GBA mutation among PD patients in different Brazilian regions.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7441",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Micromachining",title:"Micromachining",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"To present their work in the field of micromachining, researchers from distant parts of the world have joined their efforts and contributed their ideas according to their interest and engagement. Their articles will give you the opportunity to understand the concepts of micromachining of advanced materials. Surface texturing using pico- and femto-second laser micromachining is presented, as well as the silicon-based micromachining process for flexible electronics. You can learn about the CMOS compatible wet bulk micromachining process for MEMS applications and the physical process and plasma parameters in a radio frequency hybrid plasma system for thin-film production with ion assistance. Last but not least, study on the specific coefficient in the micromachining process and multiscale simulation of influence of surface defects on nanoindentation using quasi-continuum method provides us with an insight in modelling and the simulation of micromachining processes. The editors hope that this book will allow both professionals and readers not involved in the immediate field to understand and enjoy the topic.",isbn:"978-1-78923-810-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-809-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-780-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75346",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"micromachining",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"2084b93f70df82e634ec776962e871fd",bookSignature:"Zdravko Stanimirović and Ivanka Stanimirović",publishedDate:"November 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7441.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4104,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:31,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 22nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 21st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 10th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"3421",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdravko",middleName:null,surname:"Stanimirović",slug:"zdravko-stanimirovic",fullName:"Zdravko Stanimirović",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3421/images/system/3421.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Zdravko Stanimirović has been active in research and development work for more than 20 years. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, the Republic of Serbia in 1999 and 2007, respectively. Dr. Z. Stanimirović is currently an associate research professor at Telecommunications and Electronics Institute IRITEL a. d. Beograd. He has predominantly worked in the field of thick-film technology, particularly modeling of low-frequency noise in thick-resistive films. Over the years he has published more than 70 scientific manuscripts including 6 book chapters and participated in several scientific projects funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr. Z. Stanimirović is the recipient of the IEEE Transactions on Components & Packaging Technologies best paper award. His current research interests include Micro/Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems and micro- and nano-scale sensors.",institutionString:"Institute for Telecommunications and Electronics IRITEL",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"3420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivanka",middleName:null,surname:"Stanimirović",slug:"ivanka-stanimirovic",fullName:"Ivanka Stanimirović",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3420/images/system/3420.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ivanka Stanimirović has been involved in research and development work for the last 23 years. Currently, she is an associate research professor at Institute for Telecommunications and Electronics IRITEL a.d. Beograd. Dr. I. Stanimirović earned her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia in 1999 and 2007, respectively. She has predominantly worked on various aspects of thick-film technology, especially low-frequency noise investigations in thick-resistive films. Over the years she has worked on several scientific projects funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia and published more than 70 scientific manuscripts including 6 book chapters. She is the recipient of the IEEE Transactions on Components & Packaging Technologies best paper award. Her current research interests include micro- and nanoscale sensors and reliability issues in Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems.",institutionString:"Institute for Telecommunications and Electronics IRITEL",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1404",title:"Manufacturing Engineering",slug:"industrial-engineering-and-management-manufacturing-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"69703",title:"Micromachining of Advanced Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89432",slug:"micromachining-of-advanced-materials",totalDownloads:525,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Wayne N.P. Hung and Mike Corliss",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69703",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69703",authors:[{id:"281595",title:"Dr.",name:"Wayne",surname:"Hung",slug:"wayne-hung",fullName:"Wayne Hung"},{id:"310090",title:"Mr.",name:"Mike",surname:"Corliss",slug:"mike-corliss",fullName:"Mike Corliss"}],corrections:null},{id:"65209",title:"Pico- and Femtosecond Laser Micromachining for Surface Texturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83741",slug:"pico-and-femtosecond-laser-micromachining-for-surface-texturing",totalDownloads:1232,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,signatures:"Tatsuhiko Aizawa and Tadahiko Inohara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65209",authors:[{id:"251217",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuhiko",surname:"Aizawa",slug:"tatsuhiko-aizawa",fullName:"Tatsuhiko Aizawa"},{id:"289331",title:"Mr.",name:"Tadahiko",surname:"Inohara",slug:"tadahiko-inohara",fullName:"Tadahiko Inohara"}],corrections:null},{id:"65065",title:"Silicon-Based Micromachining Process for Flexible Electronics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83347",slug:"silicon-based-micromachining-process-for-flexible-electronics",totalDownloads:817,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Jiye Yang and Tao Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65065",authors:[{id:"275067",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",surname:"Wu",slug:"tao-wu",fullName:"Tao Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"68335",title:"CMOS Compatible Wet Bulk Micromachining for MEMS Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88487",slug:"cmos-compatible-wet-bulk-micromachining-for-mems-applications",totalDownloads:390,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"S. Santosh Kumar and Ravindra Mukhiya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68335",authors:[{id:"280699",title:"Dr.",name:"S Santosh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"s-santosh-kumar",fullName:"S Santosh Kumar"},{id:"282545",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra",surname:"Mukhiya",slug:"ravindra-mukhiya",fullName:"Ravindra Mukhiya"}],corrections:null},{id:"65029",title:"Physical Processes and Plasma Parameters