facilities are: 6 of 12 RDCs, 1 of 3 CDCs, 1 of 3 production plants. An RDC serves about 10-11 Pods.
Tactical planning, KPI
The operational planning can be applied to plan and schedule the vehicle routing at the each stage of the network and in particular from RDCs to Pods and from CDCs to RDCs. The first of this stage usually involves trucks as transportation modes; while CDCs-RDCs shipments can be executed also adopting one of the other available modes (e.g plane and train).
Figure 18 presents a result obtained by the execution of the operational planning on the case study. A list of clusters is reported and for each cluster it is possible to generate the optimal route as the minimum Hamiltonian circuit visiting all the members grouped in a cluster.
The route ID 173 is shown. It is made of the following sequence of visits: RDC4, Pod106, Pod110, Pod111, Pod109, Pod108, Pod107, RDC4. Another detailed route is exemplified in Figure 19. The groupage strategy can reduces the cost of travelling of about 55% if compared with direct delivery, i.e. direct shipment from a generic supplier to a point of demand.
Figure 20 exemplifies another route (named ID 109) departing from Chicago and generated by the operational planning.
Operational planning, route ID 173
Operational planning, Route ID 1137
Operational planning, an example
This chapter illustrates an original framework for the design and planning a production-distribution logistic network by the integration of the strategic planning, the tactical planning and the operational planning. This framework has been implemented by a supporting decisions platform, a software tool, named LD-LogOptimizer. The discussed case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed models and automatic supporting decisions tool. The tool supports the manager in configuring the system by the determination of the number, location and capacity of the generic facility, e.g. a distribution center and a production plant. Further research is expected on the development of new models, new effective solving methods and procedures/algorithms, experimental multi-scenario what-if analyses conducted on significant case studies. New applications and benchmarking are also expected. Finally, the development of reverse logistic flows and issues and the integration in LD-LogOptimizer tool are expected. The new platform will support managers in the design, optimization and management of direct and return flows in a multi-level logistic network, minimizing the global logistic cost and/or maximising the customers’ service level by the joint optimization of strategic, tactical and operational issues, including vehicle loading and routing. Models and tools for electronic data interchange between the planner, as a controller (the server), and vehicles (the clients) executing the transportation missions are expected. The generic vehicle can also communicate its location during the routing and visit of a set of Pods adopting the groupage strategy: the server can update the planned routes and eventually modify them accordingly.
The availability of clean water sources is essential for the survival of any living species. Rivers play a significant role in maintaining human health and has been recognized as the fundamental right of all living beings [1]. Improved access to clean water contributes towards achieving the 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals (SDGs) particularly SDG 6.1 and 6.2 [2]. However, river deterioration due to anthropogenic activities remains one of the contemporary challenges faced by river basin management both at regional and global scale [3, 4, 5]. Anthropogenic activities have been exacerbated over the past decades by socio-economic drivers such as the intensification and expansion of irrigation systems for agricultural purposes, increase in population and pressure on existing freshwater usage, climate variability through uneven distribution of precipitation, floodgate constructions, and untreated wastewater disposal into receiving waters bodies [6, 7]. Because of the misuse of river water resources driven by the need to sustain our economies, water resources are one of the most rapidly declining and degrading in our environment [8]. Thus, recognizing the devastating effects of river pollution on human health demands that the main cause of the problem be identified, managed effectively and efficiently [9, 10].
Globally, is estimated that 2 million tons of sewage, industrial, and agricultural wastewater is discharged into rivers leading to the death of at least 1.8 million people with diseases related to unsafe water [11, 12]. In 2012, it was estimated that 842 000 people died of diarrhea due to directly or indirectly consuming poor water quality, of which 43% of the mortality case reported were children. According to Dube, Shoko [13], 29.9% of global freshwater is reserved underground, being a critical source of water supply and a buffer against drought in rural communities, where surface water is limited especially in developing countries [14]. However, most of the rural communities in developing countries are now at threat and vulnerable from the effect of climate change which affects people’s daily water availability and consumption. For instance, it is estimated that the daily intake of drinking water by a human being is 7% of the body weight which is essential for the person’s healthy growth and existence [15].
Opportunities to address outstanding water issues in Africa have been undercut by intense and prevalent poverty hampering many cities and communities’ capacity to make available services for sanitation and potable water, adequate for economic activities, and further forestall deterioration of water quality [16]. These factors, including finance and poor water management, and lack of proper coordination, has further deepened the water crises in Sub-Sahara Africa, thereby undermining any hope of making potable water available in the near future for the populace [17, 18]. This situation is further compounded by several environmental issues arising in the 21st century including climate change, eutrophication, salinization, toxic metal contamination,
The impact of water pollution in different parts of the world can be grouped under two broad themes according to published literature; Increase public health awareness of the negative impact of river pollution from different governmental and non-governmental agencies through education and mass sensitization. Secondly, through the development of sustainable management practices and models to mitigate the impact of river pollution [20]. Surprisingly, all these measures have yielded less results most probably because of the point and non-point sources of pollutants and also because developing and implementing sustainable mitigation measures requires a sound knowledge of the linkages between the different types and diffuse sources of pollutants, conveyor and sinks. Correspondingly also, the need for constant, effective, low cost and outdoor assessment of any available water in circulation in the ecosystem has emerged as a crucial concern for economic development and biological survival [21, 22].
In particular, “Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent on the planet and the demand for water and sanitation is outstripping supply in cities” quoted Joan Clos, Executive Director of UN-HABITAT [23]. Northern Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa although in the same continent, have attained different degrees of progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on water. With ninety-two percent coverage, North Africa was already on the way to achieve their stipulated ninety-four percent target prior to 2015 [24, 25]. On the contrary, the experience of Sub-Saharan Africa is a dissimilar situation with forty percent of the 783 million people, not having access to better sources of drinking water in the whole region. Sub-Saharan Africa, operates far below the MDG on the water with only sixty-one percentage coverage, and consequently may not have attained the seventy-five percent regional coverage target following their current pace. Available data from 35 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, which covers a swooping eighty-four percent of the population of the region, reflects high discrimination between the poorest and the richest twenty percentage of the populace in both rural and urban areas. More than ninety percent of the richest quintile (twenty percent) in urban places have access to better water supply, and more than sixty percent have piped water in the environs. Meanwhile, forty percent of the poorest in the rural areas do not have piped water network in their premises and not up to half of the population make do with any form of an improved water source.
Another concern is poor sanitation that overwhelms the safety of our usable water. African was and likely, is one of the two main continents with the least performance in fulfilling the MDG on sanitation as at 2015. This calls for serious concern sequel to the concomitant health challenge, a lot of people who do not have fundamental sanitation orientation indulge in unhealthy sanitary activities such as, indiscriminate disposal of solid waste and wastewater, and open defection [26]. Additionally, Africa’s increasing population is driving more the need for water and expediting the depletion of available water sources. Amidst the regions still developing, Sub-Saharan Africa has a projected highest commonness of urban slums and it is likely to double to around 400 million by this year (2020) [27]. Notwithstanding the attempts by some Sub-Saharan African countries and cities, to broaden fundamental services and make reasonable urban housing conditions improvements. Precipitous and unplanned growth of housing, at the urban areas, has heightened the figure of settlements on uneven, floodable, and high-risk zones where natural incidents such as landslides, rains, and earthquakes have demoralizing after-effects. Settlers at such dysfunctional environment resort to any available water supply for both domestic and possibly drinking uses.
