Wettability classification based on its lithology [24].
\r\n\tThis book will mainly cover work related to: (i) cells mechanosensing and mechanotransduction mechanisms (ii) computational and experimental techniques in mechanobiology, (iii) mathematical mechanobiological models of bone remodeling, (iv) bone mechano-transduction, (v) innovative tools for mechanobiology and the role of medical imaging in this field and (vi) any other proposals related to innovations, clinical application and perspectives of mechanobiology.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0a38ccecc83b50d8b015a6dd2533049d",bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelwahed Barkaoui",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10255.jpg",keywords:"Nuclear Mechanotransduction, Mechanosensitivity, Fluids Mechanics, Multiscale Mechanobiology, Modeling Cellular Mechanics, Finite Elements Method, Bone Remodeling, Mechanics Stimulus, Multi-scale Modeling, Mechanobiology Tools, Cell Imaging, Cell-Substrate Interactions",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 2nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 8th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Assistant director of LERMA laboratory, head of mechanical discipline at ECINE and coordinator of the ECINE study program accreditation committee, a member of the editorial board of several international scientific journals, also a member of the American Society of Mechanical (ASME) Engineers European Society of Biomechanics (ESB) and the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"320631",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelwahed",middleName:null,surname:"Barkaoui",slug:"abdelwahed-barkaoui",fullName:"Abdelwahed Barkaoui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320631/images/system/320631.jpg",biography:"Abdelwahed BARKAOUI is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the International University of Rabat. He obtained his University habilitation from the University of Tunis El Manar-Tunisia in 2017 and his Ph.D. from the University of Orleans, France in 2012. He has a master\\'s degree in mechanics obtained from the INSA of Lyon, France, and an engineering diploma in electromechanics from ENI-Sfax, Tunisia. Currently, dr. BARKAOUI is the assistant director of the LERMA laboratory and coordinator of the Modelling & Simulation in Biomechanics & Biomaterials (MS2B) team. He is responsible for the mechanical discipline and coordinator of the ABET accreditation project at the Higher School of Energy Engineering. His research is focused on biomechanics, mechanobiology, and biomedical engineering. He was a member of the editorial board of several international scientific journals such as Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology “Biomechanics” (IF=5,9), BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (IF:2.6), BMC Biomedical Engineering, Series on Biomechanics, as well as a reviewer for several international journals\nin the field of biomechanics and mechanical engineering. Dr. BARKAOUI is the author of more than 60 publications in international journals, books, and conferences.",institutionString:"International University of Rabat",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"International University of Rabat",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68919",title:"The Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms in Patients Diagnosed with Gynecologic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88047",slug:"the-role-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-menopausal-symptoms-in-patients-diagnose",body:'Menopause is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the complete disappearance of cyclic menstruation over a period of 12 months due to a reduction in the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from a woman’s ovaries [1]. Menopause can be defined by more concrete values in laboratory tests. According to the findings of amenorrhea and hypestrogenemia studies, serum FSH levels above 40 IU/L were defined. Subjectively, menopause can also be diagnosed by vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes. The permanent cessation of menstrual periods can occur naturally or can be induced by surgery, chemotherapy or radiation, leading to estrogen deficiency and loss of reproductive function [2]. Symptoms are more pronounced with a sudden drop in circulating estrogen levels. These symptoms are severe in premature ovarian failure and surgical menopause. Natural menopause is often seen between the ages of 45 and 55, but its onset varies from woman to woman. The average age of natural menopause in our country (Turkey) is 47 [3].
A menopausal statement can disrupt a woman’s personal and social life. Vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes and night sweats) are the most common symptoms and can be treated very effectively with estrogen-based hormone therapy. The decision to use estrogen (usually only hormone therapy or hormone replacement therapy or HT) treatment involves balancing potential benefits with potential risks. A woman who desires HRT and has an intact uterus must also receive progestogen with the estrogen to protect her uterus from endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy. It is assumed that if a woman has had a hysterectomy that she no longer needs a progestin. However, progesterone is different, as it can provide symptom relief from sleep disturbance and mood instability, and there is increasing evidence to support its offering protection to breast tissue [4].
The relationship between early surgical menopause and poor cognitive outcomes has been demonstrated. Increased risk of cognitive impairment especially in patients undergoing oophorectomy at a young age revealed that this relationship is age-related [5].
Furthermore, cancer treatment often accelerates menopause and then affects quality of life. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk for vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, urogenital atrophy and sexual dysfunction. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been proven to be highly effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, dyspareunia, sexual disorders and insomnia, as well as preventing osteoporosis. Life satisfaction and social functioning can be improved by overcoming menopausal symptoms and increasing resistance to age-related pathologies.
The number of menopausal women will also increase as the population ages. Accurate estimation of the postmenopausal population is an important point for health care providers to consider, as the incidence of all cancers increases with aging. If life satisfaction, social functioning and psychological resources are enhanced by increasing resistance to against age-related pathologies, the experience of aging can be improved.
To clarify the possible effective management of menopausal symptoms, the main evidence in the literature was analyzed to investigate the role of hormone replacement therapy in patients affected by endometrial, ovarian or cervical cancer.
A number of clinical trials have reported that HRT does not increase the risk of recurrence of endometrial cancer (EC) even after treatment [6, 7]. In contrast, studies’ showing that estrogen exposure is associated with an increase in mitosis of endometrial cells, placing them in a specific molecular configuration sensitive to DNA damage [8].
The most common gynecological cancer, endometrial cancer is seen in the postmenopausal period, but 25% of diagnosed patients are premenopausal with approximately 2.5–14.4% of the patients less than 40 years old [9].
As a result, a large number of women will be exposed to the sudden iatrogenic onset of postmenopausal morbidity, consisting of standard abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy procedures. In addition, surgery-induced menopausal symptoms tend to be more severe than those caused by normal menopause, and in these patients, surgery is usually followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy [10]. Since EC is typically diagnosed with a good prognosis in the early stage of the disease, relieving these symptoms is an important issue in terms of quality of life after treatment [11].
The endometrioid EC type is associated with estrogen exposure and endometrial hyperplasia. The role of estrogens in providing relapse after hysterectomy for EC is less clear and controversial. Since it does not increase recurrence, there are a number of current clinical studies that report HRT should be considered even after EC therapy [12]. For relief of menopause-related vasomotor symptoms (VMS), systemic usage of HRT with either (1) conventional estrogens/progestogens or (2) conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene is the most effective regime. Currently, method 2 conjugated estrogens, with a selective estrogen receptor modulator such as bazedoxifene, is a very popular replacement of progestin. This method is useful for protection of the endometrium.
Although these finding were based on retrospective or cohort controlled study results, HRT use does not seem to increase the risk of EC recurrence. Creasman et al. reported a retrospective study of 47 cases of stage I endometrial cancer patients treated with via the oral or vaginal route using conjugated estrogen (0.625 or 1.25 mg/dl). HRT was initiated within 15 months (range 0–81 months) of the median interval after cancer treatment and patients were followed up for 32 months (range 6–84 months) after the onset of HRT. In the control group, 174 patients who began treatment at the same time were compared. No difference was observed between the groups in terms of prognostic aspects. Only one recurrence (2.1%) was observed in the estrogen-treated group and 26 recurrences (14.9%) were observed in the control group. The recurrent patient in the HRT group had been treated with estrogen only for 3 months and had discontinued HRT use 18 months before relapse. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer in the estrogen-treated group [13].
