Mithun Rudrapal

By Mithun Rudrapal and Khomendra Kumar Sarwa

Capsicum pods (or chili pepper) constitute the world’s second most consumed vegetable crop and spice after tomato in our daily culinary practice. Five indigenous species that are widely domesticated in various parts of India include Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq., Capsicum frutescens L., Capsicum baccatum L., and Capsicum pubescens L. The chili pods of C. chinense Jacq (locally known as Bhut Jolokia in the Assam state of India) was officially recognized as the world’s hottest Capsicum variety according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Capsaicinoids, a group of chemical principles present in matured capsicum pods, are responsible for the pungency as well as pharmacological/medicinal properties of capsicum. Some important capsaicinoids include capsaicin, followed by dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and homocapsaicin. Traditional practices of capsicum pods of Bhut Jolokia have been well documented for the management of various human disorders/ailments, particularly in the north-eastern region of India. In modern medicine, Bhut Jolokia pods have been used in the treatment of arthritis, gastritis, toothache, and musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain including other pharmacological disorders and microbial infections. Capsaicinoids have been reported to exhibit a diverse range of biological effectiveness such as antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic effects.

Part of the book: Capsicum

By Mithun Rudrapal, Shubham J. Khairnar and Anil G. Jadhav

Drug repurposing (DR) (also known as drug repositioning) is a process of identifying new therapeutic use(s) for old/existing/available drugs. It is an effective strategy in discovering or developing drug molecules with new pharmacological/therapeutic indications. In recent years, many pharmaceutical companies are developing new drugs with the discovery of novel biological targets by applying the drug repositioning strategy in drug discovery and development program. This strategy is highly efficient, time saving, low-cost and minimum risk of failure. It maximizes the therapeutic value of a drug and consequently increases the success rate. Thus, drug repositioning is an effective alternative approach to traditional drug discovery process. Finding new molecular entities (NME) by traditional or de novo approach of drug discovery is a lengthy, time consuming and expensive venture. Drug repositioning utilizes the combined efforts of activity-based or experimental and in silico-based or computational approaches to develop/identify the new uses of drug molecules on a rational basis. It is, therefore, believed to be an emerging strategy where existing medicines, having already been tested safe in humans, are redirected based on a valid target molecule to combat particularly, rare, difficult-to-treat diseases and neglected diseases.

Part of the book: Drug Repurposing

By Mithun Rudrapal, Dipak Chetia and Soumya Bhattacharya

Among numerous life-threatening infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, NTDs and EIDs), malaria continues to be the deadliest parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium falciparum, the potentially fatal malaria parasite, is believed to be responsible for most of the morbidities and mortalities associated with malaria infections. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are currently considered to be the frontline therapy against malaria caused by P. falciparum. Despite significant progresses in antimalarial drug discovery, the control and prevention of malaria is still a challenging task. It is primarily because of the reduced clinical efficacy of existing antimalarial therapies including ACTs due to the widespread emergence of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites, especially P. falciparum. It is, therefore, necessary to discover and develop novel drug candidates and/or alternative therapies for the treatment as well as prevention of resistant malaria. In this chapter, the potential of phytomedicines as natural sources of novel antimalarial lead molecules/ drugs with recent advances in phytomedicine-based antimalarial drug discovery has been reviewed.

Part of the book: Drug Repurposing

By Priyanka Sharma, Deepali Siwan and Mithun Rudrapal

Part of the book: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

By Naresh Podila, Sathish Kumar Konidala, Jithendra Chimakurthy, Srilatha Muddisetti, Suryaprabha Matangi, Natesh Gunturu, Yamarthi Venkateswara Rao and Mithun Rudrapal

Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble substance that is the main component of the body’s defense system against free radicals. It performs a range of important functions in the body as a result of its antioxidant action. Cancer, aging, and other diseases and ailments have all been related to oxidation. It has been shown that vitamin E protects against rheumatoid arthritis and cataracts. Additionally, vitamin E can help to prevent the production of prostaglandins like thromboxane, which encourage platelet clustering and hyper aggregation, which can lead to atherosclerosis. The present literature review examines the roles and functions of vitamin E in human health, different disorders, and the consequences of vitamin E deficiency. The tocopherol family of vitamers is the focus of the review’s main points. In this review article, the part and actions of vitamin E are talked about, as well as the things that affect how well vitamin E treatment works. When given at the right time and for the right amount of time, Vitamin E should help people with oxidative stress caused by free radicals.

Part of the book: Vitamin B and Vitamin E