in a Radio-Frequency Hybrid Plasma System for Thin-Film Production with Ion Assistance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82870",slug:"physical-processes-and-plasma-parameters-in-a-radio-frequency-hybrid-plasma-system-for-thin-film-pro",totalDownloads:430,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Elena Kralkina, Andrey Alexandrov, Polina Nekludova, Aleksandr Nikonov, Vladimir Pavlov, Konstantin Vavilin, Vadim Odinokov and Vadim Sologub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65029",authors:[{id:"235769",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Kralkina",slug:"elena-kralkina",fullName:"Elena Kralkina"},{id:"286645",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Alexandrov",slug:"andrey-alexandrov",fullName:"Andrey Alexandrov"},{id:"286646",title:"Dr.",name:"Polina",surname:"Nekludova",slug:"polina-nekludova",fullName:"Polina Nekludova"},{id:"286647",title:"Mr.",name:"Aleksandr",surname:"Nikonov",slug:"aleksandr-nikonov",fullName:"Aleksandr Nikonov"},{id:"286648",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Pavlov",slug:"vladimir-pavlov",fullName:"Vladimir Pavlov"},{id:"286649",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",surname:"Vavilin",slug:"konstantin-vavilin",fullName:"Konstantin Vavilin"},{id:"286650",title:"Mr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Sologub",slug:"vadim-sologub",fullName:"Vadim Sologub"},{id:"286651",title:"Prof.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Odinokov",slug:"vadim-odinokov",fullName:"Vadim Odinokov"}],corrections:null},{id:"64763",title:"Study on Specific Coefficient in Micromachining Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82472",slug:"study-on-specific-coefficient-in-micromachining-process",totalDownloads:285,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sung-Hua Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64763",authors:[{id:"279813",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Hua",surname:"Wu",slug:"sung-hua-wu",fullName:"Sung-Hua Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65671",title:"Multiscale Simulation of Surface Defect Influence in Nanoindentation by a Quasi-Continuum Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84240",slug:"multiscale-simulation-of-surface-defect-influence-in-nanoindentation-by-a-quasi-continuum-method",totalDownloads:434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Zhongli Zhang, Yushan Ni, Jinming Zhang, Can Wang and Xuedi Ren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65671",authors:[{id:"276367",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Zhongli",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhongli-zhang",fullName:"Zhongli Zhang"},{id:"281408",title:"Prof.",name:"Yushan",surname:"Ni",slug:"yushan-ni",fullName:"Yushan Ni"},{id:"281414",title:"Mr.",name:"Jinming",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinming-zhang",fullName:"Jinming Zhang"},{id:"281415",title:"Mrs.",name:"Can",surname:"Wang",slug:"can-wang",fullName:"Can Wang"},{id:"281416",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuedi",surname:"Ren",slug:"xuedi-ren",fullName:"Xuedi Ren"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5830",title:"Extrusion of Metals, Polymers, and Food Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a69184f72a3f46dd5e4db6313f248509",slug:"extrusion-of-metals-polymers-and-food-products",bookSignature:"Sayyad Zahid Qamar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21687",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyad Zahid",surname:"Qamar",slug:"sayyad-zahid-qamar",fullName:"Sayyad Zahid Qamar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9886",leadTitle:null,title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:"Selected Examples",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Fractal analysis is becoming more and more common in all walks of life. This includes biomedical engineering, steganography and art. Writing one book on all these topics is a very difficult task. For this reason, this book covers only selected topics. Interested readers will find in this book the topics of image compression, groundwater quality, establishing the downscaling and spatio-temporal scale conversion models of NDVI, modelling and optimization of 3T fractional nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelastic multi-material, algebraic fractals in steganography, strain induced microstructures in metals and much more. The book will definitely be of interest to scientists dealing with fractal analysis, as well as biomedical engineers or IT engineers. I encourage you to view individual chapters.",isbn:"978-1-83962-483-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-482-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-484-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87695",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fractal-analysis-selected-examples",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0c3d700a69d15b52ff8a59fe7e99062",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",publishedDate:"September 9th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9886.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1093,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 1st 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50150/images/system/50150.jpg",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia in Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images with particular emphasis on the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. He is the author of dozens of papers with the impact factor (IF) and more than a hundred other papers, as well as the author or co-author of six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of biomedical engineering.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1407",title:"Applied Mathematics",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-applied-mathematics"}],chapters:[{id:"72917",title:"Optimization of Fractal Image Compression",slug:"optimization-of-fractal-image-compression",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72577",title:"Fractal Analysis for Time Series Datasets: A Case Study of Groundwater Quality",slug:"fractal-analysis-for-time-series-datasets-a-case-study-of-groundwater-quality",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71255",title:"Establishing the Downscaling and Spatiotemporal Scale Conversion Models of NDVI Based on Fractal Methodology",slug:"establishing-the-downscaling-and-spatiotemporal-scale-conversion-models-of-ndvi-based-on-fractal-met",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72883",title:"A New BEM for Modeling and Optimization of 3T Fractional Nonlinear Generalized Magneto-Thermoelastic Multi-Material ISMFGA Structures Subjected to Moving Heat Source",slug:"a-new-bem-for-modeling-and-optimization-of-3t-fractional-nonlinear-generalized-magneto-thermoelastic",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"233766",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Abdelsabour",surname:"Fahmy",slug:"mohamed-abdelsabour-fahmy",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy"}]},{id:"71839",title:"Using Algebraic Fractals in Steganography",slug:"using-algebraic-fractals-in-steganography",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71305",title:"Fractal Analysis of Strain-Induced Microstructures in Metals",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-strain-induced-microstructures-in-metals",totalDownloads:195,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6138",title:"Time Series Analysis and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33ee38578b81585416062fea4979bbf",slug:"time-series-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9966",title:"Dynamic Data Assimilation",subtitle:"Beating the Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7fde2a36354a2f5a4282fdf9c743380",slug:"dynamic-data-assimilation-beating-the-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Dinesh G. Harkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9966.