\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10945",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Collagen Biomaterials",title:"Collagen Biomaterials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Collagen is the most abundant protein class in the human body. The polymer also has the distinct benefit of being biodegradable, biocompatible, readily accessible, and very adaptable. The use of collagen-based biomaterials in tissue engineering applications has increased dramatically over the past few years, owing to extensive research in the field. Multiple cross-linking strategies for collagen have been examined. Various combinations of collagen with other biopolymers have also been investigated in an attempt to increase the tissue function of the collagen biomaterials in their various formulations. Collagen Biomaterials provides a thorough overview of the different uses of collagen-based biomaterials produced for tissue engineering, to offer a functional material for use in regenerative medicine from the laboratory bench to the patient bedside.",isbn:"978-1-80355-412-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-411-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-413-6",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"collagen-biomaterials",numberOfPages:170,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"721724968654675a93937e3b5645a266",bookSignature:"Nirmal Mazumder and Sanjiban Chakrabarty",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10945.jpg",numberOfDownloads:307,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 18th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 6th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"256296",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirmal",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"nirmal-mazumder",fullName:"Nirmal Mazumder",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256296/images/system/256296.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nirmal Mazumder is an assistant professor in the Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India. He obtained his Ph.D. from National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan in 2013. From 2013 to 2016, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Virginia, USA, and the Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy. He has been developing nonlinear optical microscopes, including two-photon fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for biomedical applications. He has published several research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, books, and book chapters. He serves as a reviewer and guest editor for prestigious journals and member of national and international scientific societies and organizations.",institutionString:"Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"416245",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjiban",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarty",slug:"sanjiban-chakrabarty",fullName:"Sanjiban Chakrabarty",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/416245/images/system/416245.png",biography:"Dr. Sanjiban Chakrabarty is an assistant professor and coordinator, at the Center for DNA Repair and Genome Stability, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), India. Trained in biochemistry, he obtained his Ph.D. in Human Genetics from MAHE in 2013. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. His research interests and expertise are in cancer genomics, mitochondrial biology, and DNA damage response. He is a member of several national and international scientific societies and an external Ph.D. expert committee member. He has published several research articles in international journals and has two patents in his name. He serves as a reviewer and guest editor for many prestigious journals.",institutionString:"Manipal School of Life Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Manipal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"154",title:"Biomaterials",slug:"biomaterials"}],chapters:[{id:"80427",title:"Collagen Involvement in Health, Disease, and Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101978",slug:"collagen-involvement-in-health-disease-and-medicine",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the physiologic, metabolic, and clinical aspects of collagen, including the role of nutritional factors in a new nosographic entity, called “extended collagen carential disease.” Except water and possibly fats, carbohydrates, and other structural proteins, perhaps there is more collagen in the mammalian body than anything else. Moreover, collagen participates in almost all of the body functions, adjusting its structure constantly in response to changes in environment, development, growth, and external clues. Collagens found in bones and nails are different from collagens found in body fluids and other biological structures, such as basement membrane, skin, tendons, muscles, and hair. The ubiquity of collagen functions accounts for its phylogenetic ubiquity, involving any tissue, organ, and apparatus. This is shown by the so-called “collagen carential disease,” involving nails, hair, osteoarticular and gastrointestinal systems. For instance, the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome describes another group of genetic collagen disorders, affecting the collagen processing and structure. Some of them are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, while others emerge in the absence of essential nutritional factors. It is the case of Vitamin C, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of a normal mature collagen network. Hence, the idea of an “extended collagen carential disease,” applicable to the absence of essential nutritional factors.",signatures:"Bruno Silvestrini, Chuen Yan Cheng and Matteo Innocenti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80427",authors:[{id:"438467",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Silvestrini",slug:"bruno-silvestrini",fullName:"Bruno Silvestrini"},{id:"438492",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Innocenti",slug:"matteo-innocenti",fullName:"Matteo Innocenti"},{id:"444043",title:null,name:"Chuen",surname:"Yan Cheng",slug:"chuen-yan-cheng",fullName:"Chuen Yan Cheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"80387",title:"Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Facilitated Collagen Scaffold Production for Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102438",slug:"supercritical-carbon-dioxide-facilitated-collagen-scaffold-production-for-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The rise of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) is a developing field that focuses on the advancement of alternative therapies for tissue and organ restoration. Collagen scaffold biomaterials play a vital role as a scaffold to promote cell growth and differentiation to promote the repair and regenerate the tissue lesion. The goal of this chapter will be to evaluate the role of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology in the production of collagen scaffold biomaterials from various tissues and organs and relate it to the traditional decellularization techniques in the production of collagen biomaterials for TERM. Therefore, we will study the collagen scaffold biomaterials produced using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology and their characteristics, such as chemical-physical properties, toxicity, biocompatibility, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity that could affect the interaction with cells and living system, relative to traditional decellularization technique-mediated collagen scaffolds. Furthermore, the chapter will focus on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology for the production of collagen scaffolds biomaterial appropriate for TERM.",signatures:"Periasamy Srinivasan and Dar-Jen Hsieh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80387",authors:[{id:"438281",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dar-Jen",surname:"Hsieh",slug:"dar-jen-hsieh",fullName:"Dar-Jen Hsieh"},{id:"438414",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"periasamy-srinivasan",fullName:"Periasamy Srinivasan"}],corrections:null},{id:"81727",title:"Nanoparticle Based Collagen Biomaterials for Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104851",slug:"nanoparticle-based-collagen-biomaterials-for-wound-healing",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wounds and infections are extremely common cases that are dealt with in the medical field. Their effective and timely treatment ensures the overall well-being of patients in general. Current treatments include the use of collagen scaffolds and other biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Although the use of collagenous biomaterials has been tested, the incorporation of nanoparticles into these collagenous biomaterials is a fairly new field, whose possibilities are yet to be explored and discovered. The current chapter explores the applications of the amalgamation of collagenous biomaterials with nanoparticles, which themselves are known to be effective in the treatment and prevention of infections.",signatures:"Kausalya Neelavara Makkithaya, Sharmila Nadumane, Guan-Yu Zhuo, Sanjiban Chakrabarty and Nirmal Mazumder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81727",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81727",authors:[{id:"256296",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirmal",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"nirmal-mazumder",fullName:"Nirmal Mazumder"},{id:"416245",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjiban",surname:"Chakrabarty",slug:"sanjiban-chakrabarty",fullName:"Sanjiban Chakrabarty"},{id:"450248",title:"Ms.",name:"Kausalya Neelavara",surname:"Makkithaya",slug:"kausalya-neelavara-makkithaya",fullName:"Kausalya Neelavara Makkithaya"},{id:"450249",title:"Ms.",name:"Sharmila",surname:"Nadumane",slug:"sharmila-nadumane",fullName:"Sharmila Nadumane"},{id:"450250",title:"Dr.",name:"Guan-Yu",surname:"Zhuo",slug:"guan-yu-zhuo",fullName:"Guan-Yu Zhuo"}],corrections:null},{id:"80649",title:"Thermal Manipulation of Human Bone Collagen Membrane (SoftBone) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) Membranes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102817",slug:"thermal-manipulation-of-human-bone-collagen-membrane-softbone-and-platelet-rich-fibrin-prf-membranes",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Resorbable barrier membranes, including platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and collagen membranes, can play a key role in guided bone regeneration surgeries (GBR) in dentistry. A new collagen membrane made of partially decalcified allogeneic cortical bone, termed SoftBone membrane (SB), was produced by West Hungarian Regional Tissue Bank. It can be easily adapted to diverse surfaces. Fresh and freeze-dried folded-PRF membranes were compared with freeze-dried SB. Important properties of membranes were reported (moisture content, rehydration capacity, and resistance against proteolytic enzyme). The SB exhibited the best resistance against enzymatic digestion on day 21, its weight was 34% of the original. Fresh F-PRF (folded PRF) disintegrated on the 11th day, while the freeze-dried F-PRF membrane dissolved completely on day 8. The thermal manipulation of the F-PRF membrane using freeze-drying has advantages and also disadvantages in comparison to the fresh one.",signatures:"Lajos Csönge, Ágnes Bozsik, Zoltán T. Bagi, Róbert Gyuris, Dóra K. Csönge and János Kónya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80649",authors:[{id:"443673",title:"Dr.",name:"Lajos",surname:"Csönge",slug:"lajos-csonge",fullName:"Lajos Csönge"},{id:"452151",title:"Ms.",name:"Ágnes",surname:"Bozsik",slug:"agnes-bozsik",fullName:"Ágnes Bozsik"},{id:"452152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltán",surname:"Tóth Bagi",slug:"zoltan-toth-bagi",fullName:"Zoltán Tóth Bagi"},{id:"452153",title:"Dr.",name:"Róbert",surname:"Gyuris",slug:"robert-gyuris",fullName:"Róbert Gyuris"},{id:"452154",title:"Ms.",name:"Dóra K.",surname:"Csönge",slug:"dora-k.