Furthermore, need for constant, effective, low cost and outdoor assessment of any available water in circulation in the ecosystem, has emerged a crucial concern for both economic development and biological survival [21, 22].
As part of remediation measures to this overwhelming challenge, in recent times, there has been a strong interest in investigating the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) on water quality [28, 29]. This is because land use and land cover is an integral component of the global environmental changes that affects ecosystems processes at various levels such as hydrological dynamics, sustainability of water bodies to mankind, increasing demand for agricultural cultivated products, shift in grassland to urban and agricultural land [6, 30]. LULC changes provide first-hand information on the transformation of the natural environment due to anthropogenic activities [31]. A range of studies has investigated the association of land use and land cover change that affect water quality in different environments [19, 28, 32, 33, 34]. This has been made possible by emerging developments in the use of spatial data acquisition technologies where different attributes of the landscape configuration can be analyzed more effectively by acquiring satellite imagery [35]. This has enabled land use planners to better interpret and to explain the interaction between hydrological components and land uses activities in a catchment and allow better water conservation strategies to be formulated. However, the perusal of literature suggests that the LULC impact of change has not been previously investigated in the upper Crocodile River catchment thus a study of this kind is necessary.
Generally, most elements are classified as been potentially toxic. These elements are grouped into transition metals, metalloids, lanthanides and actinides. Most of these metals occur naturally in soils, and their concentrations are highly dependent on the parent material through weathering processes, while others are included in the environment through anthropogenic activities [36]. The presence of toxic elements in water typically compromises the quality traits expected to be good for drinking, industrial processing and for biodiversity purposes [37]. However, human-induced activities have modified the natural level, biochemical balance and geochemical cycling of PTEs in the environment [38]. A good number of the metals associated with biodegradable organic and inorganic contaminants are themselves not biodegradable and hence cannot be removed or deactivated through naturally occurring processes [39, 40]. Hence, once exposed to the environment, these metals can stay for decades or centuries due to the fact they are not biodegradable [36]. Although the presence of some of these metals is essential to the ecosystem and are still needed in organisms and human body, beyond which level referred to as maximum concentration limit (MCL), they pose a threat to human health and the environs.
Nickel surpassing its necessary level could cause critical kidney and lung problems, besides distress in the gastrointestinal, skin dermatitis and pulmonary fibrosis [41, 42, 43, 44]. Zinc as a trace element, is important for human health. It is essential for the physiological functioning of living tissues and many biochemical processes depend on it for regulation. However, beyond the MCL, zinc can pose serious threat to health like stomach cramps, vomiting, nausea, skin irritation and anemia [45, 46]. Copper is crucial to animal metabolism. Nonetheless, excessive exposure could cause serious toxicological threats like convulsions, vomiting cramps and can be in some severe cases lethal [47]. On the other hand, some metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) are highly toxic even in minute amount and could critically affect the process of biological degradation of organic matters and severely harm humans [36]. Pb could cause pathological alterations in the endocrine system and kidney that lead to failure in reproduction [48]. With the exception of passage through urine, which is usually extremely slow, there is no other means of eliminating the lead in humans [49]. The irrevocable tubular damage in kidney, caused by exposure to increased level of Cd in the body can no longer be denied. The stability of genes could be negatively impacted by the inhibition in the repair of damaged DNA leading to increased chances of mutations [50]. In the disruption of the endocrine, precisely affects the reproductive system of men, thereby reducing semen quality [51, 52].
The exposure to Cd occupationally, not even involving changes proven to be clinically pathogenic, also threatens to result in visual motor function impairment, promoting changes in emotional balances and causes loss of concentration [53]. Hence these metals including Cd, Pb, As, and Cr are seen as the “Environmental health hazards” having a ranking of the first ten on the list from “Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Priority List of Hazardous Substances”, relative substance toxicity and possible exposure to infested soil, air and water [54, 55, 56]. Various global agencies such as Joint Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA,) have been actively involved in the control of its pollution in the environment.
The water bodies in Africa are increasingly at the risk of PTEs exposure [57], a sequel to the growing human population leading to broadening settlement, urbanization and concomitant industrialization [58, 59, 60]. The general result is commonly the increasing discharge of completely untreated or poorly treated domestic and industrial effluent, responsible for the largest origin of heavy metal contamination and consequently, generate a continuous rise in metallic contamination in water bodies in most of the globe [59, 61]. In particular, sources of heavy metal pollution are either natural or anthropogenic [59], which are distributed across settlements. The greatest source of heavy metal pollution in the rural settlements are natural while that of the urban areas are fundamentally anthropogenic [59, 60]. However, ‘bossy’ and at times illegal mining activities, in some of the rural areas can also contribute to heavy mining pollution of some fresh water bodies [62].
Natural Sources of toxic elements in most rural African countries include weathering of mineral deposits, bush burning and windblown dust, comets, leachate, wet and dry fallout of atmospheric particulate matter, and volcanic eruptions [59, 62]. The anthropogenic sources on the other hand seem, to be as large as the development of the societies in most African countries where environmental protection, waste management, and disposal are still poorly managed. These include activities directly or indirectly connected with, industrial effluents, fossil fuel and coal combustion, mining and metal processing, solid waste disposal, fertilizers, battery and paint manufacturing, petroleum refining, cement and ceramic production, and steel production [62]. Others include mineral exploitation, ore transportation, smelting and refining, disposal of the tailings and waste waters around mines, weathering of rocks, and heaped waste materials in mining sites [63, 64]. The list goes on to include draining of sewerage, dumping of hospital wastes, recreational activities, shipping, mining, breweries, tanning, fishing, and agro-processing factories [64, 65]. Further activities include urban storm water runoff, atmospheric sources, boating, biocides runoff, nutrients and pathogens from agricultural lands, urban areas and informal settlements [60], metal fabrication and scraping industries, and indiscriminate use of heavy metal-containing fertilizer and pesticides in agricultural fields [65]. For instance, Reza and co-worker [65] reported that mine water, run-off from abandoned watersheds and associated industrial discharges are the major source of heavy metal contamination, total dissolved solids (TDS) and low pH of streams in the mining area [66, 67, 68, 69]. The rivers in urban areas have also been associated with water quality problems. This is due to the practice of discharging of untreated domestic and small scale industries into the water bodies, which leads to the increase in the level of metals concentration in river water [70, 71, 72, 73, 74]. It may hence, not be an overstatement to assert that the risk of toxic metals pollution is to the degree, of the number of any chemical process going on in the society, especially in the Sub-Saharan region [75, 76]. The list appears intimidating and further strengthens the need for constant environmental monitoring the presence of the heavy metal in our water bodies.
