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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1170",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Maxillofacial Surgery",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a specialty rooted in dentistry and forged in academic medical centers in departments of surgery, as the surgical specialty well equipped to care for conditions of the mouth, jaws, head and neck. 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The reader will be presented with a wide range of practical applications of game theory.",isbn:"978-1-78923-898-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-897-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-691-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72482",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"game-theory-applications-in-logistics-and-economy",numberOfPages:130,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"1505777b52bab72af52d9aa2fd7268b4",bookSignature:"Danijela Tuljak-Suban",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6756.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6960,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 19th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 12th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 11th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 30th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 28th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"172905",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",middleName:null,surname:"Tuljak-Suban",slug:"danijela-tuljak-suban",fullName:"Danijela Tuljak-Suban",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172905/images/6414_n.gif",biography:"Dr. Danijela Tuljak-Suban is an Assistant Professor of Operational Research at the Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. \nShe holds a doctorate in Maritime and Transport Science from the Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport and an M.Sc. in Mathematics from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana. \nDr. Tuljak-Suban lectures on subjects related to Mathematics, Statistics, Operation Research and Applied Mathematics in the field of maritime transport.\nHer research is mainly focused on the applications of operational research and fuzzy reasoning regarding vehicle routing problems (VRP) in maritime transport, especially in the hub and spoke systems, optimisation of inventory models, application of multi criteria decision making in logistics and the application of game theory in transportation. She has many references in fields relating to her research interests.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"468",title:"Game Theory",slug:"game-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"60587",title:"Dipping Headlights: An Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma or Assurance Game",slug:"dipping-headlights-an-iterated-prisoner-s-dilemma-or-assurance-game",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"237273",title:"Dr.",name:"Torkel",surname:"Bjørnskau",slug:"torkel-bjornskau",fullName:"Torkel Bjørnskau"}]},{id:"60809",title:"Game Theory Application in Smart Energy Logistics and Economy",slug:"game-theory-application-in-smart-energy-logistics-and-economy",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"240063",title:"Dr.",name:"Baseem",surname:"Khan",slug:"baseem-khan",fullName:"Baseem Khan"}]},{id:"62516",title:"The Game Theory: Applications in the Wireless Networks",slug:"the-game-theory-applications-in-the-wireless-networks",totalDownloads:1426,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"258432",title:"Dr.",name:"Deyu",surname:"Lin",slug:"deyu-lin",fullName:"Deyu Lin"},{id:"259049",title:"Prof.",name:"Quan",surname:"Wang",slug:"quan-wang",fullName:"Quan Wang"},{id:"261098",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengfei",surname:"Yang",slug:"pengfei-yang",fullName:"Pengfei Yang"}]},{id:"63373",title:"Infinite Supermodularity and Preferences",slug:"infinite-supermodularity-and-preferences",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"248905",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianbo",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jianbo-zhang",fullName:"Jianbo Zhang"},{id:"248908",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",surname:"Chateauneuf",slug:"alain-chateauneuf",fullName:"Alain Chateauneuf"},{id:"248910",title:"Dr.",name:"Vassili",surname:"Vergopoulos",slug:"vassili-vergopoulos",fullName:"Vassili Vergopoulos"}]},{id:"62918",title:"Coordination Concerns: Concealing the Free Rider Problem",slug:"coordination-concerns-concealing-the-free-rider-problem",totalDownloads:908,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"255396",title:"Dr.",name:"Penelope",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"penelope-hernandez",fullName:"Penelope Hernandez"},{id:"255397",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Alventosa",slug:"adriana-alventosa",fullName:"Adriana Alventosa"}]},{id:"62116",title:"Happy Family of Stable Marriages",slug:"happy-family-of-stable-marriages",totalDownloads:870,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"14847",title:"Prof.",name:"Gershon",surname:"Wolansky",slug:"gershon-wolansky",fullName:"Gershon Wolansky"}]},{id:"60490",title:"Stochastic Leader-Follower Differential Game with Asymmetric Information",slug:"stochastic-leader-follower-differential-game-with-asymmetric-information",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"147959",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingtao",surname:"Shi",slug:"jingtao-shi",fullName:"Jingtao Shi"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Milk is usually subjected to heat treatment to ensure microbiological safety before retail and consumption. There are three types of heat treatment; (1) low temperature long time (LTLT) pasteurization, (2) high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization, and (3) ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment. In all types of heat treatment, the Maillard reaction occurs in milk.
The Maillard reaction (nonenzymatic glycation) is a chemical reaction between amino group and carbonyl group; it is the extremely complex reaction that usually takes place during food processing or storage. In the case of milk, lactose reacts with the free amino acid side chains of milk proteins (mainly ε-amino group of lysine residue) to proceed to early, intermediate, and advanced stages of Maillard reaction and forms enormous kinds of Maillard reaction products. The reactions of lactose and milk proteins have been frequently investigated and the formations of various Maillard reaction products in milk during heat treatment have been demonstrated [1]. In the general Maillard reaction, firstly an Amadori product is generated, and it progresses to the 3-deoxyosone or 1-deoxyosone route depending on the reaction pH. In the case of the Maillard reaction of disaccharides such as lactose, there is a third reaction route. It is the 4-deoxyosone route. A main carbohydrate in milk is lactose. Thus, the Maillard reaction in milk progresses via the above described three routes. Finally, the Maillard reaction results in the formation of melanoidins (browning compounds).
The Maillard reaction shows various effects on milk proteins such as bioavailability, solubility, forming property, emulsifying property, and heating stability [1-4]. In addition, the formation of flavor compounds and browning compounds is caused as the consequences of the Maillard reaction between lactose and milk proteins [1, 5].
As for the effect of the Maillard reaction on the bioavailability of milk proteins, various studies were performed. Generally, in the Maillard reaction in milk, lactose mainly reacts with ε-amino group of lysine residue of milk proteins. Thus, the lysine loss by the Maillard reaction increases with a severity of heat treatment. The modified lysine cannot be available as a nutrient any more. For example, steam injection process (direct heating) generated 3.6% (120°C for 400 sec) and 6.8% (130°C for 290 sec) of the blocked lysine in whole milk. The indirect heating at 115°C for 10 to 40 min increased the modified lysine from 11.0 to 13.0% [6]. In addition, it was revealed that the lysine residues in skim milk powder were more susceptible to heating than those in skim milk [7].