-csonge",fullName:"Dóra K. Csönge"},{id:"452155",title:"MSc.",name:"János",surname:"Kónya",slug:"janos-konya",fullName:"János Kónya"}],corrections:null},{id:"81742",title:"Collagen-Based Biomaterial as Drug Delivery Module",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103063",slug:"collagen-based-biomaterial-as-drug-delivery-module",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the field of medicine, controlled drug delivery has become a major challenge due to inefficiency of drug at critical parameters such as permeability, solubility, half-life, targeting ability, bio- & hemocompatibility, immunogenicity, off-target toxicity and biodegradability. Since several decades the role of drug delivery module has been a crucial parameter of research and clinical observations to improve the effectiveness of drugs. Biomaterials- natural or artificial are mainly used for medical application such as in therapeutics or in diagnostics. Among all the biomaterials, collagen based-hydrogels/ films/ composite materials have attracted the research and innovations and are the excellent objects for drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressings and gene therapeutics etc. due to high encapsulating capacity, mechanically strong swollen structural network and efficient mass transfer properties. Substantial developments have been performed using collagen-based drug delivery systems (DDS) to deliver biomolecules with better efficacy. In spite of significant progress, several issues at clinical trials particularly targeting of intracellular molecules such as genes is still a challenge for researchers. Experimental results, theoretical models, molecular simulations will boost the fabrication/designing of collage-based DDS, which further will enhance the understanding of controlled delivery/mechanism of therapeutics at specific targets for various disease treatments.",signatures:"Amit Kumar Verma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81742",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81742",authors:[{id:"438903",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit Kumar",surname:"Verma",slug:"amit-kumar-verma",fullName:"Amit Kumar Verma"}],corrections:null},{id:"80857",title:"Collagen Based 3D Printed Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103914",slug:"collagen-based-3d-printed-scaffolds-for-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tissue grafting is mostly used for repair and replacement of severely damaged tissues, the key challenges are compatibility, availability of the grafts, complex surgical process and post-operative complications. Hence, additive technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have emerged as promising alternative for tissue engineering in order to ensure safety, compatibility, and rapid healing. The aim of this chapter is to give an elaborate account of 3D printed scaffolds for bone, cartilage, cardio-vascular and nerve tissue engineering. Various components such as polycaprolactone, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), and β-tricalcium phosphate, bioglass 45S5, and nano-hydroxyapatite are combined with collagen and its derivatives to achieve specific pore size in the scaffolds for effective restoration of the defects of soft or hard tissues. Likewise, proanthocyanidin, oxidized hyaluronic acid, methacrylated gelatin, are used in collagen based 3D printed scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioink with collagen as active component is also used for developing cardio-vascular implants with recellularizing properties. Collagen in combination with silk fibroin, chitosan, heparin sulphate and others are ideal for fabrication of elastic nerve guidance conduits. In view of the background, collagen-supplemented hydrogels can revolutionize future biomedical approaches for the development of complex scaffolds for tissue engineering.",signatures:"Sougata Ghosh, Bishwarup Sarkar, Ratnakar Mishra, Nanasaheb Thorat and Sirikanjana Thongmee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80857",authors:[{id:"452506",title:"Dr.",name:"Sougata",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sougata-ghosh",fullName:"Sougata Ghosh"},{id:"456139",title:"Mr.",name:"Bishwarup",surname:"Sarkar",slug:"bishwarup-sarkar",fullName:"Bishwarup Sarkar"},{id:"456141",title:"Dr.",name:"Ratnakar",surname:"Mishra",slug:"ratnakar-mishra",fullName:"Ratnakar Mishra"},{id:"456142",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanasaheb",surname:"Thorat",slug:"nanasaheb-thorat",fullName:"Nanasaheb Thorat"},{id:"456144",title:"Dr.",name:"Sirikanjana",surname:"Thongmee",slug:"sirikanjana-thongmee",fullName:"Sirikanjana Thongmee"}],corrections:null},{id:"81613",title:"Mechanical Methods of Producing Biomaterials with Aligned Collagen Fibrils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104734",slug:"mechanical-methods-of-producing-biomaterials-with-aligned-collagen-fibrils",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Collagen has been used in various therapeutic medical devices, such as artificial dermis, bone, and cartilage, wherein the effectiveness of collagen mainly depends on its biological features of biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioresorbability, cell affinity, and weak antigenicity. Collagen is the main structural protein in the human body and is responsible for the mechanical properties of tissues and organs. The fundamental structural component of tendon tissue is uniaxially aligned collagen fibrils that run parallel to the geometrical axis. Thus, the fabrication of artificial tendons is an excellent example of developing biomaterials using collagen as a structural backbone. Previous attempts to construct aligned fibril-based biomaterials involved electrospinning, freeze drying, using a strong magnetic field, and mechanical methods, including shearing and tension during wet extrusion. Among these, mechanical methods have been extensively studied owing to their simplicity and effectiveness suitable for mass production. However, few review articles have focused on these mechanical methods. Thus, this article reviews the mechanical methods for creating biomaterials from aligned collagen fibril while discussing the other fabrication methods in brief.",signatures:"Shunji Yunoki, Eiji Kondo and Kazunori Yasuda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81613",authors:[{id:"439144",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shunji",surname:"Yunoki",slug:"shunji-yunoki",fullName:"Shunji Yunoki"},{id:"439963",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiji",surname:"Kondo",slug:"eiji-kondo",fullName:"Eiji Kondo"},{id:"439964",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",surname:"Yasuda",slug:"kazunori-yasuda",fullName:"Kazunori Yasuda"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6995",title:"Microencapsulation",subtitle:"Processes, Technologies and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09376930370a8a1e60c1ae491a2d7d8d",slug:"microencapsulation-processes-technologies-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Fabien Salaün",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6280",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry - New Edition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d45002a20a9496ff80f5c0166d9be33",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry-new-edition",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello and Teresa Musumeci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9574",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"730b237f28a94ddad58ba55ee6ab8811",slug:"biomaterials",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu and Claudia Manuela Da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9574.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11792",leadTitle:null,title:"Insects as Food - New Dietary Sources, Production, and Quality of Products",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tRecent scientific data describe insects as a great source of micro and macro nutrients with great digestibility and bio-availability. This book entitled "Insect as food" is an attempt to provide the latest and up-to-date information on various aspects of insect-based food products. The readers will definitely appreciate the capacity of insects as food for humans and feed for animals and livestock. The readers will enjoy topics related to the production and farming of insects. This book is a complete guide to producing insects at a large scale for livestock and food industries. This book will further discuss technological progress and emerging innovation incorporated into the insect product development sectors making this book a useful resource for those interested in large-scale production of alternate meat and protein analogs. Furthermore, insect-based bio-products as anti-aging constituents will also presented in this book. Finally, comprehensive studies on market development and sensory acceptability of insect foods from Asia and the rest of the world will also be welcomed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-272-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-271-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-273-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3ca360f1592f80cbe79280ce265c0f12",bookSignature:"Dr. Umar Bacha",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11792.jpg",keywords:"Edible Insects, Reproductive Cycle, Nutritional Requirements, Consumer Perception, Antioxidant Compounds, Cricket Powder, Bioactive Compounds, Nutrition Profile, Extruded Insect Products, Insect Protein Production, Emerging Technology, Insect Proteins",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 15th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Umar Bacha is an Associate Professor at the School of Health Sciences interested to delineate the cross-talks between metabolic cues and metabolic chronic diseases. He obtained his Ph.D. in Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pakistan, and previously worked for Abbott Nutrition. He published many research papers in journals such as Food Science & Nutrition, Cellular and Molecular Biology, and The Lancet.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"244265",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",middleName:null,surname:"Bacha",slug:"umar-bacha",fullName:"Umar Bacha",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/244265/images/system/244265.jpg",biography:"Umar Bacha is an associate professor at the School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. He obtained a BSc (Hons) in Biochemistry and an MPhil and Ph.D. in Nutrition. He has published several research papers and authored and co-authored several books. His fields of interest are nutrient and drug interactions, nutraceuticals, and public health. Dr. Bacha has several national and international awards to his credit.",institutionString:"University of Management and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Management and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8036",title:"Healthcare Access",subtitle:"Regional Overviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84f870b3d688da8dd09779ef7507b850",slug:"healthcare-access-regional-overviews",bookSignature:"Umar Bacha, Urška Rozman and Sonja Šostar Turk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244265",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",surname:"Bacha",slug:"umar-bacha",fullName:"Umar Bacha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9810",title:"Rural Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d76f29adf436c7bf1412bed141472c8",slug:"rural-health",bookSignature:"Umar Bacha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244265",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",surname:"Bacha",slug:"umar-bacha",fullName:"Umar Bacha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26157",title:"A Geomedical Approach to Chinese Medicine: The Origin of the Yin-Yang Symbol",doi:"10.5772/27241",slug:"a-geomedical-approach-to-chinese-medicine-the-origin-of-the-yin-yang-symbol",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26157.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26157",totalDownloads:4149,totalViews:407,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:1,introChapter:null,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:83,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"February 16th 2011",dateReviewed:"July 24th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 18th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26157",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26157",book:{id:"643",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine"},signatures:"Stefan Jaeger",authors:[{id:"69396",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Jaeger",fullName:"Stefan Jaeger",slug:"stefan-jaeger",email:"jaeger@umiacs.umd.edu",position:"Visiting Scientist",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"643",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",publishedDate:"January 18th 2012",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-903-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6758-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",middleName:null,surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26181",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter",slug:"introductory-chapter-2012-01-18",totalDownloads:3021,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Haixue Kuang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",middleName:null,surname:"Kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang"},{id:"44864",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonggang",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yonggang Xia",slug:"yonggang-xia"},{id:"44865",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingyou",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Bingyou Yang",slug:"bingyou-yang"}]},{id:"26156",type:"chapter",title:"Metabonomics Research of the Four Properties in Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS System",slug:"metabonomics-research-of-the-four-properties-in-traditional-chinese-medicine-based-on-uplc-qtof-ms-s",totalDownloads:2043,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Haixue Kuang, Yanyan Wang, Qiuhong Wang, Bingyou Yang and Yonggang Xia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",middleName:null,surname:"Kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang"},{id:"44864",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonggang",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yonggang Xia",slug:"yonggang-xia"},{id:"44865",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingyou",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Bingyou Yang",slug:"bingyou-yang"},{id:"86637",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanyan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yanyan Wang",slug:"yanyan-wang"},{id:"86638",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiuhong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qiuhong