\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83881-920-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-919-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-933-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1999f94cbb4a0340032feb750236ffa",bookSignature:"Prof. Zamzuri Idris",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9656.jpg",keywords:"Paediatric Brain Injury, Adult Brain Injury, Brain Swelling, Immune Response, Brainwaves, Endocrine, Neuromonitoring, Intensive Care, Hypothermia, Neuroimaging, Brain-computer Interface, Robotic Rehabilitation",numberOfDownloads:1131,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 2nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 9th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 8th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Idris is acting as the Head of the Committee in Malaysia Neurosurgical Teaching and Education, Head for the Local Neurosurgical Association of Malaysia, Member for the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics USA, for the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. He has graduated from the University of Wales College of Medicine Cardiff, then pursued his postgraduate career at Universiti Sains Malaysia. He completed his fellowship program at the University of Gent, Belgium.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73844/images/system/73844.png",biography:"Prof Dr Zamzuri Idris had graduated from University of Wales College of Medicine Cardiff UK in 1994, then pursued his postgraduate career in Neurosurgery locally at Universiti Sains Malaysia. In 2007, he completed his fellowship programme in Gent Belgium under Prof J. Caemaert in Neuroendoscopy and Prof D. Van Roost in Functional Neurosurgery. He is currently the Head of Neuroscience Department and holds various important posts related to Neurosurgery, Neurosciences and Scientific Society. He is currently acting as the Head of the Committee in Malaysia Neurosurgical Teaching and Education, Head for the Local Neurosurgical-Board Examination and an Executive Committee Member for Neurosurgical Association of Malaysia, Member for the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics USA, for the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (ESSFN) and for the Asia Pacific Low Grade Glioma Network. His major interests are in brain trauma, minimally invasive neurosurgery (neuroendoscopy), precision radiation therapy, epilepsy, brain mapping, brain stimulation, brainwaves and lately in Quantum Brain. He is frequently invited as a speaker at the scientific meeting, has published many papers locally and internationally, and has written 10 chapters in the international books.",institutionString:"Universiti Sains Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universiti Sains Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"73427",title:"Demographic, Clinical, and Radiographic Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex",slug:"demographic-clinical-and-radiographic-characteristics-of-cerebral-aneurysms-in-tuberous-sclerosis-co",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73452",title:"Pathogenesis and Prevention of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury",slug:"pathogenesis-and-prevention-of-fetal-and-neonatal-brain-injury",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab"}]},{id:"73580",title:"Intracranial Pressure Waveform: History, Fundamentals and Applications in Brain Injuries",slug:"intracranial-pressure-waveform-history-fundamentals-and-applications-in-brain-injuries",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73302",title:"Neurobehavioral, Cognitive, and Paroxysmal Disorders in the Long-Term Period of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"neurobehavioral-cognitive-and-paroxysmal-disorders-in-the-long-term-period-of-pediatric-traumatic-br",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75170",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury in Children",slug:"traumatic-brain-injury-in-children",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"241886",title:"Dr.",name:"Dyah",surname:"Wati",slug:"dyah-wati",fullName:"Dyah Wati"}]},{id:"74787",title:"Brain Injury and Neuroinflammation of the Gut-Brain Axis in Subjects with Cerebral Palsy",slug:"brain-injury-and-neuroinflammation-of-the-gut-brain-axis-in-subjects-with-cerebral-palsy",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73561",title:"Management of Patients with Brain Injury Using Noninvasive Methods",slug:"management-of-patients-with-brain-injury-using-noninvasive-methods",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73833",title:"Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"hyperbaric-oxygenation-in-the-treatment-of-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73229",title:"Benefits of Early Tracheostomy in TBI Patients",slug:"benefits-of-early-tracheostomy-in-tbi-patients",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73165",title:"Peripheral Immune Response following Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"peripheral-immune-response-following-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17345",title:"Isolation of Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells by Hoe33342 or Rhodamine123 Efflux",doi:"10.5772/17915",slug:"isolation-of-liver-cancer-stem-like-cells-by-hoe33342-or-rhodamine123-efflux",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17345.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17345",totalDownloads:1643,totalViews:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 24th 2010",dateReviewed:"March 28th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 1st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/17345",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/17345",book:{slug:"cancer-stem-cells-the-cutting-edge"},signatures:"Weihui Liu, Nan You and Kefeng Dou",authors:[{id:"29825",title:"Prof.",name:"Weihui",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Weihui Liu",slug:"weihui-liu",email:"liuweihui12@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"38333",title:"Prof.",name:"Kefeng",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",fullName:"Kefeng Dou",slug:"kefeng-dou",email:"doukf2008@yahoo.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"83386",title:"Dr.",name:"Nan",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Nan You",slug:"nan-you",email:"younan330@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Fourth Military Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"209",title:"Cancer Stem Cells",subtitle:"The Cutting Edge",fullTitle:"Cancer Stem Cells - The Cutting Edge",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-the-cutting-edge",publishedDate:"August 1st 2011",bookSignature:"Stanley Shostak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/209.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28104",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Shostak",slug:"stanley-shostak",fullName:"Stanley Shostak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17322",title:"Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"stem-cells-and-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:3595,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lucinei Roberto Oliveira, Andrielle de Castilho Fernandes and Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva",authors:[{id:"30977",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Silva",fullName:"Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva",slug:"alfredo-ribeiro-silva"}]},{id:"17323",title:"Clinical Significance of Putative Cancer Stem Cells in Residual Cancer Cells After Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer",slug:"clinical-significance-of-putative-cancer-stem-cells-in-residual-cancer-cells-after-chemoradiotherapy",totalDownloads:1846,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Koji Tanaka, Yasuhiro Inoue, Yuji Toiyama, Keiichi Uchida, Chikao Miki and Masato Kusunoki",authors:[{id:"31129",title:"Dr",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Koji Tanaka",slug:"koji-tanaka"},{id:"44028",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Yasuhiro Inoue",slug:"yasuhiro-inoue"},{id:"44029",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Toiyama",fullName:"Yuji Toiyama",slug:"yuji-toiyama"},{id:"44030",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiichi",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Keiichi Uchida",slug:"keiichi-uchida"},{id:"44031",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikao",middleName:null,surname:"Miki",fullName:"Chikao Miki",slug:"chikao-miki"},{id:"44032",title:"Prof.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Kusunoki",fullName:"Masato Kusunoki",slug:"masato-kusunoki"}]},{id:"17324",title:"Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Organ Malignancies: Mechanisms of Treatment Resistance and Strategies for Therapeutic Targeting",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-in-solid-organ-malignancies-mechanisms-of-treatment-resistance-and-strategies-for-",totalDownloads:2062,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marcus M. Monroe, Crystal J. Hessman, Daniel R. Clayburgh, Emily J. Bubbers and Melissa H. Wong",authors:[{id:"42352",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Melissa Wong",slug:"melissa-wong"},{id:"55368",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"M",surname:"Monroe",fullName:"Marcus Monroe",slug:"marcus-monroe"},{id:"55369",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Clayburgh",fullName:"Daniel Clayburgh",slug:"daniel-clayburgh"},{id:"55370",title:"Dr.",name:"Crystal",middleName:null,surname:"Hessman",fullName:"Crystal Hessman",slug:"crystal-hessman"},{id:"55371",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Bubbers",fullName:"Emily Bubbers",slug:"emily-bubbers"},{id:"55372",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Eric Anderson",slug:"eric-anderson"}]},{id:"17325",title:"Cancer Initiating Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma",slug:"cancer-initiating-cells-in-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jesús M. Paramio",authors:[{id:"34513",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus M",middleName:null,surname:"Paramio",fullName:"Jesus M Paramio",slug:"jesus-m-paramio"}]},{id:"17326",title:"Stem Cell Growth as a Model of Carcinogenesis",slug:"stem-cell-growth-as-a-model-of-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Steven Poser, Joseph Alisky, Kuei-Fang Chung, Doreen Ebermann, Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein, Stefan Bornstein and Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis",authors:[{id:"31989",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Androutsellis-Theotokis",fullName:"Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis",slug:"andreas-androutsellis-theotokis"},{id:"43580",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Poser",fullName:"Steve Poser",slug:"steve-poser"},{id:"43581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Alisky",fullName:"Joseph Alisky",slug:"joseph-alisky"},{id:"43582",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuei-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Kuei-Fang Chung",slug:"kuei-fang-chung"},{id:"43583",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Ehrhart-Bornstein",fullName:"Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein",slug:"monika-ehrhart-bornstein"},{id:"43584",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bornstein",fullName:"Stefan Bornstein",slug:"stefan-bornstein"},{id:"69804",title:"Ms.",name:"Doreen",middleName:null,surname:"Ebermann",fullName:"Doreen Ebermann",slug:"doreen-ebermann"}]},{id:"17327",title:"Cancer Stem Cells in Multiple Myeloma",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-in-multiple-myeloma",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sabino Ciavarella, Annalisa Milano, Annalisa Savonarola, Oronzo Brunetti, Franco Dammacco and Franco Silvestris",authors:[{id:"32157",title:"Dr.