The upper Crocodile River catchment has witnessed an increase land use and land cover change mainly because of the increased population, increase agricultural practices along the Crocodile River, increase in private resort accommodation and other developmental projects over the past few decades. Regarding the worsening situation on site, the National Environmental Act (Act of 108 of 1998) governs the overall conservation, correct utilization of natural resource and management of natural resource, promote sustainable development, and prohibit activities that will affect the environment. In this regards it requires an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) geared towards maximizing water resource in a sustainable manner, which vital for ecosystems conservation. The key question to be asked is;
The upper Crocodile River catchment is situated in Rustenburg, the economic hub of the North-West Province, South Africa (Figure 1). The area hosts a number of manufacturing industries, steel and iron smelting, mining and intensive commercial and subsustence agriculture along the Crocodile River. The sub-catchment has two major dams (Roodekopjes and Hartbeespoort) with scattered dams throughout the catchment (Figure 1B). These dams act as a source of water supply to the cultivated farmlands and additional water supply is sourced from the borehole and artificial dams. An increasing number of resort accommodations located close these major dams and along the Crocodile River for local and international tourists. The resultant effects of these anthropogenic activities in the marine environment have been reported to be a regular occurrence of filamentous cyanobacteria also known as blue-green algae with several highly toxic biologically active compounds [77, 78, 79].
Study area.
Surface water pollution has been reported as the direct consequence of anthropogenic activity [80, 81, 82], and has significantly contributed to the deterioration the Crocodile River [37]. The surface water sampling framework along the Crocodile River was developed based on two considerations; firstly, a proper understanding of the contributing sources as the river traverses the different land uses [20]. Secondly the duration of the sampling framework should be long enough to account for seasonal variation physicochemical parameters and PTEs concentrations in the river. Thus, a longitudinal transect was adopted based on the different land uses within the vicinity of the river. Four sampling point were chosen along the Crocodile River during the field survey to ensured that each of the sampling points was within the vicinity of the different land uses (Figure 1C) as prescribed by Chetty and Pillay [83]. Those land uses which overlay each other were considered as areas of non-point sources contributing to the contamination of the river [37]. From the stratified sampling sites, surface water was collected on a quarterly basis for 15 months from April 2017 to July 2018. A handheld GPS (Garmin E-Trex 12 channel) was to record the coordinates for each of the sampling points. A total of 72 surface water samples was collected at different points along the Crocodile River. All the water samples were collected in three litter polyethylene bottles, pre-washed with HNO3. Surface water quality was analyzed according to the physicochemical parameters that is temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolves solids (TDS) and potentially toxic elements.
The pH, electrical conductivity (EC) total dissolved solid of the surface water freshly collected at each sampling sites were measured in situ using a multi-meter (CRISON MM40+). Prior to each reading, the meter probe was rinsed with distilled water and immersed in the collected water sample for approximately one minute to reach equilibrium. The reading of each parameter was recorded in a data sheet when the measurement was constant.
In the laboratory, the surface water samples were first filtered to remove all solid and impurities through a (number 42) filter paper. For each sample, 10 mL of nitric acid was added to a 50 mL of water samples as prescribed by [37] and was analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Perkin-Elmer Nixon 300Q) for the following elements; copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe). The instrument was calibrated using a standard calibration solution as the atomic spectrometric standard of the mass calibration stability measured using 10 mg/L multi-element standards solution Al, Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tb, U and Zn. The instrument was set to run a blank and a standard check for ten samples for quality control for each measurement. Based on three times the standard deviation of the blank using three second integration time and peak hopping at 1-point per mass. The detection limit (mg/l (ppb)) of the selected metals; Ni (< 0.5), Fe (< 1.5), Cu (0.5) and As (< 0.25) and were then converted to mg/L.
The statistical analysis was employed using Microsoft Excel (version 2016) and Stata (version 13). Significant relationships between the physicochemical parameters and PTEs was performed using the person’s correlation matrix at 95% confidence level (
In order to monitor the LULC change, data sets spanning from two time periods for comparison is needed [84]. Suitable images for the following years, 1999, 2009, and 2018 of the study area was acquired from the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) archive. In order to quantify the LULC changes in the study area, remote sensing approach was employed as it involves the usage of satellite images of multiple dates [84]. Landsat and Spot imagery are readily and freely available in South Africa. However, SPOT images were preferred due to high spatial resolution and to ensure consistency in the cover classes and phenology dates of imagery were selected between May and July for all the three images.
ERDAS Imagine 2020 software package was used for image analysis and processing. A subset of the images corresponding to the study area was created after converting all images to a common format. Subsequently, a pre-processing procedure was necessary to make comparable satellite images obtained from different sensors (SPOT) with different radiometric characteristics and acquisition conditions. Moreover, much of the pre-processing, radiometric, and geometric corrections were accomplished using ERDAS Imagine 2020. Additionally, due to the differences in radiometric resolution, the technique adopted to fit this purpose involved the calibration of the digital numbers (DN’s) were converted in the image data from to at-sensor radiance (LSAT) units (W m−2 sr−1 μm−1).
Since the images had different spatial resolution, it became necessary for the images to be geometrically corrected [85]. In order to bring the pixel sizes to a common value, due to differences in date, the Root Mean-Square Error (RMSE) was used. The reason is to avoid registration errors to be interpreted as LULC change which can lead to an overestimation of actual change. Because Landsat data series is characterized by spectral bands which are very sensitive to both vegetation and other earth related features, this was central to the study in mapping the LULC changes [29]. To accurately measure the LULC change, a topographic map with a scale of 1:50,000 produced in 1996 was used for geometric correction using GCP (Ground Control Points) to geocode the image of 2009. The image was then used to register the image of 1999 and 2018, using a nearest-neighbor algorithm. From the three images, the RMSE was less than 0.4 pixel which is acceptable [86]. Image segmentation was conducted using the multiresolution segmentation algorithm [87]. The algorithm requires the specification of the weights of the band, the shape (and its mutual color), the scale parameter and the compactness (and its mutual smoothness), which are expounded by Benz and co-workers [88].
In order to investigate changes that would have occurred in the study area, the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was used. This method provides an effective and robust supervised classification method. This method has widely been used by different scholars as it evaluates both the variance and covariance of spectral response pattern whereby each pixel is assigned to the class for which it has the highest possibility of association and is considered to be most accurate classifier [29, 84]. MLC assumes that spectral values of the pixels are statistically distributed according to a multivariate normal probability density. Accuracy assessment used an error (confusion) matrix, in which producer’s accuracy (PA, %), user’s accuracy (UA, %), the Kappa coefficient (
Class | Description |
---|---|
Water bodies | An area containing open bodies of water, which includes brackish, streams, rivers, dams, and natural ponds as well as artificial ponds. |
Cropland | Areas cultivated with annual crops, vegetables, or fruit. These crops are irrigated mainly from the water of the Crocodile river and/or groundwater. Most of the cultivated area is newly reclaimed. |
Grassland | For the study area, the plants can be classified into nine life forms such as evergreen non-succulent perennial sub-shrubs, evergreen succulent perennial sub-shrubs, annuals perennial grasses, perennial herbs, evergreen succulent perennial shrubs, evergreen non-succulent perennial shrubs, deciduous perennial shrubs and partially deciduous perennial sub-shrubs. |
Bare land | Land areas of exposed soil surface as influenced by human impacts and/or natural causes as well as changes in topsoil that comprises areas with active excavation and quarries and opencast mines. These areas contain sparse vegetation with very low plant cover value as a result of overgrazing, woodcutting, etc. |
Built-up | Includes construction activities of all kinds in the study area such as apartment buildings, single houses, shacks, shopping centres, industrial and commercial facilities as well as highways and major streets be it tarred or gravel. |
Description of different land cover classes in the study area.