A retrospective paired cohort study was conducted with 75 women being treated for stages I–III EC who received an average of 83 months of HRT (conjugated equine estrogen-oral, 0.625 mg/dl with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate-oral, 2.5 mg/dl). These women were then compared with matched controls who received an average of 69 months of treatment. The study revealed lower recurrence rate (1 vs. 14% in the control group) and significantly longer DFS (P = 0.006) in the HRT group [14].
A total of 50 patients with stage I or stage II EC who had combined HRT (0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen plus continuous oral daily regimen and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) of 4–8 weeks postoperatively were compared to 52 patients for control purposes. In the first prospective paired cohort study, no recurrence was observed in the HRT group but a relapse was observed in the control group [12].
A retrospective case-control study was conducted with 44 clinical stage I patients (defined as grade 1 or 2 tumors), using oral estrogens (0.625 or 1.25 mg/dl) with or without combined progesterone. The study revealed no metastases to lymph nodes or other organs [15].
Serous papillary and clear cell carcinomas, which are mostly seen in postmenopausal women and constitute approximately 8% of all ECs, have poor prognosis even if they are caught at an early stage. Since they do not have estrogen and progesterone receptors, it is not thought that they are not stimulated when HRT is used after surgical treatment. A safe recommendation cannot be raised because no study has addressed the use of HRT after treatment in all of the above histological subtypes of EC. As for uterine sarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas are considered estrogen-dependent because they express estrogen and progesterone receptors, and the application of HRT in these sarcomas should be avoided [16].
Although it is mainly based on retrospective, case or cohort controlled studies based on various biases, the use of HRT, in women with stage I and/or II EC, the risk of relapse was demonstrated with data that did not increase. Selecting healthier and younger women to explain the protective effect of HRT on recurrence in survivors of EC may eliminate this publication bias.
Although it is based on retrospective or cohort-controlled studies, nowadays, a number of clinical studies have reported that HRT should be considered even after treatment of endometrial cancer (EC) without increasing the risk of recurrence [17].
Although the results related to EC do not completely exclude the possibility of increasing the risk of recurrence, they argue that HRT does not matter the magnitude of such a risk. The positive effect of HRT on quality of life outweighs the unfounded risk of recurrence. Additional well-designed RCTs are needed for the definite recommendations including the factors that may be related to recurrence such as characteristics and treatment of cancer, different types of HRT, the disease-free interval before the onset of HRT, and the duration of HRT use. To determine the best therapeutic option between new hormones and non-hormonal regimens every EC survivor dealing with HRT must be informed of the available data and analyzed in a personalized way.
Worldwide, among patients diagnosed with gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death. Most women affected are postmenopausal, but some are younger. Menopausal symptoms in the iatrogenic group are generally more pronounced than those following naturally occurring menopause and affect quality of life and health outcomes [18, 19].
After the treatment of a serious disease such as ovarian cancer, more attention should be paid to the women’s quality of life. Presently, the WHO, Europe, and the United States (US) have guidelines on hormone therapy that do not mention ovarian cancer and conclude that evidence for the increased risk of cancer due to HRT is in sufficient to make a definite recommendation. According to the guidelines in the United Kingdom (UK), such risk is only increased by prolonged use. In the case of epithelial ovarian cancer, the World Health Organization, European and US guidelines on hormone therapy suggest, that evidence for increased risk of relapse due to HRT is in sufficient to make a definite suggestion, but the rules in the UK indicate increased risk for long-term users [20].
There is insufficient data on the effect of HRT usage period on the onset and progression of ovarian cancer. The effect of some known prognostic factors, such as residual tumor and tumor differentiation during diagnosis, are more important than the duration of HRT use [21]. Despite these results, it is very likely that the heterogeneity of samples, including factors of age, stages and classifications, different treatment modalities (chemotherapy, surgery alone, radiotherapy or both) and different follow-up times, will reflect the selection bias [22].
As we know, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is safe in patients who have undergone surgically induced menopause by the removal of the uterus and bilateral ovaries. In order to prevent the stimulating effect of estrogen on normal and hyperplasic endometrium, several studies have added progesterone to HRT in patients with early stage EOC who protect their uterus after primary surgery [17].
With regard to duration, there is insufficient data on the effect of long or short term use of HRT on the onset or progression of ovarian cancer. A recent meta-analysis conducted by Li et al. on 1448 patients who investigated the effect of postoperative HRT on the clinical outcome of patients treated for EOC revealed that post-operative HRT did not have an impact on surveillance and recurrence (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54–0.86) [23].
Among the HRT users diagnosed with invasive EOC (n = 649) and borderline ovarian tumors (BOT; n = 150), there was no difference in 5-year survival of invasive cancer patients among HRT users and non-users. However, survival was better for those with borderline tumors who used HRT after diagnosis [24]. In addition, tumor types classified as border type, including serous and mucinous tumors had a large heterogeneity. There have been recent studies showing that borderline serous tumors can progress to low-grade serous ovarian cancer. Low-grade serous cancers are considered hormone-sensitive tumors, and therefore, it is important to avoid using HRT in patients with borderline serous tumors, although there is no definitive evidence to indicate this [25].
Evaluation of HRT after radical treatment of germ cell and cord ovarian malignancies is very important, as most of the cases are in young, premenopausal women who may be subject to several reductions in estrogen levels. However, there are no trials evaluating the use of HRT in these patients. Although HRT can be used safely for many of the germ cell tumors, we believe that it should be used carefully in a small subgroup of germ cell tumors that may secrete hormones. In the cases, the treatment of menopausal symptoms with HRT should be avoided and alternatives should be investigated after diagnosis [26].
In the foreground affects postmenopausal women, the improvement of climacteric symptoms following ovarian cancer diagnosis is an important concern for young women. Meta-analysis of 6 studies comparing 451 ovarian cancer patients who were treated with HRT after the diagnosis compared with 1070 women treated with HRT for control; revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in survival results [27, 28].
Some observational studies in this patient population have shown a possible benefit, as there is no increase in the risk of recurrence with HRT [29].
When we look at the results of two studies, which are very valuable because being prospective and evaluate according to whether or not patients with ovarian cancer receive random HRT. One of these studies was conducted on 59 patients who were received HRT with only estrogen and 66 control patients who did not receive any treatment. All stages of ovarian cancer were included in the study and the mean follow-up period was 42 months. In the group receiving HRT, the disease-free interval and OS were 34 and 44 months respectively, while in the non-treatment group, these durations were 27 and 34 months respectively, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant [30].
For ovarian cancer, the available evidence suggests either a neutral effect on survival or a possible benefit from HRT. In view of the limitations of available evidence, factors such as the age of the patient, the presence of menopausal symptoms, and the molecular and hormonal characteristics of the tumor affect the initiation of HRT in some histological types of ovarian cancer [31].
A number of problems could not be resolved. For example, what the best HRT regimens are for patients with ovarian cancer and how long patients should take HRT after surgery, as well as how the use of HRT affects the clinical outcomes of patients with previous EOC diagnoses, require further study. At present, we know that in ovarian cancer patients there is no published study confirming the growth of microscopic residues that are encouraged by the use of HRT.
The mean age of cervical cancer is 48 years, and when diagnosed 70% of patients are under 54 years of age. Depending on the patient’s age, the stage and histology of the tumor, such patients are usually treated with radical hysterectomies without preserving the ovarian or chemo-radiation treatment, in which patients begin to have sudden menopausal symptoms [32].