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216122",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh G.",surname:"Harkut",slug:"dinesh-g.-harkut",fullName:"Dinesh G. Harkut"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6230",title:"Topics in Splines and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93059c7907be129c419e4f9960b4e9c3",slug:"topics-in-splines-and-applications",bookSignature:"Young Kinh-Nhue Truong and Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207517",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Kinh-Nhue",surname:"Truong",slug:"young-kinh-nhue-truong",fullName:"Young Kinh-Nhue Truong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10062",title:"Forecasting in Mathematics",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a3ad05fef0502040d2a238ad22487c0",slug:"forecasting-in-mathematics-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoude",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoude"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8655",title:"Advances in Complex Analysis and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6abcaa5b5cf98a51a769d1bce7e5ebe5",slug:"advances-in-complex-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes and Olga Hachay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8600",title:"Recent Advances in Integral Equations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55d44e96dac2ef01fb52708933293c71",slug:"recent-advances-in-integral-equations",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"45324",title:"Sub-30 nm Plasmonic Nanostructures by Soft UV Nanoimprint Lithography",doi:"10.5772/56119",slug:"sub-30-nm-plasmonic-nanostructures-by-soft-uv-nanoimprint-lithography",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/45324.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45324",totalDownloads:3055,totalViews:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"February 15th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 3rd 2013",dateFinished:"June 13th 2013",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/45324",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/45324",book:{slug:"updates-in-advanced-lithography"},signatures:"Grégory Barbillon",authors:[{id:"39563",title:"Prof.",name:"Grégory",middleName:null,surname:"Barbillon",fullName:"Grégory Barbillon",slug:"gregory-barbillon",email:"drnanogb@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3071",title:"Updates in Advanced Lithography",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Updates in Advanced Lithography",slug:"updates-in-advanced-lithography",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2013",bookSignature:"Sumio Hosaka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3071.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5524",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumio",middleName:null,surname:"Hosaka",slug:"sumio-hosaka",fullName:"Sumio Hosaka"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"45300",title:"Colloidal Lithography",slug:"colloidal-lithography",totalDownloads:4667,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ye Yu and Gang Zhang",authors:[{id:"155668",title:"Prof.",name:"Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Gang Zhang",slug:"gang-zhang"}]},{id:"43931",title:"Recent Advances in Two-Photon Stereolithography",slug:"recent-advances-in-two-photon-stereolithography",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Arnaud Spangenberg, Nelly Hobeika, Fabrice Stehlin, Jean-Pierre\nMalval, Fernand Wieder, Prem Prabhakaran, Patrice Baldeck and\nOlivier Soppera",authors:[{id:"40935",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Soppera",fullName:"Olivier Soppera",slug:"olivier-soppera"},{id:"57251",title:"Mr.",name:"Fernand",middleName:null,surname:"Wieder",fullName:"Fernand Wieder",slug:"fernand-wieder"},{id:"98208",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Spangenberg",fullName:"Arnaud Spangenberg",slug:"arnaud-spangenberg"},{id:"120431",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Stehlin",fullName:"Fabrice Stehlin",slug:"fabrice-stehlin"},{id:"122888",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Malval",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Malval",slug:"jean-pierre-malval"},{id:"167766",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem",middleName:null,surname:"Prabhakaran",fullName:"Prem Prabhakaran",slug:"prem-prabhakaran"},{id:"167767",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Baldeck",fullName:"Patrice Baldeck",slug:"patrice-baldeck"},{id:"167768",title:"Ms.",name:"Nelly",middleName:null,surname:"Hobeika",fullName:"Nelly Hobeika",slug:"nelly-hobeika"}]},{id:"45302",title:"Femtosecond Laser Lithography in Organic and Non-Organic Materials",slug:"femtosecond-laser-lithography-in-organic-and-non-organic-materials",totalDownloads:2637,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Florin Jipa, Marian Zamfirescu, Alin Velea, Mihai Popescu and\nRazvan Dabu",authors:[{id:"48808",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Dabu",fullName:"Razvan Dabu",slug:"razvan-dabu"}]},{id:"45224",title:"Three-Dimensional Lithography Using Combination of Nanoscale Processing and Wet Chemical Etching",slug:"three-dimensional-lithography-using-combination-of-nanoscale-processing-and-wet-chemical-etching",totalDownloads:2061,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Noritaka Kawasegi and Noboru Morita",authors:[{id:"156759",title:"Dr.",name:"Noritaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawasegi",fullName:"Noritaka Kawasegi",slug:"noritaka-kawasegi"},{id:"159250",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Morita",fullName:"Noboru Morita",slug:"noboru-morita"}]},{id:"45206",title:"Combination of Lithography and Coating Methods for Surface Wetting Control",slug:"combination-of-lithography-and-coating-methods-for-surface-wetting-control",totalDownloads:2991,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Athanasios Milionis, Ilker S. Bayer, Despina Fragouli, Fernando\nBrandi and Athanassia Athanassiou",authors:[{id:"50038",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanassia",middleName:null,surname:"Athanassiou",fullName:"Athanassia Athanassiou",slug:"athanassia-athanassiou"},{id:"60866",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",middleName:null,surname:"Fragouli",fullName:"Despina Fragouli",slug:"despina-fragouli"},{id:"60868",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Milionis",fullName:"Athanasios Milionis",slug:"athanasios-milionis"},{id:"60870",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilker",middleName:null,surname:"Bayer",fullName:"Ilker Bayer",slug:"ilker-bayer"},{id:"167070",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Brandi",fullName:"Fernando Brandi",slug:"fernando-brandi"}]},{id:"45175",title:"Resist Homogeneity",slug:"resist-homogeneity",totalDownloads:3322,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nima Arjmandi",authors:[{id:"40408",title:"Mr",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Arjmandi",fullName:"Nima