This study has established a sound quality control/quality assurance over a similar study and is references therein [37].
The results of the trend analysis of the PTEs concentrations in the Crocodile River are presented in order of abundance of Mn in October 2017 (0.34 mg/L), < Cu in July 2017 (0.21 mg/L), < Fe in April 2017 (0.07 mg/L), < Al in July 2017 (0.07 mg/L), and < Zn in April 2017, October 2017 and April 2018 (0.05 mg/L) respectively (Figure 2). Similar findings was also reported by Marara and Palamuleni [89] in which Mn, Fe and Zn were amongst the most abundant element in the Klip river in South Africa. This results shows an increase in metal concentrations during the first quarter in the sampling months, owing to low rainfall intensities and runoff [81]. Non-point sources of PTEs in the river might be attributed to dust blown into the river from the cultivated field and mining areas, runoff, iron smelting and exhaust automobile [90]. During the second quarter of the sampling months, changes in rainfall pattern might have influenced the PTEs concentrations in the river due to the diluting effect from the different land uses. Usually, the rainfall season begins in October and peaks in intensity from October to February. The concentrations of PTEs during this sampling month might likely have had some diluting effect in the river metals concentration. A similar study by du Preez and co-workers [91] asserts that a reduction in nutrients in the Crocodile River could be attributed to the diluting effect, especially during periods of high current flow.
Trend analysis of PTEs concentrations during the sampling periods.
Further, Ogoyi and co-workers [92] examined the content of PTEs in water, sediment and microalgae from Lake Victoria, which is the largest tropical fresh water lake in the world [93], representing an exceptional ecosystem with the largest fresh water fishery in the continent [92]. It is located in East Africa and surrounded by Uganda on the North West, Kenya on the North East, Rwanda on the far West and Tanzania on the South–South [94, 95]. They collected water samples from two different points namely from Winam and Mwanza gulf and using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) examined the level of heavy metal pollution of lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury and zinc. The analysis of the water sample as summarized in Table 2 indicates that the presence of lead, cadmium and chromium at the Mwanza gulf point (LVEA-MGP) were 2.2, 2.3 and 1.4 times respectively higher than the recommended permissible threshold standard by WHO (Table 2), while the mercury and zinc were within the recommended limit for safe water. At the Winam gulf point (LVEA-WGP), the level of PTEs concentration for lead and chromium was 82.3 and 3.56 times respectively higher than the recommended permissible threshold limit by WHO while the rest were within safe limits. They argued that there is a link between PTEs pollution and anthropogenic activities like waste disposal and mining in the environs [75]. They concluded that the PTEs pollution at these points of the lake was relatively low, but emphasized the need for continuous monitoring of the PTEs pollution in the lake [65]. Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality is situated on the eastern scarp of Mpumalanga Province of Republic of South Africa. The Municipality covers a land area of nearly 5.560km2, and a report from the Stats SA 2016 Community Survey, indicates its home to some 187,630 people, which have increased. The Municipality is made up of various communities confronted with a society that faces sundry economic, social, environmental, and governmental challenges. Approximately 80% of the populace live in the rural areas concentrated in the east of the area; the two main service centres of Emanzana and Carolina provide a home for 15% of the people while the remaining population are found in the forestry and farming areas of the Municipality [96]. Nthunya and co-workers [64] investigated the source of toxic metals in drinking water in this Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Their work was so detailed and captured five different points over four seasons of the year, winter, spring (August 2014), summer (November 2014), autumn (February 2015). The sampling points included a drinking water treatment plant in Eerstehoek bout 5 km from Lochiel, a 50 m deep open well used largely by the community and the students of a nearby school designated as well 1; an open shallow well located in the upper part of Lochiel and used by the residents designated as well 2; Tanks 1 and 2 located in the Lochiel Primary school premises and the community respectively. The latter of the two tanks is being used by the larger part of the community and finally a borehole in Masakhane primary school supplying water to the school tank and taps. Using ICP-OES spectrometer suited with iTEVA software for measurements of all the analytes at maximum wavelength, they investigated the presence of nine heavy metal pollutants in the drinking water which are namely: cadmium, chromium, copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc (Figure 3).
PTES/water Source | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVEA-MGP | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0 | 1.4 | — | 0.006 | — | — | — | [92] |
LVEA-WGP | 82.3 | 0 | 0 | 3.56 | _ | 0.017 | — | — | — | [92] |
BHMPRSAJ | >8 | — | — | >0.2 | >0.01 | >0.03 | — | >1 | [64] | |
DZindi River | 3 | — | — | — | 0.025 | 0.033 | 4.433 | 1.5 | [62] | |
AAP | — | 1.7 | 2 | — | — | 0.043 | 2.233 | 8.54 | 0.3 | [94] |
OAP | — | 1.7 | 3 | — | — | 0.00167 | 3.11 | 7.92 | 0.3 | [94] |
US | — | 1.7 | 2 | — | — | 0.00167 | 4 | 7.23 | 0.3 | [94] |
MS | — | 5666.7 | 9 | — | — | 0.0097 | 4.74 | 5.77 | 0.2 | [94] |
DS | — | 1.7 | 154 | — | — | 0.0547 | 22.2 | 8.72 | 0.2 | [94] |
AB | — | 2.7 | 2 | — | — | 0.0013 | 5.9 | 1.13 | 0.4 | [94] |
LWW | 102 | 183.3 | — | 22 | 0.255 | 1 | — | — | [98] | |
PBW | 279 | 476.7 | — | 100 | 1.51 | 4 | 45.4 | 175 | [99] | |
BH | 455 | 463.3 | — | 326.8 | 0.58 | 4.923 | 77.5 | 991.4 | [99] | |
STREAM | 29 | 746.7 | — | 402.2 | 1.755 | 2.063 | 20 | 113.2 | [99] | |
RIVER | 669 | 1546.7 | — | 101.2 | 1.075 | 1.547 | 105.8 | 61.2 | [99] | |
HDW | 401 | 320 | — | 2275.6 | 23.175 | 49.1 | 47.1 | 936.5 | [99] | |
Crocodile River |
Heavy metal pollution level in some selected African water bodies.
LVEA-WGP: Lake Victoria East Africa-Winan Gulf Point; LVEA-MGP: Lake Victoria East Africa-Mwanza Gulf Point. BHMPRSAJ: Borehole at Mpumalanga South Africa, ELH: East London Harbor, PEH: Port Elizabeth Harbor; Accra Abandoned Pit (AAP), OAP: Obuasi Abandoned Pit, AB: Accra Borehole, US: Up stream, MS: Main Stream, DS: Down Stream; LWW: Lagoon Waste water; BH: Borehole, HDW: Hand dug well; PBW: Pipe Borne Water.
