Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3110",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Architectures and Applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Architectures and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Artificial neural networks may probably be the single most successful technology in the last two decades which has been widely used in a large variety of applications. The purpose of this book is to provide recent advances of architectures, methodologies, and applications of artificial neural networks. The book consists of two parts: the architecture part covers architectures, design, optimization, and analysis of artificial neural networks; the applications part covers applications of artificial neural networks in a wide range of areas including biomedical, industrial, physics, and financial applications. Thus, this book will be a fundamental source of recent advances and applications of artificial neural networks. The target audience of this book includes college and graduate students, and engineers in companies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0935-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5715-1",doi:"10.5772/3409",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-architectures-and-applications",numberOfPages:266,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"04f4fdbc45ccb86f7441e13605c1f2f4",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",publishedDate:"January 16th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3110.jpg",numberOfDownloads:33984,numberOfWosCitations:91,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitations:57,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:169,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 14th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 2nd 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 2nd 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 1st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",biography:"Kenji Suzuki received his Ph.D. degree in information engineering from Nagoya University in 2001. From 1993 to 2001, he worked at Hitachi Medical Corporation, and then Aichi Prefectural University as faculty. In 2001, he joined Department of Radiology at University of Chicago. Since 2006, he has been Assistant Professor of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Cancer Research Center there. Dr. Suzuki’ research interests include computer-aided diagnosis and machine learning. He has published 220 papers (including 88 peer-reviewed journal papers). He has been serving as the Editor-in-Chief and an Associate Editor of 23 leading international journals including Medical Physics, International Journal of Biomedical Imaging, and Academic Radiology. He has received Paul Hodges Award, three RSNA Certificate of Merit Awards and Research Trainee Prize, Cancer Research Foundation Young Investigator Award, SPIE Honorable Mention Poster Award, IEEE Outstanding Member Award, and Kurt Rossmann Excellence in Teaching Award. He has been a Senior Member of IEEE since 2004.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"608",title:"Natural Language Processing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-natural-language-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"39157",title:"Improved Kohonen Feature Map Probabilistic Associative Memory Based on Weights Distribution",doi:"10.5772/51581",slug:"improved-kohonen-feature-map-probabilistic-associative-memory-based-on-weights-distribution",totalDownloads:2396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Shingo Noguchi and Osana Yuko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39157",authors:[{id:"15803",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",surname:"Osana",slug:"yuko-osana",fullName:"Yuko Osana"}],corrections:null},{id:"41965",title:"Biologically Plausible Artificial Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/54177",slug:"biologically-plausible-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:3759,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"João Luís Garcia Rosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41965",authors:[{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa"}],corrections:null},{id:"38727",title:"Weight Changes for Learning Mechanisms in Two-Term Back-Propagation Network",doi:"10.5772/51776",slug:"weight-changes-for-learning-mechanisms-in-two-term-back-propagation-network",totalDownloads:2334,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim and Citra Ramadhena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38727",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38727",authors:[{id:"23099",title:"Prof.",name:"Siti Mariyam",surname:"Shamsuddin",slug:"siti-mariyam-shamsuddin",fullName:"Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin"}],corrections:null},{id:"40307",title:"Robust Design of Artificial Neural Networks Methodology in Neutron Spectrometry",doi:"10.5772/51274",slug:"robust-design-of-artificial-neural-networks-methodology-in-neutron-spectrometry",totalDownloads:3433,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"José Manuel Ortiz-Rodríguez, Ma. del Rosario Martínez-Blanco, José Manuel Cervantes Viramontes and Héctor René Vega-Carrillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40307",authors:[{id:"19773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Manuel",surname:"Ortiz-Rodriguez",slug:"jose-manuel-ortiz-rodriguez",fullName:"Jose Manuel Ortiz-Rodriguez"},{id:"22531",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Rosario",surname:"Martinez-Blanco",slug:"maria-del-rosario-martinez-blanco",fullName:"Maria Del Rosario Martinez-Blanco"},{id:"82380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector Rene",surname:"Vega-Carrillo",slug:"hector-rene-vega-carrillo",fullName:"Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo"},{id:"151564",title:"Prof.",name:"José Manuel",surname:"Cervantes-Viramontes",slug:"jose-manuel-cervantes-viramontes",fullName:"José Manuel Cervantes-Viramontes"},{id:"151565",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor Martín",surname:"Hernández-Dávila",slug:"victor-martin-hernandez-davila",fullName:"Víctor Martín Hernández-Dávila"}],corrections:null},{id:"39985",title:"Comparison Between an Artificial Neural Network and Logistic Regression in Predicting Long Term Kidney Transplantation Outcome",doi:"10.5772/53104",slug:"comparison-between-an-artificial-neural-network-and-logistic-regression-in-predicting-long-term-kidn",totalDownloads:2070,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Giovanni Caocci, Roberto Baccoli, Roberto Littera, Sandro Orrù, Carlo Carcassi and Giorgio La Nasa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39985",authors:[{id:"22963",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Caocci",slug:"giovanni-caocci",fullName:"Giovanni Caocci"}],corrections:null},{id:"40295",title:"Edge Detection in Biomedical Images Using Self-Organizing Maps",doi:"10.5772/51468",slug:"edge-detection-in-biomedical-images-using-self-organizing-maps",totalDownloads:3672,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Lucie Gráfová, Jan Mareš, Aleš Procházka and Pavel Konopásek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40295",authors:[{id:"20382",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Mareš",slug:"jan-mares",fullName:"Jan Mareš"},{id:"50192",title:"Prof.",name:"Ales",surname:"Prochazka",slug:"ales-prochazka",fullName:"Ales Prochazka"},{id:"152177",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",surname:"Grafova",slug:"lucie-grafova",fullName:"Lucie Grafova"},{id:"152581",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Konopasek",slug:"pavel-konopasek",fullName:"Pavel Konopasek"}],corrections:null},{id:"39071",title:"MLP and ANFIS Applied to the Prediction of Hole Diameters in the Drilling Process",doi:"10.5772/51629",slug:"mlp-and-anfis-applied-to-the-prediction-of-hole-diameters-in-the-drilling-process",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Thiago M. Geronimo, Carlos E. D. Cruz, Fernando de Souza Campos, Paulo R. Aguiar and Eduardo C. Bianchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39071",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39071",authors:[{id:"35169",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Bianchi",slug:"eduardo-bianchi",fullName:"Eduardo Bianchi"},{id:"39440",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"de Souza Campos",slug:"fernando-de-souza-campos",fullName:"Fernando de Souza Campos"},{id:"43071",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Roberto",surname:"De Aguiar",slug:"paulo-roberto-de-aguiar",fullName:"Paulo Roberto De Aguiar"},{id:"147695",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",surname:"M. Geronimo",slug:"thiago-m.-geronimo",fullName:"Thiago M. Geronimo"},{id:"147696",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"E. D. Cruz",slug:"carlos-e.-d.-cruz",fullName:"Carlos E. D. Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"41862",title:"Integrating Modularity and Reconfigurability for Perfect Implementation of Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/53021",slug:"integrating-modularity-and-reconfigurability-for-perfect-implementation-of-neural-networks",totalDownloads:2490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hazem M. El-Bakry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41862",authors:[{id:"21139",title:"Dr.",name:"Hazem M.",surname:"El-Bakry",slug:"hazem-m.-el-bakry",fullName:"Hazem M. El-Bakry"}],corrections:null},{id:"38738",title:"Applying Artificial Neural Network Hadron - Hadron Collisions at LHC",doi:"10.5772/51273",slug:"applying-artificial-neural-network-hadron-hadron-collisions-at-lhc",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Amr Radi and Samy K. Hindawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38738",authors:[{id:"151888",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Radi",slug:"amr-radi",fullName:"Amr Radi"}],corrections:null},{id:"39067",title:"Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Chemical Problems",doi:"10.5772/51275",slug:"applications-of-artificial-neural-networks-in-chemical-problems",totalDownloads:4352,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:19,signatures:"Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Káthia Maria Honório and Albérico Borges Ferreira da Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39067",authors:[{id:"153421",title:"Dr.",name:"Albérico Borges Ferreira",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"alberico-borges-ferreira-da-silva",fullName:"Albérico Borges Ferreira Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"38526",title:"Recurrent Neural Network Based Approach for Solving Groundwater Hydrology Problems",doi:"10.5772/51598",slug:"recurrent-neural-network-based-approach-for-solving-groundwater-hydrology-problems",totalDownloads:2079,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Ivan N. da Silva, José Ângelo Cagnon and Nilton José Saggioro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38526",authors:[{id:"104472",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan Nunes",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"ivan-nunes-da-silva",fullName:"Ivan Nunes Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"38255",title:"Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict The Business Success or Failure of Start-Up Firms",doi:"10.5772/51381",slug:"use-of-artificial-neural-networks-to-predict-the-business-success-or-failure-of-start-up-firms",totalDownloads:3141,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Francisco Garcia Fernandez, Ignacio Soret Los Santos, Javier Lopez Martinez, Santiago Izquierdo Izquierdo and Francisco Llamazares Redondo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38255",authors:[{id:"151551",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Garcia Fernandez",slug:"francisco-garcia-fernandez",fullName:"Francisco Garcia Fernandez"},{id:"152065",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Soret Los Santos",slug:"ignacio-soret-los-santos",fullName:"Ignacio Soret Los Santos"},{id:"152066",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Llamazares Redondo",slug:"francisco-llamazares-redondo",fullName:"Francisco Llamazares Redondo"},{id:"152473",title:"BSc.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Izquierdo Izquierdo",slug:"santiago-izquierdo-izquierdo",fullName:"Santiago Izquierdo Izquierdo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1586",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Industrial and Control Engineering Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64fde94410f80afcb569fa85aad70473",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-industrial-and-control-engineering-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1586.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3188",title:"Expert Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c4c4b1fe3003c2c5eed7a71a132b735",slug:"expert-systems",bookSignature:"Petrica Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72181",slug:"corrigendum-to-potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",title:"Corrigendum to: Potassium Channels as a Potential Target Spot for Drugs",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72181.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72181",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72181",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72181",chapter:{id:"71907",slug:"potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",signatures:"Vladimir Djokic and Radmila Novakovic",dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 28th 2020",datePublished:"December 16th 2020",book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313382",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radmila",middleName:null,surname:"Novakovic",fullName:"Radmila Novakovic",slug:"radmila-novakovic",email:"radmila.novakovic@med.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71907",slug:"potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",signatures:"Vladimir Djokic and Radmila Novakovic",dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 28th 2020",datePublished:"December 16th 2020",book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313382",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radmila",middleName:null,surname:"Novakovic",fullName:"Radmila Novakovic",slug:"radmila-novakovic",email:"radmila.novakovic@med.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10258",leadTitle:null,title:"District Heating",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tSpace heating and supply of domestic hot water is an integrated part of a modern society. This sector accounts for a significant share of global final energy consumption where the major part of this demand is met using non-renewable sources. At the same, a huge amount of energy is wasted as a loss during power production in conventional power plants.
\r\n
\r\n\tDistrict heating enables incorporating different types of energy sources which is otherwise difficult to utilize and in this way helps in improving energy efficiency and also contributes in reducing emissions. Though the benefit of district heating is well known, its share in the heat market is still low worldwide except in some countries. This book intends to provide the reader with a better understanding of district heating by focusing on the state-of-the-art within the different components of district heating system such as fuels, production, distribution, substation, and other areas as heat demand estimation/prediction, simulation/optimization and 4th generation district heating.
",isbn:"978-1-83962-633-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-632-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-634-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d292126306659f34e9c51dd7e9b933d6",bookSignature:"Dr. Alemayehu Gebremedhin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10258.jpg",keywords:"Fuel, Production, Demand, Losses, Distribution, Estimation, Machine Learning, Big Data, CHP, Thermal Storage, Integration of Intermittent Renewable Sources, Challenges",numberOfDownloads:25,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 14th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Currently oversees the study program "Renewable Energy", a topic in which Dr. Gebremedhin has vast experience, and has worked in close collaboration with several district heating companies in Sweden.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"13463",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",middleName:null,surname:"Gebremedhin",slug:"alemayehu-gebremedhin",fullName:"Alemayehu Gebremedhin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13463/images/system/13463.jpg",biography:'Professor Alemayehu Gebremedhin is a researcher and senior lecturer at NTNU Gjøvik, Norway. He also oversees the study program "Renewable Energy". Prof. Gebremedhin’s experience in the area of energy includes system analyses, modelling and optimisation of energy systems, district heating systems, renewable energy and industrial energy conservation. Prof. Gebremedhin has worked in close collaboration with several district heating companies in Sweden.',institutionString:"Norwegian University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Norwegian University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Norway"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"74667",title:"Recent Progress in District Heating with Emphasis on Low-Temperature Systems",slug:"recent-progress-in-district-heating-with-emphasis-on-low-temperature-systems",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"153125",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",surname:"Khosravyelhossani",slug:"mostafa-khosravyelhossani",fullName:"Mostafa Khosravyelhossani"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3131",title:"Sustainable Energy",subtitle:"Recent Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9df4529946c94f3f6647549bd78041d",slug:"sustainable-energy-recent-studies",bookSignature:"Alemayehu Gebremedhin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13463",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Gebremedhin",slug:"alemayehu-gebremedhin",fullName:"Alemayehu Gebremedhin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18067",title:"Genome-Wide Association Studies of Copy Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder",doi:"10.5772/22207",slug:"genome-wide-association-studies-of-copy-number-variation-in-autism-spectrum-disorder",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
Autism is a syndrome with a broad spectrum of phenotypes characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, repetitive or stereotyped behaviors, and restricted interests (Rutter, 2005). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) manifests mostly before 3 years of age (Klauck, 2006). ASDs include two related diagnoses; pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) including atypical autism, impairment in the same areas, but not meeting criteria for autism; Asperger\'s syndrome, which is milder than PDD, showing similar impairments in social interaction, behaviors and interests, but no significant delay in linguistic and cognitive development (Weiss, 2009). The prevalence rate of ASDs is ~0.6% and ASDs are approximately four times more common in males than in females (Veenstra-VanderWeele, 2004). Many studies have been performed to elucidate the pathogenesis of ASDs, but identified risk factors do not explain a significant proportion of the disease prevalence.
