Identification and quantification of the main polyphenolic compounds present in SB; taken from [17, 18, 19].
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-495-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-494-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-496-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",keywords:"PCR, Genotyping, ELISA, Cell Lines, 2D Culture, 3D Culture, PRRs, CD4 Responses, CD8 Responses, Behavior Manipulation, Parasite Cysts, Psychiatric Disorders",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 4th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. El-Ashram's research focuses on apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma and Eimeria. He has more than 96 SCI publications, he acted as an academic editor, reviewer, and he holds several registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Researcher in enteric health, most notably probiotics and their relationship to nutrition and disease protection in poultry as well as the design of avian enteric inflammation models for the study of the impact of diet and microbiome on growth and development.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"My research focuses mainly on apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and minor on nematodes. Prof.Alali has more than 30 publications and he acts as a reviewer in many journals.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209746/images/system/209746.png",biography:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram is a professor at Foshan University, China, and Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, and a research professor at Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., China. Dr. El-Ashram\\'s research focuses on parasitic diseases. He has more than 100 journal publications to his credit. He is currently an academic editor and reviewer and holds several registered patents. The primary focus of his research is to understand how the animal immune system recognizes and responds to parasitic infections with and/or without a microbial community. Some are the causative agents of significant diseases in humans, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, alveolar echinococcosis, and fascioliasis. Others are a substantial financial burden to food producers because of the effects these parasites have on domestic animals, for example, coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis (livestock and poultry).",institutionString:"Foshan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Foshan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73465/images/system/73465.jpg",biography:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias received his DVM and MS in Veterinary Sciences from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. He worked as a professor at UNAM for sixteen years, eight as head of the Avian Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Tellez was president of the National Poultry Science Association of Mexico and is a member of the Mexican Veterinary Academy and the Mexican National Research System. Currently, he works as a research professor at the Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Arkansas. His research is focused on poultry gastrointestinal models to evaluate the beneficial effects of functional foods to enhance intestinal health and disease resistance.",institutionString:"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"437285",title:"Dr.",name:"Firas",middleName:null,surname:"Alali",slug:"firas-alali",fullName:"Firas Alali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/437285/images/17927_n.jpg",biography:"Academic reviewer for many journals.\r\nAssociate Professor at University of Kerbala, Iraq. Firas Alali works at the Department of Veterinary Parasitology of Veterinary Medicine college, Kerbala University. Firas does research in Parasitology, Entomology, and Vector-Borne Diseases including zoonoses.",institutionString:"University of Kerbala",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23117",title:"Soil Erosion and Surface Runoff on Slopes in Mountain Environment Depending on Application Technique and Seed Mixture – A Case-Study",doi:"10.5772/25124",slug:"soil-erosion-and-surface-runoff-on-slopes-in-mountain-environment-depending-on-application-technique",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23117.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23117",totalDownloads:3702,totalViews:217,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:70,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 22nd 2010",dateReviewed:"May 6th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23117",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23117",book:{id:"1354",slug:"soil-erosion-studies"},signatures:"Wilhelm Graiss and Bernhard Krautzer",authors:[{id:"62005",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilhelm",middleName:null,surname:"Graiss",fullName:"Wilhelm Graiss",slug:"wilhelm-graiss",email:"wilhelm.graiss@raumberg-gumpenstein.at",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"62006",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Krautzer",fullName:"Bernhard Krautzer",slug:"bernhard-krautzer",email:"bernhard.krautzer@raumberg-gumpenstein.at",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1354",type:"book",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion Studies",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",publishedDate:"November 