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestris",fullName:"Franco Silvestris",slug:"franco-silvestris"},{id:"45482",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabino",middleName:null,surname:"Ciavarella",fullName:"Sabino Ciavarella",slug:"sabino-ciavarella"},{id:"45483",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Milano",fullName:"Annalisa Milano",slug:"annalisa-milano"},{id:"45484",title:"Dr.",name:"Oronzo",middleName:null,surname:"Brunetti",fullName:"Oronzo Brunetti",slug:"oronzo-brunetti"},{id:"96505",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Savonarola",fullName:"Annalisa Savonarola",slug:"annalisa-savonarola"},{id:"96507",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Dammacco",fullName:"Franco Dammacco",slug:"franco-dammacco"}]},{id:"17328",title:"Systems and Network Understanding of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"systems-and-network-understanding-of-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1641,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Asfar S. Azmi, Ramzi M. Mohammad, Sanjeev Banerjee, Zhiwei Wang, Bin Bao and Fazlul H. Sarkar",authors:[{id:"31486",title:"Prof.",name:"Fazlul",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Fazlul Sarkar",slug:"fazlul-sarkar"},{id:"40173",title:"Dr.",name:"Asfar",middleName:null,surname:"Azmi",fullName:"Asfar Azmi",slug:"asfar-azmi"},{id:"40174",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramzi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammad",fullName:"Ramzi Mohammad",slug:"ramzi-mohammad"}]},{id:"17329",title:"What do We Know About Cancer Stem Cells? Utilizing Colon Cancer as an Example",slug:"what-do-we-know-about-cancer-stem-cells-utilizing-colon-cancer-as-an-example",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Benhaim Leonor, Labonte Melissa and Lenz Heinz-Joseph",authors:[{id:"35269",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Benhaim",fullName:"Leonor Benhaim",slug:"leonor-benhaim"},{id:"83265",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Labonte",fullName:"Melissa Labonte",slug:"melissa-labonte"},{id:"83266",title:"Dr.",name:"Heinz-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lenz",fullName:"Heinz-Joseph Lenz",slug:"heinz-joseph-lenz"}]},{id:"17330",title:"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-and-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2656,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gaoliang Ouyang",authors:[{id:"34355",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaoliang",middleName:null,surname:"Ouyang",fullName:"Gaoliang Ouyang",slug:"gaoliang-ouyang"}]},{id:"17331",title:"Cancer Stem Cell Niche: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment 189",slug:"cancer-stem-cell-niche-the-role-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-tumor-microenvironment-189",totalDownloads:4532,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kanya Honoki, Hiromasa Fujii and Toshifumi Tsujiuchi",authors:[{id:"28035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kanya",middleName:null,surname:"Honoki",fullName:"Kanya Honoki",slug:"kanya-honoki"},{id:"28447",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiromasa",middleName:null,surname:"Fujii",fullName:"Hiromasa Fujii",slug:"hiromasa-fujii"},{id:"28448",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsujiuchi",fullName:"Toshifumi Tsujiuchi",slug:"toshifumi-tsujiuchi"}]},{id:"17332",title:"Transformation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells",slug:"transformation-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nedime Serakinci, Rikke Christensen and Umut Fahrioglu",authors:[{id:"31274",title:"Prof.",name:"Nedime",middleName:null,surname:"Serakinci",fullName:"Nedime Serakinci",slug:"nedime-serakinci"},{id:"44561",title:"Dr",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Fahrioglu",fullName:"Umut Fahrioglu",slug:"umut-fahrioglu"},{id:"44562",title:"Dr.",name:"Rikke",middleName:null,surname:"Christensen",fullName:"Rikke Christensen",slug:"rikke-christensen"}]},{id:"17333",title:"Brain Tumor Stem Cells and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy",slug:"brain-tumor-stem-cells-and-anti-angiogenic-therapy",totalDownloads:1780,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Katsuya Saito, Kazunari Yoshida and Masahiro Toda",authors:[{id:"43604",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",fullName:"Masahiro Toda",slug:"masahiro-toda"},{id:"43608",title:"Dr",name:"Katsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",fullName:"Katsuya Saito",slug:"katsuya-saito"}]},{id:"17334",title:"Targeting Glioma Stem Cells: Path Leading to the Cure",slug:"targeting-glioma-stem-cells-path-leading-to-the-cure",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ke Sai and Zhong-ping Chen",authors:[{id:"36540",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong-ping",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhong-ping Chen",slug:"zhong-ping-chen"},{id:"43961",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Sai",fullName:"Ke Sai",slug:"ke-sai"}]},{id:"17335",title:"Glioma Stem Cells",slug:"glioma-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1642,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryan Y. Kim, Ali Mahta and Santosh Kesari",authors:[{id:"48513",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kesari",fullName:"Santosh Kesari",slug:"santosh-kesari"},{id:"48522",title:"Mr",name:"Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Ryan Kim",slug:"ryan-kim"}]},{id:"17336",title:"Regulation of Glioma Stem Cells by the Notch Signaling Pathway: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"regulation-of-glioma-stem-cells-by-the-notch-signaling-pathway-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-implicatio",totalDownloads:2671,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hong-Yan Qin, Luo-An Fu and Hua Han",authors:[{id:"42904",title:"Prof.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Hua Han",slug:"hua-han"},{id:"42905",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong-Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",fullName:"Hong-Yan Qin",slug:"hong-yan-qin"},{id:"85978",title:"Dr.",name:"Luo-An",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Luo-An Fu",slug:"luo-an-fu"}]},{id:"17337",title:"The Hedgehog Signaling Network and the Development of Gastric Cancer",slug:"the-hedgehog-signaling-network-and-the-development-of-gastric-cancer",totalDownloads:1769,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jessica M. Donnelly, JeanMarie Houghton and Yana Zavros",authors:[{id:"49368",title:"Dr.",name:"Yana",middleName:null,surname:"Zavros",fullName:"Yana Zavros",slug:"yana-zavros"}]},{id:"17338",title:"Differentiation of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"differentiation-of-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2562,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Taro Yamashita, Masao Honda and Shuichi Kaneko",authors:[{id:"27817",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Taro Yamashita",slug:"taro-yamashita"},{id:"43187",title:"Dr.",name:"Masao",middleName:null,surname:"Honda",fullName:"Masao Honda",slug:"masao-honda"},{id:"43188",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Shuichi Kaneko",slug:"shuichi-kaneko"}]},{id:"17339",title:"Carbohydrate Antigens as Cancer-Initiating Cell Markers",slug:"carbohydrate-antigens-as-cancer-initiating-cell-markers",totalDownloads:2532,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei-Ming Lin, Uwe Karsten, Steffen Goletz and Yi Cao",authors:[{id:"51917",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Yi Cao",slug:"yi-cao"},{id:"52594",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Wei-Ming Lin",slug:"wei-ming-lin"},{id:"52595",title:"Dr.",name:"Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Karsten",fullName:"Uwe Karsten",slug:"uwe-karsten"},{id:"52596",title:"Dr.