(a) The physical properties of the various water sources under consideration (b) the number of toxic metals present from the various water sources in winter, spring (August 2014), summer (November 2014), autumn (February 2015). TP TW: Treated Plant Treated Water and TP RW: Treated Plant Raw Water [
Figure 3 represents the physical properties of the various water samples and the concentration of toxic metals in ppm. Their results indicate that the concentration of toxic metals varied across the seasons and sources. The lead concentration was found to be above WHO limit for drinking water in well 1 & 2, Tanks 1 & 2, surprisingly in both raw and treated water in February 2015, and bore hole for all seasons considered. In autumn, the level of Manganese rose above the WHO limit in the untreated water. Cobalt for most of the periods of the year considered remained above WHO limits for safe and potable water. The rest of the metals were largely within the WHO drinking water limit. The borehole is ground water mainly used by a greater percentage of African populace as already established in the earlier part of the review [97]. Table 2 indicates that the borehole water taken in July designated as BHMPRSAJ has a lead and cobalt concentration that is greater than the WHO limit by a factor greater than 8 and 1 respectively as at 2014/2015. They argued that the source of these toxic metal accumulation in this locality is both natural and anthropogenic, which include weathering of mineral rich rocks and indiscriminate disposal of metal rich wastes at the landfills. In conclusion, they underscored that long-term exposure to the toxic heavy metal can be fatal and hence, the need to further purify and monitor the quality of drinking water regularly.
Another detailed work was done on the assessment of heavy metals in drinking water, at Datuku in the Talensi-Nabdam District in the Upper East region of Ghana by Cobbina and co-workers [94]. They aimed to evaluate the impact of small scale gold mining on the drinking water quality in that community. Samples were collected from six sources namely: Accra abandoned pit (AAP), Obuasi abandoned pit (OAP), mainstream (MS), upper stream (US), Accra borehole (AB) and down stream (DS). Using the Shimadzu model AA 6300, they evaluated the trace concentration of Zn, As, Cd, Fe, Mn and Hg in these five places. Their results show that Cd, Fe, Hg and Mn level was higher than the standard for safe water by WHO, while As and Zn were within the limit safety for all the sources (Table 2). The level of Cd concentration on the mainstream source (MS) was 5666.7 times higher than the WHO standard for safe water. The level of Fe contamination was taken with reference to US-EPA and was also found to be higher than the accepted limit by a factor greater than 2 for all the sources of the water. They opined that cadmium pollution could be as a result of seepage from the parent rock, use of cadmium containing products such as batteries, plastics and mining tools.
Orata and Birgen [98] studied the uptake of heavy metals by different fishes and their tissues in a lagoon waste water (LWW). They proposed that their study would provide a useful tool for envisaging human exposure to PTEs through consuming fish under different contamination scenarios. The lagoon wastewater body had heavy metals concentration of the most lethal class of lead, cadmium, and chromium in an amount that is 102, 183.3 and 22 times respectively higher than the WHO accepted standard of safe water (Table 3) and other environmental agencies (Table 4). They hence concluded that various species of fishes studied in this scenario were unsafe for consumption sequel to the uptake of heavy metals in various parts of their bodies. Another similar and detailed work was done to inspect the physicochemical properties and heavy metal content of water sources in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria by Oluyemi and co-workers [99, 100]. While they concluded that the physical parameters of the water collected from pipe borne water (PBW), borehole (BH), stream, river and hand-dug well (HDW) were within limits for potable and household water, the AAS results of heavy metal concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn is a far cry from safe limits for drinking water (Table 2). Pd and Cd levels were 279 and 476.6 times in pipe borne water and 455 and 463.3 times in borehole (BH) above the WHO standard for safe domestic and drinking water. These two sources of water have been validated as the most common sources of water for Africans in rural settings. They opined that such high concentration of these PTEs cannot be disconnected from mining activities, leaching of metals from wastes site to the ground water plus rural and urban water run-off, and possible wearing of lead from metal pipes into the water during the distribution.
Metal | WHO | EPA | ECE | FTP-CDW | PCRWR | ADWG | NOM-127 | DWAF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | < 0.005 |
Nickel | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.020 | N/A | 0.020 | 0.020 | N/A | < 1 |
Copper | 2 | 1.3 | 0.200 | 0.100 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | < 2 |
Zinc | 3 | 5 | N/A | 5.000 | 5.000 | 3.000 | 5.000 | 5 |
Cadmium | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Lead | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Mercury | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Arsenic | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.025 | 0.01 |
Antimony | 0.020 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.003 | N/A | |
Iron | N/A | 0.300 | 0.200 | 0.300 | N/A | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.1 |
Uranium | 0.030 | 0.030 | N/A | 0.020 | N/A | 0.017 | N/A | |
Manganese | 0.10 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.150 | 0.18 |
Thallium | N/A | 0.002 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Silver | N/A | 0.100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.100 | N/A | |
Chromium | 0.050 | 0.100 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.05 |
Standards and guidelines for heavy metals in drinking water (mg/L), recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and world health organizations (WHO) for drinking water that is based on data of toxicity and scientific findings.
Key: DWAF* = Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. EPA* = US- Environmental Protection Agency(2011). WHO* = World Health Organization (2011), N/A* = Not reported or Not available and BDL* = Below detection limits, ECE: European Commission Environment (1998), FTP-CDW: Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, Health Canada (2010), PCRWR: Pakistan Council of Research in Water (2008), ADWG: Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011), NOM-127: Norma Official Mexicana NOM-127-SSA1–1994 (1994).
Metals | Seawater(mg·L−1) | Sediment (mg·L−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EEC | ANZECC | CEPA | PSAG | |
Cd | 2.5 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
Cu | 5 | 5 | 8 | 500 |
Fe | — | — | — | — |
Pb | 15 | 5 | 22 | 500 |
Mn | — | — | — | — |
Zn | 40 | 50 | 40 | 750 |
Guidelines for metals in seawater and sediment by EEC: European Commission environment; ANZECC: Austrialian and new Zeland environmental conservation council; CEPA: Cannadian Environmental Protection Agency; PSAG: Proposed South African guidelines.
In this study, the following elements Cd, As, and Ni, concentrations in all the sampling points were below the detection limits except for Cr (0.1 mg/L) in point C (Agriculture/Mining) and Pb (0.02 mg/L) in point D (Resort/Commercial). The spatial distribution of Mn, Cu, Fe, Al and Zn along the different land uses in the Crocodile River is presented in Table 5 and Figure 4. The concentration of Mn is quite variable along the different land uses and the highest value of 0.22 mg/L was recorded in point B (Agriculture) while the least value (0.13 mg/L) in point A (Urban). The concentration of Cu also varied spatially along the river with the highest value in point C (Agriculture/Mining) while point A (Urban) and D (Resort/Commercial) had the lowest values of 0.02 mg/L respectively (Table 2; Figure 4). Fe had the highest concentration in point C, while point A had the lowest concentration value. The concentrations of Al along the different land uses were slightly different from each sampling and point A and C had the lowest concentrations of 0.02 mg/L respectively. The average concentration of Zn in the river indicates that point A, B and C all had the same concentration value of 0.05 mg/L, respectively but with a slight drop in the concentration value of point A (0.04 mg/L) (Table 2; Figure 4).
Site ID | Cu | Pb | Cd | Zn | As | Cr | Al | Mn | Fe | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0.02 | BDL* | BDL* | 0.04 | BDL* | BDL* | 0.02 | BDL* | ||
B | 0.10 | BDL* | BDL* | 0.05 | BDL* | BDL* | BDL* | |||
C | 0.16 | BDL* | BDL* | 0.05 | BDL* | 0.01 | BDL* | |||
D | 0.02 | 0.02 | BDL* | 0.05 | BDL* | BDL* | BDL* |
Average PTEs concentrations (mg/L).