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-710-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4927-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:48,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"120871",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Stanchi",slug:"silvia-stanchi",fullName:"Silvia Stanchi"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"676"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23108",type:"chapter",title:"Natural Potential for Erosion for Brazilian Territory",slug:"natural-potential-for-erosion-for-brazilian-territory",totalDownloads:3806,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexandre Marco da Silva, Clayton Alcarde Alvares and Claudia Hitomi Watanabe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50872",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Alexandre Marco Da Silva",slug:"alexandre-marco-da-silva"},{id:"52326",title:"MSc.",name:"Clayton",middleName:null,surname:"Alcarde Alvares",fullName:"Clayton Alcarde Alvares",slug:"clayton-alcarde-alvares"},{id:"52332",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia",middleName:"Hitomi",surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Claudia Watanabe",slug:"claudia-watanabe"}]},{id:"23109",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Erosion Processes in Semiarid Areas: The Importance of Native Vegetation",slug:"soil-erosion-processes-in-semiarid-areas-the-importance-of-native-vegetation",totalDownloads:4779,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rebeca Vásquez-Méndez, Eusebio Ventura-Ramos, Klavdia Oleschko, Luis Hernández-Sandoval and Miguel Angel Domínguez-Cortázar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51105",title:"Prof.",name:"Rebeca",middleName:null,surname:"Vasquez-Mendez",fullName:"Rebeca Vasquez-Mendez",slug:"rebeca-vasquez-mendez"},{id:"51117",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",fullName:"Eusebio Ventura",slug:"eusebio-ventura"},{id:"51118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis G",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Sandoval",fullName:"Luis G Hernandez-Sandoval",slug:"luis-g-hernandez-sandoval"},{id:"51119",title:"Prof.",name:"Klavdia",middleName:null,surname:"Oleschko",fullName:"Klavdia Oleschko",slug:"klavdia-oleschko"},{id:"51120",title:"Dr.",name:"Migue A",middleName:null,surname:"Dominguez-Cortazar",fullName:"Migue A Dominguez-Cortazar",slug:"migue-a-dominguez-cortazar"}]},{id:"23110",type:"chapter",title:"Deforestation / Reforestation in Mediterranean Europe: The Case of Greece",slug:"deforestation-reforestation-in-mediterranean-europe-the-case-of-greece",totalDownloads:3308,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Olga G. Christopoulou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52144",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Christopoulou",fullName:"Olga Christopoulou",slug:"olga-christopoulou"}]},{id:"23111",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Erosion Under Different Land Use and Cover Types in a Marginal Area of Portugal",slug:"soil-erosion-under-different-land-use-and-cover-types-in-a-marginal-area-of-portugal",totalDownloads:3832,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adélia Nobre Nunes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55644",title:"Prof.",name:"Adélia",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Adélia Nunes",slug:"adelia-nunes"}]},{id:"23112",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Erosion and Conservation Measures in Semiarid Ecosystems Affected by Wildfires",slug:"soil-erosion-and-conservation-measures-in-semiarid-ecosystems-affected-by-wildfires",totalDownloads:3023,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"David Badía, Clara Martí and Raquel Charte",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59686",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Badía",fullName:"David Badía",slug:"david-badia"},{id:"110456",title:"Prof.",name:"Clara",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",fullName:"Clara Martí",slug:"clara-marti"},{id:"110457",title:"Ms.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Charte",fullName:"Raquel Charte",slug:"raquel-charte"}]},{id:"23113",type:"chapter",title:"Investigation of Effective Factors on Runoff Generation and Sediment Yield of Loess Deposits Using Rainfall Simulator",slug:"investigation-of-effective-factors-on-runoff-generation-and-sediment-yield-of-loess-deposits-using-r",totalDownloads:2406,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Feiznia , M. Nohtani, H. Ahmadi and H. Peyrowan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52204",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadat",middleName:null,surname:"Feiznia",fullName:"Sadat Feiznia",slug:"sadat-feiznia"},{id:"63054",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Nohtani",fullName:"Mohammad Nohtani",slug:"mohammad-nohtani"},{id:"63055",title:"Mr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmadi",fullName:"Hasan Ahmadi",slug:"hasan-ahmadi"},{id:"63056",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Peyrovan",fullName:"Hamid Reza Peyrovan",slug:"hamid-reza-peyrovan"}]},{id:"23114",type:"chapter",title:"Plot-Scale Experimental Studies",slug:"plot-scale-experimental-studies",totalDownloads:2598,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lúcio Flávio Ferreira Moreira, Flaviane de Oliveira Silva, Serena Chen, Herbert Tadeu de Almeida Andrade, José Hilário Tavares da Silva and Antonio