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Goletz",fullName:"Steffen Goletz",slug:"steffen-goletz"}]},{id:"17340",title:"Influence of Culture Environment and Mollicutes Contaminations on CD133 Modulation in Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"influence-of-culture-environment-and-mollicutes-contaminations-on-cd133-modulation-in-cancer-stem-ce",totalDownloads:1403,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elisabetta Mariotti, Peppino Mirabelli, Francesca D’Alessio, Marica Gemei, Rosa Di Noto, Giuliana Fortunato and Luigi Del Vecchio",authors:[{id:"28066",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Di Noto",fullName:"Rosa Di Noto",slug:"rosa-di-noto"},{id:"44267",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Mariotti",fullName:"Elisabetta Mariotti",slug:"elisabetta-mariotti"},{id:"44268",title:"Dr.",name:"Peppino",middleName:null,surname:"Mirabelli",fullName:"Peppino Mirabelli",slug:"peppino-mirabelli"},{id:"44269",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"D'Alessio",fullName:"Francesca D'Alessio",slug:"francesca-d'alessio"},{id:"44270",title:"Dr.",name:"Marica",middleName:null,surname:"Gemei",fullName:"Marica Gemei",slug:"marica-gemei"},{id:"44271",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuliana",middleName:null,surname:"Fortunato",fullName:"Giuliana Fortunato",slug:"giuliana-fortunato"},{id:"44272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Del Vecchio",fullName:"Luigi Del Vecchio",slug:"luigi-del-vecchio"}]},{id:"17341",title:"Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"therapeutic-strategies-targeting-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Atique U. Ahmed, Bart Thaci, Derek A. Wainwright, Mahua Dey and Maciej S. Lesniak",authors:[{id:"33310",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Lesniak",fullName:"Maciej Lesniak",slug:"maciej-lesniak"},{id:"83065",title:"Dr.",name:"Atique",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Atique Ahmed",slug:"atique-ahmed"},{id:"83066",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"Thaci",fullName:"Bart Thaci",slug:"bart-thaci"},{id:"83067",title:"Dr.",name:"Derek",middleName:null,surname:"Wainwright",fullName:"Derek Wainwright",slug:"derek-wainwright"},{id:"83068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahua",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",fullName:"Mahua Dey",slug:"mahua-dey"}]},{id:"17342",title:"Latest Therapeutic Approaches Based on Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"latest-therapeutic-approaches-based-on-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dou Jun, Wang Jing and Gu Ning",authors:[{id:"27777",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",fullName:"Jun Dou",slug:"jun-dou"}]},{id:"17343",title:"Potential Application of Natural Dietary Components to Target Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"potential-application-of-natural-dietary-components-to-target-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2576,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yanyan Li, Steven J. Schwartz and Duxin Sun",authors:[{id:"31751",title:"Dr",name:"Yanyan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yanyan Li",slug:"yanyan-li"},{id:"32401",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",fullName:"Steven Schwartz",slug:"steven-schwartz"},{id:"37219",title:"Dr.",name:"Duxin",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Duxin Sun",slug:"duxin-sun"}]},{id:"17344",title:"Towards New Anticancer Strategies by Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Phytochemical Compounds",slug:"towards-new-anticancer-strategies-by-targeting-cancer-stem-cells-with-phytochemical-compounds",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sharif Tanveer, Emhemmed Fathi and Fuhrmann Guy",authors:[{id:"32270",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrmann",fullName:"Guy Fuhrmann",slug:"guy-fuhrmann"},{id:"95078",title:"Mr.",name:"Fathi",middleName:null,surname:"Emhemmed",fullName:"Fathi Emhemmed",slug:"fathi-emhemmed"},{id:"95082",title:"Mr.",name:"Tanveer",middleName:null,surname:"Sharif",fullName:"Tanveer Sharif",slug:"tanveer-sharif"}]},{id:"17345",title:"Isolation of Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells by Hoe33342 or Rhodamine123 Efflux",slug:"isolation-of-liver-cancer-stem-like-cells-by-hoe33342-or-rhodamine123-efflux",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Weihui Liu, Nan You and Kefeng Dou",authors:[{id:"29825",title:"Prof.",name:"Weihui",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Weihui Liu",slug:"weihui-liu"},{id:"38333",title:"Prof.",name:"Kefeng",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",fullName:"Kefeng Dou",slug:"kefeng-dou"},{id:"83386",title:"Dr.",name:"Nan",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Nan You",slug:"nan-you"}]},{id:"17346",title:"Large-Scale Production of Human Glioblastoma-Derived Cancer Stem Cell Tissue in Suspension Bioreactors to Facilitate the Development of Novel Oncolytic Therapeutics",slug:"large-scale-production-of-human-glioblastoma-derived-cancer-stem-cell-tissue-in-suspension-bioreacto",totalDownloads:1840,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krishna Panchalingam, Wendy Paramchuk, Parvinder Hothi, Nameeta Shah, Leroy Hood, Greg Foltz and Leo A. Behie",authors:[{id:"32955",title:"Prof.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Augustus",surname:"Behie",fullName:"Leo Behie",slug:"leo-behie"}]},{id:"17347",title:"Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of the Environment and Methods to Identify Them",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-the-role-of-the-environment-and-methods-to-identify-them",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Giuseppe Pirozzi",authors:[{id:"34509",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pirozzi",fullName:"Giuseppe Pirozzi",slug:"giuseppe-pirozzi"}]},{id:"17348",title:"Modulation of Multidrug Resistance on the Same Single Cancer Cell in a Microfluidic Chip: Intended for Cancer Stem Cell Research",slug:"modulation-of-multidrug-resistance-on-the-same-single-cancer-cell-in-a-microfluidic-chip-intended-fo",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"XiuJun Li, Yuchun Chen and Paul C.H. Li",authors:[{id:"29972",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Paul Li",slug:"paul-li"},{id:"40073",title:"Prof.",name:"XiuJun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"XiuJun Li",slug:"xiujun-li"},{id:"40074",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuchun",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuchun Chen",slug:"yuchun-chen"}]},{id:"17349",title:"Evolution of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"evolution-of-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stanley Shostak",authors:[{id:"28104",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Shostak",fullName:"Stanley Shostak",slug:"stanley-shostak"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"50",title:"Cancer Stem Cells",subtitle:"Theories and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3407f8f3a110b5e2b9e11628c3dcfb18",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-theories-and-practice",bookSignature:"Stanley Shostak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/50.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28104",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",surname:"Shostak",slug:"stanley-shostak",fullName:"Stanley Shostak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14457",title:"The Dark Side of Cellular Plasticity: Stem Cells in Development and Cancer",slug:"the-dark-side-of-cellular-plasticity-stem-cells-in-development-and-cancer",signatures:"Fernando Abollo-Jimenez, Elena Campos-Sanchez, Ana Sagrera, Maria Eugenia Muñoz, Ana Isabel Galan, Rafael Jimenez and Cesar Cobaleda",authors:[{id:"16416",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Cobaleda",fullName:"Cesar Cobaleda",slug:"cesar-cobaleda"},{id:"17538",title:"BSc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Abollo-Jimenez",fullName:"Fernando Abollo-Jimenez",slug:"fernando-abollo-jimenez"},{id:"17544",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez",fullName:"Rafael Jimenez",slug:"rafael-jimenez"},{id:"17545",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",fullName:"Maria Eugenia Muñoz",slug:"maria-eugenia-munoz"},{id:"17546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Galan",fullName:"Ana Isabel Galan",slug:"ana-isabel-galan"},{id:"17658",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sagrera",fullName:"Ana Sagrera",slug:"ana-sagrera"},{id:"25494",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Sanchez",fullName:"Elena Campos-Sanchez",slug:"elena-campos-sanchez"}]},{id:"14458",title:"From where do Cancer-Initiating Cells Originate?",slug:"from-where-do-cancer-initiating-cells-originate-",signatures:"Stéphane Ansieau, Anne-Pierre Morel and Alain Puisieux",authors:[{id:"19039",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Puisieux",fullName:"Alain Puisieux",slug:"alain-puisieux"},{id:"19041",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Ansieau",fullName:"Stéphane Ansieau",slug:"stephane-ansieau"}]},{id:"14459",title:"Connections between Genomic Instability and Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"connections-between-genomic-instability-and-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Linda Li, Laura Borodyansky and Youxin Yang",authors:[{id:"16709",title:"Dr.",name:"Youxin",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Youxin Yang",slug:"youxin-yang"},{id:"19288",title:"Ms.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Linda Li",slug:"linda-li"},{id:"19289",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Borodyansky",fullName:"Laura Borodyansky",slug:"laura-borodyansky"}]},{id:"14460",title:"Cancer Stem Cells as a Result of a Reprogramming-Like Mechanism",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-as-a-result-of-a-reprogramming-like-mechanism",signatures:"Carolina Vicente-Dueñas, Isabel Romero-Camarero, Teresa Flores, Juan Jesús Cruz and Isidro Sanchez-Garcia",authors:[{id:"15832",title:"Dr.",name:"Isidro",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Garcia",fullName:"Isidro Sanchez-Garcia",slug:"isidro-sanchez-garcia"},{id:"15836",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Vincente-Dueñas",fullName:"Carolina Vincente-Dueñas",slug:"carolina-vincente-duenas"},{id:"15837",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Camarero",fullName:"Isabel Romero-Camarero",slug:"isabel-romero-camarero"},{id:"15838",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Teresa Flores",slug:"teresa-flores"},{id:"15839",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Cruz Hernández",fullName:"Juan Cruz Hernández",slug:"juan-cruz-hernandez"}]},{id:"14461",title:"Breast Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"breast-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez, Xuanmao Jiao and Richard G. Pestell",authors:[{id:"16437",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard G.",middleName:null,surname:"Pestell",fullName:"Richard G. Pestell",slug:"richard-g.-pestell"},{id:"17246",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco A.",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Velazquez",fullName:"Marco A. Velasco-Velazquez",slug:"marco-a.-velasco-velazquez"},{id:"18721",title:"PhD.",name:"Xuanmao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiao",fullName:"Xuanmao Jiao",slug:"xuanmao-jiao"}]},{id:"14462",title:"Glioma Stem Cells: Cell Culture, Markers and Targets for New Combination Therapies",slug:"glioma-stem-cells-cell-culture-markers-and-targets-for-new-combination-therapies",signatures:"Candace A. Gilbert and Alonzo H. Ross",authors:[{id:"15448",title:"PhD.",name:"Alonzo H.",middleName:null,surname:"Ross",fullName:"Alonzo H. Ross",slug:"alonzo-h.