Le
The Maillard reaction has a lot of effects on the function of milk proteins and sensory property of milk and dairy products as described above. Particularly, in the manufacturing of milk, the excess progress of Maillard reaction and the formation of melanoidins are undesired, because a commercial value of milk is drastically decreased by them. Therefore, the detection of the Maillard reaction products is important for the quality control of milk. So far, several heat-induced markers have been proposed to control and check the heat treatment given to milk and dairy products. For example, furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and lactulose concentrations have been recognized to be the most promising indicators, since these concentrations increase with the heat treatment [1]. In Japan, protein reducing substance value (PRS) obtained by a ferricyanide assay is also widely-used conventional indicator [8]. It is based on the detection of reducing substances such as sulfhydryl group which are generated by heating in the fraction of acid-precipitated milk protein. These method, however, are generally time-consuming and complicated.
We proposed an assay method for determining the ability of milk to reduce 3’-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzensulfonic acid hydrate (XTT: Figure 1) as a method of evaluating the extent of the Maillard reaction [8-11]. The tetrazolium salt XTT is reduced to water-soluble formazan which is suitable for the spectrophotometric measurement. Taking account into an economical view and a rapidity of assay, we tried to develop a microplate assay. The assay conditions were as follows: XTT concentration, 0.5 mM; reaction pH, 7.0; menadione concentration, saturation level (ca. 0.55 mM); reaction temperature, room temperature; volume of XTT solution, 60 μL; volume of sample solution, 40 μL; detection wavelength, 492 nm; reference wavelength, 600 nm; reaction time, 20 min. The procedure of the XTT assay was as follows: the XTT solution was added into each well in a microplate. Afterward, the sample solution was added to the well. After mixing on a microplate shaker at 500 rpm for 15 sec, a difference in the absorbance between 492 and 600 nm was read on a microplate reader as the absorbance at 0 min. After 20 min, the absorbance difference was read again. An increase in the absorbance for 20 min was recorded as the ability of the sample to reduce XTT (XTT reducibility).
Structure of tetrazolium salt XTT.
Using the XTT assay described above, the XTT reducibility of milk was examined (Figure 2). In this test, an LTLT milk (Milk A: 65°C for 30 min) and two kinds of UHT milk (Milk B: 130°C for 2 sec, Milk C: 140°C for 3 sec) were used. When the milk was mixed with XTT solution, intense orange color which was derived from the XTT formazan was recognized. As shown in Figure 2, Milk C showed the highest XTT reducibility and the order of XTT reducibility was Milk C, B, and A. At the same time, the HMF content in Milk B and C was also determined as the conventional indicator of the Maillard reaction, because it was reported that the HMF content clearly increased with the severity of the heating treatment of milk [12, 13]. As a result, the content of HMF in Milk C (12.6 μM) was higher than that of Milk B (8.95 μM). From these results, it was revealed that the XTT assay could estimate the degree of thermal stress delivered to the milk as well as the HMF value.
In addition, the changes in the XTT reducibility during storage of UHT milks (Milk B and C) were investigated. For purpose of comparison, the PRS of Milk B and C were also examined by the ferricyanide assay [8]. The UHT milks were stored at 4°C and 37°C for about 4 weeks (Figure 3, 4). The XTT reducibility of Milk B and C gradually decreased depending on the storage period and the rate of decrease in the XTT reducibility was clearly larger at higher storage temperature (Figure 3). This result strongly suggested that, when the XTT assay is applied to the milk heated under a given condition, the result can serve to estimate not only the heating condition but also the storage period after heat treatment if the storage temperature is known or if storage period is known.
On the other hand, the PRS of Milk B and C were almost constant at all storage conditions (Figure 4). This result showed that the ferricyanide-reducing substances might be stable unlike the XTT-reducing substance. In addition, we found that the HMF value of Milk C did not significantly change during its storage for 60 days at 5°C [11]. It was in accordance with the result of Fink and Kessler about HMF [13]. They also reported that the lactulose concentration of UHT milk was constant throughout the storage period for 70 days at room temperature [13]. It could be concluded, therefore, that the XTT assay is applicable for the estimation of storage conditions which was impossible by the conventional method.
Comparison of XTT reducibility of LTLT milk (Milk A) and UHT milks (Milk B and C).
Changes in XTT reducibility during storage.
Changes in PRS during storage.
In order to clarify the XTT-reducing substance that is formed during the Maillard reaction in milk, we firstly used a model system consisting of lactose and butylamine, and then performed the spectrophotometric analysis of the heated model solution. The model solution of lactose-butylamine heated at 80-100°C for 0-30 min showed a characteristic UV absorption maximum at 320 nm. During the heating at 80-100°C for 30 min, the changes in the absorbance at 320 nm (Figure 5) and the XTT reducibility (Figure 6) were investigated. As a result, both indices increased gradually in accordance with the rise in temperature and heating time. This result indicated that the compound with the absorption maximum at 320 nm was formed by heating. Moreover, the behavior of increase in absorbance at 320 nm was similar to that of the XTT reducibility. Since the similar trend was recognized in the time course of both indices, the XTT reducibility was plotted against the absorbance at 320 nm. In consequence, a significant relationship between them was recognized with a correlation coefficient of 0.967 (n = 19,
The 13C- and 1H-NMR analyses of the compound with the absorption maximum at 320 nm which was extracted from lactose-butylamine model solution heated at 100°C for 15 min were performed. The signals of the 13C- and 1H-NMR could be assigned the compound as the aminoreductone, 1-(butylamino)-1,2-dehydro-1,4-dideoxy 3-hexulose (Figure 7). This compound was reported as the Maillard reaction product formed in the 4-deoxyosone route. It was also reported as the characteristic compound in the Maillard reaction of disaccharides [14]. In addition, we demonstrate a linear relationship between the XTT reducibility and the amount of aminoreductone which was determined more specifically by HPLC [10]. These results strongly indicated that the aminoreductone formed during Maillard reaction of lactose was mainly responsible for the reduction of XTT.
Effect of heating temperature and time on the absorbance at 320 nm.
Effect of heating temperature and time on the XTT reducibility.