Marozzi Righetto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53164",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio Flavio",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Lucio Flavio Moreira",slug:"lucio-flavio-moreira"},{id:"62055",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marozzi Righetto",fullName:"Antonio Marozzi Righetto",slug:"antonio-marozzi-righetto"},{id:"62193",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Serena Chen",slug:"serena-chen"},{id:"98093",title:"MSc.",name:"Flaviane",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Flaviane Silva",slug:"flaviane-silva"},{id:"98094",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbet",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Herbet Andrade",slug:"herbet-andrade"},{id:"98100",title:"BSc.",name:"José Hilário",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"José Hilário Silva",slug:"jose-hilario-silva"}]},{id:"23115",type:"chapter",title:"Impact of Rainfall Microstructure on Erosivity and Splash Soil Erosion Under Simulated Rainfall",slug:"impact-of-rainfall-microstructure-on-erosivity-and-splash-soil-erosion-under-simulated-rainfall",totalDownloads:4109,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit, Hiroshi Yasuda, Atte Salmi and Zahoor Ahmad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55384",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Elbasit",fullName:"Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit",slug:"mohamed-a.-m.-abd-elbasit"},{id:"61907",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yasuda",fullName:"Hiroshi Yasuda",slug:"hiroshi-yasuda"},{id:"61908",title:"Mr.",name:"Atte",middleName:null,surname:"Salmi",fullName:"Atte Salmi",slug:"atte-salmi"},{id:"61909",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahoor",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Zahoor Ahmed",slug:"zahoor-ahmed"}]},{id:"23116",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Loss-Rainfall Duration Relations as Affected by Peat Content, Soil Type and Compaction Effort",slug:"soil-loss-rainfall-duration-relations-as-affected-by-peat-content-soil-type-and-compaction-effort",totalDownloads:2515,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"E.I. Ekwue and S.D. Ramoutar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57641",title:"Prof.",name:"Edwin",middleName:null,surname:"Ekwue",fullName:"Edwin Ekwue",slug:"edwin-ekwue"},{id:"57646",title:"Mr.",name:"Shivanand",middleName:null,surname:"Ramoutar",fullName:"Shivanand Ramoutar",slug:"shivanand-ramoutar"}]},{id:"23117",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Erosion and Surface Runoff on Slopes in Mountain Environment Depending on Application Technique and Seed Mixture – A Case-Study",slug:"soil-erosion-and-surface-runoff-on-slopes-in-mountain-environment-depending-on-application-technique",totalDownloads:3702,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Wilhelm Graiss and Bernhard Krautzer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62005",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilhelm",middleName:null,surname:"Graiss",fullName:"Wilhelm Graiss",slug:"wilhelm-graiss"},{id:"62006",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Krautzer",fullName:"Bernhard Krautzer",slug:"bernhard-krautzer"}]},{id:"23118",type:"chapter",title:"Combined Hydroseeding and Coconet Reinforcement for Soil Erosion Control",slug:"combined-hydroseeding-and-coconet-reinforcement-for-soil-erosion-control",totalDownloads:6877,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mervin M. Cereno, Fibor J. Tan and Francis Aldrine A. Uy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53999",title:"Prof.",name:"Mervin",middleName:null,surname:"Cereno",fullName:"Mervin Cereno",slug:"mervin-cereno"},{id:"63052",title:"Prof.",name:"Fibor",middleName:"J.",surname:"Tan",fullName:"Fibor Tan",slug:"fibor-tan"},{id:"99596",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis Aldrine",middleName:null,surname:"Uy",fullName:"Francis Aldrine Uy",slug:"francis-aldrine-uy"}]},{id:"23119",type:"chapter",title:"SCALES: An Original Model to Diagnose Soil Erosion Hazard and Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Its Evolution",slug:"scales-an-original-model-to-diagnose-soil-erosion-hazard-and-assess-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-",totalDownloads:2811,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Le Gouée Patrick, Cantat Olivier, Bensaid Abdelkrim and Goulet Alexis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52252",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Le Gouée",fullName:"Patrick Le Gouée",slug:"patrick-le-gouee"},{id:"60657",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Cantat",fullName:"Olivier Cantat",slug:"olivier-cantat"},{id:"60658",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdelkrim",middleName:null,surname:"Bensaid",fullName:"Abdelkrim Bensaid",slug:"abdelkrim-bensaid"},{id:"60659",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Goulet",fullName:"Alexis Goulet",slug:"alexis-goulet"}]},{id:"23120",type:"chapter",title:"SATEEC GIS System for Spatiotemporal Analysis of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield",slug:"sateec-gis-system-for-spatiotemporal-analysis-of-soil-erosion-and-sediment-yield",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyoung Jae Lim, Youn Shik Park, Bernard A. Engel and Nam Won Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"61924",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyoung Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",fullName:"Kyoung Jae Lim",slug:"kyoung-jae-lim"},{id:"61995",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard A.",middleName:null,surname:"Engel",fullName:"Bernard A. Engel",slug:"bernard-a.