-ross"},{id:"19153",title:"Prof.",name:"Candace A.",middleName:null,surname:"Gilbert",fullName:"Candace A. Gilbert",slug:"candace-a.-gilbert"}]},{id:"14463",title:"Cancer Stem Cells in Lung Cancer: Distinct Differences between Small Cell and Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-in-lung-cancer-distinct-differences-between-small-cell-and-non-small-cell-lung-car",signatures:"Koji Okudela, Noriyuki Nagahara, Akira Katayama, Hitoshi Kitamura",authors:[{id:"16270",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Okudela",fullName:"Koji Okudela",slug:"koji-okudela"},{id:"21377",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Okudela",fullName:"Koji Okudela",slug:"koji-okudela"}]},{id:"14464",title:"Prostate and Colon Cancer Stem Cells as a Target for Anti-Cancer Drug Development",slug:"prostate-and-colon-cancer-stem-cells-as-a-target-for-anti-cancer-drug-development",signatures:"Galina Botchkina and Iwao Ojima",authors:[{id:"16198",title:"Prof.",name:"Galina",middleName:"I",surname:"Botchkina",fullName:"Galina Botchkina",slug:"galina-botchkina"}]},{id:"14465",title:"Importance of Stromal Stem Cells in Prostate Carcinogenesis Process",slug:"importance-of-stromal-stem-cells-in-prostate-carcinogenesis-process",signatures:"Farrokh Asadi, Gwendal Lazennec and Christian Jorgensen",authors:[{id:"18979",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Jorgensen",fullName:"Christian Jorgensen",slug:"christian-jorgensen"},{id:"61632",title:"Dr.",name:"Farrokh",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi",fullName:"Farrokh Asadi",slug:"farrokh-asadi"},{id:"61633",title:"Dr.",name:"Gwendal",middleName:null,surname:"Lazennec",fullName:"Gwendal Lazennec",slug:"gwendal-lazennec"}]},{id:"14466",title:"Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-and-their-niche",signatures:"Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego, Vanessa Medina Villaamil, Silvia Díaz Prado and Luis Miguel Antón Aparicio",authors:[{id:"16398",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Medina Villaamil",fullName:"Vanessa Medina Villaamil",slug:"vanessa-medina-villaamil"},{id:"20848",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Anton Aparicio",fullName:"Luis Miguel Anton Aparicio",slug:"luis-miguel-anton-aparicio"},{id:"20861",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Aparicio Gallego",fullName:"Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego",slug:"guadalupe-aparicio-gallego"},{id:"24011",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz Prado",fullName:"Silvia Díaz Prado",slug:"silvia-diaz-prado"}]},{id:"14467",title:"The Stem Cell Niche: The Black Master of Cancer",slug:"the-stem-cell-niche-the-black-master-of-cancer",signatures:"Maguer-Satta Véronique",authors:[{id:"15431",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronique",middleName:null,surname:"Maguer-Satta",fullName:"Veronique Maguer-Satta",slug:"veronique-maguer-satta"}]},{id:"14468",title:"Cancer Stem Cells Promote Tumor Neovascularization",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-promote-tumor-neovascularization",signatures:"Yi-fang Ping, Xiao-hong Yao, Shi-cang Yu, Ji Ming Wang and Xiu-wu Bian",authors:[{id:"15269",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiu-Wu",middleName:null,surname:"Bian",fullName:"Xiu-Wu Bian",slug:"xiu-wu-bian"},{id:"15275",title:"Prof.",name:"Shi-Cang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Shi-Cang Yu",slug:"shi-cang-yu"},{id:"15276",title:"PhD.",name:"Yi-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Ping",fullName:"Yi-Fang Ping",slug:"yi-fang-ping"},{id:"15277",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",fullName:"Xiao-Hong Yao",slug:"xiao-hong-yao"},{id:"15282",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Ji Ming Wang",slug:"ji-ming-wang"}]},{id:"14469",title:"Potential Signaling Pathways Activated in Cancer Stem Cells in Breast Cancer",slug:"potential-signaling-pathways-activated-in-cancer-stem-cells-in-breast-cancer",signatures:"Noriko Gotoh",authors:[{id:"16712",title:"Prof.",name:"Noriko",middleName:null,surname:"Gotoh",fullName:"Noriko Gotoh",slug:"noriko-gotoh"}]},{id:"14470",title:"Signalling Pathways Driving Cancer Stem Cells: Hedgehog Pathway",slug:"signalling-pathways-driving-cancer-stem-cells-hedgehog-pathway",signatures:"Vanessa Medina Villaamil, Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego, Silvia Díaz Prado and Luis M. Antón Aparicio",authors:[{id:"16398",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Medina Villaamil",fullName:"Vanessa Medina Villaamil",slug:"vanessa-medina-villaamil"},{id:"19524",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis M.",middleName:null,surname:"Antón Aparicio",fullName:"Luis M. Antón Aparicio",slug:"luis-m.-anton-aparicio"},{id:"23998",title:"Miss",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Aparicio Gallego",fullName:"Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego",slug:"guadalupe-aparicio-gallego"},{id:"23999",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz Prado",fullName:"Silvia Díaz Prado",slug:"silvia-diaz-prado"}]},{id:"14471",title:"MicroRNAs: Small but Critical Regulators of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"micrornas-small-but-critical-regulators-of-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Jeffrey T. DeSano, Theodore S. Lawrence and Liang Xu",authors:[{id:"19713",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Liang Xu",slug:"liang-xu"}]},{id:"14472",title:"MicroRNAs and Cancer Stem Cells in Medulloblastoma",slug:"micrornas-and-cancer-stem-cells-in-medulloblastoma",signatures:"Massimo Zollo, Immacolata Andolfo and Pasqualino De Antonellis",authors:[{id:"16264",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Zollo",fullName:"Massimo Zollo",slug:"massimo-zollo"},{id:"16266",title:"Ms.",name:"Immacolata",middleName:null,surname:"Andolfo",fullName:"Immacolata Andolfo",slug:"immacolata-andolfo"},{id:"16267",title:"PhD.",name:"Pasqualino",middleName:null,surname:"De Antonellis",fullName:"Pasqualino De Antonellis",slug:"pasqualino-de-antonellis"}]},{id:"14473",title:"The Rocky Road from Cancer Stem Cell Discovery to Diagnostic Applicability",slug:"the-rocky-road-from-cancer-stem-cell-discovery-to-diagnostic-applicability",signatures:"Paola Marcato and Patrick W. K. Lee",authors:[{id:"16307",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick W.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Patrick W.K. Lee",slug:"patrick-w.k.-lee"},{id:"18348",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Marcato",fullName:"Paola Marcato",slug:"paola-marcato"}]},{id:"14474",title:"Drugs that Kill Cancer Stem-like Cells",slug:"drugs-that-kill-cancer-stem-like-cells",signatures:"Renata Zobalova, Marina Stantic, Michael Stapelberg, Katerina Prokopova, Lanfeng Dong, Jaroslav Truksa and Jiri Neuzil",authors:[{id:"15202",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Neuzil",fullName:"Jiri Neuzil",slug:"jiri-neuzil"},{id:"19353",title:"Ms.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Stantic",fullName:"Marina Stantic",slug:"marina-stantic"},{id:"19354",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Zobalova",fullName:"Renata Zobalova",slug:"renata-zobalova"},{id:"19355",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Prokopova",fullName:"Katerina Prokopova",slug:"katerina-prokopova"},{id:"19356",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Lan-Feng Dong",slug:"lan-feng-dong"},{id:"48748",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Stapelberg",fullName:"Michael Stapelberg",slug:"michael-stapelberg"},{id:"48749",title:"Mr",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Smits",fullName:"Michael Smits",slug:"michael-smits"},{id:"48750",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Truksa",fullName:"Jaroslav Truksa",slug:"jaroslav-truksa"}]},{id:"14475",title:"Cancer Stem Cells as a New Opportunity for Therapeutic Intervention",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-as-a-new-opportunity-for-therapeutic-intervention",signatures:"Victoria Bolós, Ángeles López and Luis Anton Aparicio",authors:[{id:"16418",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Bolós",fullName:"Victoria Bolós",slug:"victoria-bolos"},{id:"24030",title:"Dr.",name:"Ángeles",middleName:null,surname:"López",fullName:"Ángeles López",slug:"angeles-lopez"},{id:"24031",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Antón",middleName:null,surname:"Aparicio",fullName:"Luis Antón Aparicio",slug:"luis-anton-aparicio"}]},{id:"14476",title:"Targeting Signal Pathways Active in Leukemic Stem Cells to Overcome Drug Resistance",slug:"targeting-signal-pathways-active-in-leukemic-stem-cells-to-overcome-drug-resistance",signatures:"Miaorong She and Xilin Chen",authors:[{id:"16201",title:"Dr.",name:"Miaorong",middleName:null,surname:"She",fullName:"Miaorong She",slug:"miaorong-she"},{id:"18524",title:"Dr.",name:"Xilin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xilin Chen",slug:"xilin-chen"}]},{id:"14477",title:"Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-and-chemoresistance",signatures:"Suebwong Chuthapisith",authors:[{id:"15932",title:"Dr.",name:"Suebwong",middleName:null,surname:"Chuthapisith",fullName:"Suebwong Chuthapisith",slug:"suebwong-chuthapisith"}]},{id:"14478",title:"Cancer Stem Cells in Drug Resistance and Drug Screening: Can We Exploit the Cancer Stem Cell Paradigm in Search for New Antitumor Agents?",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-in-drug-resistance-and-drug-screening-can-we-exploit-the-cancer-stem-cell-paradigm",signatures:"Michal Sabisz and Andrzej Skladanowski",authors:[{id:"17569",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Skladanowski",fullName:"Andrzej Skladanowski",slug:"andrzej-skladanowski"},{id:"19416",title:"PhD.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Sabisz",fullName:"Michal Sabisz",slug:"michal-sabisz"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74088",title:"Precision Medicine in Lung Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94840",slug:"precision-medicine-in-lung-cancer-challenges-and-opportunities-in-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-purpose",body:'The scientific community tends to conflate the meanings of “precision medicine” and “personalized medicine” [1, 2]. In fact, the National Research Council defines “personalized medicine” with an old meaning quite similar to that of “precision medicine.” However, whereas personalized medicine mainly focuses on medical actions for a single person, precision medicine explores various factors affecting that person’s condition, such as diseases, the environment, etc. [3].
