Corresponding relationships between bird foraging and PSO algorithm.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-570-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-569-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-571-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"abf31c9873fc2d88b8ee05c6adb53a29",bookSignature:"Dr. David Bienvenido-Huertas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10104.jpg",keywords:"Sustainable Construction, Innovative Construction, Construction Processes, Sustainable Design, Design Optimization, Maintenance Minimization, Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation Measures, Thermal Comfort, Socio-cultural Integration, Urban Environment, Visual Impact",numberOfDownloads:111,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 10th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"David Bienvenido-Huertas has completed his Ph.D. as an Architect, currently, he is a researcher of the Building Construction II Department at Universidad de Sevilla, Spain",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"320815",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Bienvenido-Huertas",slug:"david-bienvenido-huertas",fullName:"David Bienvenido-Huertas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320815/images/system/320815.jpg",biography:"PhD Architect. Researcher of the Building Construction II Department at Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. Active member of the Research Group TEP970: Technological Innovation, 3d Modeling Systems and Energy Diagnosis in Heritage and Building at the Universidad de Sevilla. His area of expertise covers climate change in the building sector, adaptive thermal comfort, heat transfer, fuel poverty, energy conservation measures, and design of nearly zero energy buildings. He is an author of more than 25 manuscripts and frequently a reviewer of international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:"University of Seville",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"74218",title:"Energy-Efficient Landscape Design",slug:"energy-efficient-landscape-design",totalDownloads:63,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74629",title:"Rebars for Durable Concrete Construction: Points to Ponder",slug:"rebars-for-durable-concrete-construction-points-to-ponder",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:null,authors:[null]},{id:"74653",title:"Architectural Design Canons from Middle Ages and Before: An Inspiration for Modern Sustainable Construction",slug:"architectural-design-canons-from-middle-ages-and-before-an-inspiration-for-modern-sustainable-constr",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74421",title:"Towards Innovative and Sustainable Construction of Architectural Structures by Employing Self-Consolidating Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers",slug:"towards-innovative-and-sustainable-construction-of-architectural-structures-by-employing-self-consol",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"50134",title:"Inverse Geometry Design of Radiative Enclosures Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/62351",slug:"inverse-geometry-design-of-radiative-enclosures-using-particle-swarm-optimization-algorithms",body:'\nRadiative heating devices are encountered in various industrial fields, such as industrial boilers, spacecraft, infrared reflecting ovens, metallurgical equipment, and so on and the design of radiative enclosure has a direct impact on security issues [1]. Inverse design technique is a new method in recent years, whose solving process is to establish an objective function according to the design requirements at first, and then optimize the objective function by some optimization methods, and achieve the pre-specified purpose finally. Inverse design technique has the advantages of simple process, short design circle, good optimization results, etc., and it has got more and more attentions and applications.
\nInverse design problems can be divided into two categories according to the design prerequisites [2]. One is inverse boundary design problems, in which the geometry shape of the radiative enclosures is fixed and the boundary conditions are need to be deigned [3–6]. The other is inverse geometry design problems, where the boundary conditions are predetermined and the geometry shape of the design surface needs to be designed [7, 8]. For the reason that the geometry shapes of the boundaries of radiative enclosures are different at each iteration and the grids in the computational domain must be re-meshed in every iterative calculation, the inverse geometry design of radiative enclosures is the most complex inverse radiative problem [2, 9].
\nDuring the last few decades, some inverse design techniques have been successfully used for solving inverse geometry design problems. Howell et al. [10, 11] proposed inverse design ideas and applied inverse Monte Carlo techniques, Tikhonov method, truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD), Modified TSVD (MTSVD), artificial neural networks (ANN) and conjugate gradient method (CGM) to solve the inverse design problem of a three-dimensional industrial furnace, which greatly improved the practical design of thermal and environmental systems. Franca and Howell [12] studied a transient inverse design problem that finding the optimal location of a heater on the top surface of a three-dimensional enclosure to produce a prescribed time-dependent temperature distribution on the bottom surface of the enclosure, the TSVD method is used to regularize the ill-conditioned system of linear equations the pre-specified temperature curve is obtained with an error of less than 1.0%. Tan et al. [13] applied meshless method to solve the coupled conductive and radiative heat transfer problem in heating devices, in which a series of nodes are used for discretizing the computational domain to overcome the tedious re-mesh works, and CGM is adopted to optimize the height of the adiabatic diffuse reflection surfaces and the geometry shape of the heating surface to satisfy the required total heat flux on the pre-appointed region of the low temperature heated surface. Sarvari and Mansouri [14] used CGM to minimize the objective function which is expressed as the sum of square residuals between estimated and desired heat fluxes on the design surface to satisfy the specified temperature and heat flux distributions. The radiative heat transfer problem in the two-dimensional irregular enclosure filled with gray participating media with uniform absorption coefficient is solved by discrete transfer method, the effect of optical depth and angular refinement on the inverse design results are also investigated.
\nHowever, it can be found that most of the above researches about inverse geometry design problems are solved based on the gradient-based methods. All these methods have the common disadvantages that the computational process of getting the gradient is complicated and the retrieval results are strongly depended on the initial guessed values. On the contrast, intelligent algorithms can abolish the complex calculations about gradient and randomly generate the potential solutions in the search space to overcome the drawback of depending on the initial value. In recent years, some intelligent algorithms have been successfully applied for solving inverse radiative problems, including PSO, genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), difference evolution (DE), fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA), to name a few [15–22]. Compared with conventional techniques, intelligent algorithms can obtain much more potential solutions at each iteration and all searches are executed in parallel, which greatly improved the computational efficiency, especially for solving some high dimensional problems. Intelligent algorithms also have been successfully used to solve inverse design problems. For example, Moparthi et al. [23] solved the coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer problem in one-dimensional planar system based on finite volume method (FVM) and lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and applied GA to optimize the heater temperature to produce the desired heat flux and temperature distributions on the design surface. The retrieval results show that the temperature or heat flux of the heater surface has a significant effect on the design surface condition, the medium properties and the distance between the two surfaces. Amiri et al. [24] adopted modified discrete ordinate method to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE), the micro genetic algorithm (MGA) is employed to optimize the objective function which is defined as the sum of the square of the difference between estimated and desired heat fluxes on the design surfaces. The design purpose is finding the best number and locations of the discretized heaters to meet the desired temperature and heat flux distributions on the design surface. Sarvari et al. [25] discretized the design surface into a series of control points and used B-spline to approximate the geometry shape of the boundary, the MGA is employed to optimize the locations of the control points to produce a desired heat flux distribution on the temperature-specified surface. The effects of corresponding parameters on the inverse design results are also investigated and the angular meshes are recommended as
The PSO algorithm is a kind of biologically inspired algorithm whose search process is similar to foraging of birds and it was proposed in 1995 by Eberhart and Kennedy [26]. The physical model of PSO is very simple and the computational program is easy to be implemented, it also has strong robustness and achieves good performance on computational efficiency and accuracy. In addition, PSO algorithm can well balance the global and local search of particles, which enhance the global convergence of the algorithm. Farahmand et al. [27] investigated the inverse geometry design of two-dimensional radiative enclosures with diffuse gray surfaces based on the PSO and the retrieval results show that PSO algorithm obtains better performance in satisfying the design goal based in terms of computational accuracy and CPU time compared with MGA. However, the standard PSO algorithm also suffers from easily trapping into local optima in solving high dimensional problems. In order to strengthen the applicability of PSO, some improvements have been proposed and widely applied, including Stochastic PSO (SPSO), Differential Evolution PSO (DEPSO), Multi Phase PSO (MPPSO), and so on. However, to the authors’ best knowledge, there are few reports concerning about the applications of improved PSO algorithms for solving inverse geometry design problems of radiative enclosures.