\n\t\t\t
Genetic epidemiological data have been suggesting that ASDs are heritable both in autism families and in the general population (Freitag, 2007). The concordance rates of autism in monozygotic twins were reported to be significantly higher (~ 60–90%) than those in dizygotic twins (~ 10%) and the recurrence rates are known to be approximately 10-20 times higher in siblings than in normal population (Folstein & Rosen-Sheidley, 2001; Cohen et al., 2005; Bailey et al., 1995; Lauritsen et al., 2005). ASD is not a single-gene disorder with Mendelian inheritance but rather a component of various genetic disorders with apparent cytogenetic abnormalities (Eapen, 2011). Cytogenetic alterations were detected in 7.4% of ASD (Vorstman et al., 2006), and some of them have been suggested as causative factors of neurodevelopmental disorders (Merikangas et al., 2009). However, discrepancies in study results and diverse modes of inheritance have hindered the discovery of common genetic susceptibility factors to ASDs. For these reasons, despite the growing evidence supporting the genetic susceptibility to ASD development (Folstein & Rosen-Sheidley, 2001; Veenstra-VanderWeele & Cook, 2004), the genetic mechanisms of ASD is still largely unknown.
\n\t\t\t
Recent technical advance in microarray-based whole-genome analysis has enabled identification of common and rare genetic alterations associated with ASDs. Several recent studies have suggested that ASDs are associated with genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs), and that these genetic variations may work together (Veenstra-VanderWeele & Cook, 2004). For example, de novo CNVs were found in ~7% of idiopathic ASD families via oligoarray-comparative genomic hybridization and whole-genome SNP array analysis (Abrahams & Geschwind, 2008; Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee et al., 2009). In addition to rare de novo variations, common genetic variations such as SNPs on 5p14.1 were found to be associated with ASDs and this finding was replicated in two independent studies (Wang et al., 2009). Recently introduced next-generation sequencing (NGS) will further accelerate mining of genetic variations linked with ASDs (Ropers, 2010). Graphical overview of the reported ASD-associated CNVs and SNP are illustrated in the Figure 1. In this chapter, we will review the recent results of CNV and SNP genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on ASDs and discuss the perspectives of the genetic susceptibility study of ASDs.
\n\t\t\t
Figure 1.
Genomic map of CNVs and SNPs associated with ASDs identified by GWAS.Green and red bars on the left and right side of the karyograms indicate chromosomal locations of SNPs and CNVs, respectively. Blue bars on the right side of the karyograms present the locations of known genes. This figure was drawn by IdeogramBrowser (Müller et al, 2007).
CNVs can affect gene functions in several ways and have a potential to affect gene expression levels presumably larger than that of SNPs. Deletion or duplication may disrupt the genes located inside those regions, resulting in changes in the gene structure, which can affect the gene expression. Alternatively, disruption of the transcription regulatory regions and the enhancers can also affect the gene expression. During the recombination which is thought to be an important mechanism of CNV development, novel fusion products may be generated, which may exert positive or negative effects on gene expression and epigenetic regulations (Feuk et al, 2006; Zhang et al., 2009; Hampton et al., 2009; Przybytkowski et al., 2011; Reymond et al., 2007). Taken together, structural variations are likely to be responsible for the phenotypic variation of human beings and comprehensive mapping of CNVs can facilitate the understanding of inter-individual phenotypic differences including disease susceptibility and responsiveness to drugs (Feuk et al, 2006; Estivill & Armengol, 2007). Indeed, CNVs have been found to be associated with various types of Mendelian traits and also a substantial number of complex diseases including neurodevelopmental disorders (Buchanan & Scherer, 2008; Lee & Lupski, 2006).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. CNVs in ASD
\n\t\t\t\t
To assess the role of CNV in ASD, several different whole-genome microarray platforms based on oligonucleotides, SNPs and BAC clones have been used for ASD family studies or case-control studies (Abrahams & Geschwind, 2008; Cook & Scherer, 2008). As a result, lines of evidence have been accumulated that multiple rare de novo CNVs contribute to the susceptibility to ASD. For example, duplications and/or deletions on chromosome 15q11–q13 confer increased risk of ASD (15q11–q13 duplication syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome). Approximately one fourth of the individuals who have a 22q11.2 deletion and over 90% of individuals with duplication of 17p11.2 show characteristics of ASD (Cohen et al., 2005; Abrahams & Geschwind, 2008;\n\t\t\t\t\tFernández et al., 2009). Significant associations have been reported between ASD and CNV of various genes, such as NRXN1 (2p16.3), NLGN3 (Xq13.1), NLGN4 (Xp22.23) and SHANK3 (22q13.3). There have been many reports on CNVs associated with ASDs, but, due to technical limitations and lack of standardized methods for defining the CNVs and CNV regions (CNVRs), there are inconsistencies among studies which should be removed by further GWAS. Table 1 summarizes the major CNVs identified by GWAS in ASD.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Discovery Sample
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Replication Sample
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Study design
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Platform
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CNV Detection method
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of CNVs identified
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Strong candidate loci
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CN change
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reference
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Case
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Control
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Case
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Control
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1496 families with 7,917 subjects
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Unaffected family members
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Family-based
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Affymetrix 10K
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
dChip
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
254
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
NRXN1 1q21 17p12 22q11.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
del
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Szatmari et al., 2007
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
165 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99 unaffected families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Family-based
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Agilent 244K 390K ROMA
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HMM
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SLC4A10, FHIT FHIT FLJ16237 A2BP1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
del del dup del del
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sebat et al., 2007
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
180
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
372
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
532
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
465
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Family-based and Case-control
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Array-CGH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
NimbleGen
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16p11.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
microdel
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Kumar et al., 2008
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
751 multiplex families with 1441 cases \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1420 (AGRE parents) 2814 (bipolar disporder or NIMH controls)
ACC:Autism Case-Control cohortADM : aberration detection methodAGP: Autism Genome ProjectAGRE: Autism Genetic Resource ExchangeCHB: Children’s Hospital BostonCHOP: Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaCNAG: Copy Number Analysis for GeneChipCOPPER: copy-number polymorphism evaluation routinedChip: DNA Chip AnalyzerGEMCA: Genotyping Microarray based CNV AnalysisHMM: hidden Markov modelNIMH: National Institute of Mental HealthNINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Genome-wide CNV association studies of autism
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2007, two pioneering studies demonstrated the association of CNVs with ASD. The Autism Genome Project Consortium performed linkage and CNV analyses using Affymetrix 10K SNP array for 1,181 ASD families with at least two affected individuals (Autism Genome Project Consortium et al., 2007). Of the 254 highly significant CNVs, the investigators emphasized four CNVs and the most interesting finding was a 300-kb sized CNV loss on chromosome 2p16 identified recurrently in two families. The deletion of this region disrupted the coding exons of the neurexin 1 gene (NRXN1), which interacts with neurologins and involves in synaptogenesis. Therefore, deterioration of the neurexin 1 function by deletion may affect susceptibility to ASD or its phenotypes. The structural variation in the NRXN1 gene was reported from the previous autism studies (Chubykin et al., 2005; Feng et al., 2006). The other three interesting CNVs were 1.1-Mb sized CNV gain on chromosome 1q21, 933-kb sized de novo duplication on 17p12, and duplication on 22q11.2. The duplication on 17p12 is known to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) disease (Houlden et al., 2006). In addition, other micro-duplications of the same chromosomal region have been reported in individuals with mental retardation, linguistic delay, autism and related phenotypes (Moog et al., 2004).
\n\t\t\t\t
Sebat and his colleagues performed array-CGH analysis with 264 families and explored the association of de novo CNVs with ASD, which are not present in their respective parents (Sebat et al., 2007). The authors identified 17 de novo CNVs in 16 subjects. According to their result, the frequency of spontaneous mutation was 10% in the sporadic cases and 3% in the multiplex families, while 1% in unaffected individuals. One of the de novo CNV loci was a 4.3-Mb sized deletion at 22q13.31-q13.33, where SHANK3 gene is located. Recurrent deletion of this region has been previously reported in ASD (Manning et al., 2004). Durand et al. reported that mutations in SHANK3 gene were associated with ASD and abnormal gene dosage of SHANK3 was associated with severe cognitive deficits, linguistic delay and ASD (Durand et al., 2007). SHANK3 is a scaffolding protein found in excitatory synapses directly opposite to the presynaptic active zone. This gene has been suggested to be associated with the neurobehavioral symptoms observed in individuals with 22q13 deletions.
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2008, four independent studies consistently reported the association of the CNV on 16p11.2 locus with autism. Weiss et al. adopted Affymetrix 5.0 SNP array to find CNVs in 751 multiplex families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) (Weiss et al., 2008). They identified 32 high- and 15 low- confidence regions. Among the candidate loci, microdeletion and microduplication on 16p11.2 were validated to be associated with ASD. This association was further confirmed in clinical testing data from Children’s Hospital Boston and in a large population data from Iceland (deCODE genetics data). Kumar et al. screened 180 ASD cases and 372 controls using a 19K whole-genome tiling bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array to identify submicroscopic copy number changes specific to autism (Kumar et al., 2008). They observed ~500-kb sized recurrent microdeletion on 16p11.2 in two cases with autism but not in the controls. When they assessed the frequency of this putative autism-associated genomic disorder, 0.6% of the ASD cases showed the alterations while none in controls. The variation was confirmed by FISH, microsatellite analyses and array-CGH. Christian et al. also used the same 19K whole-genome tiling BAC array to identify ASD-associated CNVs in the 397 cases and 372 control set (Christian et al., 2008). Among the 51 candidate CNVs, recurrent CNVs were identified in the loci including 15q11-q13, 22q11, and 16p11.2. They were confirmed by FISH, microsatellite analysis, or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Marshall et al. performed whole-genome screening for 427 ASD cases and 500 controls using Affymetrix 500K SNP arrays (Marshall et al., 2008). Of the 277 CNVs identified only in the cases, the CNVs on 16p11.2 locus appeared in around 1% of the ASD cases, which included both duplications and deletions. There exist SHANK3-NLGN4-NRXN1 postsynaptic density genes, DPP6-DPP10-PCDH9 (synapse complex), ANKRD11, DPYD and PTCHD1 in other associated CNVs.
\n\t\t\t\t
New CNVs in addition to the known ones have been suggested to be associated with ASD in the subsequent studies. Glessner et al. performed a whole-genome CNV analysis with 859 cases and 1,409 controls using Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip (Glessner et al., 2009). They generated 78,490 CNV calls and the positive findings were further evaluated in an independent cohort of 1,336 ASD cases and 1,110 controls. Through this approach, they identified several known ASD-associated genes as well as novel candidate CNVs. For example, they identified the CNVs in the loci including 15q11–q13, 22q11.21, NRXN1 and CNTN4, which were previously reported to be associated with autism (Kim et al., 2009; Roohi et al., 2009; Fernandez et al., 2008). However, some of the genes or loci previously known to be associated with ASD such as AUTS2 (Kalscheuer et al., 2007), NLGN3 (Jamain et al., 2003), SHANK3 (Moessner et al., 2007) and 16p11.2(Weiss et al., 2008) were not replicated in their study. Especially 16p11.2, a locus consistently reported to be associated in four previous independent studies, did not show a significant association in this study. Several new susceptibility genes such as NLGN1 and ASTN2 were identified in this study. Both genes encode neuronal cell-adhesion molecules. In Chubykin et al’s report, mutations in neuroligin superfamily members were identified in the individuals with ASD (Chubykin et al., 2005). ASTN1 is a neuronal protein receptor integral in the process of glial-guided granule cell migration during development (Zheng et al., 1996). Furthermore, CNVs of the genes involved in the ubiquitin pathways, such as UBE3A, PARK2, RFWD2 and FBXO40, were observed in the ASD cases but not in the controls. Bucan et al. conducted high -density genotyping of 912 multiplex families from the AGRE collection and 1,488 controls using Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip (Bucan et al., 2009). They identified more than 150 loci harboring rare variants in multiple unrelated patients and the positive findings were further validated in an independent cohort of 859 ASD cases and 1,051 controls by genomic quantitative PCR. Among the candidate loci, there are previously reported ones such as NRXN1(Marshall et al., 2008), UBE3A (Glessner et al., 2009), and 15q11-q13 (Christian et al., 2008) and novel ones such as BZRAP1 and MDGA2.
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2009, Cho et al. reported the ASD associated CNVs in east-Asians. They performed whole-genome BAC array-CGH with 28 ASD cases and with 62 controls and identified 38 CNVs including those harboring two significant loci, 8p23.1 and 17p11.2 (Cho et al., 2009). DEFENSIN gene family are located in the 8p23.1 CNV locus and often showed copy number polymorphisms in earlier studies (Linzmeier & Ganz, 2005). Although there have been no direct clues to connect the copy number loss of DEFENSIN gene and ASD, immunological dysfunction has been suggested to be associated with autism (Rutter, 2005).