Structure of aminoreductone generated by the Maillard reaction of lactose and butylamine.(R = butyl group)
From these results, we presumed that the aminoreductone is formed by the Maillard reaction between lactose and ε-amino groups of milk proteins, and then it is responsible for the reduction of XTT. However, at that time, there was no report to prove the presence of aminoreductone in milk. Thus, we tried to demonstrate it using model system consisting of lactose and milk proteins and UHT milk.
As a model system of milk, the solution consisting of lactose (4.6%) and casein (2.6%), α-lactalbumin (0.12%), or β-lactoglobulin (0.32%) was used and heated at 130°C for 15 min. After heating, the characteristic absorption maximum or shoulder at 320 nm was recognized. In addition, the changes of the absorbance at 320 nm (Figure 8) and the XTT reducibility (Figure 9) were investigated. In all model systems, the increases in the absorbance at 320 nm and the XTT reducibility depended on the heating time. Because similar tendencies were observed between two indices in all model systems, correlations were examined. Consequently, there were significant linearities as follows: casein (r = 0.993, n = 6,
As described above, a possibility of the formation of aminoreductone on the milk proteins during the Maillard reaction with lactose was clearly shown. However, direct demonstration of the presence of aminoreductone in milk had not been accomplished because of a difficulty in isolation of an intact aminoreductone from milk proteins. For instance, aminoreductone is labile and hence not suitable for enzyme hydrolysis and multiple extraction steps. To achieve the practical application of the XTT assay in food industries including dairy products, it was essential to demonstrate the presence of aminoreductone in milk. Because of this background, we attempted to isolate aminoreductone from milk proteins using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP), a common labeling reagent for the carbonyl group, and Cu2+ [16]. A mechanism of derivatization of aminoreductone in milk is shown in Figure 10. In this derivatization step, Cu2+ plays as an oxidizing agent against aminoreductone, and the oxidized aminoreductone (OAR) has two or three carbonyl groups. Finally, it was assumed that two or three carbonyl groups in OAR are derivatized by DNP (OAR-DNP).
Effect of heating time on the absorbance at 320 nm.
Effect of heating time on the XTT reducibility.
Derivatization mechanism of aminoreductone in milk using DNP and Cu2+.
The derivatization using DNP and Cu2+ was applied to aminoreductone in UHT milk (140°C, 3 sec). In this study, the UHT milk was reheated at 130°C for 15 min in order to increase the content of aminoreductone, because the original content of aminoreductone in the commercially available UHT milk was not so high. As a result, the reheating of UHT milk could increase the content of DNP derivative by 40 times. The DNP derivative which was thought to be corresponding to OAR-DNP in the reheated UHT milk was purified by preparative normal-phase HPLC and preparative reversed-phase HPLC. Finally, the purified compound (4.2 mg) was obtained from 980 mL of UHT milk and analyzed by 13C- and 1H-NMR. The NMR signals of the DNP derivative from UHT milk could be assigned to the structure of OAR-DNP shown in Figure 10. In addition, the NMR signals of DNP derivative from UHT milk were nearly the same as those of the OAR-DNP from lactose-butylamine model system. These results demonstrated that aminoreductone was formed by the Maillard reaction on the milk proteins and present in milk.
Therefore, considering the above, the principle of the present XTT assay can be concluded as follows (Figure 11): (1) Lactose and ε-amino groups of lysine residue in milk proteins react non-enzymatically to form the Amadori product by the heating process. (2) Aminoreductone structure is formed on the milk proteins after elimination of galactose moiety from lactose through 4-deoxyosone pathway. (3) Aminoreductone is oxidized by XTT, whereas XTT is simultaneously reduced to the corresponding water-soluble formazan.
It would be thought that the above mentioned steps (1) and (2) progresses depending on the time and temperature of heating process in milk production, so the XTT assay can differentiate the extent of heat treatment of milk. Based on the study using model system of lactose and butylamine, the relationship between aminoreductone concentration and XTT reducibility was examined. As a result, there was a good linearity was recognized (r = 0.98) and a regression equation was
Principle of XTT assay.
As described above, during the course of elucidation of the XTT-reducing substance, Cu2+ was used as the oxidizing agent (Figure 10), because we empirically knew that it was easily decomposed by the addition of Cu2+ [18]. In fact, the aminoreductone extracted from the heated model solution of lactose and butylamine was rapidly oxidized by the addition of Cu2+, and simultaneously the XTT reducibility was also lost. On the other hand, in our previous work, it was revealed that the commercially available UHT milk contains Cu2+ at the concentration of 30 μg/L [18]. Thus, it was easily presumed that the aminoreductone formed by the heating process was gradually oxidized by endogenous Cu2+ in milk during storage period. This was the reason why that the XTT reducibility decreased depending on the storage period (Figure 3). The detailed investigation about the relationship between the aminoreductone concentration, Cu2+ concentration, and storage stability of milk is now in progress.
The functionalities of aminoreductone have attracted interest and, so far, some studies were performed. Trang
Furthermore, aminoreductone showed antimicrobial activity against
In this chapter, the demonstration of the presence of aminoreductone formed by the Maillard reaction in milk and the specific assay method for aminoreductone were focused and introduced. Since the novel functionality of aminoreductone have come out one after another, the information of aminoreductone obtained by the XTT assay would gain importance in the quality control in milk and dairy products.
This study develops a microscopic hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) fuel consumption model that can be implemented in various transportation applications. In 2017, the transportation sector accounted for ∼71% of the world’s total primary energy consumption [1]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions account for 98% of US emissions. Pollutions are mainly produced from the traditional combustion engines, including gasoline, diesel, and other heavy oils. Among fossil fuels, petroleum accounts for 92% of the total transportation energy consumption in the United States [2, 3].
\nElectric vehicles (EVs) utilize electricity for vehicle powertrain as either primary or to assist conventional vehicle designs. EVs are categorized as battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs), HEVs, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). HEVs use both a traditional engine and an electric motor. However, while PHEVs can plug into an electric source to charge a battery, HEVs are charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine and cannot be plugged in to charge the battery [4]. HEVs are more fuel efficient and produce lower tailpipe emissions than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and are typically easier and cheaper to build than PHEVs.