\nIn this chapter, the application of PSO algorithms in solving inverse geometry design problems of two-dimensional radiative enclosures filled with participating media is investigated. The design goal is to satisfy a uniform distribution of radiative heat flux on the designed surface. The discrete ordinate method (DOM) with a body-fitted coordinate system is used to solve the RTE. The standard PSO, SPSO and DEPSO algorithms are applied to optimize the locations of the control points, and Akima cubic interpolation is adopted to obtain the boundary geometry shape through these points. A typical inverse geometry design test is studied to demonstrate the good performance of PSO algorithms and the effects of corresponding parameters are also discussed.
\nThe remainder of this chapter is organized as follows: the theoretical principles of PSO algorithms are introduced in Section 2. The feasibility of PSO algorithms by four famous benchmark functions is verified in Section 3. The inverse geometry design of two-dimensional radiative enclosures and the influences of the number of control points and the radiative properties of media on the inverse design results are investigated in Section 4. The main conclusions of the researches in this chapter are summarized in Section 5.
\nBird individuals will communicate with each other to share their information about food when they are foraging, which can help birds find food faster. The advantages of cooperation of bird swarm are much greater than the disadvantages of competition among bird individuals. Based on the features of bird foraging behavior, Kennedy and Eberhart proposed PSO algorithm in 1995 [26]. The solving process of PSO algorithm is similar to the foraging behavior of birds, and the corresponding relationships are shown in Table 1.
\nBird foraging behavior | \nPSO algorithm | \n
---|---|
Foraging domain of bird individual | \nSearching space of each particle | \n
Bird individual | \nParticle | \n
Flight speed of bird | \nMoving speed of particle | \n
Location of bird | \nLocation of particle, which represents a solution of optimization problems | \n
Location of food | \nThe best solution of optimization problems | \n
Corresponding relationships between bird foraging and PSO algorithm.
There are two dominant parameters in the PSO algorithm, namely, the speed and the location of particles. The moving speed decides the direction and distance of the particles, and every location of particles can be considered as the potential a solution of optimization problems. PSO adopts a combination of local and global searches and shares the evolutionary information among particle individuals to find the optimal solution.
\nAt the beginning of the optimization of PSO, every location and velocity of particles are randomly generated. During each iteration, there will be two extreme values. One is best location that an individual particle found so far, which is called local best location. Another is the best location that the whole particle swarm found so far, which is called global best location. The velocity and location of each particle are stochastically accelerated according to these two extremes and the evolutionary formula can be expressed as follows [26]
where Vi(t) and
The evolution of particle’s location.
According to Eq. (1), we can find that the velocity of ith particle consists of three parts: the first part on the right side is the current velocity of ith particle, which can counterpoise the local search and the global search; the second part on the right side denotes the influence of the search memory of ith particle, which makes individual particle has the ability of global search; the third part on the right side indicates the influence of the cooperation among particles. The updating process of the ith particle’ location is shown in Figure 1.
\nThe flowchart of the basic PSO algorithm.
The main procedure of PSO algorithm for solving optimization problems can be carried out according to the following steps:
Step 1: Initialization: Randomly initialize the location and the velocities of particle of every particle in the searching space, input the number of particle swarm, the maximum iteration numbers tmax and the stop criterion ε, etc. Set the current iteration as t=1.
Step 2: Fitness evaluation: Evaluate each particle’s fitness according to its location and determine the local best location Pi(t) and global best location Pg(t).
Step 3: Updating: Update the velocity and the location of each particle according to Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively. Calculate the new objective function value of each particle and update the local and global best locations Pi(t) and Pg(t).
Step 4: Comparison: Compare the objective function value of each newly obtained particle with the corresponding values at the last iteration. If the new objective function value is better than the one in the last generation, then the new location and velocity of this particle is updated. Otherwise, the new location is abandoned.
Step 5: Repeating: Check whether one of the following two stop criterion is reached: (1) the objective function value is less than the value of ε, and (2) the iteration number reaches the maximum iteration number. If so, go to the next step; otherwise, go to Step 3.
Step 6: Update of iteration number: Update the number of iteration from t to t+1.
Step 7: Termination of iteration: Output the global best optima and its corresponding results of optimization problems and then stop the calculation.
The flowchart of the basic PSO algorithm is shown in Figure 2.
\nHowever, there are some obvious shortcomings in the basic PSO algorithm, such as slow convergence, easy to fall into local optimum, and even the velocities tend to be infinity in some occasions. Thus, many modifications have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks.
\nThere are two important capabilities in PSO algorithm, namely exploration and exploitation of particles. Exploration is the phenomenon that particles leave the original orbit and search for new space. Exploitation is the phenomenon that particles look for better locations along the original track. In order to better take advantage of these two search way, Shi and Eberhart put forward the standard PSO algorithm on the basis of basic PSO in 1998 [28], in which an inertia weight coefficient w is introduced to control the impact of the current velocity on the next velocity. The velocity formula of ith particle can be expressed as [28]
where w is the inertia weight coefficient, which can directly affect the balance between the global and local exploration abilities. At the initial stage of the search process, a big inertia weight coefficient is recommended to improve the global exploration ability in the relatively large space; whereas the inertia weight should be reduced with the iteration number increases to strengthen the local exploitation ability. It is worth pointing that a linearly decreasing inertia weight coefficient can successfully prevent particles from oscillating near the global best location [29]. Therefore, the inertia weight coefficient can be defined as
Comparing Eq. (1) with Eq. (3) we can find that basic PSO algorithm is a special circumstance of standard PSO algorithm that inertia weight is set as w=1. The searching efficiency is significantly improved by introducing inertia weight w. However, the proportional relation of particle velocities at every generation is not all the same, and the standard PSO algorithm can’t be successfully applied for solving some complicated optimization problems. For breaking through the limitation of PSO, many modified techniques have been developed out and widely applied in engineering fields.