Precision medicine is able to provide specific genetic maps for patients with elevated cancer risks, potentially revealing gene mutations and thus calculating the likelihood of family members’ developing a certain type of cancer.
Recently, the use of precision medicine has been expanded to attempt treatment of several solid tumors, including those of breast, brain, and lung cancer [4, 5]. In general, the aim of precision medicine is to find the right treatment for a specific patient at the right dose and time, which is particularly important in cancer therapy.
Finding a precise treatment for a patient could eradicate the potential problem of the variability of treatment response, including resistance. In fact, one of the main problems with cancer treatments is a nonresponse to drug therapy and the consequent metastatization of the disease.
Precision medicine is being used to treat certain cancers to help discover what tests and treatments are best. In addition, doctors could employ precision medicine to identify those at high risk for cancer, to prevent certain types of cancer, for early cancer detection, to make specific cancer diagnoses, to select the best treatment options, and to evaluate treatment efficacy [6].
The history of focused therapies to combat lung cancer began with the approval of the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [7]. This marked the beginning of the era of targeted therapies for lung cancer. On a related note, in 2004 and 2007, the first discoveries of adenocarcinoma of the lung were identified as
In lung adenocarcinoma patients, the importance of testing eventual genetic mutations introduced new diagnostic perspectives. These have enhanced the treatment recommendations of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for patients with EGFR mutation and ALK positivity. Moreover, new mutations have been studied for diagnostic purposes, including ROS, RET, MET, BRAF, and HER2, although these are infrequent mutations [18, 19, 20]. These studies have laid crucial groundwork for creating more focused treatments tailored to each patient [18, 19, 20].
Precise molecular tests led to the correlation of EGFR mutations and sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib in lung adenocarcinoma, especially in non-smokers or low-smokers. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are considered the baseline treatment for this cancer, although a high percentage of patients develop resistance to therapy and experience a disease recurrence within nine months [18]. However, scientists discovered new mutations, developing a more focused panel of patients’ genetic characteristics. These researchers discovered that 50% of patients developing tumor dissemination showed a secondary EGFR mutation, such as T790M, which has been used for developing new target therapies, including AZD9291 and CO-1686 [21].
ALK, ROS, and RET, defined as receptor tyrosine kinase gene rearrangements, present at a frequency between 1 and 8% in lung adenocarcinoma, although patients harboring ALK fusion or ROS1 mutations have positively responded to crizotinib and to TKIs. However, these patients frequently develop recurrence, probably due to an acquired resistance and from mechanisms which must be further investigated [22, 23].
The target of mutations is particularly difficult, especially the study of the mitogen activation pathway (MAPK). This has been of recent interest for its implications regarding lung adenocarcinoma development and the subsequent results of therapeutics. Specifically, the MAPK activation mechanism has been found frequently along certain KRAS amino acids. Currently, KRAS is considered an aggressive mutation for its impact on overall survival (OS) in early-stage NSCLC. Finding specific RAS inhibitors may open the door to new target treatments that improve long-term survival and responses to therapies, even in patients with KRAS mutations. New treatments have been set against the downstream effectors of activated KRAS, such as MEK1/MEK2, PI3K, and AKT [24]. In addition, recent phase II data analyzing the inhibition of MEK1/MEK2 by selumetinib and docetaxel showed promising results in KRAS-muted patients [25].
Additional work on downstream effectors in the KRAS mutant pathway is crucial. Currently, several clinical trials employing the inhibition of PI3KCA, MEK, and PTEN are in progress [26].
Recently precision medicine is used not only in clinical practice to drive oncological decision but also in patients with rare tumors, likely due to their frequency in these patients’ family histories. This aspect is important for making medical decisions, as well as for screening.
The most frequent tests used at this time are biomarker tests, chromosome tests, gene tests, and biochemical tests, all of which are derived from blood, saliva, a tissue biopsy, or body fluids. These tests are named as follows: DNA mutational analysis, genomic testing, proteomics, biomarker testing, tumor profiling, cytogenetics, next generation sequencing, or molecular testing [27, 28].
The use of drugs against NSCLC in locally advanced or advanced stages may help identify targeted drugs, which are more useful and better tolerated, as well as more responsive against lung cancer. The latter remains a serious problem in the world, accounting for over 1.7 million deaths in 2018 [29], showing that therapies are still largely ineffective. In particular, EGFR and ALK are considered biomarkers that predict positive responses to specific drugs. However, not all patients with lung cancer show these mutations, and this is why not all patients respond to gefitinib, erlotinib, or afatinib, which are currently considered the most effective against EGFR mutations [30, 31].
In addition, the ALK-positive gene is rare, occurring in approximately 5% of patients with NSCLC and eliciting production of a growth-promoting enzyme [32]. Patients who are ALK-positive are usually treated with crizotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the input of the growth signals to the nucleus of the cancer cell. Immunotherapy is the last defense against cancer, and it has been developed in the last decades, including cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and administration of antibodies or recombinant proteins that co-stimulate or block the immune checkpoint pathways [33]. However, there is a pressing need to identify new targets specific to a larger cohort of patients with better outcomes than those of current chemotherapeutic treatments. This need has induced the scientific community to deeply analyze other mechanisms or approaches.
Although targeted drugs and chemotherapeutic agents may be useful for weeks or months against tumors in terms of disease control, the majority of tumor relapses occur after several months of treatment.
A new class of drugs was recently developed by Allison et al. and named
However, not all patients have shown high levels of PD-1 expression in their cancer cells, revealing the major limitation of these therapies. In fact, the prognostic role of PD-L1 in solid tumors such as lung cancer, melanoma, etc. is still debated [36]. In patients with an overexpression of PD-L1, the use of antibodies able to target PD-1 and PD-L1 is one of the main points to consider for the setting of more effective therapies [37]. However, for the low immunohistochemistry accuracy based on PD-L1, the use of this biomarker as a possible predictor for satisfying immunotherapeutic results against cancer is under examination [38]. The main shortfalls of this marker are, first, the different cut-off values of positivity in different solid tumors; second, the sensitivity, which is very variable as demonstrated in several studies; and third, the potential involvement and impact of the tumor microenvironment associated with the use of other genes markers which, combined together, may be more helpful for a better-focused PD-1/PD-L1 blocking immunotherapy [39].
In particular, pembrolizumab—a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy as a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor—seems to improve survival significantly more than standard chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with an expression of PD-1 ligand ≥50% in cancer cells [40, 41]. In addition, in nonsquamous NSCLC patients the PD-L1 positively expression of at least 1% represents a good responder against antitumor action. This aspect highlighted the importance of the presence of at least 1% PD-L1 expression for the treatment of NSCLC patients, which seem to represent two-thirds of all NSCLC population [42, 43]. In contrast, for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) which represents 15% of all types of lung cancers, there are actually few choices of cancer treatments and no molecularly targeted drug has been approved. In particular, the potential role of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in SCLC has not been yet considered [44]. Recently, the first study analyzing the PD-L1 expression in SCLC has been conducted at Kyoto University Hospital, where the researchers analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of this marker in paraffin blocks from 39 patients affected by SCLC [45]. Although previous studies have been conducted—most likely for the use of different types of antibodies—the expression was arbitrary, and this represented an impediment in the elucidation of the possible expression and role of PD-L1 in SCLC [46]. For the first time, the team from Kyoto University thought to use the standard PD-L1 antibody already tested in NSCLC with the same cut-off level (1%) as in NSCLC [45]. This approach was important to elucidate the presence of this marker, even in SCLC, although the correlation with the clinical aspects has not been yet defined.