Wang",slug:"qiuhong-wang"}]},{id:"26157",type:"chapter",title:"A Geomedical Approach to Chinese Medicine: The Origin of the Yin-Yang Symbol",slug:"a-geomedical-approach-to-chinese-medicine-the-origin-of-the-yin-yang-symbol",totalDownloads:4149,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Stefan Jaeger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69396",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Jaeger",fullName:"Stefan Jaeger",slug:"stefan-jaeger"}]},{id:"26158",type:"chapter",title:"Application of “Five Elements Theory” for Treating Diseases",slug:"application-of-five-elements-theory-for-treating-diseases",totalDownloads:11165,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuyo Hijikata",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68766",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuyo",middleName:null,surname:"Hijikata",fullName:"Yasuyo Hijikata",slug:"yasuyo-hijikata"}]},{id:"26159",type:"chapter",title:"An Approach to the Nature of Qi in TCM–Qi and Bioenergy",slug:"an-approach-to-the-nature-of-qi-in-tcm-qi-and-bioenergy",totalDownloads:4572,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xing-Tai Li and Jia Zhao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li",slug:"xing-tai-li"},{id:"122689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Jia Zhao",slug:"jia-zhao"}]},{id:"26160",type:"chapter",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Used in Tongue Diagnosis",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-technology-used-in-tongue-diagnosis",totalDownloads:3762,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qingli Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70289",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingli",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Qingli Li",slug:"qingli-li"}]},{id:"26161",type:"chapter",title:"Advances in Chinese Medicine Diagnosis: From Traditional Methods to Computational Models",slug:"advances-in-chinese-medicine-diagnosis-from-traditional-methods-to-computational-models",totalDownloads:3584,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Arthur de Sá Ferreira",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71175",title:"Dr.",name:"Arthur",middleName:"Sa",surname:"de Sa Ferreira",fullName:"Arthur de Sa Ferreira",slug:"arthur-de-sa-ferreira"}]},{id:"26162",type:"chapter",title:"Application and Effect of Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Analgesia in Perioperative Period of Total Knee Arthroplasty",slug:"application-and-effect-of-acupuncture-and-moxibustion-for-analgesia-in-perioperative-period-of-total",totalDownloads:2654,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bang Jian He and Peijian Tong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70776",title:"Dr.",name:"Peijian",middleName:null,surname:"Tong",fullName:"Peijian Tong",slug:"peijian-tong"},{id:"121263",title:"Dr.",name:"Bang Jian",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Bang Jian He",slug:"bang-jian-he"}]},{id:"26163",type:"chapter",title:"Research on Medication Rules of Chronic Gastritis and Allergic Rhinitis Based on the Complex System Entropy Clustering Method",slug:"research-on-medication-rules-of-chronic-gastritis-and-allergic-rhinitis-based-on-the-complex-system-",totalDownloads:2222,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Renquan Liu, Yuhao Zhao, Chenghe Shi and Guoyong Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71424",title:"Prof.",name:"Renquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Renquan Liu",slug:"renquan-liu"},{id:"76930",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuhao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yuhao Zhao",slug:"yuhao-zhao"},{id:"76931",title:"Prof.",name:"Chenghe",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Chenghe Shi",slug:"chenghe-shi"},{id:"120065",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoyong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Guoyong Chen",slug:"guoyong-chen"}]},{id:"26164",type:"chapter",title:"Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Primary Care",slug:"effectiveness-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-in-primary-care",totalDownloads:3770,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wendy Wong, Cindy Lam Lo Kuen, Jonathan Sham Shun Tong and Daniel Fong Yee Tak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"75757",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Wendy Wong",slug:"wendy-wong"},{id:"119227",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Yee Tak",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",fullName:"Daniel Yee Tak Fong",slug:"daniel-yee-tak-fong"},{id:"120252",title:"Prof.",name:"Cindy",middleName:null,surname:"Lam Lo Kuen",fullName:"Cindy Lam Lo Kuen",slug:"cindy-lam-lo-kuen"},{id:"120253",title:"Prof.",name:"Johnathan",middleName:null,surname:"Shum Shun Tong",fullName:"Johnathan Shum Shun Tong",slug:"johnathan-shum-shun-tong"}]},{id:"26165",type:"chapter",title:"A Comparison Study on Arterial Blood Pressure and Pulse Data of Condenser Microphone",slug:"a-comparison-study-on-arterial-blood-pressure-and-pulse-data-of-condenser-microphone",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yin-Yi Han, Yih-Nen Jeng, Si-Chen Lee and Hao-Jian Hung",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73388",title:"Prof.",name:"Yih-Nen",middleName:null,surname:"Jeng",fullName:"Yih-Nen Jeng",slug:"yih-nen-jeng"}]},{id:"26166",type:"chapter",title:"Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine – East Meets West in Validation and Therapeutic Application",slug:"traditional-chinese-herbal-medicine-east-meets-west-in-validation-and-therapeutic-application",totalDownloads:5321,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John W.M. Yuen, Sonny H.M. Tse and Jolene Y.K. Yung",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67276",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"W.M.",surname:"Yuen",fullName:"John Yuen",slug:"john-yuen"},{id:"120306",title:"Mr.",name:"Sonny",middleName:null,surname:"Tse",fullName:"Sonny Tse",slug:"sonny-tse"},{id:"120308",title:"BSc.",name:"Jolene",middleName:null,surname:"Yung",fullName:"Jolene Yung",slug:"jolene-yung"}]},{id:"26167",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Vasoactive Chinese Herbs on the Endothelial NO System",slug:"effects-of-vasoactive-chinese-herbs-on-the-endothelial-no-system",totalDownloads:4493,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huige Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69345",title:"Prof.",name:"Huige",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Huige Li",slug:"huige-li"}]},{id:"26168",type:"chapter",title:"JIN Formula Inhibits Tumorigenesis Pathways in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells and Tumor Growth in Athymic Nude Mice",slug:"jin-formula-inhibits-tumorigenesis-pathways-in-human-lung-carcinoma-cells-and-tumor-growth-in-athymi",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuhui Zhou, Fei Xiong, Zhenzhou Huang, Luyu Zheng, Miao Jiang, Ming Jiang, Yuping Tang, Jian Ma, Zhen Zhan, Jinao Duan and Xu Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69603",title:"Prof.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xu Zhang",slug:"xu-zhang"},{id:"76012",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuhui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Yuhui Zhou",slug:"yuhui-zhou"},{id:"77422",title:"Mr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Fei Xiong",slug:"fei-xiong"},{id:"77430",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhenzhou",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zhenzhou Huang",slug:"zhenzhou-huang"},{id:"77432",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Yuping Tang",slug:"yuping-tang"},{id:"77823",title:"Ms.",name:"Luyu",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Luyu Zheng",slug:"luyu-zheng"},{id:"77826",title:"Ms.",name:"Miao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Miao Jiang",slug:"miao-jiang"},{id:"77829",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Ming Jiang",slug:"ming-jiang"},{id:"77830",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Jian Ma",slug:"jian-ma"},{id:"77831",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhen",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",fullName:"Zhen Zhan",slug:"zhen-zhan"},{id:"77833",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinao",middleName:null,surname:"Duan",fullName:"Jinao Duan",slug:"jinao-duan"}]},{id:"26169",type:"chapter",title:"The Serotonergic System and Neuroplasticity are Implicated in the Effect of Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognitive Disorders",slug:"the-serotonergic-system-and-neuroplasticity-are-implicated-in-the-effect-of-phytochemicals-on-mood-a",totalDownloads:3198,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ying Xu, Chong Zhang and William O. Ogle",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67150",title:"Prof.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Ogle",fullName:"William Ogle",slug:"william-ogle"},{id:"70481",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Ying Xu",slug:"ying-xu"},{id:"126135",title:"MSc.",name:"Chong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chong Zhang",slug:"chong-zhang"}]},{id:"26170",type:"chapter",title:"Targeting Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine",slug:"targeting-effect-of-traditional-chinese-medicine",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rui-Zhi Zhao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Rui Zhi Zhao",slug:"rui-zhi-zhao"}]},{id:"26171",type:"chapter",title:"Knowledge-Based Discovery of Anti-Fibrotic and Pro-Fibrotic Activities from Chinese Materia Medica",slug:"knowledge-based-discovery-of-anti-fibrotic-and-pro-fibrotic-activities-from-chinese-materia-medica",totalDownloads:2978,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qihe Xu, Yuen Fei Wong, Shanshan Qu, Qingyang Kong, Xiu-Li Zhang, Xin-Miao Liang, Qin Hu, Mazhar Noor and Bruce M. Hendry",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67044",title:"Dr.",name:"Qihe",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Qihe Xu",slug:"qihe-xu"},{id:"118870",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuen Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Yuen Fei Wong",slug:"yuen-fei-wong"},{id:"118871",title:"MSc.",name:"Shanshan",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",fullName:"Shanshan Qu",slug:"shanshan-qu"},{id:"118872",title:"BSc.",name:"Qingyang",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Qingyang Kong",slug:"qingyang-kong"},{id:"118874",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinmiao",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Xinmiao Liang",slug:"xinmiao-liang"},{id:"118875",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiuli",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiuli Zhang",slug:"xiuli-zhang"},{id:"118876",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce M",middleName:null,surname:"Hendry",fullName:"Bruce M Hendry",slug:"bruce-m-hendry"},{id:"121045",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazhar",middleName:null,surname:"Noor",fullName:"Mazhar Noor",slug:"mazhar-noor"}]},{id:"26172",type:"chapter",title:"Chinese Medicine and Integrative Approaches in the Prevention of Breast Cancer – Acupuncture Meridian, Pulsed Eletromagnetic Field Test and Chinese Food Therapy",slug:"chinese-medicine-and-integrative-approaches-in-the-prevention-of-breast-cancer-acupuncture-meridian-",totalDownloads:2197,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lulu Fu and Hong Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77596",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Hong Xu",slug:"hong-xu"},{id:"121377",title:"MSc.