\nConnected vehicles (CVs) are an emerging technology that connects vehicles to other vehicles and to the road infrastructure using various vehicle communication technologies. CV technology is expected to generate transformative improvements in the roadway transportation system and will extend the benefits of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) to entire networks by improving the efficiency, safety, energy consumption, and environmental footprint of the transportation system through the real-time exchange of information among vehicles and infrastructure. These technologies can assist drivers in avoiding congestion, reducing vehicle stops, and achieving optimal fuel efficiency. In order to evaluate the energy saving and the fuel efficiency of CV applications, simple and efficiency energy model is required. Many CV applications focus on improving the energy efficiency of various vehicle types, including electric vehicles (EVs). However, few fuel consumption models for HEVs have been developed for these CV applications.
\nA number of fuel/energy consumption models have been developed and employed to estimate the energy and environmental impacts of various transportation projects. Most models were developed with a special interest in measuring fuel consumption for transportation planning, transportation impact assessments, vehicle technology evaluations, traffic simulation models, and specific control conditions. Some models were developed to estimate the total fuel consumed and emissions of an entire network, city, or state, while other models were intended for a corridor or an intersection. While various models perform effectively their specific purposes, there are several requirements for an ideal fuel consumption and emission model that can accommodate real-time CV applications. A previous study [5] recommended four major criteria for eco-driving fuel consumption models: real-time computation, accuracy, model structure, and model calibration simplicity. Currently there are a number of HEV energy models; few HEV energy consumption models are eligible for real-time CV applications.
\nThe objective of this study is to develop a microscopic HEV fuel consumption model that can be incorporated in CV applications. The proposed model estimates the instantaneous fuel consumption of HEVs using instantaneous vehicle operational input variables, including the vehicle’s speed, acceleration, and roadway grade.
\nThe paper is organized as follows: the next section reports the state-of-the art of HEV energy consumption efforts. Then, the paper describes the HEV fuel consumption data that were utilized for this study. The following section describes the proposed model development and validation. Finally, the conclusions of the study are presented.
\nThere are three types of HEV powertrain systems including series, parallel, and series/parallel systems [6]. A series powertrain system, which is typically efficient at stop and go operational conditions, uses electric power from either the battery or a generator produced by a vehicle engine. The series HEV system uses the gas engine to produce electricity for the electric motor. The series HEV controls the required power from the battery or the generator. Parallel HEVs utilize the battery electric motor and the engine in tandem. These vehicles typically use a small battery compared to series HEVs and operate the motor as a generator for recharging particularly when extra power is required [7]. Also these parallel HEVs are more efficient for highway driving conditions because the engine is directly connected to the wheels. Series/parallel powertrain HEVs combine the benefits of other two HEV types [8, 9, 10]. Xiong et al. proposed a minimum-fuel energy control strategy by developing a fuel-optimum power management strategy of series/parallel hybrid [9]. Staunton et al. introduced the framework for a hybrid power control system and evaluated the Toyota Prius hybrid powertrain system [8]. The Toyota Prius is one of the most popular series/parallel drivetrain designs. The vehicle operates as a series HEV at low-speed and as a parallel HEV at high-speed conditions.
\nFor all types of powertrains, the energy management strategies of most commercialized HEVs typically adopt rule-based methods to simplify switching operating modes [10, 11]. Mansour and Clodic demonstrated the model and design of the Toyota Prius hybrid powertrain system and developed a dynamic model of the electromechanical configuration [10]. Lin et al. designed a near-optimal power management strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle and developed a fuel-optimum power management strategy [11].
\nA number of studies have developed control algorithms for HEVs. Barsali et al. developed a power control strategy to minimize fuel consumption for a series hybrid vehicle [6], and Delprat et al. developed an optimal control strategy for parallel hybrid vehicles by building a computationally efficient power control strategy to minimize fuel consumption [7]. Gao et al. proposed a fuel-optimized power control strategy for a series hybrid electric bus and developed a minimum-fuel power control strategy for a series hybrid electric vehicle [12].
\nRule-based strategies are basically designed according to engineering intuition and simple analysis of component efficiency tables/charts [13]. For instance, Bowles developed a powertrain model and energy control strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle and described new energy management strategies of HEVs.
\nA number of recent studies have investigated the impacts of the fuel/energy consumption of HEVs. For example, Fontaras investigated HEV fuel economy and pollutant emissions by measuring fuel consumption and emissions using various drive cycles. Fontaras et al. found that HEVs could save energy consumption and reduce vehicle emissions by up to 60% under urban driving conditions compared to ICEVs [14]. Al-Samari investigated the energy efficiency benefits of using HEVs in comparison to conventional vehicles using Autonomie and found that the fuel economy could be improved significantly (up to 68%) in a real-world driving cycle consisting of mostly city activity and up to 10% highway driving [15]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers quantified the effects of aggressive driving with HEVs and the limitation of regenerative braking for HEVs. The study concluded that the limitation is a major reason to a bigger variation of HEV fuel efficiency data than the ICEV data [16].
\nThe advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is one of the most popular models for estimating the fuel consumption of HEVs [17]. However, due to its complex modeling structure, it would be very difficult to implement ADVISOR into real-time eco-driving applications and CV applications. On the other hand, Boubaker et al. introduced an HEV energy model that employs a simplified module with two motors/generators (MGs) and planetary gear train (PGT) that estimates fuel consumption based on the engine speed (or RPM) and the output torque of the engine. However, the model also requires MATLAB/Simulink software to estimate model variables due to the complexity and was not validated against real-world data [18].
\nIn recent years, a number of studies have investigated the modeling of HEV energy consumption. However, most of the developed HEV models are not general, cannot be calibrated to specific vehicles, or cannot be used in CV applications, due to the complicated vehicle-specific data requirements and/or the modeling structure. This study overcomes these problems by developing a new HEV energy model that is general and transferable and can be easily used in various transportation applications. The proposed model does not require engine efficiency maps and calculates the fuel consumption of HEVs based on driving dynamics using vehicle speed, acceleration, and roadway grade data.
\nThe study utilized a test dataset that was collected at the Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (APRF) at the Argonne National Laboratory. The test vehicle, a 2010 Toyota Prius, includes an Atkinson-cycle engine, two electric motors, and a power-split device used to control the allocation of energy between the electric and mechanical (fuel) power paths [19]. The data were downloaded from the Downloadable Dynamometer Database. The database is managed by the US Department of Energy (US DOE). APRF was built for vehicle benchmarking for the US DOE and utilizes two-wheel chassis dynamometers and four-wheel drive chassis dynamometers to collect vehicle energy consumption data, including both fuel and electricity, emissions, powertrain performance, and vehicle operational data. The test Toyota Prius data were collected using a two wheels chassis dynamometer.