Arjmandi",slug:"nima-arjmandi"}]},{id:"45203",title:"Soft UV Nanoimprint Lithography and Its Applications",slug:"soft-uv-nanoimprint-lithography-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:4754,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Hongbo Lan",authors:[{id:"6642",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",fullName:"Hongbo Lan",slug:"hongbo-lan"}]},{id:"45324",title:"Sub-30 nm Plasmonic Nanostructures by Soft UV Nanoimprint Lithography",slug:"sub-30-nm-plasmonic-nanostructures-by-soft-uv-nanoimprint-lithography",totalDownloads:3055,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Grégory Barbillon",authors:[{id:"39563",title:"Prof.",name:"Grégory",middleName:null,surname:"Barbillon",fullName:"Grégory Barbillon",slug:"gregory-barbillon"}]},{id:"45235",title:"The Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Nanostructures on Quartz Substrate",slug:"the-fabrication-of-high-aspect-ratio-nanostructures-on-quartz-substrate",totalDownloads:3204,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Khairudin Mohamed and Maan M. Alkaisi",authors:[{id:"6368",title:"Prof.",name:"Maan",middleName:null,surname:"Alkaisi",fullName:"Maan Alkaisi",slug:"maan-alkaisi"},{id:"7288",title:"Dr.",name:"Khairudin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Khairudin Mohamed",slug:"khairudin-mohamed"}]},{id:"45284",title:"Fabrication of 3D Micro- and Nano-Structures by Prism-Assisted UV and Holographic Lithography",slug:"fabrication-of-3d-micro-and-nano-structures-by-prism-assisted-uv-and-holographic-lithography",totalDownloads:2943,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guomin Jiang, Kai Shen and Michael R. Wang",authors:[{id:"6356",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Michael Wang",slug:"michael-wang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46983",title:"Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug Delivery",slug:"liposomes-as-potential-drug-carrier-systems-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Melis Çağdaş, Ali Demir Sezer and Seyda Bucak",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"129638",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyda",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",fullName:"Seyda Bucak",slug:"seyda-bucak"}]},{id:"46702",title:"Techniques for the Preparation of Solid Lipid Nano and Microparticles",slug:"techniques-for-the-preparation-of-solid-lipid-nano-and-microparticles",signatures:"Luigi Battaglia, Marina Gallarate, Pier Paolo Panciani, Elena Ugazio,\nSimona Sapino, Elena Peira and Daniela Chirio",authors:[{id:"169320",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Battaglia",fullName:"Luigi Battaglia",slug:"luigi-battaglia"},{id:"169321",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Gallarate",fullName:"Marina Gallarate",slug:"marina-gallarate"},{id:"169322",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Panciani",fullName:"Pier Paolo Panciani",slug:"pier-paolo-panciani"},{id:"170742",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Ugazio",fullName:"Elena Ugazio",slug:"elena-ugazio"},{id:"170743",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Sapino",fullName:"Simona Sapino",slug:"simona-sapino"},{id:"170774",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Peira",fullName:"Elena Peira",slug:"elena-peira"},{id:"170775",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Chirio",fullName:"Daniela Chirio",slug:"daniela-chirio"}]},{id:"47116",title:"Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoemulsions-advances-in-formulation-characterization-and-applications-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"S.A. Chime, F.C. Kenechukwu and A.A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama",slug:"anthony-attama"}]},{id:"46953",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"Joana Silva, Alexandra R. Fernandes and Pedro V. Baptista",authors:[{id:"82671",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista"},{id:"170360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-fernandes"},{id:"170361",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Joana Silva",slug:"joana-silva"}]},{id:"47150",title:"Nanoparticle based Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Infectious Diseases",slug:"nanoparticle-based-drug-delivery-systems-for-treatment-of-infectious-diseases",signatures:"Mojtaba Salouti and Azam Ahangari",authors:[{id:"62890",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Salouti",fullName:"Mojtaba Salouti",slug:"mojtaba-salouti"},{id:"171005",title:"MSc.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Ahangari",fullName:"Azam Ahangari",slug:"azam-ahangari"}]},{id:"47025",title:"Nanoparticles for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoparticles-for-dermal-and-transdermal-drug-delivery",signatures:"Okoro Uchechi, John D. N. Ogbonna and Anthony A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama",slug:"anthony-attama"}]},{id:"47162",title:"Nanoparticle Insulin Drug Delivery — Applications and New Aspects",slug:"nanoparticle-insulin-drug-delivery-applications-and-new-aspects",signatures:"Hatice Kübra Elçioğlu and Ali Demir Sezer",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"169323",title:"Dr.",name:"Kubra",middleName:null,surname:"Elcioglu",fullName:"Kubra Elcioglu",slug:"kubra-elcioglu"}]},{id:"46807",title:"Polymer Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery",slug:"polymer-nanoparticles-for-smart-drug-delivery",signatures:"Devasier Bennet and Sanghyo Kim",authors:[{id:"170171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanghyo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sanghyo Kim",slug:"sanghyo-kim"},{id:"170816",title:"Dr.",name:"Devasier",middleName:null,surname:"Bennet",fullName:"Devasier Bennet",slug:"devasier-bennet"}]},{id:"46789",title:"Mannan as a Promising Bioactive Material for Drug Nanocarrier Systems",slug:"mannan-as-a-promising-bioactive-material-for-drug-nanocarrier-systems",signatures:"Songul Yasar Yildiz and Ebru Toksoy Oner",authors:[{id:"169329",title:"Dr.",name:"Songul",middleName:null,surname:"Yasar Yildiz",fullName:"Songul Yasar Yildiz",slug:"songul-yasar-yildiz"},{id:"169330",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebru",middleName:null,surname:"Toksoy",fullName:"Ebru Toksoy",slug:"ebru-toksoy"}]},{id:"47076",title:"Nanoflora — How Nanotechnology Enhanced the Use of Active Phytochemicals",slug:"nanoflora-how-nanotechnology-enhanced-the-use-of-active-phytochemicals",signatures:"Fadwa Odeh, Hala Al-Jaber and Dima Khater",authors:[{id:"169318",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odeh",fullName:"Fadwa Odeh",slug:"fadwa-odeh"},{id:"171763",title:"Dr.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Jaber",fullName:"Hala Al-Jaber",slug:"hala-al-jaber"},{id:"171905",title:"Ms.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Khater",fullName:"Dima Khater",slug:"dima-khater"}]},{id:"46638",title:"Electroporation – Advantages and Drawbacks for Delivery of Drug, Gene and Vaccine",slug:"electroporation-advantages-and-drawbacks-for-delivery-of-drug-gene-and-vaccine",signatures:"Azam Bolhassani, Afshin Khavari and Zahra Orafa",authors:[{id:"169317",title:"Dr.