\nIn order to overcome the drawback that PSO algorithm converges too early and make sure to reach the goal of global convergence, Zeng and Cui proposed SPSO algorithm in 2004 [30, 31], in which a stopped changing particle is utilized to improve the global searching ability of particle swarms.
\nIn SPSO algorithm, the inertia weight coefficient is set as w=0. Hence, the velocity of ith particle at t+1 iteration is determined by three parameters of t iteration, namely Xi(t), Pi(t) and Pg(t). The new velocity of ith particle can be expressed as [30]
According to Eq. (5), it can be found that the local searching ability of SPSO is increased compared with standard PSO. However, the global searching ability is reduced significantly. In order to further strengthen the global searches of SPSO, the algorithm randomly generates a particle in the searching space whose location is Xj(t + 1), and other particles’ locations are updated based on the Eq. (5). The whole amending process can be expressed by the following equations
After above updates, the following criterions are executed:
\n(1) If Pg = Pj, which demonstrates that the random location Xj is the global best location. In this situation the jth particle will not be updated on the basis of Eq. (5) and the algorithm will randomly generate a location Xj in the searching space at the next iteration. At the same time, the velocities and locations of other particles are updated according to Eqs. (5) and (2) after Pg and Pj are updated, respectively.
\n(2) If Pg ≠ Pj and Pg has not been updated, which indicates that there is no better global best location found, compared with the last iteration, then all the particles’ the velocities and locations are updated based on the Eqs. (5) and (2), respectively.
\n(3) If Pg ≠ Pj and Pg has been updated, which demonstrates that there is a location of kth particle (k ≠ j) meets the requirement
Through the above analysis we can find that there is at least one particle’s location reaches the global best location at a particular iteration, which indicates that at least one particle is randomly generated at each iteration. Therefore, SPSO algorithm has been proved with strong global search ability.
\nDifferential Evolution (DE) algorithm adopts simple differential operation among potential solutions to produce new candidate solution, which is a parallel, direct and stochastic searching technique. It was first proposed for solving Chebyshev polynomials and global optimization problems over continuous spaces by Storn and Price in 1995 [32]. Taking a cue from DE, the mutation operation is introduced into PSO algorithm to overcome the drawback of trapping in local optima, which is called DEPSO.
\nIn DEPSO algorithm, the differential evolution operator is introduced to increase the diversity of particle swarms which is defined as
where χ is the differential mutation operator which controls the magnification of differential variation
where C represents a preset constant value which satisfies C ≤ Fmin, Fmin indicates the minimum objective function value at the current iteration. The differential evolution term can force the particle to change if only C ≠ Fmin, which can effectively prevent PSO algorithm from falling into local optima.
\nHowever, the location obtained by mutation operation maybe a worse result which will cause a bad influence on the search of other particles. In order to make sure the rapidity and stability of DEPSO algorithm, the following judgment should be executed before the location is updated:
\n(1) If the fitness value of the new location is better than the fitness value of the earlier location, which demonstrates the mutation is successful. Then the location of ith particle is updated according to Eq. (8).
\n(2) If the new fitness value is worse than before, which indicates this mutation is failed. Then the location of ith particle is updated according to Eq. (2) and the mutation operation of ith will continue at the next iteration until the mutation is successful.
\nIn addition, there is a significant difference between DEPSO and basic PSO that the velocities of particles are not limited in the searching process, which can increase the convergence rate.
\nFunction | \nExpression | \nDimension | \nSearch Space | \n
---|---|---|---|
Sphere | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Rastrigin | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Rosenbrock | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Schaffer | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Details of four benchmark functions.
In order to test the performance of the above PSO algorithms, four benchmark optimization functions are used for verification whose details are shown in Table 2. The parameters in PSO algorithms are set as follows: the number of particle swarm population is set as
The images of (a) Sphere function, (b) Rastrigin function, (c) Rosenbrock function and (d) Schaffer function with dimension n=2.
Function | \nDimension | \nPSO | \nSPSO | \nDEPSO | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Sphere | \n10 | \n5.94×10-28±3.46×10-27 | \n8.33×10-31±1.67×10-31 | \n8.25×10-31±1.91×10-31 | \n
20 | \n2.82×10-13±7.76×10-13 | \n4.80×10-17±3.63×10-16 | \n2.98×10-25±1.54×10-24 | \n|
30 | \n5.27×10-8±8.6910-8 | \n1.23×10-6±3.97×10-6 | \n7.30×10-15±2.34×10-14 | \n|
Rastrigin | \n10 | \n4.82×10-28±1.82×10-27 | \n8.35×10-31±1.62×10-31 | \n6.87×10-31±2.16×10-31 | \n
20 | \n2.68×10-13±5.52×10-13 | \n7.22×10-17±9.23×10-16 | \n2.03×10-25±1.46×10-24 | \n|
30 | \n5.39×10-8±7.56×10-8 | \n1.48×10-6±4.34×10-6 | \n7.08×10-15±6.66×10-14 | \n|
Rosenbrock | \n3 | \n3.36×10-8±8.39×10-8 | \n3.53×10-17±1.06×10-16 | \n2.95×10-16±9.21×10-16 | \n
5 | \n5.62×10-2±6.02×10-2 | \n4.12×10-2±1.99×10-2 | \n1.37×10-2±2.85×10-2 | \n|
10 | \n3.18×100±1.56×100 | \n4.62×100±3.45×100 | \n5.78×100±2.61×100 | \n|
Schaffer | \n2 | \n5.11×10-2±5.61×10-2 | \n9.87×10-4±2.92×10-3 | \n4.66×10-4±2.60×10-3 | \n
The retrieval results of three test functions with 1000 independent runs.
Considering a radiative equilibrium problem in two-dimensional irregular enclosures filled with participating media whose schematic diagram is shown in Figure 4. The curve EF represents the design surface and the design purpose is to produce a uniform distribution of radiative heat flux on the design surface. The bottom surface AD is the heating surface which can considered as the radiative heat source and its temperature is fixed as TS. The two side surfaces AB and CD are cold with temperatures of 0K.
\nPhysical model of inverse geometry design.
In order to optimize the geometry shape of the design surface to meet the specified requirement, the objective function (being equal to the fitness function in PSO algorithms) is defined as the square residuals between the estimated and average dimensionless radiative heat flux values which can be expressed as
where N is the number of the computational node on the design surface, and Qwi and Qav are the dimensionless radiative heat flux of the ith node and average value on the design surface, respectively. The iteration stop criterion of PSO is defined as
where ε is a small positive value. The smaller the value of ε is, the better the homogenization degree will be.