Approximately 80% of cervical cancers are composed of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 15% are adenocarcinoma and 5% are adenosquamous. The development of squamous cell carcinomas has never been associated with HRT. In contrast, there are studies that report the risk of adenocarcinoma of the cervix as notable in women receiving estrogen therapy (OR 2.7) [33].
In 80 patients under 45 years of age with early-stage disease treated with surgery or radiotherapy, HRT was used, while the remaining 40 cervical cancer patients were used as controls. No significant difference in survival or survival was observed between the groups [34].
According to preclinical data, estrogen and progesterone are thought to play a role in the induction and progression of endometrial cancers. When the data is examined, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) appears to be at least partially hormonally affected. Considering the literature, the use of HRT is controversial in gynecologic cancer survivors. Given the fear of recurrence and the risk of developing ovarian or endometrial cancer most clinicians are reluctant to write HRT prescriptions for these patients but HRT does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of relapse in ovarian and endometrial cancer survivors, especially when used for a short period of time. In order to make an inference in terms of cervical cancer, squamous cell cancer is not associated with estrogen as mentioned above, but the risk of cervical adenocarcinoma increased significantly in women receiving estrogen therapy. Prior to the decision to use HRT, it is imperative that a proper consultation is done to individualize treatment on the basis of potential risks and benefits, including close follow-ups. However, with strongly informed consent, we believe that physicians may consider writing a course of HRT treatment to minimize menopausal symptoms and illnesses related to hormonal reduction on an individual basis.
In conclusion, further studies are needed for the role of hormonal modulation in the development, treatment, and management of climacteric symptoms after diagnosis, despite the modern emphasis of precision medicine in cancer care. In the patient group diagnosed with gynecological cancer, it is necessary to better define the conditions in which HRT can provide benefit or harm. Although there are some pre-clinical and epidemiological evidence that contradicts individual experience, observational or small randomized studies, there are available data in the literature to advice women on general and specific risks and benefits of HRT. Given high discontinuation rates and low medical compliance, we still have much to do in terms of informing women about the advantages and disadvantages of HRT and encouraging the appropriate use of HRT. Finally, to the extent that we can get rid of progressive diseases such as cancer, we can achieve the expected successful healthy aging goal.
The author thanks to Assistant Prof. Dr. Nazan Ardıç who have had extensive experience and information in gynecologic field and give a great supports at the data collection stage.
The author of this manuscript declares that there is no conflict of interest.
The general oil production activity is categorized into three phases: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary recovery is limited to activities that naturally cause hydrocarbon to rise toward the surface with artificial technology, such as a submersible pump. Secondary recovery is conducted by utilizing water and gas injections that fill lower layers of oil and drive them into the surface. In secondary recovery, the refineries are often found unable to produce although they possess relatively large saturation levels between 30% and 40% of their initial reserves. These oils are trapped inside the reservoir and are unable to move. This situation often happens because oil grains rest on the surface of rocks and produce high interface tension levels. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemical injection is aimed at freeing these trapped oil grains in the reservoir. EOR is a tool to produce oil in the third phase, also known as tertiary recovery effort. At this stage, a lot of effort is made to improve oil production after primary recovery and secondary recovery efforts. The way to further increase oil production is through the tertiary recovery method or EOR. Although more expensive to employ on a field, EOR can increase production from a well to up to 75% recovery.
EOR is the main concentration of petroleum engineering that is related to higher level of oil recovery based on physics principles through different techniques utilization. A number of formulas are utilized to improve oil recovery that involves important parameters such as injection rate, oil production rate, movement efficiency, mobility, and reservoir characteristics and fluids [1]. EOR process is determined to enhance the ability of oil to move toward the well by injecting water, chemical compound or gas into the reservoir that would alter oil’s physical nature. Its main goal is to produce optimum amount of oil after primary and secondary productions are implemented. EOR process includes thermal, chemical and miscible methods. EOR process is designed to recover the remaining amount of oil after primary and secondary recovery by enhancing oil movement and volumetric sweeping efficiency [2].
Chemical EOR is an efficient oil recovery technique to improve oil flow and to produce oil trapped in the reservoir. This EOR method is implemented by using chemical injection to improve oil recovery levels [3]. The implementation of this method is by inserting a long molecular chain, such as polymer or surfactant, through injection into the reservoir in order to improve waterflooding efficiency or to improve surfactant effectiveness, which acts as a sweeper that lowers interface tension level that prevents oil from flowing toward the reservoir.
EOR process that involves injecting into the reservoir is aimed at forming middle-phase emulsion in order to lower interfacial tension level. This condition will allow oil grains to move easily and to flow into production wells to be produced.
Observation on mixed-phase behavior of reservoir fluid and injection fluid can be categorized as lower-phase emulsion, microemulsion (middle-phase emulsion), upper-phase emulsion and sediment. Mixed phase that forms microemulsion represents miscible displacement condition. Meanwhile, mixed phase that forms upper or lower phase represents immiscible displacement condition. Emulsion is a system of two phases, where one of the liquids is dispersed in another liquid in the form of small droplets [4].
Emulsion can be defined as droplet dispersion from one liquid to another one that is immiscible. These droplets, also known as the dispersed phase, drop into a second liquid called the continuous phase. To create a stable emulsion, the droplets should be kept in dispersed condition by adding surfactant or co-surfactant [5, 6]. Generally, in terms of the phase, two microemulsion types are often produced, namely water in oil (w/o) and oil in water (o/w). The two types of microemulsions imply that w/o emulsion describes that water acts as the dispersed phase, while w/o emulsion clearly implies that oil is the dispersed phase. Based on the size of the dispersed droplets, microemulsion and macroemulsion can be specifically identified, 5–100 nm for microemulsion and >100 nm for macroemulsion. The other difference is that microemulsions are often categorized as a thermodynamically stable system, while macroemulsions are the kinetically stable ones. The colors of the two types are also different, transparent with low viscosity on microemulsions and opaque with high viscosity on macroemulsions. The unique characteristics make the utilization of these two types of emulsions a vital part of the study.
Emulsions from immiscible mixtures are often results of stable and even ones. Salinity, temperature, oil type and surfactant used are the most determining factors that drive the mixture to become stable. There are two types of emulsions based on the type of liquid that serves as an internal or external phase, namely:
Emulsion type O/W (oil in water) is an emulsion consisting of oil droplets dispersed into water, oil as the internal phase and water as the external phase.
Emulsion type W/O (water in oil) is an emulsion consisting of water droplets dispersed into the oil, water as the internal phase and oil as the external phase.
According to [7] microemulsion phase, behavior is very much complex and highly depends on several determining parameters, which include the type and concentration of surfactant, co-solvent, hydrocarbon, salinity of salt water, temperature and low level of pressure. There is no formula to describe simple microemulsion. Based on that, phase behavior on a microemulsion system must be experimentally observed. Generally, to present microemulsion-phase behavior, ternary diagram is used as the main tool, although the pressure and temperature are considered at a constant level. Ternary diagram is a highly benefitting tool due to its ability to simultaneously and wholly represent phase composition and the relative numbers. Figure 1 shows the schemes of ternary diagram. On ternary diagram, water, oil and surfactant are represented on a triangle-shaped model, with each concentration level represented on units of molar, mass or volume. The system can exist in a phase where the solubility ratio of water and oil is high. Figure 1 shows ternary diagram of microemulsion system [9]. Figure 1 also shows that there are two areas where oil can be recovered; in single-phase area that is dominantly filled with oil and in a number of parts or multiphase that includes a mixture of a number of phases, oil, water and surfactant.