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Lulu Fu",slug:"lulu-fu"}]},{id:"26173",type:"chapter",title:"Traditional Chinese Medical Criteria About the Use of Yongquan as a Life Support Maneuver",slug:"traditional-chinese-medical-criteria-about-the-use-of-yongquan-as-a-life-support-maneuver",totalDownloads:2887,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Adrián Angel Inchauspe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76643",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Inchauspe",fullName:"Adrian Angel Inchauspe",slug:"adrian-angel-inchauspe"}]},{id:"26174",type:"chapter",title:"The MALDI-TOF Analysis of Aconitum Alkaloids in Proprietary Chinese Medicine and in the Concoction of Fuzi",slug:"the-maldi-tof-analysis-of-aconitum-alkaloids-in-proprietary-chinese-medicine-and-in-the-concoction-o",totalDownloads:2332,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yong Wang and Chunhui Luo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68257",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yong Wang",slug:"yong-wang"}]},{id:"26175",type:"chapter",title:"Therapeutic Effects of Lignans and Blend Isolated from Schisandra chinesis on Hepatic Carcinoma",slug:"therapeutic-effects-of-lignans-and-blend-isolated-from-schisandra-chinesis-on-hepatic-carcinoma",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dae Youn Hwang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71831",title:"Prof.",name:"Daeyoun",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Daeyoun Hwang",slug:"daeyoun-hwang"}]},{id:"26176",type:"chapter",title:"Study on Metabolism of Natural Medical Components In Vivo: Metabolism Study in Rat After Oral Administration of Rhubarb Decoction and Characterization, Identification of the Rat Metabolite of Scutellaria baicalensis",slug:"study-on-metabolism-of-natural-medical-components-in-vivo-metabolism-study-in-rat-after-oral-adminis",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chenggang Huang, Bin Wu, Shuyun Liu, Shuang Liu, Zhixiong Li, Longhai Jian, Yihong Tang, Zhaolin Sun and Ke Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73186",title:"Prof.",name:"Huang",middleName:null,surname:"Chenggang",fullName:"Huang Chenggang",slug:"huang-chenggang"},{id:"75142",title:"Dr.",name:"Wu",middleName:null,surname:"Bin",fullName:"Wu Bin",slug:"wu-bin"},{id:"75149",title:"MSc.",name:"Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Shuang",fullName:"Liu Shuang",slug:"liu-shuang"}]},{id:"26177",type:"chapter",title:"Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Ingredient-Metal Based Anticancer Agents",slug:"traditional-chinese-medicine-active-ingredient-metal-based-anticancer-agents",totalDownloads:3892,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhen-Feng Chen, Hong Liang and Yan-Cheng Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76594",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhen-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhen-Feng Chen",slug:"zhen-feng-chen"},{id:"126877",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Hong Liang",slug:"hong-liang"},{id:"126885",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Yan-Cheng Liu",slug:"yan-cheng-liu"}]},{id:"26178",type:"chapter",title:"The Producing Area of Chinese Medicine and Famous Region Drug Research – Magnolia Officinalis",slug:"the-producing-area-of-chinese-medicine-and-famous-region-drug-research-magnolia-officinalis",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guo Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74424",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Guo Li",slug:"guo-li"}]},{id:"26179",type:"chapter",title:"Separation and Quantification of Component Monosaccharides of Cold Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Ephedra sinica by MECC with Photodiode Array Detector",slug:"separation-and-quantification-of-component-monosaccharides-of-cold-water-soluble-polysaccharides-fro",totalDownloads:5539,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Haixue Kuang, Yong-Gang Xia and Bing-You Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",middleName:null,surname:"Kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang"},{id:"44864",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonggang",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yonggang Xia",slug:"yonggang-xia"},{id:"44865",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingyou",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Bingyou Yang",slug:"bingyou-yang"}]},{id:"26180",type:"chapter",title:"Phytochemicals as Antidepressants: The Involvement of Serotonin Receptor Function, Stress Resistance and Neurogenesis",slug:"phytochemicals-as-antidepressants-the-involvement-of-serotonin-receptor-function-stress-resistance-a",totalDownloads:4404,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rui Wang and Ying Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70481",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Ying Xu",slug:"ying-xu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6302",title:"Herbal Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b70a98c6748d0449a6288de73da7b8d9",slug:"herbal-medicine",bookSignature:"Philip F. Builders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"62180",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Herbal Medicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-herbal-medicine",signatures:"Philip F. Builders",authors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Builders",fullName:"Philip Builders",slug:"philip-builders"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary"}]},{id:"59405",title:"Ergastic Crystal Studies for Raw Drug Analysis",slug:"ergastic-crystal-studies-for-raw-drug-analysis",signatures:"Thara K. Simon and Justin R. Nayagam",authors:[{id:"211486",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",middleName:null,surname:"R Nayagam",fullName:"Justin R Nayagam",slug:"justin-r-nayagam"},{id:"220837",title:"Dr.",name:"Thara",middleName:null,surname:"K Simon",fullName:"Thara K Simon",slug:"thara-k-simon"}]},{id:"58422",title:"Guidelines for the Development of Herbal-Based Sunscreen",slug:"guidelines-for-the-development-of-herbal-based-sunscreen",signatures:"Piergiacomo Buso, Matteo Radice, Anna Baldisserotto, Stefano\nManfredini and Silvia Vertuani",authors:[{id:"212100",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Manfredini",fullName:"Stefano Manfredini",slug:"stefano-manfredini"},{id:"212101",title:"BSc.",name:"Piergiacomo",middleName:null,surname:"Buso",fullName:"Piergiacomo Buso",slug:"piergiacomo-buso"},{id:"212102",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Radice",fullName:"Matteo Radice",slug:"matteo-radice"},{id:"212103",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Vertuani",fullName:"Silvia Vertuani",slug:"silvia-vertuani"},{id:"220809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Baldisserotto",fullName:"Anna Baldisserotto",slug:"anna-baldisserotto"}]},{id:"58270",title:"Toxicity and Safety Implications of Herbal Medicines Used in Africa",slug:"toxicity-and-safety-implications-of-herbal-medicines-used-in-africa",signatures:"Merlin L.K. Mensah, Gustav Komlaga, Arnold D. Forkuo, Caleb\nFirempong, Alexander K. Anning and Rita A. Dickson",authors:[{id:"190435",title:"Dr.",name:"Caleb",middleName:null,surname:"Firempong",fullName:"Caleb Firempong",slug:"caleb-firempong"},{id:"212111",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustav",middleName:null,surname:"Komlaga",fullName:"Gustav Komlaga",slug:"gustav-komlaga"},{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",middleName:null,surname:"Donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor"},{id:"217049",title:"Prof.",name:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",fullName:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah",slug:"merlin-lincoln-kwao-mensah"},{id:"217488",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander K.",middleName:null,surname:"Anning",fullName:"Alexander K. Anning",slug:"alexander-k.-anning"},{id:"223959",title:"Prof.",name:"Akosua Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Dickson",fullName:"Akosua Rita Dickson",slug:"akosua-rita-dickson"}]},{id:"58431",title:"Application of Herbal Medicine as Proliferation and Differentiation Effectors of Human Stem Cells",slug:"application-of-herbal-medicine-as-proliferation-and-differentiation-effectors-of-human-stem-cells",signatures:"Preethi Vidya Udagama and Vindya Udalamaththa",authors:[{id:"181671",title:"Prof.",name:"Preethi",middleName:null,surname:"Udagama",fullName:"Preethi Udagama",slug:"preethi-udagama"},{id:"214245",title:"Ms.",name:"Vindya",middleName:null,surname:"Udalamaththa",fullName:"Vindya Udalamaththa",slug:"vindya-udalamaththa"}]},{id:"61138",title:"Herbal Medicine Use during Pregnancy: Benefits and Untoward Effects",slug:"herbal-medicine-use-during-pregnancy-benefits-and-untoward-effects",signatures:"Tariku Laelago",authors:[{id:"211130",title:null,name:"Tariku",middleName:"Laelago",surname:"Ersado",fullName:"Tariku Ersado",slug:"tariku-ersado"}]},{id:"58513",title:"Plant-Derived Medicines with Potential Use in Wound Treatment",slug:"plant-derived-medicines-with-potential-use-in-wound-treatment",signatures:"Tina Maver, Manja Kurečič, Dragica Maja Smrke, Karin Stana\nKleinschek and Uroš Maver",authors:[{id:"142060",title:"Prof.",name:"Uroš",middleName:null,surname:"Maver",fullName:"Uroš Maver",slug:"uros-maver"},{id:"175361",title:"Dr.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Stana Kleinschek",fullName:"Karin Stana Kleinschek",slug:"karin-stana-kleinschek"},{id:"227392",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",middleName:null,surname:"Maver",fullName:"Tina Maver",slug:"tina-maver"},{id:"227393",title:"Prof.",name:"Manja",middleName:null,surname:"Kurečič",fullName:"Manja Kurečič",slug:"manja-kurecic"},{id:"227394",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Smrke",fullName:"Dragica Maja Smrke",slug:"dragica-maja-smrke"}]},{id:"58115",title:"Plant-Based Ethnopharmacological Remedies for Hypertension in Suriname",slug:"plant-based-ethnopharmacological-remedies-for-hypertension-in-suriname",signatures:"Dennis R.A. Mans, Angela Grant and Nicholaas Pinas",authors:[{id:"193905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:"R. A.",surname:"R.A. Mans",fullName:"Dennis R.A. Mans",slug:"dennis-r.a.-mans"},{id:"219349",title:"BSc.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Grant",fullName:"Angela Grant",slug:"angela-grant"},{id:"224838",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicholaas",middleName:null,surname:"Pinas",fullName:"Nicholaas Pinas",slug:"nicholaas-pinas"}]},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka"}]},{id:"59484",title:"Herbal Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicine",signatures:"Nontokozo Z. Msomi and Mthokozisi B.C. Simelane",authors:[{id:"193091",title:"Dr.",name:"Mthokozisi",middleName:null,surname:"Simelane",fullName:"Mthokozisi Simelane",slug:"mthokozisi-simelane"},{id:"195504",title:"Ms.",name:"Nontokozo",middleName:null,surname:"Msomi",fullName:"Nontokozo Msomi",slug:"nontokozo-msomi"}]},{id:"58960",title:"Powerful Properties of Ozonated Extra Virgin Olive Oil",slug:"powerful-properties-of-ozonated-extra-virgin-olive-oil",signatures:"Elisabetta Carata, Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo and Luciana Dini",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini",slug:"luciana-dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata"}]},{id:"58339",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity",slug:"taraxacum-genus-potential-antibacterial-and-antifungal-activity",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy"},{id:"219869",title:"MSc.",name:"María Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez",fullName:"María Eugenia Martínez",slug:"maria-eugenia-martinez"},{id:"219871",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",fullName:"Katy Díaz",slug:"katy-diaz"},{id:"219872",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Jorquera",fullName:"Lorena Jorquera",slug:"lorena-jorquera"}]},{id:"58560",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Extract Experimental Approaches",slug:"taraxacum-genus-extract-experimental-approaches",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"542",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a805c1d2d8449dcecd52eb7a48d2e6b1",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",bookSignature:"Arup Bhattacharya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"631",title:"Quality Control of Herbal Medicines and Related Areas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ced81d454b4a5ded2a0aa02e0d7621d",slug:"quality-control-of-herbal-medicines-and-related-areas",bookSignature:"Yukihiro Shoyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",surname:"Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"643",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499a7fabf489d2502de4616a4c7f3da0",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2975",title:"Complementary Therapies for the Contemporary Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"604c4ba43197c3ba1506c55c763d4ca7",slug:"complementary-therapies-for-the-contemporary-healthcare",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5494",title:"Chinese Medical Therapies for Diabetes, Infertility, Silicosis and the Theoretical Basis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3b6a2700d7fd0511770bf77290a422",slug:"chinese-medical-therapies-for-diabetes-infertility-silicosis-and-the-theoretical-basis",bookSignature:"Xing-Tai Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",surname:"Li",slug:"xing-tai-li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"643",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499a7fabf489d2502de4616a4c7f3da0",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80541",title:"Anal Fistula: Contemporary View of Complex Problem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102752",slug:"anal-fistula-contemporary-view-of-complex-problem",body:'Anal fistulas, especially complex anal fistulas, still present a challenge for surgeons because of their high recurrence rate, possible postoperative risk of fecal incontinence and also the fact that nowadays we still do not have a standardized procedure of choice for treatment.
An anal fistula is defined as an abnormal communication between perianal skin and anal canal, filled with granulation and fibrotic tissue that supports chronic inflammation, disabling spontaneous healing. Most fistulas are of cryptoglandular etiology, but can also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Mb Crohn), malignancies, trauma, pelvic sepsis or diverticulitis. Incidence of the disease is about 10 cases per 100,000 individuals with a male to female ratio of 2:1 [1, 2].
In the past, various classifications for anal fistulas were proposed. One of the most widespread classifications was Parks’ classification which classified fistulas according to their correlation with anal sphincter complex and divided fistulas into intersphincteric, transsphincteric, suprasphincteric and extrasphincteric [3].
Surgeons noticed, using traditional surgical techniques such as fistulotomy, fistulectomy or cutting seton, frequent continence disturbance following operations, especially in cases when fistula tract passed through deeper parts of sphincter complex and internal fistula opening was positioned more proximally in the anal canal.