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Bolhassani",fullName:"Azam Bolhassani",slug:"azam-bolhassani"}]},{id:"46800",title:"Prodrugs for Masking the Bitter Taste of Drugs",slug:"prodrugs-for-masking-the-bitter-taste-of-drugs",signatures:"Rafik Karaman",authors:[{id:"169319",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafik",middleName:null,surname:"Karaman",fullName:"Rafik Karaman",slug:"rafik-karaman"}]},{id:"47114",title:"Organic Nanotubes: Promising Vehicles for Drug Delivery",slug:"organic-nanotubes-promising-vehicles-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Utpal Bhadra, Manika Pal Bhadra, Jagannadh Bulusu and J.S. Yadav",authors:[{id:"169328",title:"Dr.",name:"Utpal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhadra",fullName:"Utpal Bhadra",slug:"utpal-bhadra"}]},{id:"46941",title:"Pharmacokinetic Properties and Safety of Cadmium-Containing Quantum Dots as Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"pharmacokinetic-properties-and-safety-of-cadmium-containing-quantum-dots-as-drug-delivery-systems",signatures:"Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso, Ivonne Gutiérrez-Sancha, Patricia\nRodríguez-Fragoso, Anahí Rodríguez-López and Jorge Reyes-\nEsparza",authors:[{id:"141589",title:"Prof.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Fragoso",fullName:"Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso",slug:"lourdes-rodriguez-fragoso"}]},{id:"45772",title:"Anticipating Market Introduction of Nanotechnology-Enabled Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"anticipating-market-introduction-of-nanotechnology-enabled-drug-delivery-systems",signatures:"Haico Te Kulve",authors:[{id:"169327",title:"Dr.",name:"Haico",middleName:null,surname:"Te Kulve",fullName:"Haico Te Kulve",slug:"haico-te-kulve"}]},{id:"46864",title:"Current Status and Future Scope for Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery",slug:"current-status-and-future-scope-for-nanomaterials-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"Biswajit Mukherjee, Niladri Shekhar Dey, Ruma Maji, Priyanka\nBhowmik, Pranab Jyoti Das and Paramita Paul",authors:[{id:"73326",title:"Prof.",name:"Biswajit",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",fullName:"Biswajit Mukherjee",slug:"biswajit-mukherjee"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71908",title:"Genetic Risk Factors and Lysosomal Function in Parkinson Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91850",slug:"genetic-risk-factors-and-lysosomal-function-in-parkinson-disease",body:'\nParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease in humans and it is characterized by motor symptoms as muscular rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability and also by non-motor symptoms (hyposmia, constipation, depression, dementia, and postural hypotension, among others). These symptoms result primarily from the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons from the pars compacta of the mesencephalic substantia nigra and subsequent depletion of the dopamine neurotransmitter in the striatum, a central component of the basal ganglia that is responsible for the instigation and coordination of movements (Figure 1). The definitive diagnosis of PD is difficult being only confirmed with the presence of Lewy bodies, proteinaceous intracytoplasmic inclusion, in the reminiscent neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta and other regions in the brain postmortem analysis [1].
\nDepigmentation of the substantia nigra (SN) (right panel) compared with control (left panel). Adapted from Ref. [
The etiology is not well understand, but PD is considered a complex disease, which counts with multiple genetic and environment factors. The most common is the sporadic PD for which the onset generally is late, after 60 years old. There is a rare form, the familial PD or monogenic PD (~10% of the cases), for which the disease is caused by mutations in a single gene and may present not only a late onset but also an earlier onset (below 45 years old) in some cases. Although less frequent, the study of monogenic forms of PD and their associated genes helps to understand the molecular basis of disease pathogenesis [1, 2].
\nSegregation studies of mutations in
Nowadays, efforts have been directed to identify the individuals at risk of manifesting PD through clinical, genetic and biochemical markers in order to diagnose early and perhaps be possible to modify the progression of disease. For this purpose, genetic variations with the potential to alter the risk for PD have been widely researched. Both disease-causing variants and risk variants in genes associated with PD vary in frequency depending on ethnic background. Certain genetic variants may be a risk factor in an Asian population, but may not be statically significant in a European population, for example. The most robust and consistently replicated results are appointed to variants in the genes
More than 20 years ago, Parkinson disease was understood as a disease caused by environmental factors only. It was from genetic analyzes in cases of familial PD that it was discovered that the genetic factor is also important and may even cause certain disease forms. Thus, we have monogenic PD, which can present a pattern of inheritance defied as autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. In 1997, the discovery of mutations in the
However, the genetics of PD are not simply composed of variants that cause the disease. More recently, the focus has been on genetic variants that do not lead to PD alone but increase the risk of developing the disease. Among the genetic risk factors associated with sporadic PD, rare high-impact variants and common low-impact variants have been identified by candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The complexity of the PD genetic increases even more due to several risk variants for PD that are heterogeneous and dependent on the genetic background of each population. Genetic variants can be associated with PD in some populations, but not in others [8, 9].
\nTwo largest GWAS studies in 2014 and 2017 identified in total 28 independent PD-associated risk loci, mainly in
It is worthy to emphasize the fact that genes that carry rare casual mutations of monogenic PD observed in previous family studies are not excluded of the possibility to also carry common variants that confer risk for developing PD. This is the case of
So far, five point mutations (A53T, A30P and E46K) and two copy number variation (duplication and triplication) in the gene
In 1999, the association between REP1, a complex polymorphic microsatellite repeat in the promoter region, and PD was pointed out by [13]. Seven years later, Maraganore [14] confirmed this association with a larger meta-analysis study using more than 5000 samples from 11 sites. Further, functional analysis studies provided evidence that the length of alleles affects the protein expression: the 261 bp-long risk allele is associated with an upregulation of α-synuclein expression mimicking
In 2009, Simón-Sánchez et al. [16] used GWAS in a great sample and identified additional signals of association with PD from intro 4 to after the 3′ UTR. One year later, Mata et al. [17] showed possible association between rs356219 in the 3′ UTR region and α-synuclein plasma levels. To definitely ascertain which variants in this region alter the risk for PD, more studies are necessary in large and genetically diverse samples.
\nIn the region of chromosome 12 is localized the
Besides the prevalence in rare monogenic PD, this mutation can also confer risk in the sporadic PD, being found in 1% of the cases. G2019S has a penetrance variable, and its carrier’s risk to develop PD depends on age and ethnic background. The age-related risk has been estimated to be 28% at age 59, 51% at 69, and 74% at 79 years. The frequency is higher in North African, Middle Eastern and Ashkenazi Jewish PD patients [18, 19].