Ternary diagram of micro-emulsion system [
Surfactant is a molecule that usually contains both head and tail poles [10]. Surfactant molecule arranges itself based on a number of intermolecular and intramolecular forces. For example, when surfactant is mixed with oil and water, surfactant is formed on oil and water interface, which leads to a thermodynamically benefitting condition [11]. Oil in water emulsion can happen in two ways: where oil molecule is incorporated in a micelle or in between surfactant tail, or it can also be incorporated in the hydrophobic core, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Surfactant molecule and oil molecule [
Microemulsion (multiphase part) is divided into three categories, namely lower phase (l), upper phase (u) and middle phase (m), in equilibrium with oil phase, water phase or both. Microemulsion, as observed by Winsor [13], shows the phenomenon when water (or brine) and organic compound (both mixed and single compounds) can be mixed with a suitable number on surfactant equilibrium system. There are four main types of equilibrium systems: type I, II, III and IV, as shown in the following Figure 3.
Development of microemulsion [
Winsor I, II, III diagrams [
Figure 3 shows that Winsor I is a dominant emulsion formed in the water phase, where surfactant is mostly mixed with water. Winsor II is an emulsion formed of oil phase, where surfactant is mostly mixed with oil. Meanwhile, Winsor III is a middle-phase emulsion where surfactant is mixed with both oil and water. Winsor III is the expected result on surfactant injection mechanism. Microemulsion phase formed during this level of balance is known as the middle-phase emulsion. In this condition, organic and water phases are located in the phase that holds all three components [13, 14]. In Winsor I and II, the tie horizontal line should be at a similar level. Behavior formed by Winsor III can be seen in Figure 4; the polyphonic area includes three zones that are surrounded by the other two zones. Meanwhile, the composition system of the phase is formed in three different phase zones, namely surfactant middle phase emulsion, and the other two phases, which basically consist of liquid and oil. This phase is also known as the middle phase because it is formed between oil and water due to its medium-density level. These three-phase systems are extensively studied in order to achieve better oil recovery level [15]. Based on that, Winsor III emulsion is preferred to improve oil recovery. The microemulsion formation mechanism of the three emulsion types of equilibrium phases can be seen in the following figures.
Single-phase area is located in the zone with high level of surfactant concentration, the three-phase area in the middle zone, and the lobe of two phases are located at the upper right and left areas of the triangle. There is a third two-phase area located on the lower surfactant under the three-phase area. Winsor III ternary phase behavior itself is included in areas close to saltwater/oil axis limited by the triangle. Winsor III is also known as Winsor type III.
Between type I and II, a horizontal tie line with similar surfactant condition between the two phases is expected. The type III phase behavior can be seen in Figure 2. The polyphonic area includes three types of zones, which are surrounded by two-phase zones. The composition system is actually located in the three-phase zones, which are categorized into surfactant-rich area (shaded area), oil and water. This phase is called as middle phase due to its location, which is in the middle of oil and water. Due to its accurate identification, the system is studied in an extensive manner in order to achieve better oil recovery level [1]. Based on that, to improve oil recovery level, type III emulsion is preferred (Figure 5). The type of O/W emulsion shown in Figure 5 can be seen in general system microemulsion in Figure 6, where this microemulsion will release oil trapped in the rock grains as shown in Figure 7.
Microemulsion formation mechanisms [
Microemulsion systems of oil (o), water (w) and surfactant + co-surfactant (S) [
Water trapped between two grains of sand on water-wet reservoir [
In microemulsion system, there is a rapid exchange of individual components between different types of environments and also a consistently fluctuated interface film. In microemulsion, there are two main phases that highly depend on its composition, which are the droplet phase and the bi-continual phase [19]. Droplet phase occurs in high concentration water; microemulsion contains oil droplets that are covered by the interface layer, which consists of co-surfactant part and freely dispersed surfactant in continuous phase, which is the water phase and forms o/w microemulsion. However, when water concentration is limited or lower, reverse situation occurs where water droplets get dispersed in oil and form w/o microemulsion [20]. Meanwhile for bi-continual phase, the transition is more stable than o/w to w/o microemulsion alteration system by changing the amounts of oil and water. The area formed in the middle possesses more or less similar fraction of water and oil. Generally, it contains bi-continual or thin structures where the two phases continually fluctuate until they almost reach zero [21, 22].
With the surfactants, water and oil mixed, emulsification, which can reduce the water-oil interfacial tension, occurs, so the capillary pressure in the pore narrowing area decreases. Because the capillary pressure is reduced, the resistance to oil flow will also be reduced and the oil will move more easily to be produced. Capillary pressure (Pc) is defined as the difference in pressure that exists between the surfaces of two immiscible fluids (liquid-liquid or liquid-gas) as a result of the interface between them. The pressure difference between these two fluids is the pressure difference between the “non-wetting phase” (Pnw) fluid and the “wetting phase” (Pw) fluid. In general, reservoirs are water-wet, so water tends to stick to the rock surface, while oil lies between the water phases. The character of oil-wet in reservoir rock conditions is not expected to occur because it will cause the amount of oil left in the reservoir rock when produced to be greater than water-wet. A liquid is said to wet a solid if the adhesion stress is positive (θ < 90°), which means the rock is water-wet, whereas if the water does not wet the solid, then the adhesion stress is negative (θ > 90°), meaning the rock is oil-wet. This wettability has an important role in the behavior of the reservoir because it will cause capillary pressure, which will provide an impetus so that oil or gas can move. In the reservoir, water is usually the wetting phase, while oil and gas are the non-wetting or non-wetting phases.
Capillary pressure in pored rocks depends on the size of pores and the type of fluid. Quantitatively, the relationship can be formulated as follows:
Pc = capillary pressure (pressure unit)
σ = interfacial tension
r1 & r2 = curve radius on interface area
Po & Pw = pressure on oil and water phases
Capillary number theory is considered to be the basic theory in chemical injection in the EOR process. The basic mechanism of chemical flooding in EOR can be summarized into mobility control based on increasing sweep efficiency and based on capillary number theory, which increases displacement efficiency. In surfactant injection, changes in wettability and imbibition will occur in some cores that have heterogeneity at the pore scale. The heterogeneity in question is the difference in wettability; if the difference is greater, the imbibition will be more visible [23]. These factors affect the displacement efficiency (Ed), in addition to the capillary number (Nc) and the emulsion effect that occurs when surfactant injection. Emulsion will change the behavior of the permeability and wettability phase so that imbibition will occur.
For the purposes of exploration and exploitation of petroleum, water-wet formations are easier to perform oil recovery. This is because the water-wet formation has a high oil saturation, which means that water wets and fills the smallest pores in the rock grains and the oil is above the water so that it is easier for oil to move and spill because there is no adhesion force to the surface of the rock. This situation allows the increase in oil recovery in formations with sandstone reservoirs by injection of water into the formation so that it can increase the volume of water and encourage oil to come out and be produced. Carbonate reservoirs, which are oil-wet, require EOR by chemical injection with the aim of changing the chemical structure of the rock surface so that oil no longer wets the rock surface.
The application of the concept of wettability to reservoir rocks can be seen in the following description. The wettability of rock is influenced by the chemical composition of its constituents. So the concept of chemical element bonds greatly affects the wettability of a rock surface against water or oil. Wettability classification based on rock lithology is shown in the following table (Table 1).