To simplify classification and to prevent possible postoperative continence disturbance, colorectal surgeons nowadays mostly use simple classification which divides fistulas into two groups: simple and complex, according to the relation of the proportion of the anal sphincter mechanism they pass through. The classification that distinguishes simple and complex anal fistulas helps the surgeon to avoid using traditional techniques to prevent possible continence disturbance, but does not help in the decision which operative technique is best to use in the treatment of complex fistulas. Classification by Garg is extrapolated from multiple clinical scenarios and presents a better correlation with an actual patient case (Figure 1).
Garg classification of anal fistulas (with permission of Dr. Pankaj Garg).
Simple anal fistulas have only one tract that crosses less than 30% of the anal sphincter complex and can be treated by fistulotomy or fistulectomy with very low postoperative continence disturbance incidence and high healing rate.
All other fistulas are classified as complex. These fistulas cross the anal sphincter at a point that encompasses more than 30% of the external anal sphincter. They can have multiple tracts. Complex fistulas also include those about inflamatory bowel disease (IBD), those which are anteriorly positioned in female patients or those which are recurrent. If those fistulas are treated with fistulotomy or some other traditional technique, it can result in some type of postoperative fecal incontinence. The average rate of continence disturbance, such as flatus or liquid stool leakage following fistulotomy, was observed in 20–25% cases and up to 12% cases after cutting seton treatment [4, 5]. This effect on continence has resulted in traditional surgical techniques being less favorable for complex anal fistulas treatment and the incentive to use minimally invasive sphincter sparing techniques is increasing.
In anal fistula treatment, it is important to apply an appropriate surgical approach to obtain the best postoperative results such as high primary healing rate, low postoperative pain, low risk for any type of fecal incontinence, low recurrence rate and to subsequently increase postoperative patient’s life quality.
To delve into the intricacies of anal fistulas, one must first understand hypotheses that currently exist. The most widespread hypothesis is the cryptoglandular one which states that infected or inflamed anal glands are the cause of anal abscess and fistula [6]. This could be due to the ascending inflammation originating in the anal canal or blockage of discharge. Over almost 150 years, much research was done to find out exact relationship between anal glands and anal fistula, and while some researchers found them to correlate, others weren’t even able to prove the existence of anal glands or found them to be very variable at best [7]. Nevertheless, this is the predominant theory that surgeons adhere to throughout the modern surgery era, and anal glands seem to be the likely culprit. Despite this, etiology remains uncertain or unknown, but the inflammatory process seems to play a crucial role.
From the anatomical standpoint, it was stated by Parks that anal fistula is the chronic manifestation of anal abscess that is an acute condition. Fistula forms as a consequence of the medio-lateral spread of infection that subsequently may perforate the anal sphincter complex and extend to the perianal skin, thus forming a fistula [3]. More recently, Garg has shown that intersphincteric space plays a major role in anal fistula pathology, stating that almost all complex fistulas have some degree of intersphincteric involvement and that fistula in closed intersphincteric space acts like an abscess and must be treated accordingly [8, 9].
Molecular analyses of an anal fistula are scarce. One study has shown abundant expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1b in 93 % of the cryptoglandular anal fistulas, along with increased levels of cytokines IL-8, IL-12p40 and TNF-α in anal fistulas [10]. IL-1, especially IL-1β are strong pro-inflammatory cytokines that can be stimulated by other cytokines, microbial products and even IL-1β by auto stimulation, which can play a role in the recurrence or persistence of anal fistula. Tozer et al. showed immunological differences between cryptoglandular and Crohn’s disease-associated fistula [11]. While those are undoubtedly valuable findings that advance our understanding of anal fistula pathology, they still don’t change anything in our management of this problem.
To achieve best results, accomplish a higher primary healing rate, prevent recurrence and risk of postoperative continence disturbance, it is essential to identify the entire course of fistula tract including infected anal gland in intersphincteric space, main and possible secondary tracts. In that way, one can decide which surgical option is best for the patient.
After performing DRE, additional usage of the metal probe with insertion through fistula canal should be done to identify which type of fistula patient has so one can decide which surgical option should be performed. In case of pain, this can be performed under anesthesia (EUA: examination under anesthesia) [12]. In the case of a simple anal fistula, it is usually sufficient to examine as mentioned above, but in cases of a complex anal fistula in most cases, additional diagnostic methods should be done.
Some diagnostic methods that have previously been used to verify the course of fistula tracts, have since been abandoned. One of these techniques is X-ray fistulography. This technique is not performed anymore because it does not show the correlation of the fistula tract to the anal sphincter complex, so in that way, surgeon does not know which type of anal fistula the patient has [13].
Possible options to verify the correlation of the fistula tract with anal sphincter complex are: CT fistulography, endoanal ultrasound (EUS) and MRI fistulography.
CT fistulography can be more accurate in cases associated with acute inflammations and abscesses, but it somewhat deficient in cases of mature anal fistula.
Endoanal ultrasound (EUS) is a very good option to verify fistula tract correlation with sphincter complex and possible secondary branches but it is a highly operator-dependent technique [14, 15, 16].
For now, the golden standard for anal fistula diagnosis and classification is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI helps not only to accurately demonstrate disease extension but also to predict prognosis, make therapy decisions and can be used in some cases in follow-up periods especially in the patient suffering from Crohn´s disease or recurrent fistula (Figure 2) [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].
MR fistulography clearly shows horseshoe fistula on axial view.
One other possibility in the verification of main fistula tract and possible secondary branches is using fistuloscope during the diagnostic phase of VAAFT procedure (video-assisted anal fistula treatment) but the technique can also be considered as operator-dependent [22]. VAAFT procedure will be discussed later in this chapter.
It is stated that the ideal treatment for anal fistula lies on two principles. The first is the eradication of sepsis and promotion of fistula tract healing, and the second is preserving the sphincter complex and continence mechanism [23]. With simple fistulas, this can be achieved by laying open the fistulous tract with high healing rates and with no significant continence disturbance [24]. While simple fistulas have simple treatment solutions, the concept of treatment for complex fistulas is somewhat different, and while the above-mentioned principle holds, certain aspects should be explained.
Colorectal surgeons’ postulate that internal fistula openings should always be identified and closed. This was shown in a meta-analysis by Mei et al. with class I evidence for significant association between anal fistula recurrence and failure to identify and close internal fistula opening. The same meta-analysis also showed the connection between horseshoe fistula extensions and recurrence [25]. Both of these problems could be solved by applying video-assisted approach in treatment. This covers the first principle.
To achieve the second principle in complex anal fistula, sphincter preserving techniques should be used to address the anal continence problem. Currently, no study compares lay open techniques and sphincter preserving techniques for complex anal fistula treatment but other studies have shown that, in this case, lay open techniques have an unacceptably high incidence of continence disturbance, up to 25% [4]. Meanwhile, sphincter preserving techniques for complex fistulas, with the possible exception of rectal advancement flap, have shown to have no or only minor continence disturbances in up to 1.7% patients [26].
A somewhat different approach, arising from analysis of modern sphincter preserving techniques, to the ideal treatment of anal fistulas was described by Garg. He hypothesized that in order to successfully heal anal fistula, we should bear in mind three principles:
Intersphincteric fistula tract acts like an abscess in closed intersphincteric space.
Second principle follows the first: intersphincteric fistula must be drained and continuous drainage should be ensured.
Healing occurs progressively until interrupted irreversibly by a collection [9].
This may be the reason why most sphincter preserving treatment methods still do not have healing results comparable to lay open techniques.
When talking about traditional techniques in anal fistula treatment we refer to fistulotomy, fistulectomy or techniques with seton placement in the anal fistula canal. Even since Hippocrates, there have been advices and different references on how one should treat anal fistula [27]. Traditional techniques were used in the treatment of anal fistula during history, before the development of sphincter preserving techniques.
Fistulotomy as the oldest, simplest and most widely performed procedure in anal fistula treatment has its benefits and drawbacks. This procedure, with its synonym “lay open technique,” is quite a simple procedure in which the surgeon, after insertion of the metal probe, cuts (or lays open) the whole of fistula tract from the internal fistula opening which is located in the anal canal to the external opening situated on the perianal skin. Following this, the surgeon performs curettement of granulation tissue from the fistula tract remnant making, in a sense, an acute wound that should heal by secondary intention. Some surgeons perform additional marsupialization of wound edges the following fistulotomy to reduce postoperative bleeding and to speed up wound healing (Figure 3) [28].
Fistulotomy with marsupialization (shown by red arrows).
In this way, crucial postulates in anal fistula treatment are satisfied, except the preservation of anal sphincter complex to a lesser degree. Even though this procedure has a success rate of more than 90%, it is also associated with some type of postoperative continence disturbance in cases when the fistula tract crosses through deeper parts of the anal sphincter complex and when the internal fistula opening is placed more proximally in the anal canal. The incontinence rate following these procedures vary given the heterogeneity of anal fistulas, but can be up to 28% [4, 29].
In recent times, according to Garg’s classification, this technique should be only reserved for treatment of type 1 and 2 anal fistulae without risk of continence disturbance, meaning low intersphincteric and low transsphincteric fistula (simple anal fistula) [30].
Fistulectomy is performed by excising the whole of fistula tract, removing in that way the whole fistula tract from external fistula opening to internal fistula opening, without preservation of anal sphincter complex. In a meta-analysis that included 565 patients comparing fistulectomy and fistulotomy for low anal fistulas, there has been no conclusive evidence as to which procedure is better in simple anal fistula treatment [31].
Failure of treatment with fistulotomy of fistulectomy and recurrence is associated with inappropriate selection of patients with high anal fistulas or those with multiple tracts.
The seton placement technique distinguishes between “cutting” and “loose” seton.
Cutting seton technique is nowadays almost abandoned but was used to convert high anal fistula to low one which was later treated by lay open technique. Seton was made of unabsorbable material, placed through the anal fistula canal and then tightened enabling in that way slow cutting of the sphincter mechanism leaving behind a scar. The idea behind the technique was that it would prevent anal sphincter muscle to split and, in that way, to prevent serious problems with continence disturbance. It was proven however, that this technique has a high incidence of continence disturbance with high morbidity and recurrence rates [5].
When talking about the role of loose seton the situation is somewhat different. Loose seton should be placed through the fistula tract without tightening, helping in that way to reduce sepsis and to mature the fistula tract. This would be the first stage in resolving of anal fistula problem. Many surgeons advocate loose seton placement as an important step of rectal advancement flap procedure or LIFT (ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract) prior to that operation, even though there has not been clear clinical evidence [32, 33]. Seton placement before fistulotomy with sphincter reconstruction has shown its benefits in fistula treatment, namely in converting high transsphincteric to low transsphincteric fistula and also in the acute abscess stage before this procedure to reduce the risk of breakdown of sphincter repair [34].