Summary of the average concentrations (mg/L) of PTEs in the Crocodile River.
Three water quality guidelines permissible threshold values were used to gauge the level of PTEs concentrations in the river (Table 5). The results indicate that most of the elements were within the DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa, 1997, and 1997b), stipulated guideline for aquatic environments except for Al, Mn and Fe exhibiting high concentration values above the permissible threshold limit of DWAF of <0.005, 0.18 and 0.1 mg/L respectively (Table 3). Similarly, the value of Mn in the Crocodile River exceeded the recommended threshold guideline for EPA of 0.05 mg/L. The concentration of Al in the river exceeded the DWAF guideline in all the sampling points, while Mn concentration exceeded the recommended threshold value by EPA, for all the sampling points, and also that of DWAF at point B (Agriculture) and D (Resort & Commercial). In contrast, the values of Fe exceeded the permissible limit of DWAF at point C (Agriculture/Mining). Cd, As and Ni concentrations in the river were below the detection limit or were not present in the water.
Although the following elements As, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr analyzed exhibited low concentrations values; however, it cannot be concluded that the river is not contaminated. For instance, Pb concentration in point D (0.02 mg/L) exceeded all the water quality guidelines (DWAF, WHO and EPA) as seen in Table 3 and a plausible explanation could be attributed to point-source contamination. This is an indication that the river might eventually be polluted in the future if proper mitigation measure is not put in place due to the diverse anthropogenic activities within the vicinity of the river [36]. These changes might also be due to the spatial–temporal input from agricultural areas, surface runoff from different mining areas, untreated wastes disposal from resort accommodation, catchment sensitivity, and settlement dumpsites close to the river [62].
Studies by Okonkwo and Mothiba [101] and Somerset and co-workers [102] have reported changes in physicochemical and heavy metal concentrations in South African rivers due to changes in the seasons. The results of the physicochemical parameters between the different seasons are shown in Table 6. The analysis of the water temperature at the different sampling points was slightly different but was distinctively different between the wet (summer) and the dry season (winter) (Table 6). At the time of the water collection, the wet season had a maximum temperature of 28.6°C ± 0.35 while the dry season (winter) had a minimum temperature of 19.8°C ± 1. The EC values from across each of the sampling points ranged from 509 μs/cm to 533 μs/cm in the wet season while during the dry season the readings ranged from 544.3 μs/cm to 568 μs/cm.
Sampling Points | Temp(°C) | EC (μs/cm) | pH | TDS (mg/L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site ID | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | |
Point A | Urban | 28 ± 0.14 | 19.8 ± 1 | 520.0 ± 4.24 | 561.5 ± 51.84 | 8.2 ± 0.01 | 7.6 ± 0.29 | 355.5 ± 34.6 | 393.0 ± 95.64 |
Point B | Agriculture | 28.6 ± 0.35 | 20.0 ± 0.91 | 517.0 ± 0 | 544.3 ± 37.87 | 8.5 ± 0.55 | 7.5 ± 0.41 | 381.5 ± 71.4 | 396.5 ± 75.39 |
Point C | Agriculture/Mining | 28.4 ± 0.35 | 19.9 ± 0.84 | 509.0 ± 4.24 | 568.0 ± 25.36 | 8.4 ± 0.26 | 7.4 ± 0.57 | 321.5 ± 0.7 | 391.0 ± 88.74 |
Point D | Resort/Commercial | 28.3 ± 0 | 19.6 ± 1.06 | 533.0 ± 14.14 | 563.8 ± 54.03 | 8.1 ± 0.02 | 7.7 ± 0.41 | 355.0 ± 0 | 412.0 ± 97.97 |
DWAF* | N/A* | 400–900 | 5.0–9.5 | 450–900 | |||||
WHO* | N/A* | N/A* | 7.0–8.5 | N/A* | |||||
EPA* | N/A* | N/A* | 6.5 ≤ pH ≤ 8.5 | 500 |
Seasonal variation in the average concentrations of the physiochemical parameters in the crocodile river.
N/A* = Not Available. DWAF* = Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. EPA* = (US- Environmental Protection Agency). WHO* = World Health Organization.
The pH concentration in the river varied slightly between each sampling points with a maximum value of 8.5 for the wet season and 7.7 for the dry season (Table 6). According to du Preez and co-workers [91], an increase in pH concentrations might have a negative impact on water quality and its suitability in watering crops and animals. Although the pH values were generally lower, its value, however, indicates that the water is slightly alkaline in most of the sampling points for drinking water which is deleterious for the animals and human in the catchment. Evidence from the field visit also suggests that the water from the Crocodile River is abstracted and irrigated for agricultural purpose. Bouaroudj and co-workers [103] report that the continuous irrigation of crops with saline waters may lead to a gradual or rapid increase in soil salinity. The concentration of TDS (mg/L) in the river from the different sampling point varied from a 321.5 ± 0.7 to 381.5 ± 71.4 for the wet season while for the dry season it varied from 391.0 ± 88.74 to 412.0 ± 97.97 (Table 6). A study by du Preez and co-workers [91], attributed an increase in EC and pH in the Crocodile to anthropogenic activities likely from runoff caused by agricultural activity while Wongsasuluk and co-workers [104] attributed an increase in EC due to seasonal variation, thus confirming the role of seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters.
The assessment of PTEs in the Crocodile River suggests there is a significant variation (
Average PTEs concentration (mg/L) in surface water.
Average PTEs concentration in the Crocodile River.
The average concentration of Mn in the river ranged from 0.03–0.18 mg/L (dry season) while for the wet season it ranged from 0.22–0.34 mg/L. The findings of this study is in line with those reported by Li and Zhang [106], whereby an increase concentration of Mn during the wet seasons in the Upper Han River in China. Fe concentration for the dry season ranged from 0.03–0.05 mg/L while in the wet season, it ranged from 0.03–0.15 mg/L recorded only at points C and D respectively, whereas point A and B were below the detection limit and or might not be available in the water. The observed high concentration of Fe during the dry season compared to the wet season might be attributed to significant anthropogenic disturbance dominated primarily by physical weathering in the river as source areas [89].
The results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficients (
Tem | EC | pH | TDS | Cu | Zn | Al | Mn | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tem | 1 | ||||||||
EC | 1 | ||||||||
pH | 1 | ||||||||
TDS | 1 | ||||||||
Cu | 1 | ||||||||
Zn | 0,39 | 0,46 | 1 | ||||||
Al | −0,05 | −0,31 | − | −0,24 | −0,43 | 1 | |||
Mn | 0,44 | 0,50 | 1 | ||||||
Fe | 0,16 | 0,03 | 0,10 | 0,06 | 0,02 | − | 1 |
Pearson correlation coefficient matrix of the physiochemical parameters and PTEs in the river.