Lithology | Wettability |
---|---|
Sandstone | Neutral-wet—water-wet |
Clay | Neutral-wet |
Carbonate | Neutral-wet—oil-wet |
Wettability classification based on its lithology [24].
For petroleum exploration and exploitation purposes, water-wet formations are easier to perform on oil recovery. This is because the water-wet formation has a high oil saturation, which means that water wets and fills the smallest pores in the rock grains and the oil is above the water so that it is easier for oil to move and spill because there is no adhesion force on the rock surface. This situation allows the increase in oil recovery in formations with sandstone reservoirs by injection of water into the formation so that it can increase the volume of water and encourage oil to come out and be produced.
Wettability is one of the important parameters that affect the distribution of fluid in the reservoir and has a great influence on the spontaneous imbibition process. Wettability is defined as the ability of a fluid phase to wet certain solid surfaces while also facing another immiscible fluid [25]. The fluid is called as wetting phase and the other one is called the non-wetting phase. Wettability is a vital concept in oil recovery process because of its significant impact toward distribution ability, location determination and level of oil and water movements in the reservoir. In a water-wet system, water is expected to penetrate and stay inside narrow pores and drive oil out of the pore in the form of droplets. The opposite condition occurs in the oil-wet reservoir. This wettability can be determined based on the measurement results of the angle of contact; if it is from 0° to 75°, it is defined as water-wet, while if the angle is at 105–180°, it is defined as oil-wet, which makes angle range of 75–105° as neutral-wet system [26].
Capillary pressure is a pressure difference that occurs on interface of two unmixed fluids, where one fluid wets the surface of rock more than the other.
IFT also influences capillary pressure and will influence fluid distribution and flow. The ratio between viscosity and capillary forces is represented by capillary number (Nc) in the following formula:
where:
υ = average speed of fluid in pores (ft/D)
μ = viscosity of driving fluid (cP)
σ = interfacial tension system between water and oil (dyne/cm)
Surfactants can lower the IFT of oil-water, which results in the increase of Nc. IFT also acts as a guidance for miscibility; high IFT indicates immiscible fluid and low IFT indicates miscible fluid. The clear difference of low and ultralow IFT on surfactant flooding is detected on its emulsification approach. However, both w/o or o/w emulsions are formed on pored media, specifically on the angle of contact, in the form of droplets [27]. The contact angle observed during unmixed movement is not mixed in pored media, is arranged by equilibrium of capillary and viscosity forces, and escalates as the number of capillary increases. On surfactant injection with low IFT level in water-wet reservoir, the capillary number is inadequate to increase contact angle at a significant level, which creates a state where oil remains on non-wetting phase and leads to o/w emulsion formation (Figure 1a). On surfactant injection with ultralow IFT in water-wet reservoir, the high number of capillaries increases the angle of contact by more than 90° (Figure 1c) and creates w/o emulsion instead of o/w emulsion during movement (Figure 1d). The formation of a thick w/o emulsion on surfactant inundation with ultralow IFT leads to increased pressures and swiping efficiency, which eventually create an effective and improved crude oil production.
Surfactant injection is used to significantly decrease capillary forces in order to be able to mobilize the remaining oil after water injection. As the surfactant is injected into the reservoir, the tail of the surfactant will interact with oil residual; meanwhile, the head will interact with brine, which leads to lower IFT level [28]. Low IFT in the reservoir will eventually lead to reduced flow resistance and increased oil mobilization. Selection of the right surfactant is an important factor that causes reduced IFT and helps in the recovery of 10–20% of the original oil reserve.
The formation of microemulsions in surfactant injection in chemical flooding is very important to create effective injection. Microemulsion can be produced both through surfactant-oil mixing and surfactant injection to create in situ microemulsion. A homogeneous mixture of oil and water while surfactant is present will increase oil movement in the reservoir. The effect will be lower IFT between oil and water, which leads to lower capillary pressure and mobilizes oil residual [29]. Under normal conditions, the reservoir is water-wet, so water tends to stick to the rock surface, while oil lies between the water phases. This is a normal condition where oil can flow by itself to be produced to the surface. In the case of tertiary recovery conditions, where oil is trapped in rock pores and cannot move on its own, in general the reservoir is oil-wet. In an oil-wet system, oil occupies a narrow pore and is present as a film on the pore wall, while water is present as water droplets in the middle of the pore. In this condition, the so-called oil droplets stick to the pore walls. To release the oil attached to the pore wall, a surfactant is needed, which functions to reduce the interfacial tension between the oil grains on the pore wall. In an oil-wet reservoir, oil residual stays inside rock pores, which makes it difficult to be mobilized except with high level of energy release. Surfactants act as an altering agent to change the wettability into water-wet [30]. The nature of SLS surfactant as an o/w emulsification allows it to convert oil-wet into water-wet.
Wettability is an important factor in EOR. After the wettability change occurs, the detachment energy is significantly reduced, making it easier to mobilize the remaining oil. Wettability is an important factor that determines the pattern of oil-water transfer in porous media. “Wettability” is a term to describe the relative adhesion of two fluids to a solid surface. In porous media filled with two or more immiscible fluids, wettability is a measurement of which fluid can wet (spread or adhere to) the surface. In a water-wet system (wet water), rocks filled with oil and water, water occupies the smallest pores and wets most of the surface in the larger pores. In areas that have high oil saturation, the oil is held above the wet water and spread on the surface. If the rock surface tends to be water-wet and the rock is saturated with oil, water fills the smallest pores, displacing oil when water enters the system. If the rock surface tends to be oil-wet, it is saturated with water; oil enters and wets the smallest pores in place of water. A rock saturated with oil means water-wet (wet water), and vice versa if the rock is saturated with water means oil-wet. By lowering the oil/water interfacial tension and changing the wettability from oil-wet to a water-wet condition, the recovery rate of the remaining oil can be increased successfully. The combined effect of wettability-IFT shows a better potential for EOR, compared to the reduction in interfacial tension alone under oil-wet conditions [31].
In this research, we utilized SLS surfactant synthesized from bagasse. SLS surfactant is anionic, which makes it popular in surfactant injection processes. The function is to drive middle-phase emulsion and lower IFT level of oil so that it can be mobilized and produced [28, 32]. Lignosulfonate is a derivative of lignin that contains hydrophilic groups, namely sulfonates group, hydroxyl alcohol, phenyl hydroxyl and hydrophobic groups [33]. That is the reason why this type of surfactant is categorized as anionic.
Phase behavior test before and after shake.
The phase behavior test was carried out to see changes in behavior from the condition of the crude oil sample, before and after being mixed with surfactant. The phase test was carried out in 2 mL of SLS surfactant mixed with 2 mL of crude oil sample in a 5 mL test tube. After entering the two types of fluid, the tubes are shaken slowly. The phase behavior test was carried out for 21 days at a constant temperature in the oven. In Figure 8A, there is still a clear boundary between the surfactant at the bottom and crude oil at the top. After being shaken slowly, in Figure 8B it can be seen that there is a mixture between the surfactant part and the crude oil part. This is referred to as a microemulsion or middle-phase emulation, because of the mixing that occurs at the boundary between the surfactant and crude oil. Figure 8B is the Winsor III phenomenon, as expressed in the microemulsion formation mechanism [14, 16]. The following figures picture phase behavior test before and after shaking.
Microemulsion formation (middle-phase emulsion).
The spontaneous emulsification shows that oil grains can be mixed with surfactant grains. Emulsion between sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant and light oil shows the existence of a system that includes two liquid phases dispersed as small grains (Figure 9). The emulsion that forms in the middle of the pipette has shown the occurrence of Winsor III emulsion.