As mentioned earlier, the high risk of postoperative continence disturbance after treatment of complex anal fistulas with traditional techniques, have led to the need for the development of new techniques, which would be dubbed “sphincter preserving techniques.” The main characteristic of such techniques is that they prevent or greatly reduce any possibility of postoperative fecal incontinence. Various sphincter preserving techniques were introduced in clinical practice in the last 10–15 years. Among these are laser treatment procedure (FiLaC®: fistula laser closure), fibrin glue treatment, anal fistula plug, VAAFT procedure (video-assisted anal fistula treatment), LIFT procedure (ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract), anal fistula treatment with platelet cells (PRP: platelet rich plasma), RAF (rectal advancement flap) and others. [22, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42].
Some sphincter preserving techniques weren’t broadly accepted given high cost, high recurrence rates or inability to reproduce similar results in other centers. Of above-mentioned sphincter preserving techniques, several gained wider acceptance, such as LIFT, VAAFT, and RAF technique.
Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) is a sphincter preserving technique first performed and published by Rojanasakul [39]. This technique satisfies all goals of anal fistula treatment such as the closure of internal fistula opening, removal of infected intersphincteric fistula tract (anal gland) and eradication of remaining fistula tract. It is reserved for the treatment of complex transsphincteric anal fistulas. After identification of fistula tract using metal, probe surgeon makes a curvilinear incision on the anocutaneous border entering intersphincteric space and performs preparation of intersphincteric part of anal fistula, followed by removal of the intersphincteric portion of the fistula. Closure of remaining defect of anal fistula on internal and external anal sphincter muscle then follows. Curettement of remaining fistula tract from external fistula opening to external anal sphincter muscle should be performed. Intersphincteric space is then reconstructed and the perianal wound sutured.
According to the two available meta-analyses, this procedure gives an overall success rate of 76.4 and 78 % respectively, with a low complication rate 5.5–13.9%. The most common complication was wound dehiscence, and others were bleeding, infection, hematoma, anal discharge. Only a low grade of postoperative fecal incontinence in 1.4% of patents was recorded (Figure 4) [33, 43].
LIFT procedure: identification of fistula tract in the intersphincteric plane; red arrow showing fistula tract.
This technique is easily reproducible without the necessity of investment in potentially expensive equipment. In case of dehiscence of intersphincteric space loose seton can be inserted through the intersphincteric wound, thus making conversion of transsphincteric fistula in intersphincteric one, which can be afterward treated by fistulotomy without fear of continence disturbance.
Video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) procedure is the only technique that enables visualization and operation of anal fistula from within fistula tract, using specially designed equipment. This sphincter preserving technique was developed by Meinero who described short and long-term results [22].
Using a special instrument (fistuloscope), the surgeon visualizes the fistula tract from inside, which helps to identify possible secondary branches of the fistula tract, abscess cavities and later destroys all chronic granulation tissue in the fistula tract making in that way an acute wound which should heal by secondary intention. The important part of this technique is also to identify the internal fistula opening inside the anal canal and to close it securely (Figures 5–9).
Intraoperative view of the fistula tract through fistuloscope.
Fulguration of the fistulous tract.
View of the debris after fulguration.
Postoperative view after VAAFT for complex horseshoe fistula.
Healed wounds in the same patient.
Many surgeons worldwide accepted this technique in their everyday practice for the treatment of complex anal fistulas [22, 38, 44, 45, 46].
The main indication for this technique is the treatment of complex anal fistulas, especially cases with multiple secondary branches which are deep in the ischioanal fossa and are not easily reached. Also, VAAFT has its benefits in treatment of patients who have anal fistula associated with Crohn’s disease, helping to ameliorate symptoms associated with chronic anal fistula such as pain and soiling, thus significantly increasing patient’s quality of life [44, 47]. VAAFT technique is comparable with other sphincter preserving techniques to healing and patient satisfaction. Diminished postoperative pain, earlier recovery after surgery and smaller postoperative perianal wounds allows for earlier return to normal activities [48].
In case of failure, this technique can be repeated because there is no risk for any continence disturbance following this procedure. The proposed mechanism whereby repeated procedures have an incremental effect is the conversion of complex fistula with multiple tracts into a more manageable, low or simple fistula, which can be called conversion of the fistula. [38]
VAAFT technique has been proven to be a safe procedure, associated with good functional outcomes and a very low incidence of complications [22, 44, 45], which was shown in a published meta-analysis [46]. It showed a recurrence rate ranging from 7.5 to 33.3% with a weighted mean recurrence rate of 17.7%. Recurrence rates varied significantly depending on the method of internal fistula opening closure (mattress suture, stapler, rectal advancement flap). No affection of anal continence was documented.
This technique is one of the oldest techniques which were and still are reserved for the treatment of complex anal fistulas especially in cases with large internal fistula opening. When discussing this technique, we can’t talk about the “pure” sphincter preserving technique because flap should be performed by dissection of anorectal mucosa and adjacent internal anal sphincter muscle, so in that way, internal anal sphincter muscle does not stay intact.
When doing this procedure surgeon should identify and excise the internal fistula opening in the anal canal. Then the U-shaped or rhomboid flap with a wider base side should be performed by dissecting anorectal mucosa and adjacent internal anal sphincter muscle. Curettement and irrigation of the whole fistula tract should be performed, followed by suture of a defect in sphincter complex left by earlier fistula tract. The site is then a covered by previously prepared flap and sutured. Even though much research has been made about optimal flap thickness, researchers found that there was a statistically higher rate of primary healing in cases with thicker flaps, but also have noticed a higher rate of mild postoperative continence disturbance which was more severe than the thicker flap was (Figure 10) [41, 49, 50].
Formed rectal advancement flap.
There have been many publications and several systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this technique where the effectiveness was shown to be 60–80%, but the same cases also reported some degree of postoperative fecal disturbance [42, 50, 51].
Factors that could affect healing after flap procedure are obesity and smoking, so patients should be advised to quit smoking and to try to reduce their weight prior to flap operation [52, 53, 54]. To increase the effectiveness of this technique one should perform bigger rhomboid or U-shape flaps using the minimally invasive approach, avoiding tissue trauma made by surgical cautery, avoiding excessive grasping as well as the too big strain of suture line.
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, there is no universal approach for anal fistula treatment. Some other possible solutions may be hybrid sphincter preserving techniques, fistulotomy with primary sphincter reconstruction, TROPIS (trans anal opening of the intersphincteric space) and use of autologous platelet rich plasma in anal fistula treatment.
Hybrid sphincter preserving techniques are combinations of two or more sphincter preserving techniques in a single procedure to increase healing rates and achieving better results.
Several reports exist with different combinations of techniques with authors trying to achieve higher healing rates, but the majority of reports are on a single institution basis or case reports with a small number of patients.
A combination of VAAFT and LIFT techniques was performed with intention of secure closure of internal fistula opening from intersphincteric space and additional exploration and eradication of remaining fistula tract from external fistula opening with identification of possible secondary branches using fistuloscope [55, 56]. VAAFT was also used in different combinations with other sphincter preserving techniques such as FiLaC® procedure and with RAF procedure in cases with large internal fistula opening [38, 44, 57].
The combination of LIFT technique with the insertion of a bioprosthetic graft in intersphincteric space was also described in a study that included 31 patients, where the success rate was 94% in a one-year follow-up period [58]. Another study combined LIFT and human acellular dermal matrix as a bioprosthetic plug with a reported success rate of 95% on a 21-patient sample [59]. Rectal advancement flap with the injection of porcine dermal collagen implant through the external opening was combined in a study which included 24 patients with a success rate of 82.5% in a 14-month follow-up period [60].
It was to be expected that surgeons started to combine two or more sphincter preserving techniques to achieve better results, but until evidence is found that one technique, or combination of techniques, has significantly better results over the others, they should be tailored individually depending on patient’s case.
This approach in the treatment of anal fistulas has the same operative philosophy as fistulotomy or fistulectomy, but is reserved for higher fistulas. In this procedure surgeon after eradication of the fistula tract and possible secondary fistula branches to prevent recurrences, makes additional anal sphincter reconstruction to try to eliminate the possibility of postoperative fecal incontinence. Ratto et al. reported a 93.2% overall success rate with a low morbidity rate using this approach. Overall postoperative fecal incontinence was 12.4% mainly post-defecation soiling, without significant changes in anorectal manometry parameters [61]. Voon et al. reported their experience in using this technique and had good outcomes with a very low rate of continence disturbance in follow-up period [34]. Even though this technique has been implemented in guidelines for anal fistula treatment by several surgical societies, it wasn’t accepted worldwide as the standardized procedure [62]. In case of abscess formation as the initial presentation, it is crucial to place seton drainage to give enough time for maturing of the fistula and to prevent continence disturbance following fistulotomy.
This technique was described and published by Garg, who used this approach in the treatment of high complex anal fistulas with a high primary healing rate and very low incidence of morbidities [8]. It is well known that high intersphincteric parts of anal fistula and abscesses are difficult to reach through intersphincteric approach or probing from external fistula opening, as well as that they are usually branching.
TROPIS approach also satisfies golden principles in the treatment of anal fistula such as identification and resolving internal fistula opening problem, as well as intersphincteric fistula tract with the accompanying anal gland, and also eradication of remaining fistulous tract by curettement.
The procedure is done by laying open intersphincteric space through internal anal with preservation of external sphincter. The external tracts in the ischioanal fossa should be curetted and the intersphincteric space is left open for secondary healing. In the initial prospective cohort which included 61 patients, the success rate was 84.6% with no significant changes with continence. The study included patients with high transsphincteric (anterior and posterior) and high intersphincteric type of fistula [8].
TROPIS procedure is an excellent approach for posterior high transsphincteric type and high intersphincteric type of anal fistula, especially if transsphincteric fistula is located at the puborectalis level. However, combination with drainage (preoperative seton placement and postoperative drain placement in remaining tract from external fistula opening), curettement or excision of external tracts is necessary to reduce recurrences.
Autologous platelet rich plasma (APRP) is nowadays used in various fields of medicine such as orthopedics, plastic surgery, dental medicine, but also in the treatment of anal fistula in the last decade. APRP is platelet concentration derived from centrifuged full blood after removal of red blood cells. Such prepared plasma is a rich source of various growth factors implicated in regeneration and tissue healing [63, 64].