-engel"},{id:"102136",title:"MSc.",name:"Younshik",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Younshik Park",slug:"younshik-park"},{id:"110952",title:"Dr.",name:"Nam Won",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Nam Won Kim",slug:"nam-won-kim"}]},{id:"23121",type:"chapter",title:"Internal Erosion Due to Water Flow Through Earth Dams and Earth Structures",slug:"internal-erosion-due-to-water-flow-through-earth-dams-and-earth-structures",totalDownloads:16588,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Raul Flores-Berrones and Norma Patricia Lopez-Acosta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58505",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Berrones",fullName:"Raul Flores-Berrones",slug:"raul-flores-berrones"},{id:"139295",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Acosta",fullName:"Norma Patricia Lopez-Acosta",slug:"norma-patricia-lopez-acosta"}]},{id:"23122",type:"chapter",title:"Lake Mladotice in the Western Czech Republic – Sediments as a Geoarchive for Flood Events and Pre- to Postcommunist Change in Land Use since 1872",slug:"lake-mladotice-in-the-western-czech-republic-sediments-as-a-geoarchive-for-flood-events-and-pre-to-p",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Achim Schulte, Bohumir Jansky and Julius Česak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62018",title:"Prof.",name:"Achim",middleName:null,surname:"Schulte",fullName:"Achim Schulte",slug:"achim-schulte"},{id:"62020",title:"Prof.",name:"Bohumir",middleName:null,surname:"Jansky",fullName:"Bohumir Jansky",slug:"bohumir-jansky"},{id:"138264",title:"Prof.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Česak",fullName:"Julius Česak",slug:"julius-cesak"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"410",title:"Soil Erosion Issues in Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab3ad713d24941e8ce0649ae94643ec3",slug:"soil-erosion-issues-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20459",title:"Soil Degradation",slug:"soil-degradation",signatures:"Rajendra Hegde, A. Natarajan, L G K Naidu and Dipak Sarkar",authors:[{id:"56582",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hegde",fullName:"Rajendra Hegde",slug:"rajendra-hegde"},{id:"80856",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Natarajan",fullName:"A.M. Natarajan",slug:"a.m.-natarajan"},{id:"135951",title:"Dr.",name:"L G K",middleName:null,surname:"Naidu",fullName:"L G K Naidu",slug:"l-g-k-naidu"},{id:"135952",title:"Dr.",name:"Dipak",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Dipak Sarkar",slug:"dipak-sarkar"}]},{id:"20460",title:"Water Erosion from Agricultural Land Under Atlantic Climate",slug:"water-erosion-from-agricultural-land-under-atlantic-climate",signatures:"Montserrat Valcárcel, Antonio Paz González, Jorge Dafonte, José Manuel Mirás-Avalos, Jorge Paz-Ferreiro, Ildegardis Bertol and Eva Vidal Vázquez",authors:[{id:"51269",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Paz González",fullName:"Antonio Paz González",slug:"antonio-paz-gonzalez"},{id:"61849",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Dafonte",fullName:"Jorge Dafonte",slug:"jorge-dafonte"},{id:"61850",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Valcárcel",fullName:"Montserrat Valcárcel",slug:"montserrat-valcarcel"},{id:"61851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildegardis",middleName:null,surname:"Bertol",fullName:"Ildegardis Bertol",slug:"ildegardis-bertol"},{id:"61852",title:"Dr.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Mirás-Avalos",fullName:"José Manuel Mirás-Avalos",slug:"jose-manuel-miras-avalos"},{id:"61853",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Paz-Ferreiro",fullName:"Jorge Paz-Ferreiro",slug:"jorge-paz-ferreiro"},{id:"61854",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Vidal Vázquez",fullName:"Eva Vidal Vázquez",slug:"eva-vidal-vazquez"}]},{id:"20461",title:"Micro-Topographic Characteristics in Coordinate with Surface Erosion",slug:"micro-geomorphology-characteristics-in-coordinate-with-surface-erosion",signatures:"Qingfeng Zhang, Longshan Zhao, Faqi Wu and Jian Wang",authors:[{id:"51286",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Qingfeng Zhang",slug:"qingfeng-zhang"},{id:"86439",title:"Prof.",name:"Faqi",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Faqi Wu",slug:"faqi-wu"},{id:"86440",title:"Dr.",name:"Longshan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Longshan Zhao",slug:"longshan-zhao"},{id:"102584",title:"Mr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jian Wang",slug:"jian-wang"}]},{id:"20462",title:"Losses of Soil and Nutrients from a Purplish Soil on Slopping Lands as Affected by Rain Intensity and Farming Practices",slug:"losses-of-soil-and-nutrients-from-a-purplish-soil-on-slopping-lands-as-affected-by-rain-intensity-an",signatures:"Chaowen Lin, Chunyan Luo, Liangyu Pang and Shihua Tu",authors:[{id:"55413",title:"Prof.",name:"Shihua",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",fullName:"Shihua Tu",slug:"shihua-tu"},{id:"62632",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaowen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chaowen