\nTo evaluate the optimization results, the relative error is defined as
\nThe design surface is discretized into a series of control points, and Akima cubic interpolation is used to approximate the geometry shape of the surface in optimization process. Akima interpolation is formulated by a cubic polynomial between two control points. First, the prerequisite is introduced as [33]
where gk is the slope of the curve at the position xk, which can be defined as [33]
and the function lk can be expressed as [33]
\nAt the endpoints, the value of the function lk can be defined as [33]
If the above equations are satisfied, then the cubic polynomial in the subinterval [
where C1, C2, C3, and C4 are polynomial coefficients, which can be calculated as [33]
(x, y) | \n(x1, y1) | \n(x2, y2) | \n(x3, y3) | \n(x4, y4) | \n(x5, y5) | \n(x6, y6) | \n
Case 1 | \n(0.0, 1.0) | \n(0.2, 1.2) | \n(0.4, 1.5) | \n(0.6, 1.5) | \n(0.8, 1.2) | \n(1.0, 1.0) | \n
Case 2 | \n(0.0, 1.0) | \n(0.2, 1.5) | \n(0.4, 1.3) | \n(0.6, 1.3) | \n(0.8, 1.5) | \n(1.0, 1.0) | \n
Case 3 | \n(0.0, 1.0) | \n(0.28, 1.2) | \n(0.41, 1.4) | \n(0.67, 1.1) | \n(0.88, 1.3) | \n(1.0, 1.0) | \n
Coordinates of control points of three test cases.
Curve fitting results by means of Akima cubic interpolation.
In order to test the performance of the Akima cubic interpolation, three interpolation cases are applied, in which six specified points are used as control points whose coordinates are shown in Table 4. The curves in Figure 5 indicate the Akima cubic interpolation can successfully applied for geometry shape fitting.
\nThe boundary shape changes with the optimization of the design surface and the computational domain must be re-meshed, which greatly increase the solving difficulty of the inverse geometry design problems. In addition, the forward radiative heat transfer problem cannot be precisely solved by the normal numerical method. For the purpose of fitting the irregular boundary shape, the DOM with a body-fitted coordinate system is adopted to solve the RTE. For the participating media, the forward can be written as [34]
which is an integro-differential type, where I is the function of position s and direction ŝ. βe, κa, and κs are the extinction, absorption, and scattering coefficients of media, respectively. The Φ(ŝi, ŝ) is the scattering phase function between incoming direction ŝi and scattering direction ŝ, which can be defined as
where αm and βm are the direction cosines of the discrete direction m. s refers to the spatial position, w is the quadrature weight. The radiative boundary condition can be directly imposed as follows [34]
where εw is the emissivity of boundaries, Ib,w is radiative intensity of blackbody boundaries, nw represents the unit normal vector on the boundary, and s denotes the direction of radiative transfer.
The Jacobian matrix is used for coordinate transformation to solve the radiative heat transfer in irregular enclosures
The spatially discretized RTE with a body-fitted coordinate system can be expressed as
where P represents the central node of the control volume. The subscripts e, w, n, and s represent the eastern, western, northern and southern boundaries around P, respectively.
The step scheme is applied to solve the above equations, and Eq. (22) can be expressed as
where the subscripts E, W, N, and S represent the central node of eastern, western, northern, and southern control volumes around control volume P, and
Eq. (24) can be expressed in matrix form
where A represents the five-diagonal non-symmetric coefficient matrix, Ψ represents the vector that consists of the variables Im at grid nodes, and B represents the vector that consists of the variables bm on the right side of Eq. (23). The conjugate gradients stabilized (CGSTAB) method is adopted to solve the final discretized RTE because of its stability and fast convergence rate [35].
\nThe schematic diagram of grids in computational domains.
The dimensionless radiative heat flux distribution on the bottom boundary for different absorption coefficients.
Consider a non-radiative equilibrium problem in the two-dimensional irregular enclosure filled with participating media. The four boundaries are cold surfaces whose temperature is 0K and all the boundaries are assumed as blockbody. The temperature of media is set as Tg, which can be considered as the heat source. The computational grids are meshed as 10 × 10 and the schematic in the computational domain is shown in Figure 6. The radiative heat transfer problem for different absorption coefficients in the radiative enclosure is solved by the body-fitted DOM and the retrieval results are compared with the results obtained by FVM in Ref. [36] which is shown in Figure 7. The curves show that the retrieval results achieve good agreements with FVM, which verified the accuracy and reliability of the computational program for solving radiative problems in irregular enclosures.
\nThe inverse geometry design model in Section 4.1 is considered and the standard PSO algorithm is abbreviated as PSO if there is no special instruction. The initial shape of the enclosure is rectangular, whose size is set as
(a) Initial and final geometry shape of the design surface, (b) dimensionless radiative heat flux distribution on the design surface, and (c) relative error distributions of dimensionless radiative heat flux on the design surface, of a two-dimensional radiative enclosure.
Algorithms | \nCPU time (s) | \nFitness values | \nAverage relative error (%) | \nMaximum relative error (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
PSO | \n40037 | \n7.28×10-8 | \n0.0313 | \n0.0737 | \n
SPSO | \n31572 | \n4.05×10-8 | \n0.0244 | \n0.0518 | \n
DEPSO | \n36944 | \n5.62×10-8 | \n0.0275 | \n0.0669 | \n
Comparison of inverse design results by PSO, SPSO and DEPSO algorithms.
In view of the random characteristic of intelligent algorithms, all the tests are repeated 50 trials to compare the performance of PSO algorithms. Table 5 shows the comparison of the results obtained by PSO, SPSO and DEPSO algorithms. It can be found that all the PSO algorithms have reached the special design requirement and both SPSO and DEPSO achieve better performance than the initial PSO in terms of computational accuracy and efficiency.
\n(a) Geometry shape of the design surface and (b) dimensionless radiative heat flux distribution on the design surface by means of SPSO algorithm for different numbers of control points.
In order to enhance the computational efficiency of inverse geometry design problems, the effects of corresponding parameters are investigated in this study. For the fact that the design surface is discretized into a series of control points in the inverse design process, the number of control point has a direct impact on the inverse geometry design results. The radiative physical parameters of media are kept as the same as the above typical example and the numbers of control point are set as Nd=1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively. The SPSO algorithm is adopted as the inverse design method and the initial and optimized geometry shape and dimensionless radiative heat flux on the design surface are shown in Figure 9, respectively. The curves show that the special design requirement is satisfied under the conditions that Nd=3, 5 and 7, whereas the homogenization degree is relatively poor in the case that Nd=1. Table 6 lists the iteration numbers, fitness values and relatives errors for different numbers of control point. It can be found that both the iteration number and the relative error are smallest when Nd=3, which is because too many control points will decrease the sensitivity of radiative heat flux to the shape changing of design surface and one control point cannot provide enough necessary information for the geometry shape of the boundary [2, 9].