\nAPRF collected fuel consumption data for driving cycles: the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) (also referred to as the city test or LA4 cycle), Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), the US06 cycle, and the steady-state speed cycle (or step speed cycle). This study utilized only hot-start trip data to only consider hot-stabilized conditions. \nFigures 1\n–\n4\n show the speed profiles of the four driving cycles. The UDDS represents city driving conditions and is typically used for light duty vehicle testing. The UDDS utilizes the same driving cycles of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) without a cold start section, which is the first 505 seconds. The HWFET represents highway driving conditions at 96 km/h (60 mph). The US06 cycle is considered a “supplemental FTP” driving schedule and represents high-speed and aggressive-acceleration driving conditions. The steady-state speed cycle represents various steady-state speeds up to 128 km/h (80 mph).
\nUDDS (city) driving cycle.
Highway driving cycle.
US06 driving cycle.
Steady-state speed driving cycle.
The study utilized a test dataset that was collected at the Advanced Powertrain Research Facility at the Argonne National Laboratory. The test vehicle, a 2010 Toyota Prius, includes an Atkinson-cycle engine, two electric motors, and a power-split device used to control the allocation of energy between the electric motor and the vehicle engine.
\nIt is difficult to estimate HEV fuel consumption due to the complexity of the various ICE engine and electrical components. The powertrain of an HEV includes an internal combustion engine (ICE), two electric motors/generators (MG1 and MG2), a PGT, and a battery [18].
\n\n\nFigures 5\n and \n6\n illustrate the variations in the vehicle fuel consumption for the UDDS cycle and the steady-state speed cycle. As illustrated in the figures, the fuel consumption rates are significantly affected by vehicle speed and acceleration levels. The figure demonstrates that the HEV uses only electric mode when significant vehicle power is not required, as shown in the case of the steady-state speed cycle.
\nFuel consumption of UDDS cycle.
Fuel consumption of steady-state speed cycle.
\n\nFigure 7\n illustrates the relationship between vehicle speed and the fuel consumption rate from the Toyota Prius data. \nFigure 8\n shows the relationship between vehicle speed and power. The figures clearly show that fuel consumption is closely related to vehicle speed and power; as the test vehicle’s speed increased, vehicle power increased proportionally.
\nRelationship between vehicle speed and fuel consumption.
Relationship between vehicle speed and power.
We compared the speed observation and fuel data and found that there were time lags. In order to remove the temporal offsets, we utilized a procedure for offsetting the data and operational variables that was developed earlier [20] and applied it to the 2010 Toyota Prius data. We analyzed the test data and found the following HEV energy consumption behaviors. First, the amount of fuel consumed is proportionally related to both the vehicle power and speed; second, the HEV operates in EV mode when the power is negative; and third, the HEV utilizes only an electric mode when the speed is lower than an EV mode speed (
where
\n\nTable 1\n provides the fuel consumption results of the proposed model. The total fuel consumption for the UDDS, Highway, US06, and steady-state speed cycles, as measured in the laboratory, was 403.4, 576.8, 705.9, and 388.9 ml, respectively. The estimated fuel consumptions based on the proposed model were 387.1, 611.2, 668.2, and 365.7 ml, corresponding to a 4.1, 6.0, 5.3, and 6.0% difference in overall fuel consumption for each driving cycle.
\nDriving cycles | \nRaw data (ml) | \nEstimated fuel (ml) | \nTrip error (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
UDDS | \n403.4 | \n387.1 | \n−4.1 | \n
Highway | \n576.8 | \n611.2 | \n+6.0 | \n
US06 | \n705.9 | \n668.2 | \n−5.3 | \n
Steady-state speed | \n388.9 | \n365.7 | \n−6.0 | \n
Total | \n2075.0 | \n2032.1 | \n−2.1 | \n
Fuel consumption results.
\n\nFigures 9\n–\n12\n illustrate the test vehicle’s measured instantaneous fuel consumption rate for the four different driving cycles. The model estimates were calculated based on instantaneous power and vehicle speed levels. The figures show that the estimated fuel consumption generally follows the raw fuel consumption data. However, we found that the proposed model slightly overestimates or underestimates some fuel consumption rates for the four driving cycles. In particular, the proposed model slightly underestimates fuel consumption rates when the test vehicle accelerates from a steady-state speed. While the proposed model simplifies the conditional EV mode, the EV mode also depends on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The team will further investigate the impacts of SOC to improve the accuracy of the fuel consumption model. In general, however the model predictions follow the laboratory-collected fuel measurements of the steady-state speed cycle with a high correlation coefficient (0.951). The accuracy of the proposed model is good enough to assess the effects of transportation projects, including eco-driving and CV applications, to improve vehicle fuel economy.
\nInstantaneous model validation (UDDS cycle).
Instantaneous model validation (highway cycle).
Instantaneous model validation (US06 cycle).
Instantaneous model validation (steady-state speed cycle).
As demonstrated earlier, the 2010 Toyota Prius HEV energy model provides sufficient accuracy for use in various HEV applications. The study expanded the HEV fuel model to estimate the fuel consumption of various HEVs without specific calibration procedures. We tested various HEV fuel consumption models and found that the proposed scale factor method was the most accurate and efficient method. In particular, we utilize the EPA fuel economy data to estimate the second-by-second fuel consumption of HEVs. For example, the fuel economy of the 2010 Toyota Prius is 51 and 49 mpg for the city and highway cycles and 50 mpg for the EPA combined fuel economy. The fuel economy of the 2013 Honda Civic Hybrid is 43 and 44 mpg for the city and highway cycles, respectively, and 43.5 mpg for the EPA combined fuel economy. For the Honda Civic Hybrid, the relative difference of the combined fuel economy is 1.14 (50/43.5). We utilized this scale factor to estimate the energy consumption for the Honda Civic HEV. Consequently, the proposed fuel consumption model is formulated in Eq. (2):
\nwhere
Instantaneous model validation (2013 VW Jetta hybrid).
Instantaneous model validation (2013 Honda civic hybrid).
Instantaneous model validation (2010 ford fusion hybrid).