Lin",slug:"chaowen-lin"},{id:"62633",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunyan",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Chunyan Luo",slug:"chunyan-luo"},{id:"62634",title:"Dr.",name:"Liangyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"Liangyu Pang",slug:"liangyu-pang"}]},{id:"20463",title:"Soil Erosion Aspects in Agricultural Ecosystem",slug:"soil-erosion-aspects-in-agricultural-ecosystem",signatures:"Elena Comino, Paolo Marengo and Valentina Rolli",authors:[{id:"59517",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Comino",fullName:"Elena Comino",slug:"elena-comino"},{id:"62653",title:"MSc",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Marengo",fullName:"Paolo Marengo",slug:"paolo-marengo"},{id:"62654",title:"MSc",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Rolli",fullName:"Valentina Rolli",slug:"valentina-rolli"}]},{id:"20464",title:"Evaluation of Erosion Intensity and Some of Its Consequences in Vineyards from Two Hilly Environments Under a Mediterranean Type of Climate, Italy",slug:"evaluation-of-erosion-intensity-and-some-of-its-consequences-in-vineyards-from-two-hilly-environment",signatures:"Giuseppe Corti, Eugenio Cavallo, Stefania Cocco, Marcella Biddoccu, Giorgia Brecciaroli and Alberto Agnelli",authors:[{id:"62089",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Corti",fullName:"Giuseppe Corti",slug:"giuseppe-corti"},{id:"62092",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Cavallo",fullName:"Eugenio Cavallo",slug:"eugenio-cavallo"},{id:"62093",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Cocco",fullName:"Stefania Cocco",slug:"stefania-cocco"},{id:"62094",title:"Mr.",name:"Giorgia",middleName:null,surname:"Brecciaroli",fullName:"Giorgia Brecciaroli",slug:"giorgia-brecciaroli"},{id:"62095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Agnelli",fullName:"Alberto Agnelli",slug:"alberto-agnelli"},{id:"62268",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcella",middleName:null,surname:"Biddoccu",fullName:"Marcella Biddoccu",slug:"marcella-biddoccu"}]},{id:"20465",title:"Hydrological Effects of Different Soil Management Practices in Mediterranean Areas",slug:"hydrological-effects-of-different-soil-management-practices-in-mediterranean-areas",signatures:"Giuseppe Bombino, Vincenzo Tamburino, Demetrio Antonio Zema and Santo Marcello Zimbone",authors:[{id:"56177",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrio Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Zema",fullName:"Demetrio Antonio Zema",slug:"demetrio-antonio-zema"},{id:"62045",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bombino",fullName:"Giuseppe Bombino",slug:"giuseppe-bombino"},{id:"62047",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Tamburino",fullName:"Vincenzo Tamburino",slug:"vincenzo-tamburino"},{id:"62048",title:"Prof.",name:"Santo Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Zimbone",fullName:"Santo Marcello Zimbone",slug:"santo-marcello-zimbone"}]},{id:"20466",title:"Planting System on Permanent Beds; A Conservation Agriculture Alternative for Crop Production in the Mexican Plateau",slug:"planting-system-on-permanent-beds-a-conservation-agriculture-alternative-for-crop-production-in-the-",signatures:"Agustin Limon-Ortega",authors:[{id:"52208",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustin",middleName:null,surname:"Limon-Ortega",fullName:"Agustin Limon-Ortega",slug:"agustin-limon-ortega"}]},{id:"20467",title:"The Significance of Soil Erosion on Soil Fertility Under Different Tillage Systems and Granitic Sandy Soils in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe: A Comparison of Nutrient Losses Due to Sheet Erosion, Leaching and Plant Uptake",slug:"the-significance-of-soil-erosion-on-soil-fertility-under-different-tillage-systems-and-granitic-sand",signatures:"Adelaide Munodawafa",authors:[{id:"54809",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelaide",middleName:null,surname:"Munodawafa",fullName:"Adelaide Munodawafa",slug:"adelaide-munodawafa"}]},{id:"20468",title:"Effect of Slope Position and Land-Use Changes to Bio- Physical Soil Properties in Nakasongola Pastoral Rangeland Areas, Central Uganda",slug:"effect-of-slope-position-and-land-use-changes-to-bio-physical-soil-properties-in-nakasongola-pastora",signatures:"M. Buyinza and M. Nabalegwa",authors:[{id:"60757",title:"Prof.",name:"Buyinza",middleName:null,surname:"Mukadasi",fullName:"Buyinza Mukadasi",slug:"buyinza-mukadasi"},{id:"60764",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammod",middleName:null,surname:"Nabalegwa",fullName:"Muhammod Nabalegwa",slug:"muhammod-nabalegwa"}]},{id:"20469",title:"Pastoral Hill Slope Erosion in New Zealand and the Role of Poplar and Willow Trees in Its Reduction",slug:"pastoral-hill-slope-erosion-in-new-zealand-and-the-role-of-poplar-and-willow-trees-in-its-reduction",signatures:"Ian McIvor, Grant Douglas, John Dymond, Garth Eyles and Michael Marden",authors:[{id:"56900",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"McIvor",fullName:"Ian McIvor",slug:"ian-mcivor"},{id:"60671",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Dymond",fullName:"John Dymond",slug:"john-dymond"},{id:"136759",title:"Prof.