The phase behavior test results of a number of samples show that sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant is able to form microemulsion with crude oil, as seen in the following figure.
Phase behavior test on a number of crude oil samples.
Figure 10a shows phase behavior test on light crude oil sample; Figure 10b shows phase behavior test result on intermediate crude oil; and Figure 10c shows phase behavior test result on heavy crude oil samples. Sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant will only form emulsion with light crude oil. The emulsion is not formed at all on intermediate and heavy crude oil samples. The phase behavior test result on light crude oil is continued with a number of different formation water salinity compositions (Table 2).
No. | Salinity (ppm) | Stability emulsion (%) | Type emulsion |
---|---|---|---|
1. | 5000 | 10.00 | Middle phase |
2. | 10,000 | 8.75 | Middle phase |
3. | 20,000 | 5.00 | Upper phase |
4. | 40,000 | 6.25 | Middle phase |
5. | 80,000 | 1.25 | Upper phase |
Phase behavior test results on a number of salinities.
In some compositions with certain salinity, emulsions are formed in the middle and upper phases. Middle-phase emulsion or microemulsion occurs in the composition of sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant with salinity of 5000 ppm, 10,000 ppm and 40,000 ppm, while the emulsion of the upper phase occurs at the composition of salinity of 20,000 ppm and 80,000 ppm. This is in accordance with the theory that states that the behavior of the microemulsion phase is very complex and depends on a number of parameters, including the type and concentration of surfactants, co-solvents, hydrocarbons, salinity of brine, temperature and much lower pressure levels [7]. In this case, formation water salinity influences microemulsion formation.
The formation of the mid-phase emulsion by the SLS surfactant is actually related to the components contained in the SLS surfactant. The results of the synthesis of SLS surfactants from bagasse have been analyzed using the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) test and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test. FTIR spectrophotometric measurements were carried out on the lignosulphonate surfactant product that had been produced from this lignin sulfonation process to determine the functional groups that corresponded to the expected lignosulphonate structure. The results of the FTIR test showed that the functional groups in the lignosulfonate structure of SLS bagasse consisted of ▬C〓C-alkene groups, S〓O sulfonates, C〓O carboxylate groups and S▬OR ester groups. This component complies with the standard lignosulfonate used as a comparison.
Furthermore, by using NMR, monomer test was carried out to determine the molecular formula of the sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant. Based on the structure of the lignosulphonate monomer obtained from the NMR spectrum analysis, we can determine the lignosulphonate monomer by noticing the presence of specific atoms, namely C, O, H and S inside its structure. From the results of the NMR spectrum analysis, the number of atoms C = 11, O = 8, H = 16 and S = 1, so the empirical formula for lignosulphonate monomer is (C11H16O8S)n. Functional groups in their structure can be grouped as hydrophilic groups or lipophilic groups. The grouping can be seen as in the following table (Table 3).
Classification | Groups | Amount |
---|---|---|
Lipophilic group | 〓CH▬ | 3 |
▬CH2▬ | 3 | |
▬CH3 | 2 | |
Hydrophilic group | ▬SO3Na | 1 |
▬OH | 3 |
Sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant function group classification.
By knowing the lipophilic group and the hydrophilic group, the value of the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) can be calculated. The HLB value can be used to estimate the properties of the SLS surfactant. The calculation of the HLB value refers to the Myers theory [34] with the following formula:
where
Mh = weight of hydrophilic molecule group
Ml = weight of hydrophobic or lipophilic molecule groups
Application | Range HLB | |
---|---|---|
Myers | Azko Nobel | |
Defoaming of aqueous systems | — | 1–3 |
W/O emulsification | 2–6 | 3–6 |
Wetting and spreading | 7–9 | 7–9 |
O/W emulsification | 8–18 | 8–28 |
Detergency | 3–15 | 12–15 |
Solubilization | 15–18 | 11–18 |
Based on the data from Table 4, we can calculate the weight of hydrophilic and lipophilic molecule groups.
Based on that, the HLB value is at:
HLB value of 11.62 is compared to Myers and Akzo Nobel tables as follows (Table 4).
The HLB value of this bagasse SLS bagasse surfactant, after being matched with the Myers and Azko tables, turned out to be in the o/w emulsification range. Thus, it can be said that the SLS sugarcane bagasse surfactant is perfect for its use as an o/w emulsion. In the injection process, surfactant is dissolved in formation water and then injected into the reservoir in order to mobilize trapped oil on rock pores. In addition to its function as a driving force for oil in rock pores, this SLS surfactant will change the properties of the oil by reducing interfacial tension. The results of this study have proven that there is a decrease in IFT in the sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant system to light crude oil as a continuation of the results of the phase behavior and microemulsion stability tests (Table 5).
No. | Solution composition | IFT (mN/m) |
---|---|---|
1. | Light oil with formation water (without sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant) | 12.43 |
2. | Light oil with sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant of 5000 ppm salinity | 6.81 |
3. | Light oil with sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant of 10,000 ppm salinity | 2.73 |
4. | Light oil with sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant of 20,000 ppm salinity | 4.13 |
5. | Light oil with sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant of 40,000 ppm salinity | 4.11 |
6. | Light oil with sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant of 80,000 ppm salinity | 3.61 |
IFT test results of light oil X—sugarcane bagasse surfactant SLS 1.5% on salinity variations.
O/W emulsion [
From the results of this IFT test, the lowest value of the IFT measurement was formed in the composition of the SLS sugarcane bagasse surfactant with a salinity of 10,000 ppm, namely 2.73 m/Nm. This sample of crude oil X comes from an oil field that has 11,000 ppm formation water. The initial IFT measurement of formation water without SLS surfactant was at 12.43 mN/m. The following table 5 describes the changes in IFT measurement results without surfactant and with SLS bagasse surfactant. This measurement shows that the surfactant function can reduce IFT from 12.43 to 2.73 mN/m. This condition is in accordance with the theory that states that when surfactant is injected into the reservoir, the hydrophobic surfactant tail will interact with the residual oil and the hydrophilic head will interact with the saltwater, as shown in Figure 4. It is this hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction with water and oil that causes a strong decrease in IFT (Figure 11) [28].
The picture shows a mixture of oil and water, forming a new arrangement, as occurs between a mixture of sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactants and crude oil X. This new molecular arrangement involves interactions between the hydrophobic components of the surfactant and oil on one side of the interface, and water on the other. This mechanism occurs in the mixing of sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant with the light crude oil sample used. The hydrophilic group of sugarcane bagasse SLS surfactant consisting of SO3Na + and OH- interacts with saltwater and the hydrophobic group consisting of 〓CH▬, ▬CH2▬ and ▬CH3 interacts with oil [36, 37]. With the result, we can say that oil-water interface is highly stronger than water-oil interaction prior to surfactant addition, which decreases IFT level [38, 39].