\nControl point numbers | \nIteration numbers | \nFitness values | \nAverage relative error (%) | \nMaximum relative error (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n164 | \n3.89×10-8 | \n0.2711 | \n0.5597 | \n
3 | \n19 | \n5.36×10-8 | \n0.0280 | \n0.0796 | \n
5 | \n26 | \n6.72×10-8 | \n0.0309 | \n0.0875 | \n
7 | \n37 | \n7.63×10-8 | \n0.0321 | \n0.1024 | \n
Comparison of inverse design results for different number of control points.
Geometry shape of the design surface for different extinction coefficients of media.
Geometry shape of the design surface for different scattering albedo of media.
The physical properties of the media have an important influence on the energy transfer and then affect the optimization results of radiative enclosures. The effects of the extinction coefficient and the scattering albedo on the inverse design results are studied here. The scattering albedo of media is fixed as
Algorithm | \nExtinction coefficient | \nFitness values | \nDimensionless radiative heat flux | \nAverage relative error (%) | \nMaximum relative error (%) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSO | \n8.22×10-8 | \n0.2333 | \n0.0329 | \n0.0895 | \n||
7.19×10-8 | \n0.1137 | \n0.0496 | \n0.0736 | \n|||
\n | 3.94×10-8 | \n0.0735 | \n0.0460 | \n0.1297 | \n||
SPSO | \n7.61×10-8 | \n0.2334 | \n0.0295 | \n0.0816 | \n\n | |
5.63×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0398 | \n0.0723 | \n|||
\n | 2.42×10-8 | \n0.0734 | \n0.0301 | \n0.0909 | \n||
DEPSO | \n5.07×10-8 | \n0.2334 | \n0.0230 | \n0.0849 | \n||
4.16×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0351 | \n0.0706 | \n|||
\n | 2.85×10-8 | \n0.0734 | \n0.0307 | \n0.0889 | \n
Inverse geometry design results for different extinction coefficients.
Algorithm | \nScattering albedo | \nFitness values | \nDimensionless radiative heat flux | \nAverage relative error (%) | \nMaximum relative error (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSO | \n7.93×10-8 | \n0.1137 | \n0.0459 | \n0.0867 | \n|
7.19×10-8 | \n0.1137 | \n0.0496 | \n0.0736 | \n||
\n | 7.23×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0355 | \n0.636 | \n|
SPSO | \n3.02×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0297 | \n0.0804 | \n|
5.63×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0398 | \n0.0723 | \n||
\n | 4.49×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0322 | \n0.0665 | \n|
DEPSO | \n5.07×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0352 | \n0.0349 | \n|
4.16×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0351 | \n0.0706 | \n||
\n | 3.49×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0358 | \n0.0710 | \n
Inverse geometry design results for different scattering albedo of media.
The scattering of media will affect the original transfer direction of radiative heat or energy, so the scattering characteristic of media also has influence on the inverse geometry design of radiative enclosures. The extinction coefficient and scattering albedo of the media are set as
Geometry shape of the design surface scattering characteristics of media.
Algorithm | \nScattering characteristic | \nFitness values | \nDimensionless radiative heat flux | \nAverage relative error (%) | \nMaximum relative error (%) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSO | \na = 1 | \n8.66×10-8 | \n0.1297 | \n0.0354 | \n0.0828 | \n|
a = 0 | \n9.04×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0403 | \n0.0776 | \n||
\n | a = − 1 | \n7.21×10-8 | \n0.1006 | \n0.0385 | \n0.0941 | \n\n |
SPSO | \na = 1 | \n7.57×10-8 | \n0.1297 | \n0.0328 | \n0.0982 | \n|
a = 0 | \n8.16×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0463 | \n0.0825 | \n||
\n | a = − 1 | \n1.60×10-8 | \n0.1007 | \n0.0195 | \n0.0629 | \n\n |
DEPSO | \na = 1 | \n5.53×10-8 | \n0.1297 | \n0.0378 | \n0.0797 | \n|
a = 0 | \n6.94×10-8 | \n0.1136 | \n0.0426 | \n0.0735 | \n||
\n | a = − 1 | \n5.71×10-8 | \n0.1007 | \n0.0413 | \n0.0882 | \n
Inverse geometry design results for different scattering characteristics of media.
In this chapter, the basic theoretical principles of PSO algorithm is introduced in detail and three kinds of PSO algorithms—standard PSO, SPSO and DEPSO—are applied for solving the inverse geometry design problem of a two-dimensional radiative enclosure filled with participating media. The design purpose is to produce a uniform distribution of radiative heat flux on the designed surface. The design surface is discretized into a series of control points and the Akima cubic interpolation is used to approximate the geometry shape of the boundary. The radiative heat transfer problem in the irregular enclosures is solved by the DOM with a body-fitted coordinate system. The pre-required radiative heat flux distribution is satisfied by optimizing the positions of control points based on the PSO algorithms. The retrieval results show that PSO algorithms can be successfully applied to solve inverse geometry design problems and SPSO achieves the best performance on computational time. Meanwhile, the scattering albedo and scattering characteristics of media have little effect on the geometry shape of the design surface. To improve the computational efficiency, the number of control points is recommended as Nd=3.
The supports of this work by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51476043 and 51576053), the Major National Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development Special Foundation of China (No. 51327803), and the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51421063) are gratefully acknowledged. A very special acknowledgement is also made to the editors and referees who make important comments to improve this chapter.
\nThe study of spatial solitons in the field of fiber-optical communication has attracted considerable interest in recent years. In a uniform nonlinear fiber, soliton can propagate over relatively long distance without any considerable attenuation. The formation of optical solitons in optical fibers results from an exact balancing between the diffraction and/or group velocity dispersion (GVD) and the self-phase modulation (SPM). The theorical prediction of a train of soliton pulses from a continuous-wave (CW) light in optical fibers was first suggested by Hasegawa and Tappert [1, 2] and first experimentally demonstrated by Mollenauer et al. [3] in single-mode fibers in the case of negative GVD, in liquid
In addition to fundamental bright and dark solitons, various other forms and shapes of solitary waves can appear in nonlinear media. Kink solitons, for example, are an important class of solitons which may propagate in nonlinear media exhibiting higher-order effects such as third-order dispersion, self-steepening, higher-order nonlinearity, and intrapulse stimulated Raman scattering. In the setting of nonlinear optics, a kink soliton represents a shock front that propagates undistorted inside the dispersive nonlinear medium [10]. This type of solitons has been studied extensively, both analytically and numerically [11, 12, 13]. These spatial soliton solutions can maintain their overall shapes but allow their widths and amplitudes and the pulse center to change according to the management of the system’s parameters, such as the dispersion, nonlinearity, gain, and so on [14].
The cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CNLSE) has been widely used to model the propagation of light pulse in material’s systems involving third-order susceptibility
In recent years, many influential works have devoted to construct exact analytical solutions of CQNLSE, such as the pioneering work of Serkin et al. [20]. In particular, Dai et al. [21, 22, 23, 24, 25] obtained exact self-similar solutions (similaritons), their nonlinear tunneling effects of the generalized CQNLSE, and their higher-dimensional forms with spatially inhomogeneous group velocity dispersion, cubic-quintic nonlinearity, and amplification or attenuation.
Since the measurement of third-, fifth-, and seventh-order nonlinearities of silver nanoplatelet colloids using a femtosecond laser [26], an extension of nonlinear Schrödinger equation including the cubic-quintic-septic nonlinearity was used to model the propagation of spatial solitons. In [27], for example, the authors performed numerical calculations based on higher-order nonlinearity parameters including seventh-order susceptibility
Recently, the study of modulational instability (MI) in non-Kerr media has receiving particular attention. MI is a fundamental and ubiquitous process that appears in most nonlinear systems [6, 9, 34, 35, 36, 37]. This instability is referred to as modulation instability because it leads to a spontaneous temporal modulation of the CW beam and transforms it into a pulse train. During this process, small perturbations upon a uniform intensity beam grow exponentially due to the interplay between nonlinearity and dispersion or diffraction. As a result, under specific conditions, a CW light often breaks up into trains of ultrashort solitons like pulses [9]. To date, there has not been any report of MI in the cubic-quintic-septic-nonical-nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CQSNNLSE).
Our study will be focused on the analysis of solitary wave’s solutions of systems described by the higher-order NLSE named CQSNNLSE. We will discuss the model with higher-order nonlinearities and explore the dynamics of bright, dark, and kink soliton solutions. Finally, the linear stability analysis of the MI is formulated, and the analytical expression of the gain of MI is obtained. Moreover, the typical outcomes of the nonlinear development of the MI are reported.
The dynamics of (1 + 1)-dimensional (one spatial and one temporal variables) spatial optical solitons is the well-known nonlinear Schrödinger equation. If we consider the higher-order effects, an extended model is required, and the propagation of optical pulses through the highly nonlinear waveguides can be described by the CQSNNLSE:
where
For example, Eq. (1) with
To obtain the exact analytic optical solitary-wave solutions of Eq. (1), we can employ the following transformation:
Here,
Upon substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and separating the real and imaginary parts, one obtains
Eq. (4) represents the evolution of an anharmonic oscillator with an effective potential energy
Integrating Eq. (4) yields
where
and
In order to get the exact soliton solutions, we first rewrite Eq. (6) in a simplified form by using transformation:
By substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (6), we obtain a new auxiliary equation possessing a sixth-degree nonlinear term:
To solve Eq. (9), we will employ three types of localized solutions named bright, dark, and kink solitons. In the following, we solve Eq. (9) by using appropriate ansatz and obtain alternative types of solitary-wave solutions on a CW background and investigate parameter domains in which these optical spatial solitary waves exist.
In this section, we find bright-, dark-, and kink-solitary-wave localized solutions of Eq. (9), by using a special ansatz:
The bright solitary solutions of Eq. (9) have the form:
where
Substituting the ansatz Eq. (10) into Eq. (9), we obtain the unknown parameters
with parametric conditions
Thus, the exact bright solitary-wave solutions on a CW background of Eq. (1) are of the form:
The dark solitary solutions of Eq. (9) take the form [40]:
Here
By substituting the ansatz Eq. (14) into Eq. (9), we get the unknown parameters
subject to the parametric conditions
The exact dark solitary-wave solutions on a CW background of Eq. (1) are of the form:
The kink solitary solutions of Eq. (9) are in the following form:
where
Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (9), we get
under the parametric conditions
Thus, the exact bright solitary-wave solutions on a CW background of Eq. (1) are of the form:
The previous three exact solitary-wave solutions (13), (17), and (21) exist for the governing nonical-NLS model due to a balance among diffraction (or dispersion) and competing cubic-quintic-septic-nonical nonlinearities. For better insight, we plot in Figure 1 the intensity profile on top of the related first two exact solution solitons named bright and dark, corresponding to the CQNLS models (with
Intensity |Ej(z, t)|2 distribution of the (a) bright and (b) dark solitons given by Eqs. (14) and (17), respectively, with the parameter values corresponding to CQNLS models as α1=0.5, α2=0, α3=1, α4=0, α5=0, k=1, and ω=1.
One of the essential aspects of solitary waves is their stability on propagation, in particular their ability to propagate in a perturbed environment over an appreciable distance [41]. Unlike the conventional pulses of different forms, the solitons are relatively stable, even in an environment subjected to external perturbations.
The previous three exact solitary-wave solutions given by the expressions (13), (17), and (21) are sitting on a CW background, which may be subject to MI. If this phenomenon occurs, then the CW background will be quickly destroyed, which will inevitably cause the destruction of the soliton. It is therefore of paramount importance to verify whether the condition of the existence of the soliton can be compatible with the condition of the stability of the CW background. Since MI properties can be used to understand the different excitation patterns on a CW in nonlinear systems, in this section, we perform the standard linear stability analysis [9, 34] on a generic CW:
in the system modeled by Eq. (1), where
where
where
The gain attains its peak values when the modulated frequency reaches its optimum value, i.e., its optimum modulation frequency (OMF). The OMF corresponding to the gain spectrum (26) is given by
and the peak value given by
In Figure 2, we have shown the variation of OMF, computed from Eq. (27) as a function of the GVD parameter (
Variation of optimum modulation frequency Ωop as a function of second-order dispersion α1.
We can observe that the OMF increases (respectively decreases) with the increasing
Figure 3 shows the variation of MI gain as a function of the nonic nonlinearity
Variation of the MI gain G as a function of the nonic nonlinearity α5, with the same parameter values as in Figure 2.
Variation of the MI gain Gkm−1 as a function of frequency ΩHz, at a four-power level P0 for an optical fiber. The other parameters are α5=0.5ps2/km,α2=2736W−1/km,α3=2.63W−2/km,α4=−9.12×10−4W−3/km,α5=0.5W−4/km.