\n\t\t\t\t
Most recently, Pinto et al. analyzed the genome-wide features of rare CNVs in autism using Illumina 1M SNP arrays (Pinto et al., 2010). Based on 996 cases and 1,287 controls, they identified 5,478 rare CNVs. By examining parent-child transmission, the authors found the 226 de novo and inherited CNVs which were not present in controls. As a whole, ASD cases were found to carry a higher number of de novo CNVs than controls (1.69 fold, P=3.4X10-4). A number of novel genes such as SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the DDX53–PTCHD1 in the CNVs were found to be associated with ASD in this study. Also, through gene set enrichment analysis, cellular proliferation, projection and motility, and GTPase/Ras signaling were found to be affected by the CNVs identified in their study. This approach demonstrated the new paradigm of autism research based on functional pathway and cross-talk.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. SNPs in autism
\n\t\t\t
Before the establishment of GWAS, the genome-wide linkage analysis has been used for the discovery of the mutations in diverse diseases (OMIM http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim). Location of the disease genes were successfully narrowed down by linkage disequilibrium mapping studies, but linkage approach was not always successful especially for complex diseases. In many cases, the significant linkage loci were not replicated. One potential reason is that the effect of a single risk variant on the pathogenesis of complex disease might be too small to be detected. Small genetic effects could be detected with greater power by association analyses such as GWAS with large case-control population (Risch & Merikangas, 1996). In other words, to identify common risk alleles in the common complex diseases, population-wide analysis with more common and dense variants is required. SNP-GWAS can be an ideal approach for unbiased screening and also be adopted for high-density linkage analysis. SNP-GWAS became a matured technology for exploring novel associations between genetic variants and complex diseases because over 12 million of SNAs have been catalogued and high density array fabrication/analysis technologies have been developed. In neuropsychiatric disorders with unknown etiology such as ASD, SNP-GWAS have been actively adopted to explore the genetic background of the diseases (Table 2). In this chapter, we will review the major SNP-GWAS results for ASDs.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Initial Sample Size
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Replication Sample Size
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Region
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reported Gene(s)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Strongest SNP
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
p-value of discovery set (OR*)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
p-value of replication set (OR*)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Platform
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reference
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
72 families (148 cases)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,295 trios
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
7q35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
CNTNAP2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs7794745
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.14E-05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
<0.005
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Affymetrix 500K
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Arking et al., 2008
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,031 families (1,553 cases)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,073 trios
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5p15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
SEMA5A, TAS2R1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs10513025
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.7E-06 (0.55)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.1E-03 (0.76)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Affymetrix 5.0 /500K
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Weiss et al., 2009
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
438 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
487 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5p14.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Intergenic
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs10038113
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.75E-05 (0.67)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.28E-03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Illumina Human 1Mv1 beadchip
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ma et al., 2009
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
780 families (1,299 cases)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
447 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5p14.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
CDH10,CDH9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs4307059
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.1E-05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2E-2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
550K/1M Illumina
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Wang et al., 2009
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,204 cases 6,491 controls
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
108 cases 540 controls
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.2E-04 (1.19)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.6E-2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
550K/300K Illumina
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
745 boys in social group 870 boys in nonsocial group
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,400 boys
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2p21 \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Intergenic (social traits)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs11894053 (social traits)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.02 \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
- \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Affymetrix 500K
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ronald et al., 2010
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,558 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,179 families
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
20p12.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
MACROD2 (Str|Eur)**
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
rs4141463 (Str|Eur)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.1E-08 (0.56)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.7E-08 (0.65)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1M Illumina
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Anney et al., 2010
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Table 2.
*OR: Odds Ratio**Str|Eur : strict diagnosis and European ancestry
Genome-wide SNP association studies of autism
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Common SNPs associated with ASD
\n\t\t\t\t
Arking et al. performed a two-stage study on ASD using genome-wide linkage and family-based association mapping by whole-genome SNP genotyping (Arking et al., 2008). For stage I, they selected 72 multiplex ASD families and genotyped the samples using Affymetrix 500K arrays. In this approach, they could not find any significant SNPs or haplotypes. However, through the genome-wide linkage analysis, they identified 2 significant loci associated with ASD, 7q35 and 10p13-14. In the most significant locus (7q35), they identified that a polymorphism in contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene, a member of the neurexin superfamily, is associated with ASD. In the second stage, they validated the significant findings of the stage I by examining 145 multiplex families and confirmed that CNTNAP2 was an autism-susceptibility gene. This result was the first evidence that a common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member increases risk of autism.
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2009, Weiss et al. explored a linkage and SNP association analysis with 1,031 multiplex autism families using Affymetrix 5.0 SNP array (Weiss et al., 2009). They found that a SNP on 5p15 locus between SEMA5A and TAS2R1 gene was significantly associated with autism. In addition, the expression of SEMA5A was found to decrease in brains of autistic patients. Taken together the authors suggested a possibility of SEMA5A as an autism risk gene. Wang et al. used higher density SNA array and larger study populations to identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs (Wang et al., 2009). They used two different sets of study subjects in discovery stage using Illumina Human 1M beadchip. First set was 780 families with 1,299 affected children and the second set was 1,204 patients and 6,491 controls. They identified six significant SNPs located between cadherin 10 (CDH10) and cadherin 9 (CDH9) genes strongly associated with ASD. These two genes encode neuronal cell-adhesion molecules. Among the 6 SNPs, the most significant one was rs4307059 (P = 3.4 × 10−8, odds ratio = 1.19). The SNP was replicated in two independent datasets of 447 families and 108 case-540 control sets. Combined analysis using all four datasets showed that all six SNPs are associated with autism (P values ranging from 7.4 × 10−8 to 2.1 × 10−10). Interestingly, 5p14.1 was consistently suggested as a novel risk locus in an independent study in the same year. Ma et al. performed GWAS with 438 Caucasian autistic families using Illumina Human 1M beadchip (Ma et al., 2009). They found that 96 SNPs were strongly associated with autism (P< 0.0001). They validated all 96 significant associations in independent samples of 487 families using 550K Illumina BeadChip, which was the same array platform to Wang et al’s. A novel locus on 5p14.1 was found to be significantly associated with autism both in the discovery and validation dataset.
\n\t\t\t\t
The Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium performed high-resolution genotyping with 1,558 families to identify significant SNPs (Anney et al., 2010). For primary analysis, they partitioned the dataset along axes of diagnosis and ancestry; spectrum versus strict; European versus all ancestries. Based on these partitioned data, they conducted four GWAS. They observed the strongest association for SNP rs4141463 in one of the four primary association analyses. Located within MACROD2, this marker crossed the GWA significance threshold of P < 5 x 10-8. They are performing analysis of combining data to validate the results of the primary analysis.
\n\t\t\t\t
Despite the expected advantages of large-scale GWAS analysis, none of the candidate associations have been replicated so far, which may underscore the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD and indicate the fact that the effect size of common alleles contributing to common disorders is much smaller than expectation (Eapen, 2011).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Rare SNPs associated with ASD
\n\t\t\t\t
Definition of a rare variant is a variant with frequency <1%. The most deleterious variants might be naturally eliminated during evolution, but some remain as rare variants. In ‘common disease–common variant’ model, most of the rare SNP associations have been missed by current GWAS concept. However, rapid development of NGS will facilitate the discovery of rare variants. Rare SNP associations are more likely to be detected by re-sequencing of relevant regions in hundreds or thousands of individuals. It is anticipated that advances in re-sequencing technologies will make it feasible to search systematically for rare variant effects.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Conclusion
\n\t\t\t
Human Genome Project has provided insight into a complete sequence of the haploid human genome and we also have got new insight of the human genetic variations. Based on this new insight, conventional target gene oriented and hypothesis-driven research design has been quickly moved to a new paradigm, hypothesis-free mining of novel disease associated genes. Indeed, over hundreds of genetic variants which may affect the susceptibility of pathogenesis of complex disease have been identified by the GWAS. The GWAS have been actively adopted in studying the causative factors of neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD. Through GWAS approach, several robust ASD-associated variants in the genes such as NRXN1, SHANK3, NLGN4 and CNTNAP2 were uncovered. However, it is too early to say that GWAS have brought reliable-enough insight into ASD. Many of the significant CNVs identified in one study were not consistent or not successfully replicated in the following studies. New improved algorithms for CNV and CNVR will be needed for defining the CNVs more robustly. To sort out the platform to platform variation of CNV call, which is one of the obstacles for the meta-analysis, more reliable experimental methods should be developed. Re-sequencing large number of individuals without CNVs will help to discover the new rare variants. Considering the speed of technological innovations including algorithm, high-throughput analysis and NGS, we anticipate that current obstacles of GWAS in autism research will be removed soon. However, GWAS result itself will not be enough to get clinically applicable insight about the pathophysiology of ASD. Integration of GWAS data with other resources such as improved bio-imaging, personal whole-genome sequencing, gene-environmental interaction and metagenome analysis data about gastrointestinal commensal bacteria will enable us to get a more comprehensive insight in designing future personalized care of autism.
Work in the authors’ laboratory is supported by the Korea Health 21 R&D Project (A040002), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/18067.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/18067.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18067",totalDownloads:2048,totalViews:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 18th 2010",dateReviewed:"June 27th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 17th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/18067",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/18067",book:{slug:"autism-a-neurodevelopmental-journey-from-genes-to-behaviour"},signatures:"Hae-Jin Hu and Yeun-Jun Chung",authors:[{id:"46783",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeun-Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Yeun-Jun Chung",slug:"yeun-jun-chung",email:"yejun@catholic.ac.kr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"119507",title:"Dr.",name:"Hae-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Hae-Jin Hu",slug:"hae-jin-hu",email:"haejin.hu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Korea",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. CNVs associated with ASD",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. What is CNV? ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. CNVs in ASD",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. SNPs in autism",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. Common SNPs associated with ASD",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2. Rare SNPs associated with ASD",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Useful website for ASD related data",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAbrahams BS, Geschwind DH.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet. 9\n\t\t\t\t\t341\n\t\t\t\t\t355\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\tAnney R, et al. (2010). A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. Hum Mol Genet. 19:4072-4082.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArking\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCutler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrune\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeslovich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWest\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIkeda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRea\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChakravarti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008A common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member CNTNAP2 increases familial risk of autism. Am J Hum Genet. 82\n\t\t\t\t\t160\n\t\t\t\t\t164\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism Genome Project Consortium, (2007). Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nat Genet 39:319-328.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBailey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLe Couteur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGottesman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBolton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimonoff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuzda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRutter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol. Med\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t63\n\t\t\t\t\t77\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBucan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBS\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbrahams\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlessner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHerman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSonnenblick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlvarez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRetuerto. A. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImielinski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHadley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBradfield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGidaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLindquist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHutman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSigman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKustanovich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLajonchere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingleton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWassink\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Mahon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSweeney\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNurnberger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCantor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinshew\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDawson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuxbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrant. S. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchellenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeschwind\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHakonarson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Genome-wide analyses of exonic copy number variants in a family-based study point to novel autism susceptibility genes. PLoS Genet. 5:e1000536 EOF\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuchanan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Contemplating effects of genomic structural variation. Genet. Med. 10\n\t\t\t\t\t639\n\t\t\t\t\t647\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Methods and strategies for analyzing copy-number variation using DNA microarrays. Nat. Genet. 39: S16\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tCho SC, Yim SH, Yoo HK, Kim MY, Jung GY, Shin GW, Kim BN, Hwang JW, Kang JJ, Kim TM, Chung YJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Copy number variations associated with idiopathic autism identified by whole-genome microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. Psychiatr Genet. 19\n\t\t\t\t\t177\n\t\t\t\t\t185\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrune\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSudi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKumar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaramohamed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBadner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatsui\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConroy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Quaid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGergel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHatchwell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilliam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGershon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNowak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDobyns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Novel submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities detected in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 63\n\t\t\t\t\t1111\n\t\t\t\t\t1117\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChubykin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu. X.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComoletti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsigelny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSudhof\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005Dissection of synapse induction by neuroligins: effect of a neuroligin mutation associated with autism. J Biol Chem. 280\n\t\t\t\t\t22365\n\t\t\t\t\t22374\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCohen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPichard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTordjman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaumann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBurglen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExcoffier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLazar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMazet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPinquier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVerloes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHéron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005Specific genetic disorders and autism: clinical contribution towards their identification. J Autism Dev Disord\n\t\t\t\t\t35\n\t\t\t\t\t103\n\t\t\t\t\t116\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConrad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPinto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRedon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGokcumen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAerts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndrews\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarnes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitzgerald\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIhm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKristiansson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacarthur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacdonald\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOnyiah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRobson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStirrups\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValsesia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWei\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWellcome\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrust.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCase\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tControl.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsortium-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTyler.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human genome. Nature. 464\n\t\t\t\t\t704\n\t\t\t\t\t712\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tCook EH Jr, Scherer SW.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. Nature. 455\n\t\t\t\t\t919\n\t\t\t\t\t923\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsalenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSampas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScheffer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamada\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBen-Dor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYakhini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEllis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBruhn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLaderman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFroguel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlakemore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Array CGH analysis of copy number variation identifies 1284 new genes variant in healthy white males: implications for association studies of complex diseases. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16\n\t\t\t\t\t2783\n\t\t\t\t\t2794\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDíaz de\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStåhl. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSandgren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiotrowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNord\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndersson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMenzel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBogdan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThuresson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoplawski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTell. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHansson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElshafie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElghazali\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImreh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNordenskjöld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUpadhyaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKomorowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBruder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDumanski. J. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Profiling of copy number variations (CNVs) in healthy individuals from three ethnic groups using a human genome 32 K BAC-clone-based array. Hum. Mutat. 29\n\t\t\t\t\t398\n\t\t\t\t\t408\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDurand\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBetancur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBoeckers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBockmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChaste\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFauchereau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNygren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRastam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGillberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnckarsäter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSponheim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoubran-Botros\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDelorme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChabane\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMouren-Simeoni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Mas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBieth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRogé\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHéron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBurglen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGillberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeboyer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBourgeron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 are associated with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Genet. 39\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t27\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEapen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011Genetic basis of autism: is there a way forward? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 24\n\t\t\t\t\t226\n\t\t\t\t\t236\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEstivill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArmengol\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Copy number variants and common disorders: filling the gaps and exploring complexity in genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 3\n\t\t\t\t\t1787\n\t\t\t\t\t1799\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchroer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBockholt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr Skinner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwartz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSommer. S. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006High frequency of neurexin 1 [beta] signal peptide structural variants in patients with autism. Neuroscience letters. 409\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFernández\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNevado\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSantos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeine-Suñer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinez-Glez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGarcía-Miñaur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPalomo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDelicado\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPajares\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPalomares\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGarcía-Guereta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValverde\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHawkins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLapunzina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009A deletion and a duplication in distal 22q11.2 deletion syndrome region. Clinical implications and review. BMC Med Genet. 10:48 EOF\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFernandez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFarhi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLifton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tState\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Disruption of Contactin 4 (CNTN4) results in developmental delay and other features of 3p deletion syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 82:1385.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Structural variation in the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7\n\t\t\t\t\t85\n\t\t\t\t\t97\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWintle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Structural variants: changing the landscape of chromosomes and design of disease studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15: R57R66.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFolstein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRosen-Sheidley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t943\n\t\t\t\t\t955\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFreeman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRedon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Carroll\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAltshuler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAburatani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTyler-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter. N. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Copy number variation: new insights in genome diversity. Genome Res. 16\n\t\t\t\t\t949\n\t\t\t\t\t961\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFreitag\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature. Mol Psychiatry. 12\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlessner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorvatska\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWood. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEstes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrune\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBradfield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImielinski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrackelton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReichert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrawford\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSleiman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChiavacci\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnnaiah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThomas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlaberson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFlory\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOtieno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGarris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoorya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlei\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiven\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeyer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnagnostou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSakurai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGame\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDS\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRudd\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZurawiecki. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Dougle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPosey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMichaels\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolevzon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSilverman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchultz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDawson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Mahon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWassink\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSweeney\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNurnberger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinshew\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBucan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuxbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDevlin. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchellenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHakonarson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Autism genome-wide copy number variation reveals ubiquitin and neuronal genes. Nature. 459\n\t\t\t\t\t569\n\t\t\t\t\t573\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHampton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHollander. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDelgado. D. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoarfa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHarris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRichards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuzny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGibbs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMilosavljevic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009A sequence-level map of chromosomal breakpoints in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line yields insights into the evolution of a cancer genome. Genome Res. 19\n\t\t\t\t\t167\n\t\t\t\t\t177\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoulden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReilly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Molecular genetics of autosomal-dominant demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromolecular Med. 8\n\t\t\t\t\t43\n\t\t\t\t\t62\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDermitzakis. E. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTyler-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008The functional impact of structural variation in humans. Trends Genet. 24\n\t\t\t\t\t238\n\t\t\t\t\t245\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIafrate\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRivera\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tListewnik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDonahoe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome. Nat. Genet. 36\n\t\t\t\t\t949\n\t\t\t\t\t951\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJamain\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBetancur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRåstam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tColineaux\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGillberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoderstrom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiros\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeboyer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGillberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBourgeron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAutism.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tResearch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInternational.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSibpair\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStudy.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nat Genet. 34\n\t\t\t\t\t27\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalscheuer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatrick. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTommerup\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBugge\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNiebuhr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeumann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTzschach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShoichet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMenzel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tErdogan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArkesteijn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRopers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUllmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Mutations in autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) in patients with mental retardation. Hum Genet. 121\n\t\t\t\t\t501\n\t\t\t\t\t509\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKidd\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSampas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAntonacci\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFulton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHayden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlkan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVentura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiannuzzi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKallicki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnderson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsalenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamada\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaul\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBruhn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEichler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010Characterization of missing human genome sequences and copy-number polymorphic insertions. Nat Methods. 7\n\t\t\t\t\t365\n\t\t\t\t\t371\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKishikawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHiggins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDonovan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLally\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNajm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKutsche\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDescartes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBraddock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTroxell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaplan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVolkmar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsatsanis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHarris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNoens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPauls\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMJ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMac.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDonald\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorton. C. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuade\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGusella\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Disruption of neurexin 1 associated with autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet.\n\t\t\t\t\t82\n\t\t\t\t\t199\n\t\t\t\t\t207\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMudge\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYavartanoo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKwak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZheng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGokcumen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMills\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZaranek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThakuria\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHuntley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchroth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChurch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKingsmore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual. Nature.\n\t\t\t\t\t460\n\t\t\t\t\t1011\n\t\t\t\t\t1015\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlauck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Genetics of autism spectrum disorder. Eur. J. Hum. Genet.\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t714\n\t\t\t\t\t720\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKumar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMohamed. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSudi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConrad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrune\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBadner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilliam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNowak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr Dobyns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Recurrent 1611microdeletions in autism. Hum Mol Genet. 17:628-638.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tLauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005Effects of familial risk factors and place of birth on the risk of autism: a nationwide register-based study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry\n\t\t\t\t\t46\n\t\t\t\t\t963\n\t\t\t\t\t971\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLupski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Genomic rearrangements and gene copy-number alterations as a cause of nervous system disorders. Neuron\n\t\t\t\t\t52\n\t\t\t\t\t103\n\t\t\t\t\t121\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLinzmeier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGanz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005Human defensin gene copy number polymorphisms: comprehensive analysis of independent variation in alpha- and beta-defensin regions at 822\n\t\t\t\t\tp23\n\t\t\t\t\tGenomics 86:423-430.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSalyakina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJaworski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKonidari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhitehead\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndersen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoffman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSlifer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHedges\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCukier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGriswold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cauley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeecham\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWright\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbramson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCuccaro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaines\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPericak-Vance\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009A genome-wide association study of autism reveals a common novel risk locus at 514\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Hum Genet. 73:263-273.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCassidy. S. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClericuzio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCherry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwartz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHudgins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoyme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Terminal 22q deletion syndrome: a newly recognized cause of speech and language disability in the autism spectrum. Pediatrics. 114\n\t\t\t\t\t451\n\t\t\t\t\t457\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNoor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVincent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLionel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkaug\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShago\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoessner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPinto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThiruvahindrapduram\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFiebig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchreiber\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFriedman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKetelaars\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVos. Y. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFicicioglu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKirkpatrick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNicolson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSloman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSummers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGibbons\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeebi. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChitayat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeksberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThompson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVardy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrosbie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuscombe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaatjes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZwaigenbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFernandez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSzatmari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 82\n\t\t\t\t\t477\n\t\t\t\t\t488\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMerikangas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorvin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGallagher\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Copy-number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders: promises and challenges. Trends Genet. 25\n\t\t\t\t\t536\n\t\t\t\t\t544\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMills\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStewart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHandsaker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlkan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbyzov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCheetham\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChinwalla\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConrad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrubert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHajirasouliha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHormozdiari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIakoucheva\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIqbal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKidd\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKonkel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKhurana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKural\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNemesh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeckham\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRausch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScally\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStromberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStütz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUrban\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBatzer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDing. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Vean\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSebat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSnyder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEichler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGerstein. M. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Carroll\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorbel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGenomes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProject.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing. Nature. 470\n\t\t\t\t\t59\n\t\t\t\t\t65\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoessner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkaug\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPinto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVincent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZwaigenbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFernandez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSzatmari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Contribution of SHANK3 mutations to autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 81\n\t\t\t\t\t1289\n\t\t\t\t\t1297\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoog\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEngelen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeber\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVan Gelderen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSteyaert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSijstermans\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFryns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) IA, developmental delay and autism related disorder in a boy with duplication (17)(11p12). Genet. Couns. 