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"Douglas",fullName:"Grant Douglas",slug:"grant-douglas"},{id:"136760",title:"Prof.",name:"Garth",middleName:null,surname:"Eyles",fullName:"Garth Eyles",slug:"garth-eyles"},{id:"136761",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Marden",fullName:"Michael Marden",slug:"michael-marden"}]},{id:"20470",title:"Erosion Control in Furrow Irrigation Using Polyacrylamide",slug:"erosion-control-in-furrow-irrigation-using-polyacrylamide",signatures:"Carlos Chávez, Carlos Fuentes and Fernando Brambila",authors:[{id:"55317",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Chávez",fullName:"Carlos Chávez",slug:"carlos-chavez"},{id:"60920",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",fullName:"Carlos Fuentes",slug:"carlos-fuentes"},{id:"60921",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Brambila",fullName:"Fernando Brambila",slug:"fernando-brambila"}]},{id:"20471",title:"Soil Erosion Control on Arable Lands from North-East Romania",slug:"soil-erosion-control-on-arable-lands-from-north-east-romania",signatures:"Bucur Daniel, Jitareanu Gerard and Ailincai Costica",authors:[{id:"50794",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"G",surname:"Bucur",fullName:"Daniel Bucur",slug:"daniel-bucur"},{id:"62016",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Jitareanu",fullName:"Gerard Jitareanu",slug:"gerard-jitareanu"},{id:"62017",title:"Prof.",name:"Costica",middleName:null,surname:"Ailincai",fullName:"Costica Ailincai",slug:"costica-ailincai"}]},{id:"20472",title:"Terracing as a Measure of Soil Erosion Control and Its Effect on Improvement of Infiltration in Eroded Environment",slug:"terracing-as-a-measure-of-soil-erosion-control-and-its-effect-on-improvement-of-infiltration-in-erod",signatures:"Marcin K. Widomski",authors:[{id:"58898",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Widomski",fullName:"Marcin Widomski",slug:"marcin-widomski"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"410",title:"Soil Erosion Issues in Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab3ad713d24941e8ce0649ae94643ec3",slug:"soil-erosion-issues-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"411",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02b616b9401d15f1c0e8e4e5ad11a48d",slug:"soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Simone Pascucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",surname:"Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1354",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54b680a6a971eb10ae500071207ab86d",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2112",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3065f0ce00f5f86227cc7f2069cdb89a",slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3101",title:"Research on Soil Erosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51090e50c44c29c86ddab2f001203205",slug:"research-on-soil-erosion",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone, Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1354",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54b680a6a971eb10ae500071207ab86d",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77352",title:"Seabuckthorn Polyphenols: Characterization, Bioactivities and Associated Health Benefits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98706",slug:"seabuckthorn-polyphenols-characterization-bioactivities-and-associated-health-benefits",body:'Although it has been used for centuries in many parts of the world, especially in Northern Asia, sea buckthorn berry and its derivatives are relatively novel ingredients in the field of dietary supplements and functional foods. Sea buckthorn (SB) berry and leaf contain a variety of polyphenols, some of them being especially abundant in SB, that have been documented to bring a wide range of health benefits. This review is aimed at describing the composition of SB derivatives and the health benefits associated with their consumption.
Sea Buckthorn is a deciduous, branched, spiny shrub belonging to genus
Sea buckthorn is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The male plants produce brownish flowers, which produce wind-distributed pollen and female plants produce an orange berry-like fruit. The leaves are narrow, alternate, lanceolate-linear and obtuse with peltate and stellate scales on the lower surface. The fruits are subglobose, spherical or oblate, succulent, and orange colored with a mean diameter of 5-8 mm. The seeds are solitary, uniquely lobed, light black, and stony. The seed kernel is white and oily, sour and astringent. The pulp of the fruit is oily and soft. The surface of the peel epidermal cells is polygonal with a slightly thicker vertical wall. The parenchyma cells of the pulp contain many orange-red or orange-yellow particles, along with bright yellow oil drops. The content in actives is respectively not less than 1.5% flavonoids, 0.1% isorhamnetin (Identification criteria by Chinese pharmacopeia).
Sea buckthorn has been reported to contain more than 190 bioactive compounds in the seeds, pulp, fruit, and juice. These compounds include fat-soluble vitamins (A, K, E), 22 fatty acids, 42 lipids, organic acids (malic acid, oxalic acid), amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins C, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamentin, kaempferol glycosides, luteolin, myricetin), polyphenols (epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid), terpenes, carotenoids (zeaxanthin, beta carotene, lycopene) and tannins [2]. Sea buckthorn berry also contains twenty mineral elements, including Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn. It is a rich source of omega 3, 6, 7, and 9. It is the only plant that offers a wide variety of fatty acids and includes a beneficial amount Omega 7 (palmitoleic acid) [3].