The procedure consists of curettement of fistula tract and closure of internal fistula opening with an additional injection of previously prepared platelet rich autologous blood sample [65]. The majority of publications combined mucosal advancement flap with APRP injection [65, 66, 67]. Several publications reported an average healing rate from 60 to 90% [40, 66, 67, 68]. The drawbacks of mentioned publications were that they had a relatively small number of patients enrolled and still no meta-analyses exist on the subject. No problem with any type of postoperative fecal incontinence was reported. This is still considered to be a somewhat experimental procedure and is not widely used. The platelet separation procedure requires special equipment that is often only available in larger institutions. Also cost per patient exceeds that of the other techniques, which is why this technique needs more solid evidence for a patient benefit before it can be considered to become one of the mainstream sphincters preserving treatments.
We can say that fistulas associated with Crohn’s disease present a special entity in the treatment of anal fistulas. This kind of fistula presents a huge challenge for surgeons despite numerous surgical possibilities and technical advancements in recent years. Symptoms associated with Crohn’s anal fistula include purulent drainage, severe pain, possible continence disturbance which all can lead to a significant reduction in quality of life. These kinds of fistulas are often recurrent and hard to treat. The incidence of anal fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease is 5 to 40% and is more common in patients who have a higher severity of colorectal inflammation [69, 70, 71].
Even though numerous surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of this kind of anal fistulas, the choice of which technique is best often depends on the anatomy, presence of local inflammation, type of fistula, and surgeon’s experience (Figure 11) [72, 73, 74].
Perianal form of Crohn’s disease in female patient: multiple treatment methods combined (fistulotomy with marsupialization, seton placement, VAAFT).
Many management proposals have been published, but all had higher reports of postoperative complications such as continence disturbance, infection and high recurrence rate compared to the same type of fistulas not associated with Crohn’s disease. Currently, numerous novel surgical sphincters preserving techniques are being studied to less invasively induce fistula healing while maintaining fecal continence. When we discuss surgical treatment of complex anal fistulas in Crohn’s disease, the goal should be to ameliorate symptoms associated with this kind of fistulas and to improve patients’ quality of life. Although, various endoscopic and surgical techniques exist, there is no gold-standard treatment strategy for patients with perianal fistulas [44, 47, 75, 76].
Treatment of Crohn’s disease-associated anal fistula should always be multidisciplinary including surgeons, radiologists and gastroenterologists with the use of antibiotics, immunosuppressors and anti-inflammatory agents [77, 78, 79, 80, 81].
General principles in the treatment of this condition are underlined here, but the treatment of an anal form of Crohn’s disease is a complex topic, requiring a chapter on its own.
The problem of anal continence presents a big obstacle when trying to treat anal fistula. It is of paramount importance to avoid any continence disturbances which in itself presents a hurdle to implementing more successful but invasive procedures regarding the anal sphincter mechanism. The solution might lie in a relatively new paradigm that puts intersphincteric space as a likely culprit to fistula recurrence or nonhealing, and subsequent shift in surgical approach. These new approaches still require multicentric verifications to be implemented as a mainstream treatment option.
Overall, novel approaches in anal fistula treatment, while not entirely successful in all of the patients, offer a significant increase in patients’ quality of life, and allow for repeated surgical procedures if the initial operation fails at no expense on the anal sphincter.
While various researchers made different molecular research on anal fistula that increased our understanding of fundamental pathologic mechanisms, still no findings translate into clinical practice in the sense that they made any difference on already existing surgical approaches.
The most widespread classification of fistulas are somewhat inadequate and do not transfer well to clinical situations. Parks classification may describe the relation of the anal fistula to anal sphincter muscles but does not distinguish between simple and complex fistulas. St. James University Hospital classification also doesn’t seem relatable to the clinical situations in the era of sphincter preserving techniques. A possible solution to this may be Garg classification that still needs confirmatory commentaries from other colorectal surgeons and proctologists.
Anal fistulas in Crohn’s disease present a different challenge. With current surgical solutions, we cannot hope to cure the condition but rather to ameliorate symptoms. Medical therapy in combination with surgical solutions can significantly reduce the severity of the disease and even hope to eradicate it completely.
The anal fistula condition remains a daunting task for the surgeon and a strenuous malady for the patient. Even though recent years brought advancements in the form of sphincter preserving techniques, which greatly improved treatment options, still no golden standard for anal fistula treatment exists. This problem still seems unlikely to resolve given the heterogeneity of pathology unless a radically different approach or breakthrough isn’t achieved.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22423},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33699}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135704},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11817",title:"Next Generation Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdff63f3c5e98fc95d76217516cb1420",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11817.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11903",title:"Covalent Organic Frameworks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8125f3f415f5d2fa9583abde0143602d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yanan Gao and Dr. Fei Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11865",title:"Operator Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"acb2875b3bfc189c9881a9b44b6a5184",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdo Abou Jaoudé",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11865.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11563",title:"A Comprehensive Review of the Versatile Dehydration Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"91d7853d4e74d161d7a8f5913626cf94",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Jelena Jovanovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11563.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"447810",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",surname:"Jovanovic",slug:"jelena-jovanovic",fullName:"Jelena Jovanovic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11766",title:"Cast Iron - Production, Properties, Characterization, and Casting Defects Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"821766a37d38da743321864be6b2334a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Thoguluva Raghavan Vijayaram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11766.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139338",title:"Prof.",name:"Thoguluva",surname:"Vijayaram",slug:"thoguluva-vijayaram",fullName:"Thoguluva Vijayaram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11933",title:"Geothermal Energy - Impacts and Improvements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"339e74c3bcb3c7725a830d8b41278ca1",slug:null,bookSignature:"D.Sc. Zayre Ivonne González Acevedo and Dr. Marco Antonio García Zarate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11933.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"260177",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Zayre Ivonne",surname:"González Acevedo",slug:"zayre-ivonne-gonzalez-acevedo",fullName:"Zayre Ivonne González Acevedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11923",title:"Updates on Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"687a58dfbb2e544237cda3807153ff2c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Eduardo Ambrosio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11923.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"256064",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Ambrosio",slug:"paulo-ambrosio",fullName:"Paulo Ambrosio"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11758",title:"Glass-Ceramics - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e03ff7760e0aaea457f259ab63153846",slug:null,bookSignature:" Uday M. Basheer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11758.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",surname:"Basheer",slug:"uday-basheer",fullName:"Uday Basheer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10728",title:"Blood Groups",subtitle:"More than Inheritance of Antigenic Substances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5e79b54a382651f3130c9ee5ab862b4",slug:"blood-groups-more-than-inheritance-of-antigenic-substances",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10728.jpg",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4810},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2310,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2095,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2079,editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1987,editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1528,editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:932,editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:700,editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:676,editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7215,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:602,editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"202",title:"Surgery",slug:"surgery",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:142,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3738,numberOfWosCitations:1281,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1011,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2315,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"202",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10708",title:"Topics in Regional Anesthesia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"264f7f37033b4867cace7912287fccaa",slug:"topics-in-regional-anesthesia",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo, José Ramón Saucillo-Osuna and Guillermo Castorena-Arellano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10708.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11238",title:"Hernia Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1663b79cce4c6cddb688a027bd0cd34d",slug:"hernia-surgery",bookSignature:"Selim Sözen and Hasan Erdem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11238.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10866",title:"Skin Grafts for Successful Wound Closure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f96063ba4feb9aab82c344a88a8c90c",slug:"skin-grafts-for-successful-wound-closure",bookSignature:"Madhuri Gore",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157243",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhuri",middleName:null,surname:"Gore",slug:"madhuri-gore",fullName:"Madhuri Gore"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10711",title:"Arthroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afa83f11ba2442e7612f5b8c6aa3c659",slug:"arthroscopy",bookSignature:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235976",title:"M.D.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez-Ahedo",slug:"carlos-suarez-ahedo",fullName:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10723",title:"Brachial Plexus Injury",subtitle:"New Techniques and Ideas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94c1a38f1ee7a078ee6ec640360c39f2",slug:"brachial-plexus-injury-new-techniques-and-ideas",bookSignature:"Jörg Bahm",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78207",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Bahm",slug:"jorg-bahm",fullName:"Jörg Bahm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10447",title:"The Art and Science of Abdominal Hernia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3ace0f00ca1fdef094c105930ad353a",slug:"the-art-and-science-of-abdominal-hernia",bookSignature:"Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10492",title:"Advances in Minimally Invasive Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99d1149818bdb9bfa83675488599529c",slug:"advances-in-minimally-invasive-surgery",bookSignature:"Andrea Sanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10492.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"327116",title:"M.D.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Sanna",slug:"andrea-sanna",fullName:"Andrea Sanna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10302",title:"Aortic Aneurysm",subtitle:"Clinical Findings, Diagnostic, Treatment and Special Situations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edb4662797c08616dc42b7796f1d17fe",slug:"aortic-aneurysm-clinical-findings-diagnostic-treatment-and-special-situations",bookSignature:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon and Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",middleName:null,surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10537",title:"Frontiers in Clinical Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"908c7edd9fcb3cbafbf42d30232db9a0",slug:"frontiers-in-clinical-neurosurgery",bookSignature:"Xianli Lv, Guihuai Wang, James Wang and Zhongxue Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",middleName:null,surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9818",title:"Bariatric Surgery",subtitle:"From the Non-Surgical Approach to the Post-Surgery Individual Care",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6083018185852f95759958b4d9e5e33b",slug:"bariatric-surgery-from-the-non-surgical-approach-to-the-post-surgery-individual-care",bookSignature:"Nieves Saiz-Sapena and Juan Miguel Oviedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204651",title:"Dr.",name:"Nieves",middleName:null,surname:"Saiz-Sapena",slug:"nieves-saiz-sapena",fullName:"Nieves Saiz-Sapena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9790",title:"Surgical Management of Head and Neck Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ae195fe1164fd55b69b775d596f1e8a",slug:"surgical-management-of-head-and-neck-pathologies",bookSignature:"Ho-Hyun (Brian) Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184302",title:"Dr.",name:"H. Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"h.