In summary, all the aspects described would suggest that the use of PD-L1 as an exclusive biomarker in cancer may not represent a completely satisfying choice in terms of accuracy and efficacy. On the other side, at the moment, scientists cannot ignore the good responses against cancer that patients with at least 1% of positivity for PD-L1 show through the most-used checkpoint inhibitors [47]. In summary, further studies set on the combination among PD-1/PD-L1 pathways, the tumor microenvironment and other genes markers may open the way for new discoveries that are tailored to the individual patient and more effective against cancer.
The development of new techniques and approaches to discovering signaling pathways to better understand tumor growth has opened to precision medicine for solid tumors [48].
In particular, the major field is to create future treatments tailored to each patient to improve their results against cancer. However, this aspect has not yet been focalized for the numerous difficulties related to the new cancer cells targets. Through current clinical trials, pharmaceutical companies are developing studies based on specific markers to find multiple options for the best treatment [49].
Recent advances regarding the biology behind these tumors have shown promising results. In several centers, patients are analyzed by RNA expression testing and protein analyses [50, 51]. These genetic analyses have already been taken into consideration, especially for hereditary tumors. Certain companies, such as Myriad Genetics Inc., have developed in the last decades several molecular diagnostic kits to test patients at risk of developing hereditary tumors [52, 53, 54]. Thus far, this aspect has been extensively analyzed for prostate cancer and breast cancer [55, 56]. It has been examined for the genes mutations that are more frequent in these diseases, as well as the development of prognostic scores related to cancer recurrence [57].
At the moment, the possibility of developing a molecular profile is limited for the presence of mutations and other genetic variations. However, scientists are planning to develop a molecular profile based on RNA expression, as described for familiar genetic diseases or by immunity profiles. There is an urgent need to develop new approaches and targeted treatments to better stratify cancer patients, to prevent recurrence, and to more effectively treat these patients.
Several clinical trials are running regarding the possibility of targeting oncologic patients. Some of these trials involve specific tumors, such as BATTLE I and II [58], and some are non-tumor specific. These studies have been designed as observational, randomized, and non-randomized [59, 60, 61, 62].
Non-randomized trials are studying molecular profiles in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certified laboratories, which were founded in 2013 in collaboration with pharmaceutical societies to identify a specific genes patent for each patient. In particular, pharmaceutical companies have been conducting independent trials of drugs in patients with specific genetic profiles [63].
However, these profiles may not be the same for patients with several solid tumors, but at this time, this aspect is not well known. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is preparing a study with the involvement of agents from different companies [64]. The baseline for these studies, called NCI-MATCH studies, will be the analysis by a consortium of NCI-selected CLIA-certified laboratories of the genomic profiles of several cancer patients. This process will use a new approach called next generation sequencing (NGS) for a number of selected genes.
Another interesting study, the SHIVA study, randomizes patients with specific genetic abnormalities matching generic types of cancer and patients’ specific genes. It examines the possible results from standard treatments in terms of cytotoxicity and disease progression [65].
These types of combined studies involving several companies and certified laboratories may be very important to further discoveries, but the difficulty of coordinating multiple companies constitutes an effective impediment. Basic research is suggested to more deeply analyze the mechanisms and mutations involved in development and tumor progression [66, 67]. A representative panel during time of the major achievements for lung cancer therapy (Figure 1).
Timeline of major discoveries and related therapeutic approaches in non-small cells lung cancer.
Regarding the mutations, those in the scientific community do not believe that studying a single mutation or a small panel of genes would be enough to influence future decisions or treatments for oncological patients. For this reason, the new advanced technologies require a larger panel of genes or intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity at the protein, genetic, and epigenetic levels [68, 69]. Specifically, the genetic analysis of RNA and proteins in primary or metastatic diseases in patients with renal carcinomas have shown a large heterogeneity of cells and genes inside the tumors. This is one of the main obstacles in the battle against cancer [68, 69]. On the other hand, in colorectal and lung cancer, the panel of genes that seem to be involved is limited [70, 71]. One must be considered, such as in the case of lung cancer. Such a tumor could develop several mutations during its progression, and these would be persistent in evolving. For this reason, future patients’ tumor profiles would need to be frequently updated to guarantee the best treatment options. One problem would be the impossibility of obtaining sufficient material from biopsies. In addition, it would be difficult to ask to these patients to perform several biopsies in order to have a more focused treatment. Thus, in order to minimize invasive procedures, scientists have attempted to develop the best approach with the least aggressiveness toward the patient. For example, the analysis of circulating free DNA (cfDNA)by liquid biopsy, widely discussed at this time, and CTCs may be considered of great value if these approaches are able to replace multiple biopsies. For the moment, the results of these techniques seem to be promising, but further investigation is needed regarding each type of solid tumor, as well as each patient [72, 73, 74].
Even the serum proteins are of interest; however, the difficulty in identifying a specific protein has made this approach very difficult to use for tumor patients. For example, PSA levels for prostate cancer patients, as well as CEA measurements, are commonly used markers, but several clinical trials and basic research are necessary to identify more markers for future cancer diagnoses [75, 76, 77].
In summary, important progress has been made in terms of molecular profiles and developing advanced genetic technologies. However, the coming years will be crucial in determining whether these new aspects will revolutionize treatments and improve prognoses in cancer patients.
New genetic discoveries through high-throughput techniques could allow the establishment of a new era in which precision medicine could be routinely used for cancer treatment, as well as in its diagnosis and therapy [78]. Since the earlies 2000s, innovative sequencing systems called next-generation sequencing methods (NGS, Next Generation Sequencing), or massive parallel sequencing (MPS, Massive Parallel Sequencing), have been used to define high-efficiency nucleotide sequences in the simultaneous, independent analysis of millions of bp of DNA. In particular, the association of genomic data and the identification of new biomarkers may modify cancer treatments in the near future. This would require extensive knowledge of the mutational analysis of a panel of cancer genes, along with determination of copy-number variations and any other structural rearrangements. As with lung cancer, which has a high rate of recurrence after surgery independent from stages, it would be useful in treating other solid tumors to have some predictor of relapse based on genetic tests identifying the individual risks of various cancers and their consequent relapses. This chapter will discuss technical considerations for developing genomic precision diagnostic tools for clinicians to support their further use in oncological care and research trials, as represented schematically in Figure 2.
Future perspectives in molecular profiling and diagnostic approaches in lung cancer.
Until now, the most commonly used methods have included DNA or RNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by classical Sanger sequencing or pyrosequencing, analysis of fragments by electrophoresis after digestion with restriction enzymes, or fluorescent in situ hybridization with specific probes (FISH) [79]. Single gene analysis often has significant advantages over large-scale genomic sequencing due to the lower cost and reduced complexity in test development, execution, and interpretation. In molecular oncology, for example, there is frequent identification of BCR-ABL1 translocation by FISH in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Single gene analysis is a useful approach when the genetic alterations are well known. On the other hand, high-throughput screening, such as NGS, is more sensitive than many monogenic methodologies, such as Sanger sequencing. As a consequence of the discovery of more relevant genes in a clinical context, NGS has become an increasingly attractive approach. Molecular testing of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) provides a good example of the rapidly growing need for the molecular profile of several genes, especially cancer. Initially, the only knowledge about the genetics of lung cancer was the deletion of exon19 in the EGFR gene and the mutation of the L858R gene, which could lead to the first targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) [80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88]. However, within a few years, effective targeted therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been developed and are now effective in treating lung cancer with other EGFR and BRAF mutations [83, 84], as well as ALK and ROS1 rearrangements [84, 85, 86, 87, 88]. Other solid tumors have been associated with target therapies involving other molecular alterations, such as exon 14 MET skip mutations [89, 90, 91], RET rearrangements [92, 93, 94], and ERBB2 (HER2) mutations [95], which have led to a new setting for therapeutic recommendations from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) [96].