The MI gain spectrum in Figure 5 is a constitutive of two symmetrical sidebands which stand symmetrically along the line
Variation of the MI gain Gkm−1 as a function of frequency Ω and the GVD α1. The other parameters are P0=15W,α5=−0.5ps2/km,α2=2736W−1/km,α3=2.63W−2/km,α4=−9.12×10−4W−3/km,α5=5W−4/km.
In this chapter, we have investigated the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation involving nonlinearity up to the ninth order. We have constructed exact solutions of this equation by means of a special ansatz. We showed the existence of a family of solitonic solutions: bright, dark, and kink solitons. The conditions on the physical parameters for the existence of this propagating envelope have also been reported. These conditions show a subtle balance among the diffraction or dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, and quintic-septic-nonical non-Kerr nonlinearities, which has a profound implication to control the wave dynamics. Moreover, by employing Stuart and DiPrima’s stability analysis method, an analytical expression for the MI gain has been obtained. The outcomes of the instability development depend on the nonlinearity and dispersion (or diffraction) parameters. Results may find straightforward applications in nonlinear optics, particularly in fiber-optical communication.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
License
\n\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
\n\n',metaTitle:"Open Access Statement",metaDescription:"Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0)",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-statement/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Formats
\\n\\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCosts
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\\n\\n\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Formats
\n\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\n\n\n\nCosts
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\n\n\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5160},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15608}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"535"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5124},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"990",title:"Stem Cell Research",slug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research",parent:{title:"Cell Biology",slug:"medicine-cell-biology"},numberOfBooks:22,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:880,numberOfWosCitations:378,numberOfCrossrefCitations:209,numberOfDimensionsCitations:543,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8026",title:"Update on Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48115afa72bcce1bde1e5b0e6c45f1b8",slug:"update-on-mesenchymal-and-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells",bookSignature:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8026.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-ahmed-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6913",title:"Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a2a92efd1c7a2ecb4c396b61b6ffb4f",slug:"innovations-in-cell-research-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Zvi Loewy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6913.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235950",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zvi",middleName:null,surname:"Loewy",slug:"zvi-loewy",fullName:"Zvi Loewy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c215f02d4268e4b7cccdaea141ec8647",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5369",title:"Umbilical Cord Blood Banking for Clinical Application and Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"711421bf3bdb0e540fc84267b82b1995",slug:"umbilical-cord-blood-banking-for-clinical-application-and-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Ana Colette Mauricio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5207",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:"From the Bench to the Clinic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29f98ebea5d3e1789f5fb5db827f40c",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",bookSignature:"Minoru Tomizawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156161",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",middleName:null,surname:"Tomizawa",slug:"minoru-tomizawa",fullName:"Minoru Tomizawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4609",title:"Progress in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"abbff25d9b960e013b0623b89cdf7367",slug:"progress-in-stem-cell-transplantation",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4609.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3861",title:"Adult Stem Cell Niches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa94a08bfdd9319c91079f1c6926f57a",slug:"adult-stem-cell-niches",bookSignature:"Sabine Wislet-Gendebien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65329",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Wislet",slug:"sabine-wislet",fullName:"Sabine Wislet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3827",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology",subtitle:"Advances in Mechanisms, Methods and Models",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cefa40b44f921d8f66661757ee394474",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cell-biology-advances-in-mechanisms-methods-and-models",bookSignature:"Craig S. Atwood and Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",middleName:"S",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3263",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e3646a06bb8ba1da33cb5ccb0867062",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells",bookSignature:"Deepa Bhartiya and Nibedita Lenka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3263.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139427",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepa",middleName:null,surname:"Bhartiya",slug:"deepa-bhartiya",fullName:"Deepa Bhartiya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3354",title:"Stem Cell Biology in Normal Life and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0bbdc22389f4c4ea94547dec65f9b69e",slug:"stem-cell-biology-in-normal-life-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Kamran Alimoghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89450",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Alimoghaddam",slug:"kamran-alimoghaddam",fullName:"Kamran Alimoghaddam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3427",title:"Neural Stem Cells",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43e043afc3a3af46076832b4f784dcca",slug:"neural-stem-cells-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Luca Bonfanti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3427.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154282",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Bonfanti",slug:"luca-bonfanti",fullName:"Luca Bonfanti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3458",title:"Innovations in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09f5e6c6ce440ef556de7c8a02f257e8",slug:"innovations-in-stem-cell-transplantation",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3458.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84241",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34558",doi:"10.5772/35847",title:"The Epididymis: Embryology, Structure, Function and Its Role in Fertilization and Infertility",slug:"the-epididymis-embryology-structure-function-and-its-role-in-fertilization-and-infertility",totalDownloads:12776,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"embryology-updates-and-highlights-on-classic-topics",title:"Embryology",fullTitle:"Embryology - Updates and Highlights on Classic Topics"},signatures:"Kélen Fabiola Arrotéia, Patrick Vianna Garcia, Mainara Ferreira Barbieri, Marilia Lopes Justino and Luís Antonio Violin Pereira",authors:[{id:"106080",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Violin Pereira",slug:"luis-violin-pereira",fullName:"Luis Violin Pereira"},{id:"112722",title:"Dr.",name:"Kélen",middleName:null,surname:"Arrotéia",slug:"kelen-arroteia",fullName:"Kélen Arrotéia"},{id:"112724",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"patrick-garcia",fullName:"Patrick Garcia"},{id:"112726",title:"BSc.",name:"Mainara",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",slug:"mainara-barbieri",fullName:"Mainara Barbieri"},{id:"112727",title:"BSc.",name:"Marília",middleName:null,surname:"Justino",slug:"marilia-justino",fullName:"Marília Justino"}]},{id:"18220",doi:"10.5772/17574",title:"How do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair?",slug:"how-do-mesenchymal-stem-cells-repair-",totalDownloads:4490,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Patricia Semedo, Marina Burgos-Silva, Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira and Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara",authors:[{id:"28751",title:"Prof.",name:"Niels",middleName:"Olsen Saraiva",surname:"Camara",slug:"niels-camara",fullName:"Niels Camara"},{id:"30464",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Semedo",slug:"patricia-semedo",fullName:"Patricia Semedo"},{id:"30465",title:"BSc.",name:"Cassiano",middleName:null,surname:"Donizetti-Oliveira",slug:"cassiano-donizetti-oliveira",fullName:"Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira"},{id:"30466",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos-Silva",slug:"marina-burgos-silva",fullName:"Marina Burgos-Silva"}]},{id:"26987",doi:"10.5772/32381",title:"Markers for Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Histories and Recent Achievements",slug:"endothelial-cell-selective-adhesion-molecule-esam-a-novel-hsc-marker",totalDownloads:6648,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"advances-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-research",title:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research",fullTitle:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research"},signatures:"Takafumi Yokota, Kenji Oritani, Stefan Butz, Stephan Ewers, Dietmar Vestweber and Yuzuru Kanakura",authors:[{id:"91282",title:"Dr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yokota",slug:"takafumi-yokota",fullName:"Takafumi Yokota"},{id:"97447",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Sudo",slug:"takao-sudo",fullName:"Takao Sudo"},{id:"97448",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Oritani",slug:"kenji-oritani",fullName:"Kenji Oritani"},{id:"97450",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuzuru",middleName:null,surname:"Kanakura",slug:"yuzuru-kanakura",fullName:"Yuzuru Kanakura"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42668",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cells-in-chronic-myeloid-leukemia",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"stem-cell-biology-in-normal-life-and-diseases",title:"Stem Cell Biology in Normal Life and Diseases",fullTitle:"Stem Cell Biology in Normal Life and Diseases"},signatures:"Antonieta Chávez-González, Sócrates Avilés-Vázquez, Dafne\nMoreno-Lorenzana and Héctor Mayani",authors:[{id:"159656",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonieta",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez-Gonzalez",slug:"antonieta-chavez-gonzalez",fullName:"Antonieta Chavez-Gonzalez"},{id:"160310",title:"Dr",name:"Dafne",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Lorenzana",slug:"dafne-moreno-lorenzana",fullName:"Dafne Moreno-Lorenzana"},{id:"160311",title:"Mr.",name:"Socrates",middleName:null,surname:"Aviles-Vazquez",slug:"socrates-aviles-vazquez",fullName:"Socrates Aviles-Vazquez"},{id:"160312",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Mayani",slug:"hector-mayani",fullName:"Hector Mayani"}]},{id:"18241",title:"Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells",slug:"periodontal-ligament-stem-cells",totalDownloads:5943,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Hidefumi Maeda, Naohisa Wada, Shinsuke Fujii, Atsushi Tomokiyo and Akifumi Akamine",authors:[{id:"53534",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidefumi",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",slug:"hidefumi-maeda",fullName:"Hidefumi Maeda"},{id:"53542",title:"Dr.",name:"Naohisa",middleName:null,surname:"Wada",slug:"naohisa-wada",fullName:"Naohisa Wada"},{id:"53543",title:"Prof.",name:"Akifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akamine",slug:"akifumi-akamine",fullName:"Akifumi Akamine"},{id:"53544",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Fujii",slug:"shinsuke-fujii",fullName:"Shinsuke Fujii"},{id:"53547",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Tomokiyo",slug:"atsushi-tomokiyo",fullName:"Atsushi Tomokiyo"}]},{id:"68800",title:"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Clinical Use",slug:"induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-for-clinical-use-1",totalDownloads:743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-mesenchymal-and-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells",title:"Update on Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Update on Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells"},signatures:"Valérie Vanneaux",authors:null},{id:"50619",title:"Rejuvenation on the Road to Pluripotency",slug:"rejuvenation-on-the-road-to-pluripotency",totalDownloads:1142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Pluripotent Stem Cells - From the Bench to the Clinic"},signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar and Vittorio Sebastiano",authors:[{id:"180522",title:"Prof.",name:"Vittorio",middleName:null,surname:"Sebastiano",slug:"vittorio-sebastiano",fullName:"Vittorio Sebastiano"},{id:"186553",title:"BSc.",name:"Tapash Jay",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",slug:"tapash-jay-sarkar",fullName:"Tapash Jay Sarkar"}]},{id:"42648",title:"Recent Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy",slug:"recent-advances-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:3056,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"innovations-in-stem-cell-transplantation",title:"Innovations in Stem Cell Transplantation",fullTitle:"Innovations in Stem Cell Transplantation"},signatures:"Toshihisa Tsuruta",authors:[{id:"64743",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuruta",slug:"toshihisa-tsuruta",fullName:"Toshihisa Tsuruta"}]},{id:"18220",title:"How do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair?",slug:"how-do-mesenchymal-stem-cells-repair-",totalDownloads:4490,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Patricia Semedo, Marina Burgos-Silva, Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira and Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara",authors:[{id:"28751",title:"Prof.",name:"Niels",middleName:"Olsen Saraiva",surname:"Camara",slug:"niels-camara",fullName:"Niels Camara"},{id:"30464",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Semedo",slug:"patricia-semedo",fullName:"Patricia Semedo"},{id:"30465",title:"BSc.",name:"Cassiano",middleName:null,surname:"Donizetti-Oliveira",slug:"cassiano-donizetti-oliveira",fullName:"Cassiano Donizetti-Oliveira"},{id:"30466",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos-Silva",slug:"marina-burgos-silva",fullName:"Marina Burgos-Silva"}]},{id:"18242",title:"Clinical Stem Cell Imaging and In vivo Tracking",slug:"clinical-stem-cell-imaging-and-in-vivo-tracking",totalDownloads:3338,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Sahar Mirpour and Ali Gholamrezanezhad",authors:[{id:"28966",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirpour",slug:"sahar-mirpour",fullName:"Sahar Mirpour"},{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad"}]},{id:"45128",title:"Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering",slug:"stem-cells-in-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:3487,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Pluripotent Stem Cells"},signatures:"Shohreh Mashayekhan, Maryam Hajiabbas and Ali Fallah",authors:[{id:"23351",title:"Dr.",name:"Shohreh",middleName:null,surname:"Mashayekhan",slug:"shohreh-mashayekhan",fullName:"Shohreh Mashayekhan"}]},{id:"50685",title:"States of Pluripotency: Naïve and Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells",slug:"states-of-pluripotency-na-ve-and-primed-pluripotent-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2970,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",fullTitle:"Pluripotent Stem Cells - From the Bench to the Clinic"},signatures:"Daman Kumari",authors:[{id:"180527",title:"Dr.",name:"Daman",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"daman-kumari",fullName:"Daman Kumari"}]},{id:"18217",title:"Stem Cells: General Features and Characteristics",slug:"stem-cells-general-features-and-characteristics",totalDownloads:9027,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",fullTitle:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research"},signatures:"Hongxiang Hui, Yongming Tang, Min Hu and Xiaoning Zhao",authors:[{id:"53560",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",slug:"hongxiang-hui",fullName:"Hongxiang Hui"},{id:"59235",title:"Mr",name:"Xiaoning",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"xiaoning-zhao",fullName:"Xiaoning Zhao"},{id:"59236",title:"Mr",name:"Yongming",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yongming-tang",fullName:"Yongming Tang"},{id:"118970",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"min-hu",fullName:"Min Hu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/303384/michal-breiter",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"303384",slug:"michal-breiter"},fullPath:"/profiles/303384/michal-breiter",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()