\nG2019S is frequent in most populations worldwide, but it is very rare in the Asian population where it accounts for less than 1% of
Those works reinforce the idea that genes can carry both rare disease-causing variants and common variants that increase the risk for PD, as seen in
The gene
The H1 haplotype and its subhaplotype H1c have been significantly associated with an increased risk for a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies proposed the most common H1 haplotype as susceptibility factor for PD with an odds ratio of 1.5. Recent studies that investigated the association between H1 and specific PD clinical manifestation also observed the higher prevalence of H1 in patients with cognitive defects, as dementia and H1 homozygous PD patients showed an increased risk to manifest non-tremor dominant subtype, which is a worse clinical prognosis [22, 23].
\nThe underlying biological mechanisms that link the
According to this model, the H1 haplotype is associated with an underexpression of a protective isoform and an overexpression of the detrimental variant, which lead to a subtle neuronal dysfunction that accumulates over the years and induces or accelerates cellular degeneration [22, 23, 24]. However this locus harbors many genes and the extended linkage disequilibrium means that the tau protein may be not the cause of neurodegeneration and its DNA sequence is just close to the casual locus. Thus, while
Diverse studies identified
Despite having a modest effect (less than 30% of the change in risk), these common variants can have a considerable impact when combined. Results from a 2015 study revealed that patients at an early age of onset of symptoms had a higher polygenic combination of risk variants than patients with a late onset. This demonstrates the possible effect of the synergistic value of the changes caused by these variants to modulate the PD clinic, such as the age of onset of symptoms [12].
\nThe
Further a number of studies have recorded the occurrence of parkinsonian manifestations in patients with GD and their relatives [27, 28]. In ref. [29] was showed that
Researchers worldwide have attempted to validate the same association in populations from many different genetic backgrounds [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. In 2009, an international and multicenter study with a great sample of approximately 5000 PD patients and equal number of controls provided the definitive proof found for this association with an odds ratio greater than five (OR 5.3) and showed that mutations N370S and L444P are the most frequent in this gene. In other words,
In addition to alter the risk to manifest the disease, the presence of
Whether in heterozygosis or in homozygosis individuals (GD patients), the age of onset of symptoms apparently occurs earlier than in PD patients without mutations, usually between the fourth and sixth decade of life [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. In relation to symptoms is noticeable a cognitive decline earlier in PD patients with
A few studies have evaluated the survival rate, if there is a greater risk of death in PD-GBA patients than in those without any mutations. A 2014 study found lower survival for the carrier group, but had a weak statistical value [47]. However, in 2016, a study with the largest sample number ever described replicated the same result with powerful statistical significance reinforcing this conclusion. It was defined in this study that there is a twice greater risk of mortality among PD-GBA patients. One explanation may be the increased presence of non-responsive levo-dopa motor impairments such as dysphagia and non-motor impairments such as orthostatic hypotension in the group of PD-GBA. There was no difference in disease duration compared to non-carriers, but patients were significantly younger at the time of death [46].
\nResearchers have also observed different
A meta-analysis study included populations from North, Central and South America, Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, Asia and Ashkenazi Jews, and its results showed a clear and significant differentiated effect comparing mild and severe mutations on the risk of developing PD and the age of onset of symptoms not only in Ashkenazi populations, but also worldwide. Severe mutations such as L444P confer a three to four times increased risk for its carriers to develop PD and are associated with the onset of symptoms 5 years earlier than mild mutations. The average age found for severe mutations was 53.1 (±11.2), whereas the average age for mild mutations was 58.1 (±10.6) [26].
\nThe type of mutation was also relevant in modulating the cognitive impairments of PD patients. Ref. [46] observed that severe mutations conferred a higher risk of dementia for its carriers. The risk was three times greater compared to patients with mild mutations and five times greater when compared to the risk for PD without
Patients’ survival does not seem to differ when comparing the types of mutations with each other. However, when compared separately with non-carriers, mild mutations do not differ statistically from non-carriers, while mortality was shown to be greater for carriers of severe mutations than in non-carriers [46].
\nDue to the discovery and increasing number of proofs supporting the great influence of
Given the multifactorial etiology of PD, the different environment and ethnicity of a population may impact in the different results seen among the papers that investigated the frequency of
The highest frequencies of mutations of the
The genetic background can also impact the frequency even within the same country. In Brazil, four studies evaluated the association between GBA and PD, with variances in frequencies depending on the region (Table 1). The North region had twice as many cases of PD patients with GBA mutations (7.4%) compared to the frequencies of the South and Southeast regions (3.5%) with a similar sample number. The fact may be explained by the different genetic composition of the North region, which, despite also has a European origin, has a higher Amerindian ancestry than the Southern Brazil, which is almost exclusively from European ancestry [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50].
\nStudies | \nPopulation studied | \nPD inclusion criteria | \nMethod | \nMutation analyzed | \nPatients mutation frequency | \nControl mutation frequency | \nAge of onset | \n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spitz et al. (2007) | \n65 PD patients and 267 control subjects from Southeastern Brazil | \nEarly onset (<55 years). | \nPCR-RFLP, restriction endonucleases and electrophoresis | \nN370S and L444P | \n2/65 | \n0/267 | \nPatient 1 at 46 yr old and patient 2 at 42 yr old | \nThe two patients had FH, no statistical test was used. | \n
Socal et al. (2008) | \n62 PD patients from Southern Brazil | \nAll patients diagnosed were included. | \nPCR-RFLP, restriction endonucleases | \nN370S, L444P and IVS2þ1 | \n2/62 | \nNot informed | \nPatients with mutation 37 ± 4 yr Patients without mutation 41.4 ± 10.8 yr | \nNot informed. | \n
De Carvalho et al. (2012) | \n347 PD patients and 341 control subjects from Southeastern, Midwestern and Northern Brazil | \nAll patients diagnosed were included. | \nDirect sequencing | \nN370S and L444P | \n13/347 | \n0/341 | \nPatients with mutation 49.9 ± 11.3 yr Patients without mutation 52.5 ± 13.3 yr | \nThose with FH and those without FH did not present statistical significance. | \n
Amaral et al. (2018) | \n81 PD patients and 81 control subjects from Northern Brazil | \nAll patients diagnosed were included. | \nAmplification of the exon 8–exon 11, PCR-RFLP for N370S and L444P, restriction endonucleases and direct sequencing of N370S and L444P | \nN370S and L444P | \n6/81 | \n0/81 | \nPatients with mutation 49.6 ± 17.4 yr Patients without 55.1 ± 11.6 yr | \nFrom the 6 patients, 2 had FH. No statistical test was used. | \n
GBA mutation among PD patients in different Brazilian regions.