15: 73-80\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMüller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolzmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKestler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tVisualization of genomic aberrations using Affymetrix SNP arrays. Bioinformatics\n\t\t\t\t\t23\n\t\t\t\t\t496\n\t\t\t\t\t497\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGokcumen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMills\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYavartanoo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHwang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDarvishi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer. S. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTyler-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010Discovery of common Asian copy number variants using integrated high-resolution array CGH and massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nat Genet. 42\n\t\t\t\t\t400\n\t\t\t\t\t405\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBen-Dor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsalenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSampas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRodriguez-Revenga\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScheffer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSteinfeld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamada\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYakhini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLaderman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBruhn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008The fine-scale and complex architecture of human copy-number variation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82\n\t\t\t\t\t685\n\t\t\t\t\t695\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B53",body:'\n\t\t\t\tPinto D, (2010). Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature. 466:368-372.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B54",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrzybytkowski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerrario\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBasik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011The use of ultra-dense array CGH analysis for the discovery of micro-copy number alterations and gene fusions in the cancer genome. BMC Med Genomics. 4:16 EOF\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B55",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPsychiatric\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. W. A. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsortium\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoordinating.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCommittee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCichon. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCraddock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFaraone\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGejman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKelsoe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLehner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevinson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSklar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSullivan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 166\n\t\t\t\t\t540\n\t\t\t\t\t556\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B56",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRedon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIshikawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeuk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndrews\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFiegler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShapero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCho\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDallaire\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFreeman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGonzález\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGratacòs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHuang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalaitzopoulos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKomura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMac\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDonald. J. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMei\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMontgomery\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNishimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOkamura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMJ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSomerville\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTchinda. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValsesia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoodwark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZerjal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArmengol\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConrad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEstivill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTyler-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAburatani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScherer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t444\n\t\t\t\t\t444\n\t\t\t\t\t454\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B57",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReymond\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenrichsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHarewood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMerla\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Side effects of genome structural changes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 17\n\t\t\t\t\t381\n\t\t\t\t\t386\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B58",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRisch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMerikangas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t273\n\t\t\t\t\t1516\n\t\t\t\t\t1517\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B59",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tRopers HH.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010Genetics of early onset cognitive impairment. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 11\n\t\t\t\t\t161\n\t\t\t\t\t187\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B60",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoohi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMontagna\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTegay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPalmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Vincent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPomeroy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNowak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHatchwell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Disruption of contactin 4 in three subjects with autism spectrum disorder. J Med Genet. 46\n\t\t\t\t\t176\n\t\t\t\t\t182\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B61",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRutter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005Autism research: lessons from the past and prospects for the future. J Autism Dev Disord\n\t\t\t\t\t35\n\t\t\t\t\t241\n\t\t\t\t\t257\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B62",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSebat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLakshmi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTroge\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlexander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLundin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMånér\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMassa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNavin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLucito\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHealy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHicks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReiner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilliam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrask\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatterson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZetterberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWigler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Large-scale copy-number polymorphism in the human genome. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t305\n\t\t\t\t\t525\n\t\t\t\t\t528\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B63",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSebat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLakshmi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalhotra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTroge\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLese-Martin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalsh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamrom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKrasnitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKendall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeotta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHicks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpence\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPuura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLehtimäki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLedbetter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGregersen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBregman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJobanputra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWarburton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKing\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkuse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeschwind\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilliam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWigler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science. 316\n\t\t\t\t\t445\n\t\t\t\t\t449\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B64",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimon-Sanchez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScholz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatarin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHernandez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGibbs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBritton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Vrieze\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeckham\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGwinn-Hardy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrawley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNash\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBorgaonkar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHardy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingleton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007Genome-wide SNP assay reveals structural genomic variation, extended homozygosity and cell-line induced alterations in normal individuals. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B65",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVeenstra-Vander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeele. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Autism as a paradigmatic complex genetic disorder. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t379\n\t\t\t\t\t405\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B66",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVeenstra-Vander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeele. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004Molecular genetics of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t819\n\t\t\t\t\t832\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B67",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVorstman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStaal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Daalen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Engeland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHochstenbach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFranke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006Identification of novel autism candidate regions through analysis of reported cytogenetic abnormalities associated with autism. Mol. Psychiatry\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t28\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B68",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBucan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlessner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbrahams\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBS\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSalyakina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImielinski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBradfield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSleiman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHou. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrackelton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChiavacci\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakahashi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSakurai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRappaport\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLajonchere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEstes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorvatska\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiven\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSonnenblick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlvarez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRetuerto. A. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHerman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHutman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSigman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOzonoff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSweeney\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrune\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCantor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCuccaro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Mahon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tState\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWassink\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchultz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNurnberger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaines\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinshew\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuxbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDawson. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeschwind\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPericak-Vance\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchellenberg. G. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHakonarson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Common genetic variants on 514associate with autism spectrum disorders. Nature. 459:528-533.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B69",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 9\n\t\t\t\t\t795\n\t\t\t\t\t803\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B70",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArking\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFossdal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaemundsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStefansson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerreira\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreen. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPlatt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuderfer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalsh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAltshuler. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChakravarti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTanzi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStefansson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSantangelo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGusella\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSklar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMJ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAutism\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsortium.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 1611and autism. N Engl J Med. 358:667-675.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B71",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArking\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMJ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChakravarti. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism. Nature. 461\n\t\t\t\t\t802\n\t\t\t\t\t808\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B72",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tYim SH, Kim TM, Hu HJ, Kim JH, Kim BJ, Lee JY, Han BG, Shin SH, Jung SH, Chung YJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010Copy number variations in East-Asian population and their evolutionary and functional implications. Hum Mol Genet. 19\n\t\t\t\t\t1001\n\t\t\t\t\t1008\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B73",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurles\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLupski. J. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009Copy number variation in human health, disease, and evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 10\n\t\t\t\t\t451\n\t\t\t\t\t481\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B74",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZheng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeintz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHatten\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996CNS gene encoding astrotactin, which supports neuronal migration along glial fibers. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t272\n\t\t\t\t\t417\n\t\t\t\t\t419\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Hae-Jin Hu",address:null,affiliation:'
Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"462",title:"Autism",subtitle:"A Neurodevelopmental Journey from Genes to Behaviour",fullTitle:"Autism - A Neurodevelopmental Journey from Genes to Behaviour",slug:"autism-a-neurodevelopmental-journey-from-genes-to-behaviour",publishedDate:"August 17th 2011",bookSignature:"Valsamma Eapen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/462.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62816",title:"Dr.",name:"Valsamma",middleName:null,surname:"Eapen",slug:"valsamma-eapen",fullName:"Valsamma Eapen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"18059",title:"Abnormal Developmental Trajectories of White Matter in Autism - The Contribution of MRI",slug:"abnormal-developmental-trajectories-of-white-matter-in-autism-the-contribution-of-mri",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dafna Ben Bashat",authors:[{id:"31741",title:"Dr.",name:"Dafna",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Bashat",fullName:"Dafna Ben Bashat",slug:"dafna-ben-bashat"}]},{id:"18060",title:"GABAergic Dysfunction in Autism and Epilepsy",slug:"gabaergic-dysfunction-in-autism-and-epilepsy",totalDownloads:2082,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sacha Genovesi, Giovanni Provenzano, Mark Dunleavy, Paola Sgadò and Yuri Bozzi",authors:[{id:"28191",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzi",fullName:"Yuri Bozzi",slug:"yuri-bozzi"},{id:"44429",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Sgadò",fullName:"Paola Sgadò",slug:"paola-sgado"},{id:"44430",title:"Dr.",name:"Sacha",middleName:null,surname:"Genovesi",fullName:"Sacha Genovesi",slug:"sacha-genovesi"},{id:"44431",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Provenzano",fullName:"Giovanni Provenzano",slug:"giovanni-provenzano"},{id:"44432",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark John",middleName:null,surname:"Dunleavy",fullName:"Mark John Dunleavy",slug:"mark-john-dunleavy"}]},{id:"18061",title:"GABA and Glutamate Receptors of the Autistic Brain",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-receptors-of-the-autistic-brain",totalDownloads:3142,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Agenor Limon, Jorge M. Reyes-Ruiz and Ricardo Miledi",authors:[{id:"38330",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Miledi",fullName:"Ricardo Miledi",slug:"ricardo-miledi"},{id:"48171",title:"Dr.",name:"Agenor",middleName:null,surname:"Limon",fullName:"Agenor Limon",slug:"agenor-limon"},{id:"48172",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Mauricio",surname:"Reyes-Ruiz",fullName:"Jorge Reyes-Ruiz",slug:"jorge-reyes-ruiz"}]},{id:"18062",title:"The Biochemical Basis of Autistic Behavior and Pathology",slug:"the-biochemical-basis-of-autistic-behavior-and-pathology",totalDownloads:3148,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dayan Goodenowe and Elodie Pastural",authors:[{id:"31895",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayan",middleName:null,surname:"Goodenowe",fullName:"Dayan Goodenowe",slug:"dayan-goodenowe"},{id:"43678",title:"Dr.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Pastural",fullName:"Elodie Pastural",slug:"elodie-pastural"}]},{id:"18063",title:"Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"serotonergic-neurotransmission-in-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshihiro Takeuchi",authors:[{id:"28544",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",fullName:"Yoshihiro Takeuchi",slug:"yoshihiro-takeuchi"}]},{id:"18064",title:"Adenosine and Autism - Recent Research and a New Perspective",slug:"adenosine-and-autism-recent-research-and-a-new-perspective",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susan A. Masino, Julia Svedova, Masahito Kawamura, Jr., Francis D. DiMario, Jr. and Inge-Marie Eigsti",authors:[{id:"33112",title:"Prof.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Masino",fullName:"Susan Masino",slug:"susan-masino"},{id:"46397",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"DiMario Jr.",fullName:"Francis DiMario Jr.",slug:"francis-dimario-jr."},{id:"46398",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahito",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamura",fullName:"Masahito Kawamura",slug:"masahito-kawamura"},{id:"46399",title:"Ms.