Correlation is significant at the
The Crocodile River catchment witnessed a considerable change in land use and land cover during the two decades. The results from the observed changes of the land use and land cover in the study area during the selected periods (1999–2009-2018) are illustrated in Tables 8
Accuracy assessment for study area 1999 MLC classified | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classification | Cropland | Grassland | Bare land | Built-up | Water bodies | Row total | User ‘accuracy |
Cropland | 29 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 40 | 73% |
Grassland | 4 | 28 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 40 | 70% |
Bare Land | 2 | 4 | 30 | 4 | 0 | 40 | 75% |
Built-up | 3 | 3 | 3 | 31 | 0 | 40 | 78% |
Water | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 40 | 88% |
Column total | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 200 | — |
Producer’s accuracy | 73% | 70% | 75% | 78% | 88% | — | 77% |
Overall Kappa ( | |||||||
Cropland | 30 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 75% |
Grassland | 3 | 35 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 88% |
Bare Land | 5 | 2 | 29 | 4 | 0 | 40 | 73% |
Built-up | 2 | 1 | 3 | 34 | 0 | 40 | 85% |
Water | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 100% |
Column total | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 200 | — |
Producer’s accuracy | 75% | 88% | 73% | 85% | 100% | — | 84% |
Overall Kappa ( | |||||||
Cropland | 29 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 40 | 73% |
Grassland | 6 | 30 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 75% |
Bare Land | 3 | 3 | 30 | 4 | 0 | 40 | 75% |
Built-up | 2 | 2 | 4 | 32 | 0 | 40 | 80% |
Water | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 40 | 88% |
Column total | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 200 | — |
Producer’s accuracy | 73% | 70% | 75% | 78% | 88% | — | 77% |
Overall Kappa ( |
Accuracy of LULC obtained from satellite data for the selected periods.
Land cover categories | 1999–2009 | 2009–2018 | 1999–2018 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage Change | Area (ha) | Percentage change | Percentage change | |
Cropland | +25 462 | +21.8 | −7 884 | −5.5 | 15.05 |
Grassland | −2 159 | −1.9 | +28 771 | +25.8 | 23.42 |
Bare Land | −22 163 | −19 | −20 775 | −22 | −36.81 |
Built-up | −1 978 | −1.7 | −685 | −0.6 | −2.29 |
Water bodies | +838 | +0.7 | +573 | +0.5 | 1.18 |
Trend changes in study area land cover categories.
Land cover categories | 1999–2009 | 2009–2018 | 1999–2018 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Percentage Change | Area (ha) | Percentage change | Percentage change | |
Cropland | +2 546.2 | +2.2 | −876 | −0.7 | 1.44 |
Grassland | −215.9 | −0.2 | +3 196.78 | +3 | 2.76 |
Bare Land | −2 216.3 | −1.9 | −2 308.33 | −2 | −3.88 |
Built-up | −197.8 | −0.2 | −76.11 | −0.1 | −0.28 |
Water bodies | +83.8 | +0.1 | +63.67 | +0.1 | 0.18 |
Annual rate of change in land cover categories for study area.
Land use and land cover map of the upper crocodile river catchment from 1999 to 2018.
Tables 8,9 and Figure 7 shows all the major land use classes in the area. It was noted that between 1999 to 2009, cropland increased by 25 462 ha and with a land cover change of 21.8% but decreased from 2009 to 2018 by −7 884 ha and with a − 5.5% changes in land cover. However, from 1999 to 2018, cropland witness 15.05% general change land cover and 1.44% change rate. The observed change can be attributed to a number of natural factors such as climate changes, and anthropogenic factors such as loss in soil fertility, changes in land use pattern/management, bush encroachment amongst others. It is also possible that climate change has played a leading role to the loss of cropland from 2009 to 2018. Grassland decreased by −2 159 ha between 1999 to 2009 with a land cover change of −1.9% but increased from 2009 to 2018 by 28 771 ha having a land cover change of 25.8%. Also, from 1999 to 2018 grassland witness an overall increase of 23.42% change in land cover with an annual change rate of 2.76%. This could be attributed to increased conservation in protected areas for game hunting as the number of privately owned resort accommodation increased for ecotourism [29].
Similarly, between 1999 and 2009 and from 2009 to 2018, bare land decreased from −22 163 ha to −20 775 ha respectively, with an annual negligible land cover change of 1.9% and − 22% respectively and with an overall land cover change of
Water bodies increased from +838 ha from 1999 to 2009 and with a slight increment of 0.7% and from 2009 to 2018, it further increased by 573 ha with an overall land cover change of 1.18% and annual change rate of 0.18 spanning from 1999 to 2018. This increase could be attributed to the construction of artificial dams used for irrigation water of crops in the area. The area is known for large scale intensive cultivation of both perishable crops (vegetables) fruits and grains (corn and wheat). Also, river environments are pristine and fragile, thus the restriction of human on these environments critical for sustainability [29]. The reconfiguration of the environments and the land use and land cover change may have had a negative effect on the river most probably influenced by the increased numbers and concentration of privately own accommodation along the river. A similar study by Namugize and co-workers [107], also attributed the deterioration of the uMngeni river catchment in South Africa to the multifaceted relationships between land use and land cover change and water quality parameters to be site specific.
Therefore, these findings help to understand the state of the environment in the upper Crocodile River catchment and aid in decision making on the implication on such findings on water resources which are considered be one of the most critical environmental problems in South Africa. The intensification of agricultural practices along the Crocodile River has had a negative impact on the receiving water through pollution as a result of the use of chemical fertilizers for cultivation profitable and more productive crop varieties (e.g. Fruits, grains and vegetables). The toxicity of water owing to the use of pesticides and other forms of chemical fertilizers draining into water bodies has resulted in the extinction of many marine organisms including serious effect on human health of those depending on the river as source for fish and domestic use [37, 84]. Furthermore, the decline in cropland from 2009 to 2018 may have a serious implication to food security and self-sufficiency for the province. This is further compounded by the increase in population growth urbanization, tourism, and other development activities are the principal drivers of LULC change in the Crocodile River catchment.
PTEs, even in trace amount in some cases, could pose a great risk to humans, exert harmful effects on the environment and other ecological receptors, as mentioned earlier. With this increased anthropogenic activity, considering the land use and landcover change, spanning from 1999 to 2018, with the concomitant rise in PTEs observed in the study area, as one of the African water bodies, the need for continuous environmental monitoring of the safety of the river water body has emerged, of great importance. Standard techniques for detection of the PTEs such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) [108], Uv–Vis spectrometry [109], atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy [110], laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) [111] and even the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) employed in this study, are not generally suitable for in situ, fast, easy and low cost operations [112]. Gross setbacks like tedious sample preparation and pre-concentration, professionalism needed in personnel operation, and high cost of procuring and maintaining equipment have surrounded the use of such techniques. Such growing mandatory demand for real-time on-site tracking of water quality for human health and the environmental monitoring requires a competitively sensitive and reliable technique which is affordable and exerts less pressure on the environment.
Hence, it is proposed that electrochemical monitoring technique could be a promising portable, low cost alternative with high selectivity and low detection limit [112]. Consequently, electrochemical sensors could be simply assembled into a compact system that is cheaper, simple to operate and possible for the desirable on-the-field application. These techniques leverage on the electro-catalytic oxidation of pre-concentrated deposited analyte on the surface of a prepared electrode. They have been engaged in extensive scope of applications such as environmental safety monitoring, control of food quality, medical diagnostics, and chemical threat detection. Some of the electrochemical methods most commonly in use nowadays include voltammetry, amperometry, impedemetry, potentiometry and conductometry [113]. Therefore, the safety assessment of African water bodies could profit immensely from the synergic integration of remote sensing and electrochemical technique in a way that is comparably affordable and efficient. Figure 8 [114] illustrates a typical electrochemical setup.