Given their high speed of execution, NGS techniques have been used for the identification of disease genes by whole genome sequencing (WGS) or whole exome sequencing (WES), as well as target gene panels [97]. The potential advantage of these techniques is the possibility of detecting essentially any genomic alteration, including novel or rare alterations. However, certain critical points must be considered. To begin, WGS is far too expensive and generates a huge amount of raw data requiring complex bioinformatics analyses to extract useful information. As a consequence, analysis may be performed only on selected cases. In NSCLC, for instance, whole-genome studies have demonstrated a median of 888 and 15,659 mutations in NSCLC samples from, respectively, nonsmokers and smokers [98]. The major part of these variants lacks any relevant pathogenic significance. Nevertheless, the comparison between tumor and normal DNA is mandatory, distinguishing somatic mutations, due to cancer, from germline polymorphisms, which will be inherited by patients’ offspring. However, WES is an unbiased approach that has also found utility in certain laboratories as a tool for unraveling cancers. WES limits sequencing to the ∼1.5% of the genome that lies in the exons of genes. Nevertheless, this approach also generates a large number of potential variants, the vast majority of which even in this case currently do not have annotated clinical implications. Exome sequencing would also fail to detect pathogenic variants, such as structural rearrangements with intronic breakpoints. DNA quality requirements are lower than those of WGS, so the drawbacks of this approach include the fact that the depth of sequencing obtained through WES is much lower than that obtained from targeted panels. For diagnostic purposes, it has been argued that a high sensitivity is needed to reduce the number of false negatives. Although a genetic variant of uncertain significance can be detected, it would be better to be cautious even if there were no clinical treatment for the alteration. Another crucial element that may be investigated with WGS is the copy number alteration (CNA), which is a parameter that takes into account the number of repeated alterations in the DNA. These hallmarks in cancer often lead to the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor [99]. The WES is primarily used to discover all of the variations in the DNA sequence, but the RNA-Seq is specifically used for the measurement of gene expression, gene fusion detection, and identification of splicing events, since it is based on direct sequencing of cDNA. One of the most important applications of the RNA-Seq is for cancer. For example, a large-scale RNA-Seq has been useful for the detection of several cancer driver genes in adenocarcinoma of the lungs [100, 101]. That study compared the transcriptome of lung cancers between smokers and nonsmokers and found a significant difference in the number of point mutations between the two groups. In summary, the amount of smoking (packs/year) was positively correlated with the number of somatic point mutations in the cancer genome. As for the study described, a complete molecular analysis conducted on the transcriptome or the entire genome or exosome through higher coverage of the genomic regions allowed the detection of lower-level molecular alterations. Moreover, the principle difference between targeted genetic panels and unbiased, extensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis is not necessary in the last case to know a priori the molecular alterations to be detected.
For different tumors, molecular diagnostic tests, as for example, BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia or other data, may be very helpful in influencing the decisions of oncologists or pathologists. That is, they could develop more detailed diagnoses, as well as more appropriate approaches, although molecular analyses would need to be correlated with clinicopathological patients’ characteristics.
In particular, certain mutations detected in malignant tumors have also been found in healthy individuals [102, 103, 104]. However, the new technologies related to advanced molecular analysis are now able to distinguish between cancer mutations and normal tissue mutations. One of the most important aspects of this precision medicine tailored to the patient is the possibility of stratifying the prognosis. Several studies are examining this aspect in several solid tumors [105, 106, 107, 108].
Several clinical trials are currently being conducted regarding specific target alterations in different cancer types. The Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (MATCH; http://www.cancer.gov/aboutcancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match) trial and the Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry (TAPUR) trial were designed to identify particular molecular targets able to determine a specific therapy against cancer. The main difficulty arises from the fact that each tumor shows a specific mutation that may be different in each patient. This genetic heterogeneity has led to targeting specific drivers in each tumor. Furthermore, the identification through the NGS technique introduced new possibilities for finding specific oncogenic drivers that could maximize the possibility of receiving the benefit of a very focused, tailored therapy. The use of NGS is intended to guide treatment decisions. In fact, this technique can identify oncogenic alterations, which may be target inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies. For example, the BRAF V600E mutation can be cured by BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors approved by the FDA. For instance, patients with colorectal cancer and KRAS and NRAS mutations showed a therapeutic resistance to EGFR antibody therapy [109, 110].
The integration of genomic results into reports and the clinical decision supported by NGS are a powerful tool that enables the simultaneous interrogation of many regions of the human genome [111]. However, as the volume of data from NGS testing grows, so does the challenge of distinguishing the findings that are clinically meaningful and prioritizing their clinical utility. Given the large number of genetic variants that occur in cancer genomes and the many low-frequency or nonrecurring mutations detected using NGS, a systematic approach to prioritizing variants is necessary to effectively implement NGS-based precision diagnostics in routine clinical contexts [112]. Molecular pathologists, in collaboration with their oncology colleagues, have been tasked with evaluating this abundance of data, distilling it to what is clinically relevant, and communicating this information in the most cogent, manageable manner possible. Several components are required to properly integrate genomic results into clinical reports, among which is the understanding of the clinical evolution of the genomic variant in patients.
The role of cfDNA has been extensively analyzed in terms of the definition of new-targeted therapies, and the interpretation of this role in driving immunotherapy has just begun [113]. The mutation in a cancer patient can be studied from cfDNA by NGS [114]. Only one study has found conflicting results from the blood tumor mutation burden (TMB) [115]. It has been found that a high blood sample, TMB, is correlated with the reaction to inhibitors of programmed cell death (PD)1 and its ligand (PD-L1) [115, 116], as in NSCLC with atezolizumab in POPLAR and OAK trials [117]. The TMB is more correlated with advanced disease, and it expresses a high value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) concentrations [118]. Different studies have shown that there is a correlation between ctDNA kinetics and clinical course in terms of possibility of predicting the prognosis [119]. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the variation of circulating the tumor DNA burden is able to distinguish a real and unreal tumor progression. Another interesting application of cfDNA, which scientists are studying, is the possibility of detecting the minimal residual disease (MRD) for the setting of immunotherapy or the possibility of finding the drug resistance as JAK1/2 or B2M mutations [120]. With regard to the early stages’ NSCLC, the prospect of setting screening tests is very challenging. The National Lung Screening Trial [121] and the NELSON trial have shown that to test asymptomatic men with high risks factors by chest CT reduced the deaths in men to 26% and in women to 41% [122]. However, the problem of false positives is still one of the most difficult factors to eliminate [123]. These trials showed that the combination of the high sensitivity of CT scans and liquid biopsy may have an important effect in driving clinical decisions, as well as therapeutic approaches. One limitation is the fact that ctDNA quantities may be low or absent in the early stages of disease [124]. Another important value of cfDNA assay may be the opportunity to identify recurrent mutations. This aspect is important in terms of prognosis and developing new targeted treatments. For example, the Cancer SEEK assay can combine the genomic analysis of 16 genes in ctDNA and eight biomarkers detectable for eight non metastatic diseases [125, 126, 127]. Nevertheless, certain limitations remain regarding sensitivity to early-stage detection. For instance, lung cancer does not currently have a specific circulating protein marker. The most promising test at the moment is the multi-region exome sequencing of a tumor, but this technique is limited by the costs and the excessive time required, which make this approach currently unavailable to the patients. However, the most discussed approaches developed for circulating tumor cells (CTC) isolation are based on the following: 1) antigen expression and 2) biophysical characteristics [128, 129, 130].