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Svedova",fullName:"Julia Svedova",slug:"julia-svedova"},{id:"46400",title:"Prof.",name:"Inge-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Eigsti",fullName:"Inge-Marie Eigsti",slug:"inge-marie-eigsti"}]},{id:"18065",title:"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorders – Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets",slug:"nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-alterations-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-biomarkers-and-therapeutic",totalDownloads:2685,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Rene Anand, Stephanie A. Amici, Gerald Ponath, Jordan I. Robson, Muhammad Nasir and Susan B. McKay",authors:[{id:"40391",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",fullName:"Rene Anand",slug:"rene-anand"}]},{id:"18066",title:"Identifying Variations Within Unstable Regions of the Genome Reveal Autism Associated Patterns",slug:"identifying-variations-within-unstable-regions-of-the-genome-reveal-autism-associated-patterns",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Abdullah Alqallaf and Ali Hajjiah",authors:[{id:"42239",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alqallaf",fullName:"Abdullah Alqallaf",slug:"abdullah-alqallaf"},{id:"97205",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hajjiah",fullName:"Ali Hajjiah",slug:"ali-hajjiah"}]},{id:"18067",title:"Genome-Wide Association Studies of Copy Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder",slug:"genome-wide-association-studies-of-copy-number-variation-in-autism-spectrum-disorder",totalDownloads:2048,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hae-Jin Hu and Yeun-Jun Chung",authors:[{id:"46783",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeun-Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Yeun-Jun Chung",slug:"yeun-jun-chung"},{id:"119507",title:"Dr.",name:"Hae-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Hae-Jin Hu",slug:"hae-jin-hu"}]},{id:"18068",title:"A Missense Mutation in CD38 Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Three Pedigrees",slug:"a-missense-mutation-in-cd38-associated-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-in-three-pedigrees",totalDownloads:1897,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Haruhiro Higashida, Toshio Munesue, Shigeru Yokoyama, Minako Hashii, Keita Koizumi and Akihiro Matsushima",authors:[{id:"29424",title:"Prof.",name:"Haruhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Higashida",fullName:"Haruhiro Higashida",slug:"haruhiro-higashida"},{id:"29430",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Munesue",fullName:"Toshio Munesue",slug:"toshio-munesue"},{id:"29431",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeru",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoyama",fullName:"Shigeru Yokoyama",slug:"shigeru-yokoyama"}]},{id:"18069",title:"Brain Oxytocin is a Main Regulator of Prosocial Behaviour - Link to Psychopathology",slug:"brain-oxytocin-is-a-main-regulator-of-prosocial-behaviour-link-to-psychopathology",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lukas Michael and Neumann Inga D",authors:[{id:"32745",title:"Prof.",name:"Inga",middleName:null,surname:"Neumann",fullName:"Inga Neumann",slug:"inga-neumann"},{id:"76690",title:"MSc",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Lukas",fullName:"Michael Lukas",slug:"michael-lukas"}]},{id:"18070",title:"Environmental Factors in the Aetiology of Autism – Lessons from Animals Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid",slug:"environmental-factors-in-the-aetiology-of-autism-lessons-from-animals-prenatally-exposed-to-valproic",totalDownloads:2031,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Tomasz Schneider and Ryszard Przewłocki",authors:[{id:"36988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryszard",middleName:null,surname:"Przewlocki",fullName:"Ryszard Przewlocki",slug:"ryszard-przewlocki"},{id:"38722",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Schneider",fullName:"Tomasz Schneider",slug:"tomasz-schneider"}]},{id:"18071",title:"Environmentally Induced Oxidative Stress and Disruption of Brain Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"environmentally-induced-oxidative-stress-and-disruption-of-brain-thyroid-hormone-homeostasis-in-auti",totalDownloads:2345,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elizabeth M. Sajdel-Sulkowska",authors:[{id:"35197",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Sajdel-Sulkowska",fullName:"Elizabeth Sajdel-Sulkowska",slug:"elizabeth-sajdel-sulkowska"}]},{id:"18072",title:"Perinatal Immune Activation and Risk of Autism",slug:"perinatal-immune-activation-and-risk-of-autism",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Theoharis Theoharides, Asimenia Angelidou, Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos, Shahrzad Asadi, Konstantinos Francis, Lefteris Lykouras and Dimitrios Kalogeromitros",authors:[{id:"28355",title:"Dr.",name:"Theoharis",middleName:null,surname:"Theoharides",fullName:"Theoharis Theoharides",slug:"theoharis-theoharides"}]},{id:"18073",title:"Immune System and Neurotrophic Factors in Autism",slug:"immune-system-and-neurotrophic-factors-in-autism",totalDownloads:1911,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elvan Iseri and Esra Guney",authors:[{id:"44874",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvan",middleName:null,surname:"Iseri",fullName:"Elvan Iseri",slug:"elvan-iseri"},{id:"44984",title:"M.D.",name:"Esra",middleName:null,surname:"Guney",fullName:"Esra Guney",slug:"esra-guney"}]},{id:"18074",title:"Autoimmunity in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"autoimmunity-in-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:1887,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Laila Y. AL-Ayadhi",authors:[{id:"28165",title:"Prof.",name:"Laila",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ayadhi",fullName:"Laila AL-Ayadhi",slug:"laila-al-ayadhi"}]},{id:"18075",title:"Vaccines and Autism – An Unlikely Connection",slug:"vaccines-and-autism-an-unlikely-connection",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Archana Chatterjee and Kody Moffatt",authors:[{id:"28349",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Chatterjee",fullName:"Archana Chatterjee",slug:"archana-chatterjee"},{id:"46556",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"O'Keefe",fullName:"Catherine O'Keefe",slug:"catherine-o'keefe"}]},{id:"18076",title:"Immune Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder",slug:"immune-dysfunction-in-autism-spectrum-disorder",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jonna B. Westover, Thayne L. Sweeten, Michael Benson, Patricia Bray-Ward and Anthony R. Torres",authors:[{id:"47225",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"R",surname:"Torres",fullName:"Anthony Torres",slug:"anthony-torres"},{id:"49371",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonna",middleName:null,surname:"Westover",fullName:"Jonna Westover",slug:"jonna-westover"},{id:"49372",title:"Dr.",name:"Thayne",middleName:null,surname:"Sweeten",fullName:"Thayne Sweeten",slug:"thayne-sweeten"},{id:"49373",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Benson",fullName:"Michael Benson",slug:"michael-benson"},{id:"112268",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bray-Ward",fullName:"Patricia Bray-Ward",slug:"patricia-bray-ward"}]},{id:"18077",title:"Impaired Oral Tolerance in ASD Children with Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) – Altered Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in ASD Children Recovered from FPIES in Comparison with non-ASD/FPIES and ASD/non-FPIES Children",slug:"impaired-oral-tolerance-in-asd-children-with-food-protein-induced-enterocolitis-syndrome-fpies-alter",totalDownloads:1802,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Harumi Jyonouchi, Lee Geng, Pamella Kattouf, Deanna L. Streck and Gokce Toruner",authors:[{id:"32969",title:"Dr.",name:"Harumi",middleName:null,surname:"Jyonouchi",fullName:"Harumi Jyonouchi",slug:"harumi-jyonouchi"}]},{id:"18078",title:"Clinical Evaluations on the Diagnosis of Autism",slug:"clinical-evaluations-on-the-diagnosis-of-autism",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michaela Dobre and Ileana Stoica",authors:[{id:"29819",title:"Dr.",name:"Michaela",middleName:null,surname:"Dobre",fullName:"Michaela Dobre",slug:"michaela-dobre"},{id:"43991",title:"Prof.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Stoica",fullName:"Ileana Stoica",slug:"ileana-stoica"}]},{id:"18079",title:"Loneliness and Silence in Autism - Implications for Psychotherapy",slug:"loneliness-and-silence-in-autism-implications-for-psychotherapy",totalDownloads:2803,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anna Bieniarz",authors:[{id:"29856",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Barbara",surname:"Bieniarz",fullName:"Anna Bieniarz",slug:"anna-bieniarz"}]},{id:"18080",title:"Mnesic Imbalance and the Neuroanatomy of Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"mnesic-imbalance-and-the-neuroanatomy-of-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:1962,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Ángel Romero-Munguía",authors:[{id:"32986",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Munguía",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Romero-Munguía",slug:"miguel-angel-romero-munguia"}]},{id:"18081",title:"Behavioral and Electrophysiological Characterization of Induced Neural Plasticity in the Autistic Brain",slug:"behavioral-and-electrophysiological-characterization-of-induced-neural-plasticity-in-the-autistic-br",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jaime A. Pineda, Heather Pelton, Oriana Aragon, Jia-Min Bai, Matt Erhart, Dane Chambers, Burcu Darst, Ernesto Enrique, Steven Gilmore, Stephen Johnson, Albert Anaya, Alicia Trigeiro, Dan T. Lotz, Nicholas Pojman, Tom Gamage and David Linderman",authors:[{id:"31642",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:"A",surname:"Pineda",fullName:"Jaime Pineda",slug:"jaime-pineda"},{id:"33554",title:"BSc.",name:"Heather",middleName:null,surname:"Pelton",fullName:"Heather Pelton",slug:"heather-pelton"},{id:"33555",title:"BSc.",name:"Oriana",middleName:null,surname:"Aragon",fullName:"Oriana Aragon",slug:"oriana-aragon"},{id:"99631",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Jia-Min Bai",slug:"jia-min-bai"}]},{id:"18082",title:"Connecting Electroencephalography Profiles with the Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA) Neuropathology of Autism as a Prelude to Treatment",slug:"connecting-electroencephalography-profiles-with-the-gamma-amino-butyric-acid-gaba-neuropathology-of-",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jane Yip, Sara Davis and Oliver Wendt",authors:[{id:"47626",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Yip",fullName:"Jane Yip",slug:"jane-yip"},{id:"116953",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",fullName:"Sara Davis",slug:"sara-davis"},{id:"116954",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Wendt",fullName:"Oliver Wendt",slug:"oliver-wendt"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"685",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93a8993809704cb0c536e02067400bd6",slug:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects",bookSignature:"Dejan Stevanovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28680",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",surname:"Stevanovic",slug:"dejan-stevanovic",fullName:"Dejan Stevanovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29999",title:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy: An Overview with Our Findings",slug:"cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms-underlying-epilepsy-an-overview-with-our-findings",signatures:"Melda Yardimoglu, Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Hakki Dalcik and Sibel Kokturk",authors:[{id:"19947",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ilbay",fullName:"Gul Ilbay",slug:"gul-ilbay"},{id:"91028",title:"Prof.",name:"Melda",middleName:null,surname:"Yardimoglu",fullName:"Melda Yardimoglu",slug:"melda-yardimoglu"},{id:"93331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakki",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Hakki Dalcik",slug:"hakki-dalcik"},{id:"96772",title:"Prof.",name:"Cannur",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Cannur Dalcik",slug:"cannur-dalcik"},{id:"128248",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibel",middleName:null,surname:"Kokturk",fullName:"Sibel Kokturk",slug:"sibel-kokturk"}]},{id:"30001",title:"The Blood-Brain Barrier and Epilepsy",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-and-epilepsy",signatures:"Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Melda Yardimoglu, Hakki Dalcik and Elif Derya Ubeyli",authors:[{id:"19947",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ilbay",fullName:"Gul Ilbay",slug:"gul-ilbay"},{id:"91028",title:"Prof.",name:"Melda",middleName:null,surname:"Yardimoglu",fullName:"Melda Yardimoglu",slug:"melda-yardimoglu"},{id:"93331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakki",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Hakki Dalcik",slug:"hakki-dalcik"},{id:"94602",title:"Prof.",name:"Elif Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Ubeyli",fullName:"Elif Derya Ubeyli",slug:"elif-derya-ubeyli"}]},{id:"30004",title:"EEG Signal Processing for Epilepsy",slug:"eeg-signal-processing-for-epilepsy-disease",signatures:"Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera, Armando Malanda Trigueros and Angel Navia-Vazquez",authors:[{id:"87909",title:"PhD.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mosquera",fullName:"Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera",slug:"carlos-guerrero-mosquera"},{id:"127894",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Malanda Trigueros",fullName:"Armando Malanda Trigueros",slug:"armando-malanda-trigueros"},{id:"127895",title:"Dr.",name:"Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Navia Vazquez",fullName:"Ángel Navia Vazquez",slug:"angel-navia-vazquez"}]},{id:"30007",title:"Automated Epileptic Seizure Detection Methods: A Review Study",slug:"automated-epileptic-seizure-detection-methods-a-review-study",signatures:"Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis, Evaggelos C. Karvounis, Loukas Astrakas, Spiros Konitsiotis and Margaret Tzaphlidou",authors:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas"},{id:"94709",title:"Dr.",name:"Markos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsipouras",fullName:"Markos Tsipouras",slug:"markos-tsipouras"},{id:"94710",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsalikakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Tsalikakis",slug:"dimitrios-tsalikakis"},{id:"94712",title:"Dr.",name:"Loukas",middleName:null,surname:"Astrakas",fullName:"Loukas Astrakas",slug:"loukas-astrakas"},{id:"94714",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Konitsiotis",fullName:"Spiros Konitsiotis",slug:"spiros-konitsiotis"},{id:"94873",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Tzaphlidou",fullName:"Margarita Tzaphlidou",slug:"margarita-tzaphlidou"},{id:"128137",title:"Dr.",name:"Evaggelos",middleName:null,surname:"Karvounis",fullName:"Evaggelos Karvounis",slug:"evaggelos-karvounis"}]},{id:"30008",title:"Automated Non-Invasive Identification and Localization of Focal Epileptic Activity by Exploiting Information Derived from Surface EEG Recordings",slug:"automated-non-invasive-identification-and-localization-of-focal-epileptic-activity-by-exploiting-inf",signatures:"Amir Geva, Merav Ben-Asher, Dan Kerem, Mayer Aladjem and Alon Friedman",authors:[{id:"31020",title:"Prof.",name:"Alon",middleName:null,surname:"Friedman",fullName:"Alon Friedman",slug:"alon-friedman"},{id:"101306",title:"Dr",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Geva",fullName:"Amir Geva",slug:"amir-geva"},{id:"101307",title:"Dr.",name:"Dani",middleName:null,surname:"Kerem",fullName:"Dani Kerem",slug:"dani-kerem"},{id:"127445",title:"MSc.",name:"Merav",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Asher",fullName:"Merav Ben-Asher",slug:"merav-ben-asher"},{id:"127446",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayer",middleName:null,surname:"Aladjem",fullName:"Mayer Aladjem",slug:"mayer-aladjem"}]},{id:"30011",title:"Hyper-Synchronization, De-Synchronization, Synchronization and Seizures",slug:"hyper-synchronization-de-synchronization-synchronization-and-seizures",signatures:"Jesús Pastor, Rafael García de Sola and Guillermo J. Ortega",authors:[{id:"27730",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor",fullName:"Jesús Pastor",slug:"jesus-pastor"},{id:"36503",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael G",middleName:null,surname:"Sola",fullName:"Rafael G Sola",slug:"rafael-g-sola"},{id:"85177",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Guillermo Ortega",slug:"guillermo-ortega"}]},{id:"30013",title:"Long-Term Monitoring: An Overview",slug:"long-term-monitoring-an-overview",signatures:"B. Mesraoua, D. Deleu and H. G. Wieser",authors:[{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua"},{id:"94941",title:"Prof.",name:"Heinz Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Wieser",fullName:"Heinz Gregor Wieser",slug:"heinz-gregor-wieser"},{id:"130893",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Deleu",fullName:"Dirk Deleu",slug:"dirk-deleu"}]},{id:"30015",title:"Neuropsychological Evaluation in Epilepsy Surgery – A Cross-Cultural Perspective",slug:"neuropsychological-evaluation-in-epilepsy-surgery-a-cross-cultural-perspective",signatures:"Ahmed M. Hassan",authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan"}]},{id:"30016",title:"Psychic Seizures and Their Relevance to Psychosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",slug:"psychic-seizures-and-their-relevance-to-psychosis-in-temporal-lobe-epilepsy",signatures:"Kenjiro Fukao",authors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao"}]},{id:"30017",title:"Personality Profiles of Patients with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures",slug:"personality-profiles-of-patients-with-psychogenic-non-epileptic-seizures",signatures:"Krzysztof Owczarek and Joanna Jędrzejczak",authors:[{id:"103725",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Owczarek",fullName:"Krzysztof Owczarek",slug:"krzysztof-owczarek"},{id:"127151",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Jedrzejczak",fullName:"Joanna Jedrzejczak",slug:"joanna-jedrzejczak"}]},{id:"30019",title:"Psychogenic Pseudoepileptic Seizures – From Ancient Time to the Present",slug:"psychogenic-pseudoepileptic-seizures-from-ancient-history-to-the-present",signatures:"Joanna Jędrzejczak and Krzysztof Owczarek",authors:[{id:"103725",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Owczarek",fullName:"Krzysztof Owczarek",slug:"krzysztof-owczarek"},{id:"127151",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Jedrzejczak",fullName:"Joanna Jedrzejczak",slug:"joanna-jedrzejczak"}]},{id:"30021",title:"Children with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy",slug:"children-with-cerebral-palsy-and-epilepsy",signatures:"Emira Švraka",authors:[{id:"29419",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emira",middleName:null,surname:"Švraka",fullName:"Emira Švraka",slug:"emira-svraka"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66459",title:"Invasiveness-Related Proteomic Variations and Molecular Network Changes in Human Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenomas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85546",slug:"invasiveness-related-proteomic-variations-and-molecular-network-changes-in-human-nonfunctional-pitui",body:'
1. Introduction
Invasive pituitary adenoma is a type of pituitary adenoma that locally invades contiguous anatomy structures surrounding pituitary gland [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In fact, the rate of local invasion is about 40% of pituitary adenoma patients with macroscopic observation, and even up to 80% of pituitary adenoma patients with microscopic observation [1, 7, 8] although most pituitary adenomas are align. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used method to measure the size of pituitary adenomas, and can classify pituitary adenomas into giant adenomas (>40 mm), macro-plus adenomas (20–30 mm), macroadenomas (10–20 mm), and microadenomas (<10 mm) [5, 7]. Furthermore, based on preoperative MRI and perioperative observation, pituitary adenomas are classified into grade I (enclosed microadenoma, <10 mm), grade II (enclosed macroadenoma, >10 mm), grade III (localized perforation of the sellar floor), and grade IV (diffuse destruction of the sellar floor) [9]. Grades III and IV are commonly looked as invasive pituitary adenomas. Invasiveness is very challenging clinical problem in pituitary adenoma patient, which reasons are that (1) invasiveness suppresses and/or damage surrounding structures because of the limited intracranial cavity and around important structure tissues, and (2) invasiveness causes incomplete removal of pituitary adenoma in neurosurgery to increase risks of complications including recurrence and poor outcome and need adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy or medications) [1]. However, the molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenoma invasiveness remain unclear, although some studies [10] found more vascular evidence in invasive pituitary adenomas compared to non-invasive tumors to indicate the role of angiogenesis [10], and some molecular and genetic changes in invasive pituitary adenomas including downregulation and methylation of CDH13 (H-cadherin) and CDH1 (E-cadherin) [11], loss of death-associated protein kinase and CpG island methylation [12], and loss of heterozygosity at 11q13 (MEN1 locus) and 13q (retinoblastoma gene RB locus) without mutation and overexpression of p53 and without homozygous deletions of p15 or p16 [13]. Multiomics analysis is an effective approach to investigate systematically molecular mechanisms of invasiveness of pituitary adenomas [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Quantitative transcriptomics analysis [9, 20] identified differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiling (346 DEGs, including 233 upregulated and 113 downregulated) between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs. However, protein and its proteoforms are the functional performer of each gene, proteome is much more complex than transcriptome, and the coefficient of correlation is very low (about 0.4) in consistence analysis between proteome and transcriptome for the same tissue sample [21, 22]. Therefore, it is necessary to use proteomics for pituitary adenoma invasiveness [23, 24]. A comparative proteomics experiment revealed 30 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) profiling between invasive and non-invasive pituitary adenoma tissues [25], however, this study did not distinguish the functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas (FPAs, and NFPAs). This chapter focused on the proteomic variations and molecular network changes in invasive relative to noninvasive NFPAs, investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and pathway network analysis. The findings offer the scientific data to discover protein biomarkers for effective treatment of invasive NFPAs. An experimental flow-chart is shown to study proteomes between invasive and noninvasive NFPAs (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Experimental flow-chart to comparatively study the proteomes between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 2DGE analysis of pituitary adenoma specimen
The invasive (n = 4) and non-invasive (n = 4) NFPA tissues with pathological diagnosis were used in this study. Each tissue sample was used to individually extract proteins, and the protein content was quantified. Each tissue sample was analyzed with 2DGE for 3–4 times [5, 22]. For each 2DGE analysis, 150 μg proteins were used for isoelectric focusing (IEF) with IPG strips pH 3–10 NL (180 × 3 × 0.5 mm). After IEF, the proteins was reduced and alkalized, and then were separated with the 12% PAGE resolving gel (250 × 215 × 1.0 mm), followed by visualization with modified silver-staining [26]. The PDQuest 2D gel analysis software (version 7.1.0; Bio-Rad) was used to digitize and compare 2DGE gel images between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs. A total of 12 gel images for invasive NFPAs and 12 gel images for non-invasive NFPAs were used in this analysis to determine each DEPs with a 3-fold cutoff values and p < 0.05. In addition, four standard proteins, including myoglobin (17 kDa; p. 7.6), carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa; p. 7.0), ovalbumin (45 kDa; p. 5.1), and amyloglucosidase (89/70 kDa; p. 3.8), were applied to measure the observed pI and Mr on the 2D gel.
2.2 Mass spectrometry analysis of 2DGE-separated proteins
The protein that contains in gel spot was digested in-gel with trypsin, followed by ZipTipC18 purification [5, 26]. For LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, the purified tryptic peptides were eluted in 6 μl of 85% acetonitrile plus 0.1% TFA, air-dried, and then resuspended in 6 μl of 85% acetonitrile plus 0.1% formic acid. The prepared peptide samples were analyzed by LC-ESI-qTOF mass spectrometer to obtain MS/MS spectrum. For MADI-TOF-MS analysis, the ZipTipC18 peptides were directly eluted on MALDI plate with 2 μl of а-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid solution (seven cycles), and dried, and then were analyzed with Voyager DE STR MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer to obtain peptide mass fingerprint (PMF). The MS/MS data and PMF data were used to search SwissProt database with Mascot software for protein identification.
2.3 Bioinformatics
The software NIHDAVID (version 6.7, http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp) was used to carry out gene-ontology (GO) analysis, including cellular components (CC), molecular functions (MF), and biological processes (BP), and furtherly were categorized into different functional clusters. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) (www.ingenuity.com) [27] was applied to obtain statistically significant signaling pathways with identified DEP data between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 2DE pattern and DEP profile between invasive and noninvasive NFPA proteomes
Each NFPA tissue sample (four invasive NFPAs and four non-invasive NFPAs) was analyzed by 2DGE for 3–5 times to guarantee at least three high-quality gel images. Thus, 24 high-quality 2DGE images (12 gel-images for invasive NFPAs; 12 gel images for non-invasive NFPAs) were obtained. About 1200 spots (an average of 1172 spots for invasive NFPAs and 1213 spots for non-invasive NFPAs) were present in each gel image (Figure 2), and most of spots were distributed within pH 4–9 and Mr 15–150 kDa [21]. The average between-gel matched percentage was 64% (61–67%) among invasive NFPA gels, and 67% (61–69%) among non-invasive NFPA gels. The positional deviation of the matched-spots was 2.05 ± 0.89 mm in the IEF direction and 1.41 ± 0.65 mm in the SDS-PAGE direction. For each sample, the average correlation coefficient (r) of the normalized volumes for between-gel matched-spots was 0.74 (range, 0.59–0.83), with a best-fit line of: y = 0.8685x + 0.0804 (r = 0.87; n = 811). The normalized spot volumes between 12 invasive NFPA gels and 12 non-invasive NFPA gels were compared to determine a differential protein spot with at least 3-fold change and p < 0.05. For example, Spot-2010 was identified as differential protein spots downregulated in invasive NFPAs compared to non-invasive NFPAs (Figure 3). With the same approach, 103 differential spots were identified, including 64 upregulated and 39 downregulated protein spots in invasive NFPAs relative to non-invasive NFPAs (Table 1 and Figure 1). It clearly demonstrated that the proteome was significantly different between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs.