Typical electrochemical set-up [
The physicochemical parameters and PTEs contamination in the Crocodile River were analyzed to highlight the effect of the PTEs have on the river health. The results of this study revealed that the Crocodile River is contaminated with the following PTEs, (Al, Mn and Fe) as their contamination level were above the stipulated permissible guideline of DWAF of 0.005, 0.18 and 0.1 mg/L respectively. Non-point sources of metals in the river could possibly be attributed to anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining, resorts, and privately owned accommodation, commercial activities and the increasing population along the Crocodile River. A measure to curb metal pollution in the Crocodile River would be to avoid tannery discharge effluent into the river and farmland without prior treatment. Apart from the treatment of wastewater, effluent discharged into the Crocodile River. The different classes of land use and land cover revealed the following change patterns; bare land and built-up declined from 1999 to 2018, with a net change of −42 938 ha and − 2 663 ha respectively. Whereas, land cover category for grassland, cropland and water bodies exhibited an increase of 26 612, 17 578 and 1 411 ha respectively. The LULC changes observed in the upper Crocodile River can be attributed to anthropogenic activities having a range of negative impact on the river and the environment. This result, therefore, serves as an informed guideline for policymakers in understanding the effects of land use and land cover change in designing an eco-friendly land use policy in the Crocodile River. Electrochemical strategy using appropriate sensors has been proposed a congruent technique for periodic monitoring of water quality needed, to inform the local population of the human health risk associated with the use of water derived from the river.
The authors thank the North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, and Material Science Innovation and Modeling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area for their financial support and research facilities.
All authors declared no conflicts of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2459},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11636",title:"Neuroplasticity - Visual Cortex Reorganization From Neurons to Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b306ce94998737c764d08736e76d60e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alyssa A Brewer and Dr. Brian Barton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11636.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"115304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alyssa",surname:"Brewer",slug:"alyssa-brewer",fullName:"Alyssa Brewer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Imran and Dr. Muhammad Kamran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11607",title:"Aquatic Plants - Biology and Environmental Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9103c1501af58e2c24202646f15f0940",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Dr. Mei Li and Dr. Adel W. Almutairi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11607.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed and Prof. Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11626",title:"Brassica - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79b540fc5f61052fefeddda2b07fcde9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sarwan Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11626.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"229507",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarwan",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sarwan-kumar",fullName:"Sarwan Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11799",title:"Salmonella - Past, Present and Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6ddb13c31fb19c6f79d19f11ceeb860e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Hongsheng Huang and Dr. Sohail Naushad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342722",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hongsheng",surname:"Huang",slug:"hongsheng-huang",fullName:"Hongsheng Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:114},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:79},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"192",title:"Otorhinolaryngology",slug:"otorhinolaryngology",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:22,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:451,numberOfWosCitations:134,numberOfCrossrefCitations:103,numberOfDimensionsCitations:222,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"192",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10725",title:"Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Conditions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"745767840ecb866e31f906858abc6bc1",slug:"paranasal-sinuses-anatomy-and-conditions",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10336",title:"Pharynx",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6345b3e2fa581d433172c9dade14bca",slug:"pharynx-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Xiaoying Zhou and Zhe Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"327700",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoying",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xiaoying-zhou",fullName:"Xiaoying Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10529",title:"Hearing Loss",subtitle:"From Multidisciplinary Teamwork to Public Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4b7dbb02ba00e7412422cd5dbffa029",slug:"hearing-loss-from-multidisciplinary-teamwork-to-public-health",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10529.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8732",title:"Sino-Nasal and Olfactory System Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2170e4de59f7b95f9fad8d3dc343aae0",slug:"sino-nasal-and-olfactory-system-disorders",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8732.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67669/images/system/67669.png",biography:"Dr Balwant Singh Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with sub-specialty interest in rhinology (allergy, Sino nasal diseases, endoscopic sinus, anterior and ventral skull base surgery and functional and cosmetic nasal surgery). He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, USA in 1997. During his Fulbright experience, he also worked at the Hospital of University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Philadelphia and St Joseph’s Hospital, Chicago, USA with sub-specialty interest in rhinology and aesthetic nasal surgery. Dr BS Gendeh retired after 38 years government service as a consultant ENT surgeon at the National University of Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) in 2014, and presently is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at UKMMC and is a resident ENT consultant at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur since 2014. Is an executive member of numerous National and International bodies including Board Chairman of Malaysian American Commission on Educational Exchange (MACEE) from 2013-2015. Due to his vast contribution to the academia in research and clinical publication, he was elected as a Diploma of Fellowship Academy of Medicine Malaysia (FAMM) in October 2000, International Fellow of the Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in April 2004, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (FASc) in April 2016 and as Fellow of Malaysian Scientific Association (FMSA) in September 2017. He has written 96 scientific papers with more than 550 citations and editor/co-editor of 8 books and 37 book chapters an H index of 15.",institutionString:"Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7891",title:"Meniere's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dda64b6335a1f85313b965777842c80a",slug:"meniere-s-disease",bookSignature:"Fayez Bahmad Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77351",title:"Prof.",name:"Fayez",middleName:null,surname:"Bahmad Jr",slug:"fayez-bahmad-jr",fullName:"Fayez Bahmad Jr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8680",title:"Advances in Rehabilitation of Hearing Loss",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"068c9f4790e4843b9cbb8dcf86002bea",slug:"advances-in-rehabilitation-of-hearing-loss",bookSignature:"Diego Zanetti and Federica Di Berardino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219687",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Zanetti",slug:"diego-zanetti",fullName:"Diego Zanetti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7844",title:"Voice and Swallowing Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a81e27eb29c12553e9524f20a93b57d",slug:"voice-and-swallowing-disorders",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7461",title:"Management of Tinnitus",subtitle:"The Enriching Views of Treatment Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9626e5a89247b934de503a3d08752e14",slug:"management-of-tinnitus-the-enriching-views-of-treatment-options",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7131",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33875",doi:"10.5772/32762",title:"Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review",slug:"cochlear-implants-in-children-a-review",totalDownloads:4955,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Julia Sarant",authors:[{id:"92583",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Sarant",slug:"julia-sarant",fullName:"Julia Sarant"}]},{id:"49574",doi:"10.5772/61835",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5347,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"49108",doi:"10.5772/61217",title:"Hearing Loss and the Voice",slug:"hearing-loss-and-the-voice",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The voice varies according to the context of speech and to the physical and psychological conditions of the human being, and there is always a normal standard for the vocal output. Hearing loss can impair voce production, causing social, educational, and speech limitations, with specific deviation of the communication related to speech and voice. Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"49005",doi:"10.5772/60836",title:"Endoscopic Criteria in Assessing Severity of Swallowing Disorders",slug:"endoscopic-criteria-in-assessing-severity-of-swallowing-disorders",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4545",slug:"seminars-in-dysphagia",title:"Seminars in Dysphagia",fullTitle:"Seminars in Dysphagia"},signatures:"Farneti Daniele and Genovese Elisabetta",authors:[{id:"172879",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Farneti",slug:"daniele-farneti",fullName:"Daniele Farneti"},{id:"175419",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Genovese",slug:"elisabetta-genovese",fullName:"Elisabetta Genovese"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2355,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7784,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5644,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5347,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:155,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/318614",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"318614"},fullPath:"/profiles/318614",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()