In summary, the microfluidic technologies have probably been the most common approach to CTC isolation since 2007, with the “CTC-ship” [131]. However, several limitations are ongoing, and further studies must better stratify this approach not only in the early stages of NSCLC but also for other solid tumors. The world of exosomes is complex because of their vast numbers and various roles. In particular, they were found to contain microRNA (miRNA) that could be exchanged via horizontal intercellular transfer with the possibility of activating an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene. In 60–75% NSCLC, miRNAs play crucial roles. Moreover, recent studies have provided evidence that exosomes may mediate interactions among different types of cells to enhance cell–cell communication within the tumor microenvironment. In particular, exosome signaling may provide new insights into how cancer stem cells (CSCs) confer drug resistance between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cells [132]. In fact, CSCs exhibit self-renewal, proliferation, tumor initiation, and propagation, and the “stemness” of cancer cells seems to be supported by the release of exosomes [133, 134, 135]. Cancer stem cells are thought to secrete microvesicles and exosomes that interact with neighboring stromal cells. For instance, experimental evidence has shown that breast cancer stem cells secrete exosomes with characteristics of cancer cell-derived exosomes [135, 136]. Exosomes released by cancer stem cells mediate tumor growth in different cancer types. For example, in a renal cancer model, microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells were described to stimulate angiogenesis and the formation of a pre-metastatic niche in the lungs [137]. Elsewhere, a study on glioma stem cells reported that glioma-associated stem cells increased the biological aggressiveness of glioma-initiating cells through the release of exosomes. However, both exosomes and cancer stem cells targeted against tumors must be thoroughly analyzed in the future. This is important because there is no clear identification of a specific target against NSCLC [138, 139] or tumors in general, and it is difficult to characterize cancer stem cells and necessary to optimize the roles and definitions of specific exosomes for each type of cancer. Such research would be a milestone in developing new therapies and new approaches to screening oncologic patients.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5817},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5282},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1755},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15915}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119159},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5314},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"540",title:"Wireless Communication Network",slug:"communications-and-security-wireless-communication-network",parent:{title:"Communications and Security",slug:"communications-and-security"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:266,numberOfWosCitations:475,numberOfCrossrefCitations:266,numberOfDimensionsCitations:526,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"communications-and-security-wireless-communication-network",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9219",title:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80b5339ac7ae4b7a91fd4e71b4d468e5",slug:"recent-trends-in-communication-networks",bookSignature:"Pinaki Mitra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7322",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",subtitle:"Security, Architectures and Protocols",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db5ab870ec11f9d4d1ebb54c7dd6e2bf",slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",bookSignature:"Mutamed Khatib and Samer Alsadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutamed",middleName:null,surname:"Khatib",slug:"mutamed-khatib",fullName:"Mutamed Khatib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8662",title:"Data Service Outsourcing and Privacy Protection in Mobile Internet",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"697eadc7a3390023bb43d1d2406f0ebb",slug:"data-service-outsourcing-and-privacy-protection-in-mobile-internet",bookSignature:"Zhen Qin, Erqiang Zhou, Yi Ding, Yang Zhao, Fuhu Deng and Hu Xiong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8662.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"101193",title:"Dr.",name:"Hu",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",slug:"hu-xiong",fullName:"Hu Xiong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"3139",title:"Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a8ce0920ae4a8c48e38a9bc60684aa1",slug:"wireless-ad-hoc-networks",bookSignature:"Hongbo Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154490",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"hongbo-zhou",fullName:"Hongbo Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1938",title:"Advanced Wireless LAN",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4d4c069bc97e5c0ad97e60e023b6827",slug:"advanced-wireless-lan",bookSignature:"Song Guo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15566",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",slug:"song-guo",fullName:"Song Guo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"97",title:"Cellular Networks",subtitle:"Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca45ba51c623c9aef3c0d25772413039",slug:"cellular-networks-positioning-performance-analysis-reliability",bookSignature:"Agassi Melikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/97.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23032",title:"Dr.",name:"Agassi",middleName:null,surname:"Melikov",slug:"agassi-melikov",fullName:"Agassi Melikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"135",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Application - Centric Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",bookSignature:"Geoff V Merrett and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/135.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"136",title:"Smart Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"smart-wireless-sensor-networks",bookSignature:"Hoang Duc Chinh and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/136.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"137",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",bookSignature:"Winston Seah and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3628",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",subtitle:"Network Layer and Circuit Level Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design",bookSignature:"Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3628.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3125",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",middleName:null,surname:"Ait Fares",slug:"salma-ait-fares",fullName:"Salma Ait Fares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9002",doi:"10.5772/7698",title:"Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communications",slug:"terrestrial-free-space-optical-communications",totalDownloads:7341,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:74,book:{slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",fullTitle:"Mobile and Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design"},signatures:"Ghassemlooy Z. and Popoola W. O.",authors:null},{id:"12472",doi:"10.5772/13802",title:"Monitoring of Human Movements for Fall Detection and Activities Recognition in Elderly Care Using Wireless Sensor Network: a Survey",slug:"monitoring-of-human-movements-for-fall-detection-and-activities-recognition-in-elderly-care-using-wi",totalDownloads:14827,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:54,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Application - Centric Design"},signatures:"Stefano Abbate, Marco Avvenuti, Paolo Corsini, Janet Light and Alessio Vecchio",authors:[{id:"14025",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Abbate",slug:"stefano-abbate",fullName:"Stefano Abbate"},{id:"15973",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Avvenuti",slug:"marco-avvenuti",fullName:"Marco Avvenuti"},{id:"15974",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Corsini",slug:"paolo-corsini",fullName:"Paolo Corsini"},{id:"15975",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Vecchio",slug:"alessio-vecchio",fullName:"Alessio Vecchio"},{id:"15976",title:"Prof.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Light",slug:"janet-light",fullName:"Janet Light"}]},{id:"12418",doi:"10.5772/13062",title:"Review of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Sustainable WSN",slug:"review-of-energy-harvesting-technologies-for-sustainable-wsn",totalDownloads:3922,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:49,book:{slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks"},signatures:"Yen Kheng Tan and Sanjib Kumar Panda",authors:[{id:"15547",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjib Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Panda",slug:"sanjib-kumar-panda",fullName:"Sanjib Kumar Panda"},{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72470",title:"A Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: A Comparative Study",slug:"a-mobile-ad-hoc-network-routing-protocols-a-comparative-study",totalDownloads:484,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"recent-trends-in-communication-networks",title:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks"},signatures:"Alagan Ramasamy Rajeswari",authors:[{id:"320070",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeswari",middleName:null,surname:"Alagan Ramasamy",slug:"rajeswari-alagan-ramasamy",fullName:"Rajeswari Alagan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"12418",title:"Review of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Sustainable WSN",slug:"review-of-energy-harvesting-technologies-for-sustainable-wsn",totalDownloads:3923,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:49,book:{slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks"},signatures:"Yen Kheng Tan and Sanjib Kumar Panda",authors:[{id:"15547",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjib Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Panda",slug:"sanjib-kumar-panda",fullName:"Sanjib Kumar Panda"},{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}]},{id:"12480",title:"Range-free Area Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"range-free-area-localization-scheme-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:2738,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Application - Centric Design"},signatures:"Vijay R. Chandrasekhar, Winston K.G. Seah, Zhi Ang Eu and Arumugam P. Venkatesh",authors:[{id:"45110",title:"Prof.",name:"Winston",middleName:null,surname:"Seah",slug:"winston-seah",fullName:"Winston Seah"}]},{id:"12457",title:"Security of Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Status and Key Issues",slug:"security-of-wireless-sensor-networks-current-status-and-key-issues",totalDownloads:2449,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"smart-wireless-sensor-networks",title:"Smart Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Smart Wireless Sensor Networks"},signatures:"Chun-ta Li",authors:[{id:"13973",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-Ta",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"chun-ta-li",fullName:"Chun-Ta Li"}]},{id:"12466",title:"Wildlife Assessment Using Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"wildlife-assessment-using-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Application - Centric Design"},signatures:"Harry Gros-desormeaux, Philippe Hunel and Nicolas Vidot",authors:[{id:"15994",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Vidot",slug:"nicolas-vidot",fullName:"Nicolas Vidot"},{id:"15995",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Hunel",slug:"philippe-hunel",fullName:"Philippe Hunel"},{id:"15996",title:"Dr.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Gros-Desormeaux",slug:"harry-gros-desormeaux",fullName:"Harry Gros-Desormeaux"}]},{id:"12417",title:"A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"a-survey-on-routing-protocols-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3835,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks"},signatures:"Abbas Mohammed and Zhe Yang",authors:[{id:"2559",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhe",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"zhe-yang",fullName:"Zhe Yang"},{id:"8423",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"abbas-mohammed",fullName:"Abbas Mohammed"}]},{id:"14756",title:"Call-Level Performance Sensitivity in Cellular Networks",slug:"call-level-performance-sensitivity-in-cellular-networks",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"cellular-networks-positioning-performance-analysis-reliability",title:"Cellular Networks",fullTitle:"Cellular Networks - Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability"},signatures:"Felipe A. Cruz-Pérez, Genaro Hernández-Valdez and Andrés Rico-Páez",authors:[{id:"19751",title:"Mr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Valdez",slug:"genaro-hernandez-valdez",fullName:"Genaro Hernández-Valdez"},{id:"20630",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe A.",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz Pérez",slug:"felipe-a.-cruz-perez",fullName:"Felipe A. Cruz Pérez"},{id:"22692",title:"Mr.",name:"Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Rico-Paez",slug:"andres-rico-paez",fullName:"Andres Rico-Paez"}]},{id:"41426",title:"Probabilistic Routing in Opportunistic Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"probabilistic-routing-in-opportunistic-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:1676,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"wireless-ad-hoc-networks",title:"Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks"},signatures:"Vangelis Angelakis, Niki Gazoni and Di Yuan",authors:[{id:"156295",title:"Dr.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"di-yuan",fullName:"Di Yuan"},{id:"157141",title:"Dr.",name:"Vangelis",middleName:null,surname:"Angelakis",slug:"vangelis-angelakis",fullName:"Vangelis Angelakis"},{id:"157143",title:"Dr.",name:"Niki",middleName:null,surname:"Gazoni",slug:"niki-gazoni",fullName:"Niki Gazoni"}]},{id:"70079",title:"MAC Aspects of Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks",slug:"mac-aspects-of-millimeter-wave-cellular-networks",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Mesh Networks - Security, Architectures and Protocols"},signatures:"Hossein S. Ghadikolaei",authors:null},{id:"12464",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-an-introduction",totalDownloads:13147,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Application - Centric Design"},signatures:"Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham",authors:[{id:"13799",title:"Dr.",name:"Qinghua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"qinghua-wang",fullName:"Qinghua Wang"},{id:"23809",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilangko",middleName:null,surname:"Balasingham",slug:"ilangko-balasingham",fullName:"Ilangko Balasingham"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"communications-and-security-wireless-communication-network",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/310458/soojin-shin",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"310458",slug:"soojin-shin"},fullPath:"/profiles/310458/soojin-shin",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()