With the decrease in interfacial tension, the capillary pressure in the area of narrowing of the pores will decrease. Because the capillary pressure is reduced, the resistance to oil flow will also decrease so that the oil will move more easily to be produced [40, 41]. As the interfacial tension decreases, the capillary pressure decreases so the grain-fluid contact angle and the rock wall will also change. This has an impact on the wettability. Changes in wettability play a very important role in the mobilization of residual oil. In porous media filled with two or more immiscible fluids, wettability is a measurement of which fluid can wet (spread or adhere to) the surface [42]. In a water-wet system where the rocks are filled with oil and water, water will occupy the smallest pores and wet most of the surface in the larger pores. In areas that have high oil saturation, the oil will be held above the wet water and spread on the surface. If the rock surface tends to be water-wet and the rock is saturated with oil, water will fill the smallest pores, displacing oil when water enters the system [43]. If the rock surface tends to be oil-wet, it will be saturated with water, oil will enter and wet the smallest pores in place of water. A rock saturated with oil means water-wet (wet water) and vice versa if the rock is saturated with water means oil-wet. The wettability of a system can be classified in the very water-wet or oil-wet range depending on the water-oil interaction with the rock surface. The function of surfactants in the microemulsion formation mechanism will ultimately change the wettability of the reservoir system from water-wet to oil-wet.
Based on studies conducted on bagasse along with its utilization as a novel and stronger product, we can say that lignin content plays an important role that enables it to be produced as SLS surfactant that can be utilized on injection-based EOR process. This fact is also supported by laboratory test results, which evidently revealed that SLS surfactant contains four important compounds; alkenes, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and esters. As an addition, the liquid possesses HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value of 11.62, which indicates its ability to dissolve in water and to form surfactant solution. The idea of SLS surfactant bagasse utilization is to create emulsion that would lower IFT level and mobilize oil better. That is why bagasse is highly potential to be utilized as main material of SLS surfactant production.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Nowadays, in the total pulp consumption of the world, the proportions of wood pulp, wastepaper pulp, and non-wood pulp are 63, 34, and 3%, respectively. The effective use of non-wood fiber resources, especially grasses, cereal straws, corn stalks, bamboo, and bagasse, would play a major role in optimizing papermaking raw materials. On the other hand, there are non-wood fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, cotton, sisal, and abaca with properties as good as or much better than softwood materials.",book:{id:"6245",slug:"pulp-and-paper-processing",title:"Pulp and Paper Processing",fullTitle:"Pulp and Paper Processing"},signatures:"Zhong Liu, Huimei Wang and Lanfeng Hui",authors:[{id:"218005",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"zhong-liu",fullName:"Zhong Liu"},{id:"220665",title:"Prof.",name:"Lanfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",slug:"lanfeng-hui",fullName:"Lanfeng Hui"},{id:"220666",title:"Dr.",name:"Huimei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"huimei-wang",fullName:"Huimei Wang"}]},{id:"62258",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79015",title:"Different Solvents for Organosolv Pulping",slug:"different-solvents-for-organosolv-pulping",totalDownloads:1687,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Organosolv pulping is a two-stage process involving hydrolysis (decomposition of wood by use of a catalyst) and removal of lignin with an organic solvent (usually a mixture of alcohol and water). The main disadvantage of using an alcohol is its low boiling point, which requires operating at a high pressure and hence using special equipment that is expensive to purchase and operate. One solution to this problem is using alternative organic solvents that afford operation at pressure levels similar to those of classic pulping processes (e.g., the Kraft process). This chapter provides a comprehensive literature review on the organosolv-based production of cellulose pulp by using alternative solvents such as glycols, phenols, esters, organic acids, acetone and amines.",book:{id:"6245",slug:"pulp-and-paper-processing",title:"Pulp and Paper Processing",fullTitle:"Pulp and Paper Processing"},signatures:"Alejandro Rodríguez, Eduardo Espinosa, Juan Domínguez-Robles,\nRafael Sánchez, Isabel Bascón and Antonio Rosal",authors:[{id:"218209",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"alejandro-rodriguez",fullName:"Alejandro Rodríguez"},{id:"221719",title:"Mr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa",slug:"eduardo-espinosa",fullName:"Eduardo Espinosa"},{id:"221720",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Domínguez-Robles",slug:"juan-dominguez-robles",fullName:"Juan Domínguez-Robles"},{id:"221722",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",slug:"rafael-sanchez",fullName:"Rafael Sánchez"},{id:"221723",title:"Mrs.",name:"Isabeñ",middleName:null,surname:"Bascón",slug:"isaben-bascon",fullName:"Isabeñ Bascón"},{id:"221724",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rosal",slug:"antonio-rosal",fullName:"Antonio Rosal"}]},{id:"63362",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79749",title:"Pulping of Non-Woody Biomass",slug:"pulping-of-non-woody-biomass",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The use of trees for paper production has contributed to the problem of deforestation with radical negative impact on the environment thereby causing an imbalance in the ecosystem. An increase in the demand and consumption of paper has also induced depletion of woods resources for paper production, thus resulting in limited availability of the raw materials. This work examined the use of non-woody biomasses as alternative raw materials, which are accessible and convertible into pulp and paper of the same quality as those obtained from wood.",book:{id:"6245",slug:"pulp-and-paper-processing",title:"Pulp and Paper Processing",fullTitle:"Pulp and Paper Processing"},signatures:"Mayowa Akeem Azeez",authors:[{id:"197473",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayowa Akeem",middleName:null,surname:"Azeez",slug:"mayowa-akeem-azeez",fullName:"Mayowa Akeem Azeez"}]},{id:"51034",doi:"10.5772/63744",title:"Evaporative Drying of Low-Rank Coal",slug:"evaporative-drying-of-low-rank-coal",totalDownloads:2283,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Low-rank coals including the brown and the subbituminous coals are commonly known to contain high moisture content (up to 65%, wet basis), which limits their utilization around the world in spite of their low cost. Today, the most of the drying technologies are based on the evaporation of the water from the moist product. In this chapter, the most effective parameters on the evaporative coal-drying process are investigated with the data in the recent literature. The effective parameters are evaluated in three categories as follows: (1) the parameters about the drying media (the type of the media, the temperature, the pressure, the velocity and the relative humidity), (2) the coal parameters (the type of the coal and the size) and (3) the drying method.",book:{id:"5266",slug:"sustainable-drying-technologies",title:"Sustainable Drying Technologies",fullTitle:"Sustainable Drying Technologies"},signatures:"Saban Pusat, Mustafa Tahir Akkoyunlu and Hasan Hüseyin Erdem",authors:[{id:"181675",title:"Dr.",name:"Saban",middleName:null,surname:"Pusat",slug:"saban-pusat",fullName:"Saban Pusat"},{id:"181676",title:"MSc.",name:"Mustafa Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Akkoyunlu",slug:"mustafa-tahir-akkoyunlu",fullName:"Mustafa Tahir Akkoyunlu"},{id:"181677",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Erdem",slug:"hasan-huseyin-erdem",fullName:"Hasan Hüseyin Erdem"}]},{id:"51561",doi:"10.5772/64191",title:"Sustainable Drying Technologies for the Development of Functional Foods and Preservation of Bioactive Compounds",slug:"sustainable-drying-technologies-for-the-development-of-functional-foods-and-preservation-of-bioactiv",totalDownloads:2432,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nowadays, the sustainability of a product, a process or a system is assessed according to three dimensions: environmental, social and economic. Sustainability challenges occur at all stages in the food system from production through processing, distribution and retailing to consumption and waste disposal. The promotion of organic and local food is not the only way to reach the sustainability. There is other possibility that implies to continue the production hegemony. Increasing research is being focused on the development of healthy, quality and safety food products adapted to consumer’s needs and more environment-friendly processes, that is, processes consuming energy more efficiently, generating less waste and emitting less greenhouse effect gases. Drying technology is applied in the food industry not only for preservation but also to manufacture foods with certain characteristics. Drying technology operations need to be precisely controlled and optimized in order to produce a good-quality