Figure 2.
2DGE map with labeled 4 standard protein markers and 103 spots containing DEPs. IEF was carried out with 18-cm IPGStrip pH 3–10 NL. SDS-PAGE was carried out with 12% polyacrylamide gel. The red means downregulated protein spot in invasive NFPAs relative to noninvasive NFPAs. The black means upregulated spot in invasive NFPAs relative to noninvasive NFPAs. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
Figure 3.
A presentative differential protein spots between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs (Spot-2010). IPT: Invasive pituitary tumor. NIPT: Non-invasive pituitary tumor. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
SSP
Swiss-Prot No.
Protein name
Mr (kDa)
pI
Fold
Exp.
Theor.
Exp.
Theor.
0011
Q00535
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
17.56
33.74
4.04
7.57
13.6
0045
P04434
Ig kappa chain V-III region VH (fragment)
14.35
12.86
4.04
5.63
10.2
0029
P00742/Q8N4Z0
Chain 1: factor X light chain/putative Ras-related protein Rab-42
Differentially expressed proteins between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs identified with 2DGE and mass spectrometry (fold > 3-fold or < −3-fold).
It was identified with LC-ESI-MS/MS, and the others with MALDI-TOF-PMF.
Fold (+) means that it is upregulated in invasive relative to noninvasive NFPAs. Fold (−) means that it is downregulated in invasive relative to noninvasive NFPAs. Exp. pI = −1.00 means that it was out of the pI range of standard markers. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
Furthermore, each DEP in the differential spot was identified with MS [26]. For MALDI-TOF-MS PMF analysis, all interfering masses derived from contaminants including keratins, trypsin, matrix CHCA, and other unknown ones, were removed from MS spectrum of analyzed sample to obtain a corrected mass list for PMF data (Figure 4). Those nine masses labeled in Figure 4B were used with MASCOT PMF search tool to search Swiss-Prot database, and matched to the corresponding tryptic peptides from 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78_HUMAN; P11021) (Figure 5), which was the DEP identified in the differential Spot-1809. With the same method, 43 DEPs was identified with PMF analysis (Figure 1 and Table 1). For LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, the tryptic peptides were separated by LC and then sequenced by MS/MS on the qTOF MS instrument, followed by MASCOT MS/MS data search in the human Swiss-Prot database. For example, six tryptic peptides from Spot-7604 were sequenced and matched to ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATPA_HUMAN; P25705) (Figure 6). With the same method, 11 DEPs were identified with MS/MS data (Figure 1 and Table 1). A total of 57 DEPs, including 30 upregulated and 27 downregulated, were identified in invasive compared to non-invasive NFPAs (Table 1).
Figure 4.
All interfering masses from contaminants derived from the margin blank gel on a silver-stained 2D gel map (A) were removed from MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum derived from the proteins in Spot-1809 (B) to obtain a corrected mass list for PMF data that were labeled as the symbol *. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
Figure 5.
Mascot search results from PMF data (Spot-1809). Modified from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
Figure 6.
Mascot search results from a representative LC-ESI-MS/MS data from proteins in Spot-7604. Modified from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
3.2 Functional characteristics of DEPs identified in invasive relative to noninvasive NFPAs
A total of 54 DEPs out of 57 DEPs were eligible for GO analysis to identify the significant BPs, CCs, and MFs, which are further grouped with hierarchical cluster into to functional clusters (Table 2). It clearly demonstrated those DEPs participated in multiple biological functions to associate with NFPA invasiveness, including peptidase and proteolysis, nucleotide metabolism, mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress, and protein kinase and cell signaling.
Category
Term
Count
P-value
Proteins (DEPs)
Annotation Cluster 1
GOTERM_BP_FAT
Regulation of protein kinase cascade
5
5.56E − 03
P29466, Q96BJ3, P00742, P01241, P04040
GOTERM_BP_FAT
Positive regulation of signal transduction
5
1.00E − 02
P29466, P00742, P01241, P04040, P78536
GOTERM_BP_FAT
Positive regulation of protein kinase cascade
4
1.22E − 02
P29466, P00742, P01241, P04040
GOTERM_BP_FAT
Positive regulation of cell communication
5
1.45E-02
P29466, P00742, P01241, P04040, P78536
Annotation Cluster 2
GOTERM_MF_FAT
Endopeptidase activity
6
3.99E − 03
P29466, P00742, Q99542, Q99797, P56817, P78536
GOTERM_MF_FAT
Peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
The functional categories of 54 DEPs identified by GO analysis.
Modified from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
A total of 54 DEPs out of 57 DEPs were accepted for IPA pathway-network analysis to identify significant molecular networks and signaling pathways and molecular networks. Three molecular networks were identified (Figure 7). The hub molecules among those three molecular networks included ATPase, MAPK, ERK, ERK1/2, p38, Jnk, NFkB, AKT, PKA, PKC, EGFR, K-RAS, insulin, UBC, CCND1, IFNG, NFYB, ESR1, CDK5, calmodulin, and S100A1, which are obviously associated with cancer biological systems. About 19 statistically significant canonical pathways were minded from DEPs data (Figure 8), including superoxide radical degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction, eNOS signaling, inhibition of matrix metalloprotease, CDK5 signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, ketolysis, ketogenesis, TR/RXR activation, amyloid processing, endothelin-1 signaling, semaphoring signaling in neurons, axonal guidance signaling, neuregulin signaling, and primary immunodeficiency signaling [5]. Also, 10 significant toxicological events were identified with those DEP data, including mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased permeability transition/transmembrane potential/depolarization of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane, anti-oxidative response panel, and TR/RXR activation. Our previous studies also revealed that MAPK-signaling abnormality, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and TR/RXR activation are significantly associated with NFPAs and invasive NFPAs [27], and the changed molecule-pattern in each pathway-system was different between NFPA and invasive NFPA, which might contribute to the pathological processes of invasive NFPAs. Furthermore, ketogenesis and ketolysis, proteolysis abnormality, amyloid processing, and CDK5 signaling abnormality were also obviously related to invasive NAPFs. Therefore MAPK-signaling abnormality, mitochondrial dysfunction, TR/RXR activation, oxidative stress, proteolysis abnormality, CDK5 signaling abnormality, ketogenesis and ketolysis, and amyloid processing were significantly associated with invasive characteristics of invasive NFPAs, and pathway-network-based molecule patterns benefit to identify reliable biomarkers for invasive NFPAs.
Figure 7.
Significant molecular networks changed in invasive NFPAs. (A) Network 1 functioned in inflammatory disease and inflammatory response. (B) Network 2 functioned in tumor morphology, cancer, cell-to-cell signaling, and interaction. (C) Network 3 functioned in tissue morphology, nervous system development and function, and organismal development. A black solid edge means a direct relationship. A black unsolid edge means an indirect relationship. A red node means upregulated proteins. A green node means downregulated proteins. Reproduced from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
Figure 8.
Statistically significant canonical pathways to involve DEPs in invasive NFPAs. Modified from Zhan et al. [5], with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright year 2014.
4. Conclusions
Invasiveness is serious clinical problem in human pituitary adenomas. It is necessary to clarify its molecular mechanisms and discover effective biomarkers to guide management of invasive NFPAs. This 2DGE-based comparative proteomics and bioinformatics successfully identified proteomic variation profiling and pathway-network changes in human invasive NFPAs compared to noninvasive NFPAs, found 103 differential protein spots (64 upregulated and 39 downregulated) in invasive versus noninvasive NFPA 2DE maps, and identified 57 DEPs (30 upregulated and 27 downregulated), which are significantly involved in pathogenetic process of invasive NFPAs, with altered pathway networks including MAPK-signaling abnormality, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ketogenesis and ketolysis, CDK5 signaling abnormality, TR/RXR activation, proteolysis abnormality, and amyloid processing. Moreover, some important hub-molecules were identified to associate with cancer biological processes, including ATPase, MAPK, ERK, ERK1/2, p38, Jnk, NFkB, AKT, PKA, PKC, EGFR, K-RAS, insulin, UBC, CCND1, IFNG, NFYB, ESR1, CDK5, calmodulin, and S100A1. Those DEPs, changed pathway networks, and hub-molecules provided new insights into molecular mechanisms of NFPA invasiveness, and important resource for discovery of effective biomarkers to guide the management of invasive NFPAs.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial supports from the Hunan Provincial “Hundred Talent Plan” program (to X.Z.), the Xiangya Hospital Funds for Talent Introduction (to X.Z.), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 14JJ7008 to X.Z.), China “863” Plan Project (Grant No. 2014AA020610-1 to X.Z.), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81572278 and 81272798 to X.Z.). The scientific contributions of Dr. Dominic M. Desiderio from University of Tennessee Health Science Center were also acknowledged.
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations.
Author’s contributions
X.Z. conceived the concept, designed the book chapter, and wrote and critically revised the book chapter, coordinated and was responsible for the correspondence work and financial support. X.H.Z and X.W participated in experiments. X.H.Z edited the English language. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Acronyms and abbreviations
BP
biological processes
CC
cellular components
DEP
differentially expressed protein
ESI
electrospray ionization
FPA
functional pituitary adenomas
IEF
isoelectric focusing
IPA
ingenuity pathway analysis
IPG
immobilized pH gradient
LC
liquid chromatography
MALDI
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MF
molecular functions
Mr
relative mass
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
mass spectrometry
MS/MS
tandem mass spectrometry
NFPA
nonfunctional pituitary adenoma
pI
isoelectric point
PMF
peptide mass fingerprint
SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
TOF
time-of-flight
2DGE
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
\n',keywords:"invasive nonfunctional pituitary adenoma, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, proteome, comparative proteomics, invasive biomarker",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66459.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66459.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66459",totalDownloads:301,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"February 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 10th 2019",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"The invasive characteristic of nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is an important clinical problem without a clear molecular mechanism, which severely challenges its treatment strategy. Clarification of the proteomic alterations between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs is the key step for in-depth understanding of its mechanisms and discovering reliably invasive biomarkers. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)-based comparative proteomics was carried out between four invasive and four non-invasive NFPAs. A total of 64 upregulated protein-spots and 39 downregulated protein-spots were identified among 24 (invasive n = 12; non-invasive n = 12) 2DGE maps (ca. 1200 spots/gel). Mass spectrometry identified 30 upregulated proteins and 27 downregulated proteins between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs. Those 57 differentially expressed proteins are involved in multiple biological functions, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, MAPK signaling alteration, proteolysis abnormality, CDK-C signaling, amyloid processing, and TR/RXR activation. These findings provide important clues to insights into molecular mechanisms of invasive NFPAs and to discovery of effective biomarkers for effective treatment of invasive NFPA patients.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66459",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66459",signatures:"Xianquan Zhan, Xiaohan Zhan and Xiaowei Wang",book:{id:"6914",title:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",slug:"proteomics-technologies-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6914.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 2DGE analysis of pituitary adenoma specimen",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Mass spectrometry analysis of 2DGE-separated proteins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Bioinformatics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 2DE pattern and DEP profile between invasive and noninvasive NFPA proteomes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Functional characteristics of DEPs identified in invasive relative to noninvasive NFPAs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Author’s contributions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acronyms and abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hussaini IM, Trotter C, Zhao Y, Abdel-Fattah R, Amos S, Xiao A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is differentially expressed in nonfunctioning invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas and increases invasion in human pituitary adenoma cell line. The American Journal of Pathology. 2007;170:356-365. DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060736'},{id:"B2",body:'Martins AN, Hayes GJ, Kempe LG. Invasive pituitary adenomas. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1965;22:268-276. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1965.22.3.0268'},{id:"B3",body:'Zhang X, Fei Z, Zhang W, Zhang JN, Liu WP, Fu LA, et al. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for invasive pituitary adenoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2008;15:241-245. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.03.008'},{id:"B4",body:'Hashimoto N, Handa H, Yamashita J, Yamagami T. Long-term follow-up of large or invasive pituitary adenomas. Surgical Neurology. 1986;25:49-54. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(86)90114-X'},{id:"B5",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM, Wang X, Zhan X, Guo T, Li M, et al. Identification of the proteomic variations of invasive relative to non-invasive non-functional pituitary adenomas. Electrophoresis. 2014;35:2184-2194. DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300590'},{id:"B6",body:'Zhan X, Wang X, Cheng T. Human pituitary adenoma proteomics: New progresses and perspectives. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016;7:54. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00054'},{id:"B7",body:'Meij BP, Lopes MB, Ellegala DB, Alden TD, Laws ER Jr. The long-term significance of microscopic dural invasion in 354 patients with pituitary adenomas treated with transsphenoidal surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002;96:195-208. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.96.2.0195'},{id:"B8",body:'Selman WR, Laws ER Jr, Scheithauer BW, Carpenter SM. The occurrence of dural invasion in pituitary adenomas. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1986;64:402-407. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1986.64.3.0402'},{id:"B9",body:'Galland F, Lacroix L, Saulnier P, Dessen P, Meduri G, Bernier M, et al. Differential gene expression profiles of invasive and non-invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas based on microarray analysis. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2010;17:361-371. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-10-0018'},{id:"B10",body:'Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Harris AL, Wass JA. Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas—Relationship to endocrine function, treatment and outcome. Journal of Endocrinology. 2000;165:475-481'},{id:"B11",body:'Qian ZR, Sano T, Yoshimoto K, Asa SL, Yamada S, Mizusawa N, et al. Tumor-specific downregulation and methylation of the CDH13 (H-cadherin) and CDH1 (E-cadherin) genes correlate with aggressiveness of human pituitary adenomas. Modern Pathology. 2007;20:1269-1277. DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800965'},{id:"B12",body:'Simpson DJ, Clayton RN, Farrell WE. Preferential loss of death associated protein kinase expression in invasive pituitary tumours is associated with either CpG island methylation or homozygous deletion. Oncogene. 2002;21:1217-1224. DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205195'},{id:"B13",body:'Nam DH, Song SY, Park K, Kim MH, Suh YL, Lee JI, et al. Clinical significance of molecular genetic changes in sporadic invasive pituitary adenomas. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2001;33:111-116. DOI: 10.1038/emm.2001.20'},{id:"B14",body:'Farrell WE. Pituitary tumours: Findings from whole genome analyses. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2006;13:707-716. DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.01131'},{id:"B15",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM. Editorial: Systems biological aspects of pituitary Tumors. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016;7:86. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00086'},{id:"B16",body:'Zhan X, Long Y. Exploration of molecular network variations in different subtypes of human non-functional pituitary adenomas. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016;7:13. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00013'},{id:"B17",body:'Hu R, Wang X, Zhan X. Multi-parameter systematic strategies for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine in cancer. The EPMA Journal. 2013;4:2. DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-2'},{id:"B18",body:'Cheng T, Zhan X. Pattern recognition for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in cancer. The EPMA Journal. 2017;8:51-60. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-017-0083-9'},{id:"B19",body:'Lu M, Zhan X. The crucial role of multiomic approach in cancer research and clinically relevant outcomes. The EPMA Journal. 2018;9:77-102. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0128-8'},{id:"B20",body:'Wierinckx A, Auger C, Devauchelle P, Reynaud A, Chevallier P, Jan M, et al. A diagnostic marker set for invasion, proliferation, and aggressiveness of prolactin pituitary tumors. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2007;14:887-900. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-07-0062'},{id:"B21",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM. Comparative proteomics analysis of human pituitary adenomas: Current status and future perspectives. Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 2005;24:783-813. DOI: 10.1002/mas.20039'},{id:"B22",body:'Moreno CS, Evans CO, Zhan X, Okor M, Desiderio DM, Oyesiku NM. Novel molecular signaling and classification of human clinically nonfunctional pituitary adenomas identified by gene expression profiling and proteomic analyses. Cancer Research. 2005;65:10214-10222. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0884'},{id:"B23",body:'Zhan X, Huang Y, Long Y. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry methods for an analysis of human pituitary adenoma tissue proteome. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2018;134:1. DOI: 10.3791/56739'},{id:"B24",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM. The use of variations in proteomes to predict, prevent, and personalize treatment for clinically nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. The EPMA Journal. 2010;1:439-459. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0028-z'},{id:"B25",body:'Liu Z, Liu Y, Fang W, Chen W, Li C, Xiao Z. Establishment of differential expression profiles from invasive and non-invasive pituitary adenomas. Journal of central south university (medical sciences). 2009;34:569-575. DOI: 1672-7347(2009)07-0569-07'},{id:"B26",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM. A reference map of a human pituitary adenoma proteome. Proteomics. 2003;3:699-713. DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300408'},{id:"B27",body:'Zhan X, Desiderio DM. Signaling pathway networks mined from human pituitary adenoma proteomics data. BMC Medical Genomics. 2010;3:13. DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-13'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Xianquan Zhan",address:"yjzhan2011@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, P.R. China
State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, P.R. China
Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, P.R. China
State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, P.R. China
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6914",title:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",slug:"proteomics-technologies-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6914.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"301696",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",middleName:"James",surname:"Shaw",email:"ian.j.shaw@adelaide.edu.au",fullName:"Ian Shaw",slug:"ian-shaw",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Adelaide",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"A Theoretical Review of Rotating Detonation Engines",slug:"a-theoretical-review-of-rotating-detonation-engines",abstract:"Rotating detonation engines are a novel device for generating thrust from combustion, in a highly efficient, yet mechanically simple form. This chapter presents a detailed literature review of rotating detonation engines. Particular focus is placed on the theoretical aspects and the fundamental operating principles of these engines. The review covers both experimental and computational studies, in order to identify gaps in current understanding. This will allow the identification of future work that is required to further develop rotating detonation engines.",signatures:"Ian J. Shaw, Jordan A.C. Kildare, Michael J. Evans, Alfonso Chinnici, Ciaran A.M. Sparks, Shekh N.H. Rubaiyat, Rey C. Chin and Paul R. Medwell",authors:[{id:"245571",title:"Dr.",name:"S N",surname:"Hossain",fullName:"S N Hossain",slug:"s-n-hossain",email:"shekh.rubaiyat@unisa.edu.au"},{id:"281858",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Medwell",fullName:"Paul Medwell",slug:"paul-medwell",email:"paul.medwell@adelaide.edu.au"},{id:"301696",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Ian Shaw",slug:"ian-shaw",email:"ian.j.shaw@adelaide.edu.au"},{id:"301697",title:"Mr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Kildare",fullName:"Jordan Kildare",slug:"jordan-kildare",email:"jordan.kildare@student.adelaide.edu.au"},{id:"301698",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Evans",fullName:"Michael Evans",slug:"michael-evans",email:"michael.evans@unisa.edu.au"},{id:"301699",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"Chinnici",fullName:"Alfonso Chinnici",slug:"alfonso-chinnici",email:"alfonso.chinnici@adelaide.edu.au"},{id:"301702",title:"Mr.",name:"Ciaran",surname:"Sparks",fullName:"Ciaran Sparks",slug:"ciaran-sparks",email:"a1211935@student.adelaide.edu.au"},{id:"301703",title:"Dr.",name:"Rey",surname:"Chin",fullName:"Rey Chin",slug:"rey-chin",email:"rey.chin@adelaide.edu.au"}],book:{title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"245571",title:"Dr.",name:"S N",surname:"Hossain",slug:"s-n-hossain",fullName:"S N Hossain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245571/images/system/245571.jpg",biography:"Dr S N Hossain has completed his PhD in the field of thermofluid in 2014. Currently he is working as research associate at the University of South Australia. So far he has published many research journals, attended international conferences and reviewer of many leading journals of his research field. His research field of interests are combustions, CFD, Internal combustion engine, Energy, waste heat recovery etc.",institutionString:"University of South Australia",institution:{name:"University of South Australia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"264900",title:"Mr.",name:"Myron",surname:"Polatayko",slug:"myron-polatayko",fullName:"Myron Polatayko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"281858",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Medwell",slug:"paul-medwell",fullName:"Paul Medwell",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294611",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",surname:"Al-Zubaidi",slug:"hussein-al-zubaidi",fullName:"Hussein Al-Zubaidi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"297369",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",surname:"Sochet",slug:"isabelle-sochet",fullName:"Isabelle Sochet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"297371",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Gault",slug:"kevin-gault",fullName:"Kevin Gault",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"301697",title:"Mr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Kildare",slug:"jordan-kildare",fullName:"Jordan Kildare",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Adelaide",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"302432",title:"Dr.",name:"Latih",surname:"Habeeb",slug:"latih-habeeb",fullName:"Latih Habeeb",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307251",title:"Prof.",name:"Riyadh Sabah",surname:"Saleh Al-Turaihi",slug:"riyadh-sabah-saleh-al-turaihi",fullName:"Riyadh Sabah Saleh Al-Turaihi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"310604",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott A.",surname:"Wells",slug:"scott-a.-wells",fullName:"Scott A. Wells",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Portland State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"indexing-and-abstracting",title:"Indexing and Abstracting",intro:"
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"14"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10666",title:"Noble Metals Recent Advanced Studies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7322b325b1276e2b4185a7db798d588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mousumi Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10666.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainable Concrete",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fahmina Zafar, Dr. Anujit Ghosal and Dr. Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10670",title:"Properties and Applications of Alginates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"062083e53cc5c808af597de6426cea06",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Irem Deniz, Dr. Esra Imamoglu and Dr. Tugba Keskin Gundogdu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10670.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"204855",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",surname:"Deniz",slug:"irem-deniz",fullName:"Irem Deniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10941",title:"Ferrite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6a323bfa4565d7c676bc3733b4983b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Maaz Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10941.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1028",title:"Hemodynamics",slug:"hemodynamics",parent:{title:"Hematology",slug:"hematology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:16,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"hemodynamics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7042",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab4cb86baa2cadb67630b31257cb04b2",slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1653",title:"Hemodynamics",subtitle:"New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cf4b686414a77f0c867007f5062914f",slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"A. Seda Artis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36116",doi:"10.5772/36263",title:"The Evaluation of Renal Hemodynamics with Doppler Ultrasonography",slug:"the-evaluation-of-renal-hemodynamics-with-renal-doppler-ultrasonography",totalDownloads:11001,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Mahir Kaya",authors:[{id:"107675",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahir",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"mahir-kaya",fullName:"Mahir Kaya"}]},{id:"36121",doi:"10.5772/34272",title:"Carnosine and Its Role on the Erythrocyte Rheology",slug:"carnosine-and-its-role-on-the-erythrocyte-rheology",totalDownloads:1872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"A. Seda Artis and Sami Aydogan",authors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"},{id:"110016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Aydogan",slug:"sami-aydogan",fullName:"Sami Aydogan"}]},{id:"36119",doi:"10.5772/36876",title:"How Ozone Treatment Affects Erythrocytes",slug:"how-ozone-treatment-affects-erythrocytes",totalDownloads:3902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Sami Aydogan and A. Seda Artis",authors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"},{id:"110016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Aydogan",slug:"sami-aydogan",fullName:"Sami Aydogan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62838",title:"Introductory Chapter: Hemodynamic Management. The Problem of Monitoring Choice",slug:"introductory-chapter-hemodynamic-management-the-problem-of-monitoring-choice",totalDownloads:537,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Highlights on Hemodynamics"},signatures:"Theodoros Aslanidis",authors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}]},{id:"36119",title:"How Ozone Treatment Affects Erythrocytes",slug:"how-ozone-treatment-affects-erythrocytes",totalDownloads:3900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Sami Aydogan and A. Seda Artis",authors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"},{id:"110016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Aydogan",slug:"sami-aydogan",fullName:"Sami Aydogan"}]},{id:"36116",title:"The Evaluation of Renal Hemodynamics with Doppler Ultrasonography",slug:"the-evaluation-of-renal-hemodynamics-with-renal-doppler-ultrasonography",totalDownloads:10998,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Mahir Kaya",authors:[{id:"107675",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahir",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"mahir-kaya",fullName:"Mahir Kaya"}]},{id:"62847",title:"Cerebral Hemodynamics in Pediatric Hydrocephalus: Evaluation by Means of Transcranial Doppler Sonography",slug:"cerebral-hemodynamics-in-pediatric-hydrocephalus-evaluation-by-means-of-transcranial-doppler-sonogra",totalDownloads:455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Highlights on Hemodynamics"},signatures:"Branislav Kolarovszki",authors:[{id:"92436",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Branislav",middleName:null,surname:"Kolarovszki",slug:"branislav-kolarovszki",fullName:"Branislav Kolarovszki"}]},{id:"63370",title:"Functioning of the Cardiovascular System of Women in Different Phases of the Ovarian-Menstrual Cycle",slug:"functioning-of-the-cardiovascular-system-of-women-in-different-phases-of-the-ovarian-menstrual-cycle",totalDownloads:389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Highlights on Hemodynamics"},signatures:"Olena Lutsenko",authors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena Ivanivna",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-ivanivna-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko"}]},{id:"62523",title:"Influence of Branching Patterns and Active Contractions of the Villous Tree on Fetal and Maternal Blood Circulations in the Human Placenta",slug:"influence-of-branching-patterns-and-active-contractions-of-the-villous-tree-on-fetal-and-maternal-bl",totalDownloads:339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Highlights on Hemodynamics"},signatures:"Yoko Kato",authors:[{id:"249827",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoko",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",slug:"yoko-kato",fullName:"Yoko Kato"}]},{id:"36122",title:"Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Modulators in Heart Failure",slug:"soluble-guanylate-cyclase-modulators-in-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1598,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Veselin Mitrovic and Stefan Lehinant",authors:[{id:"111559",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Lehinant",slug:"stefan-lehinant",fullName:"Stefan Lehinant"}]},{id:"62149",title:"3D Numerical Study of Metastatic Tumor Blood Perfusion and Interstitial Fluid Flow Based on Microvasculature Response to Inhibitory Effect of Angiostatin",slug:"3d-numerical-study-of-metastatic-tumor-blood-perfusion-and-interstitial-fluid-flow-based-on-microvas",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"highlights-on-hemodynamics",title:"Highlights on Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Highlights on Hemodynamics"},signatures:"Gaiping Zhao",authors:[{id:"172001",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gaiping",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"gaiping-zhao",fullName:"Gaiping Zhao"}]},{id:"36118",title:"Hemodynamics Study Based on Near-Infrared Optical Assessment",slug:"hemodynamics-study-based-on-near-infrared-optical-assessment",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Chia-Wei Sun and Ching-Cheng Chuang",authors:[{id:"116138",title:"Dr",name:"Chia-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"chia-wei-sun",fullName:"Chia-Wei Sun"}]},{id:"36120",title:"Regulation of Renal Hemodyamics by Purinergic Receptors in Angiotensin II -Induced Hypertension",slug:"regulation-of-renal-hemodynamics-by-purinergic-receptors-in-angiotensin-ii-induced-hypertension",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"hemodynamics-new-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Hemodynamics",fullTitle:"Hemodynamics - New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Martha Franco, Rocío Bautista-Pérez and Oscar Pérez-Méndez",authors:[{id:"113134",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"martha-franco",fullName:"Martha Franco"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"hemodynamics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/301696/ian-shaw",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"301696",slug:"ian-shaw"},fullPath:"/profiles/301696/ian-shaw",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()