Bold valor are percentage.
Greek and Italian studies have found significant differences comparing PD patients and controls from urban and rural areas, and from the North and South regions, respectively. In the Greek study, the frequency of
In the Italian study, there was a lower frequency of mutations in PD patients (11/395, 2.8%) and in controls (1/483, 0.2%) from the Southern region, and the most common mutation was p.L444P. Conversely, in the Northern region, the most frequent genetic defect found was p.N370S and the frequency of mutations in PD was 4.5% and 0.63% in controls. Therefore, the difference may be due to a particular frequency of
Although the frequency of
Anheim M et al. [43] published in 2012 an estimate of the penetration of PD in healthy heterozygous people for
α-Synuclein is a key protein in the neuropathogenesis of PD, involved in several pathogenic processes. The physiological function of α-synuclein is not well understood, but studies show that it is normally located in presynaptic terminals where it binds to lipids and plays the role of regulating in more than one step the traffic of synaptic vesicles to be released. As cited above, the insoluble forms (oligomers and fibrils) of this protein accumulate and compound the Lewy bodies found in most PD patients and also contribute to neuronal cell death [5].
\nThe reason behind this accumulation can be due to increased synthesis or decreased degradation (Figure 2). Mutations, as the triplications of the
The proposed physiological and PD-associated pathological functions of α-synuclein in neurons. Adapted from Ref. [
The endosome-lysosome traffic processes, autophagy and lysosomal degradation, are essential functions for cell homeostasis, especially for neurons. The differentiated neurons have to maintain their homeostasis during the aging through degradation pathways since they do not divide in the same way as other eukaryotic cells. Moreover, cellular and animal models have also shown that the process of lysosome-autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome has its activity reduced with natural aging. It may cause the accumulation of proteins whose homeostasis depends on those processes, such as α-synuclein. Indeed, the stimulation of degradation by macroautophagy through drugs proved to decrease intracellular levels of α-synuclein in experimental models [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
\nReciprocally, the accumulation of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra in experimental models leads to a reduction in lysosomal enzymes such as GCase, cathepsin B, β-galactosidase and hexosaminidase causing the inhibition of macroautophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome processes as a consequence enzyme transport to the lysosome interruption through dysfunction of vesicles and endosomes. The result is a vicious cycle where α-synuclein degradation mechanisms are inefficient resulting in the protein accumulation and it reinforces the inhibition of degradation activity [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52].
\nBoth GCase deficiency and the accumulation of its substrate (GlcCer) have been described to be associated with neurodegeneration (Figure 3). Feany M et al. [53] suggested that the connection of the α-synuclein to lipidic membranes would protect this protein from inadequate and clumped folding. Mutations of the
The vicious cycle between the GCase and α-synuclein. Decreased glucocerebrosidase increases the lysosomal concentrations of glucosylceramide, which increases the formation of soluble α-synuclein oligomers. These oligomers also disrupt transport of newly synthesized glucocerebrosidase between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, further compounding the problem. Adapted from reference [
Even excluding
The genes appointed as risk factor for PD to date explain only a fraction of PD heritability, suggesting the involvement of additional loci. Besides, the fact that
Not only the lysosomal function is important, but also the previous steps necessary for the vesicle content to reach this organelle. In [10], a GWAS meta-analysis study found that PD-associated signals were enriched for autophagy and lysosomal function.
The protein LRRK2 is complex and can work together with diverse proteins in different pathways, but for PD, the most relevant seems to be its endosome-to-lysosome trafficking function. Mutations in the kinase domain of the LRRK2 protein, such as the most common G2019S, compromise the traffic of the endosomal content to the lysosome through accentuated phosphorylation resulting in the dysregulation of proteins of the Rab family, responsible to target vesicles to the correct organelle membranes, including the lysosome [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
\nIn support of vesicular trafficking to lysosome impairment in PD, in 2009, two GWAS collaborative studies examining Caucasian and Asian subjects revealed significant risk alleles in
Mutations in the
Interestingly, potentiated retromer function might suppress the altered trafficking and toxicity that are associated with mutations in
These common and rare risk alleles in
Besides
Therefore, advances in genetic and experimental model for PD have illuminated an important role for defects in intracellular transport pathways to lysosomes (Figure 4). The probability of discovering rare PD disease risk alleles at a single locus is low; however, if a set of lysosomal-related genes is investigated in conjunction, the chance of finding significant genetic variations is increased. Also, the candidate genes here appointed need further studies including even larger case–control studies and experiments in PD cellular or animal models.
\nSome of the PD-related genes associated with trafficking to the lysosome. Genes that encode intracellular trafficking components are associated with common sporadic and familial forms of PD, as well as related syndromes that share some of the clinical features of PD. Most of these genes are known to affect trafficking to the lysosome in the context of late endosome-to-lysosome pathways, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, macroautophagy or mitophagy. Wild-type α-synuclein (blue) can also enter lysosomes through chaperone-mediated autophagy. Adapted from Ref. [
Currently, genetic testing for PD is not a routine procedure, being restricted only to cases with a positive family history, with early onset or with the presence of specific atypical symptoms. In the future with the advance of genetic research, however, there is a possibility to use genetic variants to provide a perspective of the patient’s clinical evolution. For this purpose, it is important to replicate risk variants for PD in large and genetically diverse samples due to the different results among populations. Genetic studies need to be a collaboration of the whole world to understand the genetics of a complex disease. In addition, candidate genes here appointed need further experiments in PD cellular or animal models understanding of the underlying pathology and molecular pathogenesis to provide perhaps the basis for the development of new therapies able to target mutated proteins that cause impairment in relevant pathways for PD as endosome trafficking, lysosome function and autophagy.