-brian-sun",fullName:"H. Brian Sun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:142,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26862",doi:"10.5772/27413",title:"Titanium as a Biomaterial for Implants",slug:"titanium-as-a-biomaterial-for-implants",totalDownloads:16279,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:128,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Carlos Oldani and Alejandro Dominguez",authors:[{id:"70012",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Oldani",slug:"carlos-oldani",fullName:"Carlos Oldani"},{id:"73445",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:"Anibal",surname:"Dominguez",slug:"alejandro-dominguez",fullName:"Alejandro Dominguez"}]},{id:"58199",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71963",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality in Medical Education",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-in-medical-education",totalDownloads:3117,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are two contemporary simulation models that are currently upgrading medical education. VR provides a 3D and dynamic view of structures and the ability of the user to interact with them. The recent technological advances in haptics, display systems, and motion detection allow the user to have a realistic and interactive experience, enabling VR to be ideal for training in hands-on procedures. Consequently, surgical and other interventional procedures are the main fields of application of VR. AR provides the ability of projecting virtual information and structures over physical objects, thus enhancing or altering the real environment. The integration of AR applications in the understanding of anatomical structures and physiological mechanisms seems to be beneficial. Studies have tried to demonstrate the validity and educational effect of many VR and AR applications, in many different areas, employed via various hardware platforms. Some of them even propose a curriculum that integrates these methods. This chapter provides a brief history of VR and AR in medicine, as well as the principles and standards of their function. Finally, the studies that show the effect of the implementation of these methods in different fields of medical training are summarized and presented.",book:{id:"6211",slug:"medical-and-surgical-education-past-present-and-future",title:"Medical and Surgical Education",fullTitle:"Medical and Surgical Education - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Panteleimon Pantelidis, Angeliki Chorti, Ioanna Papagiouvanni,\nGeorgios Paparoidamis, Christos Drosos, Thrasyvoulos\nPanagiotakopoulos, Georgios Lales and Michail Sideris",authors:[{id:"211650",title:"M.D.",name:"Panteleimon",middleName:null,surname:"Pantelidis",slug:"panteleimon-pantelidis",fullName:"Panteleimon Pantelidis"},{id:"211654",title:"Ms.",name:"Angeliki",middleName:null,surname:"Chorti",slug:"angeliki-chorti",fullName:"Angeliki Chorti"},{id:"220557",title:"Ms.",name:"Ioanna",middleName:null,surname:"Papagiouvanni",slug:"ioanna-papagiouvanni",fullName:"Ioanna Papagiouvanni"},{id:"220558",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Paparoidamis",slug:"georgios-paparoidamis",fullName:"Georgios Paparoidamis"},{id:"220559",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Lales",slug:"georgios-lales",fullName:"Georgios Lales"},{id:"220560",title:"Mr.",name:"Thrasyvoulos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagiotakopoulos",slug:"thrasyvoulos-panagiotakopoulos",fullName:"Thrasyvoulos Panagiotakopoulos"},{id:"220561",title:"Mr.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Drosos",slug:"christos-drosos",fullName:"Christos Drosos"},{id:"220562",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Sideris",slug:"michail-sideris",fullName:"Michail Sideris"}]},{id:"50915",doi:"10.5772/63266",title:"Doped Bioactive Glass Materials in Bone Regeneration",slug:"doped-bioactive-glass-materials-in-bone-regeneration",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"In the arena of orthopaedic surgery, autograft is considered to be the gold standard for correction of fracture repair or other bone pathologies. But, it has some limitations such as donor site morbidity and shortage of supply, which evolved the use of allograft that also has some disadvantages such as immunogenic response to the host, low osteogenicity as well as possibilities of disease transmission. Despite the benefits of autografts and allografts, the limitations of each have necessitated the pursuit of alternatives biomaterials that has the ability to initiate osteogenesis, and the graft should closely mimic the natural bone along with regeneration of fibroblasts. A variety of artificial materials such as demineralised bone matrix, coralline hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate-based ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bioactive glass have been used over the decades to fill bone defects almost without associated soft tissue development. Most of them were having only the properties of osteointegration and osteoconduction. Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3441,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9531,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6231,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8939,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7712,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82020",title:"Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Novel Technique and Technology with Case Series",slug:"minimally-invasive-transforaminal-lumbar-interbody-fusion-a-novel-technique-and-technology-with-case",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105187",abstract:"Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has been utilized to treat a variety of spinal disorders. Like other minimally invasive spine surgery techniques and technology, the MI-TLIF approach has the potential to limit the morbidity associated with larger exposures required for open surgery. The MI-TLIF approach has a number of advantages over many other minimally invasive spine surgery approaches including direct decompression of neural elements, collection of morselized autograph from the surgical site to achieve high fusion rates, restoration of spinal canal diameter, foraminal diameter, disk height, and reduction of spondylolisthesis. In this chapter, we discuss a novel technique for performing MI-TLIF developed by the senior author who is a leading minimally invasive spine surgeon. The technique and technology illustrated in this chapter were developed out of a recognition of a need to reduce the learning curve for performing MI-TLIF, as well as need for a cost-effective method that provides a high fusion rate, excellent clinical outcomes, and low complication rate. The indications, surgical planning, postoperative care, complications, and patient outcomes in a large series will be reviewed using this novel MI-TLIF technique.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"78335",title:"Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers",slug:"safety-and-efficiency-of-cervical-disc-arthroplasty-in-ambulatory-surgery-centers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99589",abstract:"Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Richard N.W. Wohns"},{id:"82255",title:"Minimally Invasive Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis with Case Series of Patients with Multi-level (3 or More Levels) Stenosis",slug:"minimally-invasive-laminectomy-for-lumbar-stenosis-with-case-series-of-patients-with-multi-level-3-o",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105186",abstract:"Lumbar stenosis is the most common pathology seen and treated by spine surgeons. It is often seen in the elderly population who frequently have multiple medical co-morbidities. Traditional approaches remove the spinous process and detach paraspinous muscles to achieve adequate canal decompression. This approach can damage the posterior tension band leading to permanent muscle damage, scar tissue formation, iatrogenic flatback syndrome, and increase risk of adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation. Performing lumbar laminectomy in a cost-effective manner is critical in effectively treating patients with lumbar stenosis. This chapter reviews a minimally invasive muscle-sparing approach to treating lumbar stenosis. The technique is performed through a tubular retractor. Direct decompression of the spinal stenosis is achieved while preserving the paraspinous muscle attachments and spinous process. This technique has multiple advantages and can potentially reduce load stress on adjacent levels and subsequent adjacent level pathology leading to further surgical intervention. In addition, the procedure shows how facet fusion is performed using the patient’s own locally harvested drilled morselized autograph to achieve bilateral facet fusion. By fusing the facets, we have shown that restenosis at the operative level is less likely to occur. This chapter will review a case series of multilevel lumbar stenosis including clinical outcomes.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"80705",title:"Cervical Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102964",abstract:"Technological advances have allowed spine surgery to follow the trend toward minimally invasive surgery in general. Specifically, we have seen a corresponding rise in the popularity of cervical arthroplasty. For the treatment of cervical disc disease, arthroplasty is a less invasive option than the gold standard of cervical discectomy and arthrodesis, which by nature is more disruptive to surrounding tissues. Arthroplasty preserves the facets, maintains motion, and reduces the rate of adjacent segment breakdown. These factors counteract the negative impacts of fusion while maintaining the benefits. Arthroplasty implants themselves have become more streamlined to implant as well with less native bone destruction, and biomechanics more compatible with the native disc. While initial implants were ball and socket devices with complex fixation and plane-specific movements, later devices incorporated such motions as translation and compression. Viscoelastic components and materials more closely resembling native tissues afford a more biocompatible implant profile. Until cell-based therapies can successfully reproduce native tissue, we will rely on artificial components that closely resemble and assimilate them.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Jason M. Highsmith"},{id:"80605",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spinal Metastasis",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-spinal-metastasis",totalDownloads:45,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102485",abstract:"Advancements in the treatment of systemic cancer have improved life expectancy in cancer patients and consequently the incidence of spinal metastasis. Traditionally, open spinal approaches combined with cEBRT (conventional external beam radiation therapy) allowed for local tumor control as well as stabilization and decompression of the spine and neural elements, but these larger operations can be fraught with one complications and delayed healing as well as additional morbidity. Recently, minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of spinal metastasis for many reasons, including smaller incisions with less perioperative complications and potential for expedited time to radiation therapy. These techniques include kyphoplasty with radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous stabilization, laminectomy, and epidural tumor resection through tubular retractors, as well as minimally invasive corpectomy. These techniques combined with highly conformal stereotactic radiosurgery have led to the advent of separation surgery, which allows for decompression of neural elements while creating space between neural elements and the tumor so adequate radiation may be delivered, improving local tumor control. The versatility of these minimally invasive techniques has significantly improved the modern management of metastatic disease of the spine by protecting and restoring the patient’s quality of life while allowing them to quickly resume radiation and systemic treatment.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Eric R. Mong and Daniel K. Fahim"},{id:"76620",title:"Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach for Anterior Spinal Cord Decompression in Thoracic Myelopathy",slug:"minimally-invasive-lateral-approach-for-anterior-spinal-cord-decompression-in-thoracic-myelopathy",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97669",abstract:"Myelopathy can result from a thoracic disc herniation (TDH) compressing the anterior spinal cord. Disc calcification and difficulty in accessing the anterior spinal cord pose an operative challenge. A mini-open lateral approach to directly decompress the anterior spinal cord can be performed with or without concomitant interbody fusion depending on pre-existing or iatrogenic spinal instability. Experience using stand-alone expandable spacers to achieve interbody fusion in this setting is limited. Technical advantages, risks and limitations of this technique are discussed. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with thoracic and upper lumbar myelopathy treated with a lateral mini-open lateral approach. Review of the literature identified 6 other case series using similar lateral minimally invasive approaches to treat thoracic or upper lumbar disc herniation showing efficient and safe thoracic disc decompression procedure for myelopathy. This technique can be combined with interbody arthrodesis when instability is suspected.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Edna E. Gouveia, Mansour Mathkour, Erin McCormack, Jonathan Riffle, Olawale A. Sulaiman and Daniel J. Denis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"83129",title:"Airborne Transmission and Control of Influenza and Other Respiratory Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106446",signatures:"Jacob Bueno de Mesquita",slug:"airborne-transmission-and-control-of-influenza-and-other-respiratory-pathogens",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83150",title:"Perspective Chapter: Tracking Trails of SARS CoV-2 - Variants to Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106472",signatures:"Ankur Kumar, Manju O Pai, Gaurav Badoni, Arpana Singh, Ankit Agrawal and Balram Ji Omar",slug:"perspective-chapter-tracking-trails-of-sars-cov-2-variants-to-therapy",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:12,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",signatures:"Luiza Rusu",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Luiza",surname:"Rusu"}],book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"78064",title:"The Salivary Secretome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98278",signatures:"Luís Perpétuo, Rita Ferreira, Sofia Guedes, Francisco Amado and Rui Vitorino",slug:"the-salivary-secretome",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"65334",title:"Introductory Chapter: Some Important Aspects of Root Canal Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83653",signatures:"Ana Luiza de Carvalho Felippini",slug:"introductory-chapter-some-important-aspects-of-root-canal-treatment",totalDownloads:852,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ana Luiza",surname:"De Carvalho Felippini"}],book:{title:"Root Canal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7133.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",volumeInSeries:15,fullTitle:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.png",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7012",title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7012.jpg",slug:"biochemical-testing-clinical-correlation-and-diagnosis",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa and Abdah Md Akim",hash:"1aa28a784b136633d827933ad91fe621",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Biochemical Testing - Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207119/images/system/207119.jpg",institutionString:"Adhya Biosciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"