The genus name of Sea Buckthorn “Hippophae” originates from the Greek words “Hippo” (horse) and “Phaos” (to shine), meaning essentially “shining horse”. It is said that when Alexander the Great headed back from his Asian conquest, he travelled with his troops through a desert region near today’s Northern Pakistan, where he had previously abandoned a group of horses wounded in battle. The area was abundant in sea buckthorn trees and the horses had the opportunity to feed on the berries and leaves. At one point they spotted the horses looking vibrant and with a shiny coat, which is a sign of health for horses. From there sea buckthorn was brought to Greece where it was used ever since of as horse feed to keep horses healthy and strong.
It was used as a medicinal plant in Tibet as early as 900 AD. The references to the medicinal use of SB were found in the ancient Tibetan medicinal texts, including “the RGyud Bzi” (The Four Books of Pharmacopoeia) dated to the times of Tang Dynasty (618–907) AD. In Tibetan and Mongolian traditional medicines, SB berries were used in the treatment of cough, wound healing and burns, blood circulation and digestive system support (constipation, stomach burn). Sea buckthorn berries are listed in the
Polyphenols from SB have antioxidant [1], anti-inflammatory [7, 8], cardioprotective [9, 10] and anticancer [2] properties, associated with metabolic-health enhancement including weight management, improvement of lipid and glucose profiles, pancreatic regeneration, and reduction of hypertension (Figure 1) [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Particularly, kaempferol, quercetin, and their derivatives, proanthocyanidins (PAC), catechins, phenolic acid and tannins demonstrated significant health-promoting benefits. Isorhamnetin, kampferol, quercetin, catechins and procyanidins represent some active molecules with well-known health benefits.
Main mechanism of action and associated health benefits of Sea Buckthorn polyphenols.
SB represents a good source of phenolic compounds acting in synergy with PUFA such as omegas 3, 6, 7 and 9, vitamins (vitamin C), organic acids, making SB a suitable candidate for dietary supplement and food fortification. SB polyphenols are mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. Polyphenolic content ranges from 29 to 38.8 mg/g (GAE), with more than 100 polyphenolic compounds identified (Table 1). The estimated content in polyphenols is higher than in mulberry, blueberry, raspberry or pomegranate [1]. Polyphenol content varies from species to species, geographical origin, the degree of maturity at the harvest, and the production process, such as drying temperature, method of extraction and storage. Comparing species, flavonoid content was the highest in
SB Berries Tibetan plateau | SB Berries* | SB berries defatted pomace ethanolic fraction | |
---|---|---|---|
Method | UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS (μg/g) | RP-HPLC (μg/g) | UPLC-Q/TOF MS** (μg/g) |
Total phenolic acids | 629 | ||
Total phenolics | 4730 | ||
Total Flavones | 309 | ||
Total Flav-monoglycosides | 1470 | ||
Total Flav-diglycosides | 2330 | ||
Phloretin | 310 | ||
Gallic acid | 80.9 | 198 | |
EGC | 238.8 | ||
Protocatechuate | 112.9 | 393 | |
Catechin | 208.5 | 89.9 | 369.6 |
Epicatechin | 21.4 | 123.2 | |
Chlorogenic acid | 14.04 | ||
PAC-B2 | 99.12 | ||
vanillic acid | 31.7 | ||
O-hydroxybenzene acetic acid | 8.56 | ||
coffeic acid | 33.84 | ||
P-coumaric acid | 13.08 | ||
Ferulic acid | 11.28 | 37.6 | |
Salicylic acid | 3.22 | ||
Rutin | 1,121.4 | 162.9 | |
Ellagic acid | 1.23 | ||
Myricetin | 39.96 | ||
Naringenin | 1.23 | ||
Quercetin | 36.6 | 55.1 | |
Kaempferol | 117.48 | 12.3 | |
Isorhamnetin | 131 | ||
Quercetin −3-rutinoside | 329 | ||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 397 | ||
Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | 586 | ||
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside | 155 | 139.8 | |
Quercetin-3-Sophoroside-7-Rhamnoside | 1220 | ||
Kaempferol-3-Sophoroside-7-rhamnoside | 450 | 1739 | |
Isorhamnetin-3-Sophoroside-7-rhamnoside | 397 | 1166 | |
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside | 1480 | ||
Kaempferol-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside | 203.5 | ||
Reference | Jia et al. [17] | Guo et al. [18] | Dienaite et al. [19] |
Ethanolic extract of SB berry (SBB) exerts significant cytoprotective properties against sodium nitroprusside induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes [20]. SBB extract also attenuated nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rat liver and heart [21]. Moreover, the total flavones of SB provided protection against H2O2-induced apoptosis on vascular endothelial cells with the lowering the caspase-3 expression [22]. SBB also showed immunomodulating effect against T-2 toxin-induced immunodepression in 15-day-old chicks [23]. The SBB extract also had a protective effect on antioxidant enzyme levels and contributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation, leading to reduced levels of cellular oxidation processes. Furthermore, Yasukawa et al. reported that an ethanolic fraction of SB containing (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin and ursolic acid exhibited anti-tumor activity [24]. When tested on cell proliferation in the Caco-2 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, SBB extracts induced apoptotic activity and apoptotic morphological changes of the nucleus. This included chromatin condensation in HL-60 cells treated with flavonols isolated from SB such as quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin [25, 26, 27].