\nThis study was performed with research grants from Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica e Populacional—INAGEMP (CNPq: 573993/2008-4), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará (FAPESPA) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) from Brazil.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",parent:{title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"},numberOfBooks:56,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1687,numberOfWosCitations:492,numberOfCrossrefCitations:385,numberOfDimensionsCitations:921,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8330",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0f8ff2a0673b7be22f7e7c531a2e410",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-an-update",bookSignature:"Emad Hamdy Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222727",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emad Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Gad",slug:"emad-hamdy-gad",fullName:"Emad Hamdy Gad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6718",title:"Hepatitis C",subtitle:"From Infection to Cure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7448805e61bfa52ce552c427ad6f16fc",slug:"hepatitis-c-from-infection-to-cure",bookSignature:"Imran Shahid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6663",title:"Management of Chronic Liver Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"833ebcb9a2596f81deff0246ed7c9642",slug:"management-of-chronic-liver-diseases-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6014",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b812442f63938a061f1c84b2338bb187",slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",bookSignature:"Martina Smolic, Aleksandar Vcev and George Y. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:56,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"22945",doi:"10.5772/17640",title:"Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcer Development and Healing: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Options",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gastric-ulcer-development-and-healing-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-therapeutic-",totalDownloads:11792,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",fullTitle:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"},signatures:"Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Marco Tuccori and Corrado Blandizzi",authors:[{id:"28973",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",middleName:null,surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"44227",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Fornai",slug:"matteo-fornai",fullName:"Matteo Fornai"},{id:"44229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Antonioli",slug:"luca-antonioli",fullName:"Luca Antonioli"},{id:"44230",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocchina",middleName:null,surname:"Colucci",slug:"rocchina-colucci",fullName:"Rocchina Colucci"},{id:"44231",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Tuccori",slug:"marco-tuccori",fullName:"Marco Tuccori"}]},{id:"35446",doi:"10.5772/47946",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",totalDownloads:5861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",fullTitle:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology"},signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45493",title:"Biliary Dyspepsia: Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders",slug:"biliary-dyspepsia-functional-gallbladder-and-sphincter-of-oddi-disorders",totalDownloads:5553,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyspepsia-advances-in-understanding-and-management",title:"Dyspepsia",fullTitle:"Dyspepsia - Advances in Understanding and Management"},signatures:"Meena Mathivanan, Liisa Meddings and Eldon A. Shaffer",authors:[{id:"165693",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaffer",slug:"eldon-shaffer",fullName:"Eldon Shaffer"}]},{id:"56262",title:"Anatomy of Esophagus",slug:"anatomy-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu and Taner Kıvılcım",authors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"},{id:"206240",title:"Dr.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Kivilcim",slug:"taner-kivilcim",fullName:"Taner Kivilcim"}]},{id:"56068",title:"Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy",slug:"minimally-invasive-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Rafael Cholvi Calduch, Isabel Mora Oliver, Fernando Lopez Mozos\nand Roberto Martí Obiol",authors:[{id:"203292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"fernando-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Lopez"},{id:"203687",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",slug:"roberto-marti",fullName:"Roberto Martí"},{id:"204943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Cholvi",slug:"rafael-cholvi",fullName:"Rafael Cholvi"},{id:"204944",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"isabel-mora",fullName:"Isabel Mora"}]},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",middleName:null,surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}]},{id:"55879",title:"Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)",slug:"portal-hypertensive-gastropathy-phg-",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"stomach-disorders",title:"Stomach Disorders",fullTitle:"Stomach Disorders"},signatures:"Samia Ali Gamie",authors:[{id:"204157",title:"Prof.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Abdo Gamie",slug:"samia-ali-abdo-gamie",fullName:"Samia Ali Abdo Gamie"}]},{id:"57005",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life in Antiviral-Treated Chronic Hepatitis C Patients",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-antiviral-treated-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",fullTitle:"Update on Hepatitis C"},signatures:"Aleksandar Včev, Jelena Jakab, Lucija Kuna and Martina Smolić",authors:[{id:"154595",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vcev",slug:"aleksandar-vcev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vcev"},{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"},{id:"204953",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucija",middleName:null,surname:"Kuna",slug:"lucija-kuna",fullName:"Lucija Kuna"},{id:"205159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jakab",slug:"jelena-jakab",fullName:"Jelena Jakab"}]},{id:"55818",title:"Tissue Engineering of Esophagus",slug:"tissue-engineering-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Yabin Zhu, Mi Zhou and Ruixia Hou",authors:[{id:"40618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yabin-zhu",fullName:"Yabin Zhu"}]},{id:"55045",title:"Hemodynamic Optimization Strategies in Anesthesia Care for Liver Transplantation",slug:"hemodynamic-optimization-strategies-in-anesthesia-care-for-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",fullTitle:"Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges"},signatures:"Alexander A. Vitin, Dana Tomescu and Leonard Azamfirei",authors:[{id:"201176",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"},{id:"202442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Tomescu",slug:"dana-tomescu",fullName:"Dana Tomescu"},{id:"202600",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Azamfirei",slug:"leonard-azamfirei",fullName:"Leonard Azamfirei"}]},{id:"56177",title:"Nutritional Management of Esophageal Cancer Patients",slug:"nutritional-management-of-esophageal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Dimitrios Schizas, Irene Lidoriki, Demetrios Moris and Theodore\nLiakakos",authors:[{id:"203349",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Schizas",slug:"dimitrios-schizas",fullName:"Dimitrios Schizas"},{id:"204000",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Lidoriki",slug:"irene-lidoriki",fullName:"Irene Lidoriki"},{id:"204001",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrios",middleName:null,surname:"Moris",slug:"demetrios-moris",fullName:"Demetrios Moris"},{id:"204002",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Liakakos",slug:"theodore-liakakos",fullName:"Theodore Liakakos"}]},{id:"46479",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/309715/jose-zamora-salido",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"309715",slug:"jose-zamora-salido"},fullPath:"/profiles/309715/jose-zamora-salido",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()