The state of charge (SOC) of the battery affects the energy consumption of EVs. Since HEVs can use an internal combustion engine, the relative impacts of SOC for HEV are smaller than the other EVs. However, when the SOC is low, HEVs must utilize an engine instead of using EV mode, and it reduces the fuel economy of HEVs. Thus, the EV mode of HEVs depends on the SOC of the battery. This study investigated how the SOC of HEVs changes during a trip.
\n\n\nFigure 16\n illustrates the measured and the estimated SOC for the 2010 Toyota Prius. The study estimated the instantons SOC using an EV energy consumption model [21]. The model estimates instantaneous energy consumption of EVs using vehicle operational data. The figure shows the instantaneous SOCs of two trips, the UDDS (or the city cycle) and the highway cycles. The study found that the model occasionally underestimated and overestimated the HEV regenerative energy. As shown in the figure, the estimated SOC generally follows the measured SOC trend of the test HEV. However, we found that the estimated SOC of the highway trip generally underestimated the electric energy consumption and predicted a higher final SOC. The results demonstrate that the SOC remains fairly stable throughout the trip.
\nThe state of charge of HEV.
This study developed a simple fuel consumption model for a 2010 Toyota Prius HEV that can be utilized for CV applications. The model was then generalized for other HEVs using a scale factor that is computed as the ratio of the vehicle EPA combined rating relative to the Toyota Prius rating. The proposed model utilizes instantaneous vehicle speed, acceleration, and roadway grade as input variables. The model estimates the vehicle fuel consumption accurately with an average error of 2.1% for the Toyota Prius and up to 4% for different HEVs. Although this simple model serves the desired purpose, further refinement of the model could be achieved by refining the EV model to reflect the variations of fuel consumption at low speeds and low engine power levels.
\nThis work was funded by the Department of Energy through the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office, Energy Efficient Mobility Systems Program under award number DE-EE0008209.
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Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5143",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",subtitle:"a Practical Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0b7842ba790370b5485de1694611376",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",bookSignature:"Laura Romero-Zeron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4647",title:"Advanced Materials for Renewable Hydrogen Production, Storage and Utilization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b798cc5c2b3f364c1322bed506499fd",slug:"advanced-materials-for-renewable-hydrogen-production-storage-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2873",title:"Hydrogen Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5636fb7f125524c17e174c9cf62c8363",slug:"hydrogen-storage",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1604",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88084d0ed8f82a4ec50ed554de9f0036",slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Zeeshan Nawaz and Shahid Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15484",title:"Dr",name:"Zeeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"zeeshan-nawaz",fullName:"Zeeshan Nawaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2288",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",subtitle:"Composition Stability and Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d237bdec7bb1475639149b044fac69f5",slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",bookSignature:"Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-el-sayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:11,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60482",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75811",title:"Palm Oil Mill Effluent as an Environmental Pollutant",slug:"palm-oil-mill-effluent-as-an-environmental-pollutant",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"In recent decades, Malaysia has been known as one of the world’s leading producers and exporters of palm oil products. Every year, the number of palm oil mills increases rapidly, thus increasing the capacity of fresh fruit bunch waste or effluent discharge. Based on the data from the Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2012, Malaysia produced 99.85 million tons of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) per year. However, about 5–5.7 tons of water was required in order to sterilize the palm fruit bunches and clarify the extracted oil to produce 1 ton of crude palm oil resulting in 50% of the water turning into palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is one of the major environmental pollutants in Malaysia. The characteristics of POME and its behavior, if discharged directly, in water are described in this chapter. The suspended solid and nutrient content in POME could be able to support the growth of algae. This chapter aims to demonstrate that POME could be used as a main source for algae production, and this effluent is one of the main environmental problems in the tropical region especially in Malaysia.",book:{id:"6730",slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Hesam Kamyab, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Mohd Fadhil Md Din,\nShahabaldin Rezania, Tayebeh Khademi and Ashok Kumar",authors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",middleName:null,surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"},{id:"237449",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreeshivadasan",middleName:null,surname:"Chelliapan",slug:"shreeshivadasan-chelliapan",fullName:"Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan"},{id:"241504",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Fadhil",middleName:null,surname:"Md Din",slug:"mohd-fadhil-md-din",fullName:"Mohd Fadhil Md Din"},{id:"241505",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahabaldin",middleName:null,surname:"Rezania",slug:"shahabaldin-rezania",fullName:"Shahabaldin Rezania"},{id:"241506",title:"Dr.",name:"Tayebeh",middleName:null,surname:"Khademi",slug:"tayebeh-khademi",fullName:"Tayebeh Khademi"},{id:"241508",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}]},{id:"38711",doi:"10.5772/51238",title:"Hydrogen Storage for Energy Application",slug:"hydrogen-storage-for-energy-application",totalDownloads:12195,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:null,book:{id:"2873",slug:"hydrogen-storage",title:"Hydrogen Storage",fullTitle:"Hydrogen Storage"},signatures:"Rahul Krishna, Elby Titus, Maryam Salimian, Olena Okhay, Sivakumar Rajendran, Ananth Rajkumar, J. M. G. Sousa, A. L. C. Ferreira, João Campos Gil and Jose Gracio",authors:[{id:"25491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elby",middleName:null,surname:"Titus",slug:"elby-titus",fullName:"Elby Titus"}]},{id:"29876",doi:"10.5772/35875",title:"Petroleum Asphaltenes",slug:"petroleum-asphaltenes",totalDownloads:14182,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"2288",slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition Stability and Characterization"},signatures:"Lamia Goual",authors:[{id:"106226",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Goual",slug:"lamia-goual",fullName:"Lamia Goual"}]},{id:"60752",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76412",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:2829,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:"Oil palm are among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families, especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. Properties and characterization of biomaterial from oil palm waste will not only help to promote further study on nanomaterials derived from non-wood materials but also emphasize the importance of commercially exploit oil palm waste for sustainable products.",book:{id:"6730",slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]},{id:"52155",doi:"10.5772/64828",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:5455,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are well known for their efficiency in incrementing oil production; however, the selection of the most suitable method to adopt for specific field applications is challenging. Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:5449,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are well known for their efficiency in incrementing oil production; however, the selection of the most suitable method to adopt for specific field applications is challenging. Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"60752",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:2823,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:"Oil palm are among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families, especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. Properties and characterization of biomaterial from oil palm waste will not only help to promote further study on nanomaterials derived from non-wood materials but also emphasize the importance of commercially exploit oil palm waste for sustainable products.",book:{id:"6730",slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]},{id:"66623",title:"Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerine to Acrolein",slug:"catalytic-dehydration-of-glycerine-to-acrolein",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The biodiesel production yields glycerine as a by-product in quantities around 10 vol% of produced biodiesel. Acrolein can be obtained from glycerine by a dehydration reaction. Catalytic processes in gas phase have been developed to obtain acrolein from a renewable feedstock using heterogeneous catalysts. The main process variables are the reaction temperature, the concentration of glycerol in water, and the space velocity in fixed-bed reactors. A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium has been made to estimate the conversion to equilibrium as a function of temperature. The reactors have been heated usually between 523 and 603 K. Generally, an aqueous glycerol solution is preheated in a preheating zone at a temperature enough to vaporize the feedstock, between 473 and 533 K, depending on the concentration of reactant required in the feed. Some of the most active catalysts in the gas-phase reaction (yield >70%) were NH4-La-β zeolite, Pd/LaY zeolite, hierarchical ZSM-5, WO3/ZrO2, WO3/TiO2, ZrOx-NbOx, WOx-NbOx, WO3-SiO2/ZrO2, NbOx-WOx/Al2O3, H3PO4-MCM-41, SAPO-40, NbPSi, Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41, H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15, H3PW12O40/Nb2O5, Cs-doped H4SiW12O40/Al2O3, H4SiW12O40/TiO2, and H4SiW12O40/SiO2.",book:{id:"8448",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",fullTitle:"Glycerine Production and Transformation - An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy"},signatures:"Israel Pala Rosas, Jose Luis Contreras Larios , Beatriz Zeifert and José Salmones Blásquez",authors:[{id:"94936",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"José Luis Contreras"},{id:"284261",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Pala-Rosas",slug:"israel-pala-rosas",fullName:"Israel Pala-Rosas"},{id:"284262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Salmones",slug:"jose-salmones",fullName:"Jose Salmones"},{id:"284263",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Zeifert",slug:"beatriz-zeifert",fullName:"Beatriz Zeifert"},{id:"295779",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"Jose Luis Contreras"}]},{id:"64816",title:"PVT Properties of Black Crude Oil",slug:"pvt-properties-of-black-crude-oil",totalDownloads:1561,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Precise PVT studies and behavior of phase-equilibrium of petroleum reservoir fluids are essential for describing these fluids and appraising their volumetric behavior at several pressure stages. There are numerous laboratory studies that can be performed on a reservoir sample. The amount of data desired determines the number of tests to be performed in the laboratory. Generally, there are three laboratory tests which characterize hydrocarbon fluids, namely primary study, constant mass depletion, and differential vaporization test. Generally, PVT properties are determined either experimentally or calculated theoretically through published correlations. This chapter presents different PVT laboratory tests that are required to understand the phase behavior of black oils.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"210639",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad M.",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-m.-desouky",fullName:"Saad M. Desouky"}]},{id:"64885",title:"Environmental Challenges Associated with Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",slug:"environmental-challenges-associated-with-processing-of-heavy-crude-oils",totalDownloads:876,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The petroleum industry is one of the largest industries in the world and plays a pivotal part in driving a nation’s economy. However, the exploration and exploitation of heavy crude oil have raised series of environmental challenges and caused increased concern for the communities where the oil refineries are cited. Activities such as gas flaring and oil spillage have led to the release of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, which has resulted in acid rain, climate change, and contamination of soil, water, and air. These environmental hazards have caused adverse effects directly or indirectly to the ecosystem. This chapter offers a general overview of the processes involved in the processing and some of the potential environmental challenges associated with heavy crude oil processing.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Samuel O. Sojinu and Onome Ejeromedoghene",authors:[{id:"265172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Sojinu",slug:"samuel-sojinu",fullName:"Samuel Sojinu"},{id:"275861",title:"Mr.",name:"Onome",middleName:null,surname:"Ejeromedoghene",slug:"onome-ejeromedoghene",fullName:"Onome Ejeromedoghene"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"702",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81472",title:"Improving Reserves and Well Productivity Using Modern Technologies",slug:"improving-reserves-and-well-productivity-using-modern-technologies",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102897",abstract:"The oil trapped in a reservoir rock through geological processes over millions of years is called the Original Oil in Place (OOIP). Oil recovery factor (RF) represents the recoverable fraction of OOIP. We do not have any control on the quantity of OOIP. However, the volume that we can recover is partly in our control. Through proper well placement, engineering, and production technologies, we can recover anywhere from 5 to 70% of OOIP. Exactly how much we will recover depends on the techniques employed and the nature of the reservoir. The economically recoverable oil is called the reserves. In this chapter, we will talk about various oil field technologies that can be employed to maximize petroleum reserves. We will explore some emerging technologies and processes that have helped some fields achieve 70% recovery factor while others are trailing behind, stuck at an average of 35% recovery factor, some as low as 10%. Despite all the hype, and many decades of research, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is contributing just about 4% of total world production, and most of it is from thermal EOR. We need a profound shift in the EOR technology application required to make it simple and widely applicable.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Haq Minhas"},{id:"78298",title:"Technologies Involved in the Demulsification of Crude Oil",slug:"technologies-involved-in-the-demulsification-of-crude-oil",totalDownloads:129,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99743",abstract:"Due to the use of enhanced recovery processes that necessitate the use of a considerable amount of water, mature petroleum reservoirs generate crude oil with huge amounts of water. The majority of this water gets emulsified into crude oil during production, increasing viscosity and making flow more difficult, resulting in production, transportation, and refining operational challenges that have an influence on corporate productivity. Natural surfactants with a strong potential to create stable emulsions are naturally mixed with crude oils. Because crudes with a high amount of stable emulsion have a lower value, the stable emulsion must be adequately processed to meet industrial requirements. As a result, basic research on natural surfactants that contribute to emulsion stability is examined in order to effectively separate emulsions into oil and water. This would need a review of various emulsification methods as well as the proper formulation for effective demulsification. The petroleum industry recognizes the importance of an efficient demulsification procedure for treating emulsions. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of emulsification and demulsification have been undertaken for decades. To guarantee optimal hydrocarbon output, effective treatment is required. The present paper is to review reported works on the formation of petroleum emulsions, demulsification treatments, and characteristics of fit-for-purpose demulsifiers as well as research trends in emulsion treatment.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Karthika Rajamanickam"},{id:"78507",title:"Actinomycetes as An Environmental Scrubber",slug:"actinomycetes-as-an-environmental-scrubber",totalDownloads:144,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99187",abstract:"Biotechnological tools engaged in the bioremediation process are in reality, sophisticated and dynamic in character. For specialized reasons, a broad variety of such devices are employed to produce a safe and balanced environment free of all types of toxins and so make life simpler for humans on planet Earth. Actinomycetes is one of these extremely important and functionally helpful groups. They can be used for a variety of bioremediation objectives, including biotransformation, biodegradation, and many more. Actinomycetes are one of the most varied groups of filamentous bacteria, capable of prospering in a variety of ecological settings because to their bioactive capabilities. They’re famous for their metabolic diversity, which includes the synthesis of commercially useful primary and secondary metabolites. They produce a range of enzymes capable of totally destroying all of the constituents. They are well-known for their ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. Members of various genera of Actinomycetes show promise for application in the bioconversion of underutilized urban and agricultural waste into high-value chemical compounds. The most potential source is a wide range of important enzymes, some of which are synthesized on an industrial scale, but there are many more that have yet to be discovered. Bioremediation methods, which use naturally existing microbes to clear residues and contaminated regions of dangerous organic chemicals, are improving all the time. In the realm of biotechnological science, the potential of actinomycetes for bioremediation and the synthesis of secondary metabolites has opened up intriguing prospects for a sustainable environment.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Sutaria Devanshi, Kamlesh R. Shah, Sudipti Arora and Sonika Saxena"},{id:"78072",title:"Green Polymers and Their Uses in Petroleum Industry, Current State and Future Perspectives",slug:"green-polymers-and-their-uses-in-petroleum-industry-current-state-and-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:181,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99409",abstract:"The concept of green chemistry has been established to find safe methodologies and environmentally benign solutions for the present and the onset problems. In this regard, extensive work has been carried out worldwide to replace the currently used materials with green ones. The terminology green relies on all the non-pollutive or the degradable materials regardless of their source. Therefore, there are biobased green materials and non-biobased green materials. This review sheds light on several green polymers used in different petroleum industries. The polymers are reviewed according to the stage of oil processing in which they are applied. Furthermore, different modification methodologies of natural polymers are revised. Also, the role of green non-biopolymers in different petroleum industries is investigated. It is worth mentioning that we concentrate our efforts on the utilization of different natural polymers in petroleum applications. Thereafter, some natural polymers such as chitosan and cellulose and their derivatives were specifically reviewed.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf, Mohamed Keshawy and Abdulraheim M.A. Hasan"},{id:"77633",title:"Biotechnological Potentials of Microbe Assisted Eco-Recovery of Crude Oil Impacted Environment",slug:"biotechnological-potentials-of-microbe-assisted-eco-recovery-of-crude-oil-impacted-environment",totalDownloads:144,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98808",abstract:"Globally, the environment is facing a very challenging situation with constant influx of crude oil and its derivatives due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. The release of this essential energy source has caused tremendous consequences on land, water, groundwater, air and biodiversity. Crude oil is a very complex and variable mixture of thousands of individual compounds that can be degraded with microbes with corresponding enzymatic systems harboring the genes. With advances in biotechnology, bioremediation has become one of the most rapidly developing fields of environmental restoration, utilizing microorganisms to reduce the concentration and toxicity of various chemical pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters, nitroaromatic compounds and industrial solvents. Different remediation methods have been introduced and applied with varied degrees of success in terms of reduction in contamination concentration without considering ecotoxicity and restoration of biodiversity. Researchers have now developed methods that consider ecotoxicology, environmental sustainability and ecorestoration in remediation of crude oil impacted sites and they are categorized as biotechnological tools such as bioremediation. The approach involves a natural process of microorganisms with inherent genetic capabilities completely mineralizing/degrading contaminants into innocuous substances. Progressive advances in bioremediation such as the use of genetically engineered microbes have become an improved system for empowering microbes to degrade very complex recalcitrant substances through the modification of rate-limiting steps in the metabolic pathway of hydrocarbon degrading microbes to yield increase in mineralization rates or the development of completely new metabolic pathways incorporated into the bacterial strains for the degradation of highly persistent compounds. Other areas discussed in this chapter include the biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation, microbial and plant bioremediation (phytoremediation), their mechanism of action and the environmental factors influencing the processes.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Chioma Bertha Ehis-Eriakha, Stephen Eromosele Akemu, Simon Obgaji Otumala and Chinyere Augusta Ajuzieogu"},{id:"77342",title:"Green Technology for Crude Oil Processed Water Treatment: A Practical Approach for Nigeria Petroleum Industry",slug:"green-technology-for-crude-oil-processed-water-treatment-a-practical-approach-for-nigeria-petroleum-",totalDownloads:139,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98770",abstract:"Cleaner production is the key to environmental sustainability. Conversion of crude oil to various beneficial products is responsible for the contamination of air, water, and soil which are harmful to human, plants, animals, public health and the environment. Adequately treating produced water is beneficial for irrigation, wildlife consumption, industrial water and for domestic purposes. Therefore, green technology for treatment of crude oil processed water would provide the environmental friendliness needed for prolong utilization of our natural resources. Hence, the aim of this book chapter is to investigate the potentials of constructed wetland as a promising, effective and environmentally friendly alternative for secondary petroleum refinery wastewater treatment. Planted and unplanted mesocosm scale experiment with real secondary refinery wastewater was used for the purpose of the study. The parameters investigated were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, carbon oxygen demand, total petroleum hydrocarbon and oil and grease. The results revealed that Typha latifolia planted VSSF CWs effectively treated organic contaminants in secondary refinery wastewater with a better performance than the unplanted control VSSF CWs. The chromatographs for wastewater and T. latifolia samples showed a hydrocarbon distribution between n-C9 to n-C24 indicating abundance of lower weight hydrocarbon contamination.",book:{id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg"},signatures:"Hassana Ibrahim Mustapha"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. 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