product with the highest level of nutrient retention and flavor together with microbial safety. This chapter contains detailed information about some measurements taken by the food industry to ensure the supply of bioactive nutrients to as many individuals as possible, assuring the global sustainability. More specifically, the contribution of some drying techniques employed in the development of functional foods to increase the sustainability of the feeding process is discussed.",book:{id:"5266",slug:"sustainable-drying-technologies",title:"Sustainable Drying Technologies",fullTitle:"Sustainable Drying Technologies"},signatures:"Ester Betoret, Laura Calabuig-Jiménez, Cristina Barrera and Marco\nDalla Rosa",authors:[{id:"182749",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ester",middleName:null,surname:"Betoret",slug:"ester-betoret",fullName:"Ester Betoret"},{id:"190053",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Calabuig-Jiménez",slug:"laura-calabuig-jimenez",fullName:"Laura Calabuig-Jiménez"},{id:"190056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Barrera",slug:"cristina-barrera",fullName:"Cristina Barrera"},{id:"190058",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Dalla Rosa",slug:"marco-dalla-rosa",fullName:"Marco Dalla Rosa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62223",title:"Pulping and Papermaking of Non-Wood Fibers",slug:"pulping-and-papermaking-of-non-wood-fibers",totalDownloads:4041,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"In general, the main raw materials of pulp and papermaking industry can be classified into three categories: wood, non-wood, and non-plant (mainly wastepaper), of which non-wood fiber material is an important fiber source in the areas where forest resources are scarce. Nowadays, in the total pulp consumption of the world, the proportions of wood pulp, wastepaper pulp, and non-wood pulp are 63, 34, and 3%, respectively. The effective use of non-wood fiber resources, especially grasses, cereal straws, corn stalks, bamboo, and bagasse, would play a major role in optimizing papermaking raw materials. On the other hand, there are non-wood fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, cotton, sisal, and abaca with properties as good as or much better than softwood materials.",book:{id:"6245",slug:"pulp-and-paper-processing",title:"Pulp and Paper Processing",fullTitle:"Pulp and Paper Processing"},signatures:"Zhong Liu, Huimei Wang and Lanfeng Hui",authors:[{id:"218005",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"zhong-liu",fullName:"Zhong Liu"},{id:"220665",title:"Prof.",name:"Lanfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",slug:"lanfeng-hui",fullName:"Lanfeng Hui"},{id:"220666",title:"Dr.",name:"Huimei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"huimei-wang",fullName:"Huimei Wang"}]},{id:"59931",title:"Abrasive for Chemical Mechanical Polishing",slug:"abrasive-for-chemical-mechanical-polishing",totalDownloads:2556,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one of the most essential processes in semiconductor manufacturing. Its importance becomes highly underscored at the advanced device toward sub 14 nm scaling. The fundamental mechanism of CMP is to create soften surface layer by chemical reaction and then, mechanical force by abrasive particles remove soften layer. The role of CMP is not only material removal, but also planarization, surface smoothening, uniformity control, defect reduction and more. Moreover, semiconductor yield enhancement is sensitively influenced by CMP processing. Surface scratching, which is generated by CMP in nature, is considered as ‘killer defect’ in semiconductor manufacturing. Hence, to achieve proper CMP performance without surface scratching, understanding and development of abrasive particles are crucially important. In this chapter, CMP fundamentals, applications and challenges associated with abrasive particle technology including synthesis (up to nanoparticle scale), tribochemical reaction, abrasive surface zeta potential behavior, particle size and its distribution will be discussed.",book:{id:"6736",slug:"abrasive-technology-characteristics-and-applications",title:"Abrasive Technology",fullTitle:"Abrasive Technology - Characteristics and Applications"},signatures:"Hong Jin Kim",authors:[{id:"235449",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"hong-jin-kim",fullName:"Hong Jin Kim"}]},{id:"68532",title:"Application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for High Volume Production in the Rail Car Industry",slug:"application-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-for-high-volume-production-in-the-rail-car-industry",totalDownloads:1037,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Some recent technological advances in line with the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) are rapidly transforming the industrial sector. This work explores the prospect of robotic and additive manufacturing solutions for mass production in the rail industry. It proposes a dual arm, 12-axis welding robot with advance sensors, camera, and algorithm as well as intelligent control system. The computer-aided design (CAD) of the robotic system was done in the Solidworks 2017 environment and simulated using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS) in order to determine the kinematic motion of the robotic arm and the angles of joint. The simulation results showed the smooth motion of the robot and its suitability to carry out the welding operations for mass production of components during rail car manufacturing. In addition, the ability to fabricate several physical models directly from digital data through additive manufacturing (AM) is a key factor to ensuring rapid product development cycle. Given that AM is embedded in a digitally connected environment, flow of information as well as data processing and transmission in real time will be useful for massive turnout during mass production.",book:{id:"9278",slug:"mass-production-processes",title:"Mass Production Processes",fullTitle:"Mass Production Processes"},signatures:"Daniyan Ilesanmi, Oyesola Moses, Mpofu Khumbulani and Nwankwo Samuel",authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu"},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan"},{id:"308892",title:"Mr.",name:"Moses",middleName:null,surname:"Oyesola",slug:"moses-oyesola",fullName:"Moses Oyesola"},{id:"308893",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Nwankwo",slug:"samuel-nwankwo",fullName:"Samuel Nwankwo"}]},{id:"72044",title:"Applications of Machine Learning in Healthcare",slug:"applications-of-machine-learning-in-healthcare",totalDownloads:1034,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Machine learning techniques in healthcare use the increasing amount of health data provided by the Internet of Things to improve patient outcomes. These techniques provide promising applications as well as significant challenges. The three main areas machine learning is applied to include medical imaging, natural language processing of medical documents, and genetic information. Many of these areas focus on diagnosis, detection, and prediction. A large infrastructure of medical devices currently generates data but a supporting infrastructure is oftentimes not in place to effectively utilize such data. The many different forms medical information exist in also creates some challenges in data formatting and can increase noise. We examine a brief history of machine learning, some basic knowledge regarding the techniques, and the current state of this technology in healthcare.",book:{id:"10150",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",title:"Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Smart Manufacturing - When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things"},signatures:"Christopher Toh and James P. Brody",authors:[{id:"313941",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Toh",slug:"christopher-toh",fullName:"Christopher Toh"},{id:"314005",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Brody",slug:"james-brody",fullName:"James Brody"}]},{id:"64172",title:"Application of Six Sigma in Semiconductor Manufacturing: A Case Study in Yield Improvement",slug:"application-of-six-sigma-in-semiconductor-manufacturing-a-case-study-in-yield-improvement",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to outline systematic implementation of the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology as a case study in solving the problem of poor wafer yields in semiconductor manufacturing. The chapter also describes well-known industry standard business processes to be implemented and benchmarked in a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility to manage defect and yield issues while executing a Six Sigma project. The execution of Six Sigma enabled identification of the key process factors, root cause analysis, desired performance levels, and Cpk improvement opportunities. Implementing multilevel factorial design of experiments (DOE) study revealed critical input parameters on process tools contributing to defect formation. Improvement performed on these process tools resulted in in-line defect reduction and ultimately improving final yields.",book:{id:"7460",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly"},signatures:"Prashant Reddy Gangidi",authors:[{id:"248796",title:"Mr.",name:"Prashant",middleName:null,surname:"Gangidi",slug:"prashant-gangidi",fullName:"Prashant Gangidi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1356",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? 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