A flavonoid extract of SB containing isorhamnetin and quercetin exerted protective effects on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, on microcirculation and on the regulation of thyroid function [2]. Isorhamnetin isolated from SB has also been investigated for its cytotoxicity and its influence on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The cytotoxic effect of isorhamnetin was showed to be dose and time-dependent against hepatocellular carcinoma cells after treatment with isorhamnetin for 72 h [28].
Polyphenolic compounds in SBB juice at different phases of digestion exerts beneficial effects on colonic microbial diversity, with an increase in total phenolic content and in total antioxidant activity during gastric and small intestine digestion, and the release of quercetin from the food matrix in the colon. Colonic fermentation resulted in an increase in quercetin and caffeic acid, along with a decrease in rutin and chlorogenic acid after 36 h of fermentation. The Shannon diversity index of beneficial groups including Lactic acid bacteria, Bacteroides/Prevotella and Bifidobacteria was increased by 35%, 71% and 17%, respectively. As a consequence, SB juice seems to represent a good source of prebiotic substrate for the proliferation of beneficial gut microbiota [29].
The safety of SB leaf and berry extracts was assessed in several studies [30, 31, 32]. In a sub-acute study, the absence of any sign of toxicity at the highest dose used established the LD50 at >10 g/kg bw for SB leaf extract. In a chronic 90-day repeated gavage administration study, no changes were observed at any of the doses used with regard to body weight and organ weight for animal of both sexes, when compared to control rats [31]. Moreover, no significant changes in biochemical parameters were noticed relative to lipid metabolism as well as renal or hepatic function. The absence of histopathological lesions in the main organs at any dose suggests a NOAEL superior to 500 mg/kg bw. In addition, the safety of herbal antioxidants composed of SB pulp and extract thereof was studied [32]. There were no significant alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters at any dose. Histopathological analysis of vital organs showed normal architecture and absence of lesions in all treated groups, which was associated with no difference in weight gain and relative organ weight in treated groups compared to controls. Even at high dose of 2,000 to 8,000 mg/kg bw [32], an absence of toxicity and side effects was reported, confirming that SBB extract is a safe product.
The efficacy of SB leaf aqueous extract (SLE) was assessed in a model of lead toxicity in Wistar rat model, at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg bw for 60 days [33]. Administration of SLE to lead intoxicated Wistar rats resulted in normalization of almost all the safety parameters studied - albumin, creatinine, blood urea, total proteins. Significant improvement in total protein levels after SLE treatment in lead intoxicated animals may be due to its antioxidant properties and its hepatoprotective effect, normalizing protein synthesis. SLE treatment of lead intoxicated rats resulted in normalization of serum urea and creatinine levels, suggesting a normalization of glomerular filtration rate in kidney. Supplementation of SLE in lead intoxicated rats resulted in normalization of elevated cholesterol levels, that may due to the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids.
SB leaf tea (SBLT) included at levels of 1 and 5% of total diet, in a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks, suppressed body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced visceral fat, plasma levels of leptin, triglyceride, total cholesterol and ALT activity compared with high-fat-fed control mice [34]. SBLT also decreased hepatic triglyceride, serum cholesterol and lipid accumulation. Moreover, its consumption normalized the expression of several hepatic lipid metabolic markers such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, beta-oxidation, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Intra-abdominal deposition of visceral adipose tissue is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. SBLT supplementation seemed to have a direct effect on lipid metabolism, and it exhibited significant anti-visceral obesity property, while also reducing hepatic lipid accumulation when compared with the high-fat-fed control animals. The hypolipidemic effect of SBLT supplementation seemed likely to be due to a decrease in hepatic triglycerides synthesis through a modulation of the fatty acid esterification pathway. Compared to high-fat-fed control mice, SBLT lowered CYP2E1 activity which participates to the production of reactive oxygen species and overall oxidative stress. Both 1% and 5% SBLT supplementation effectively improved ALT activity. SBLT supplementation may prevent hepatic damage of HFD by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and the attenuation of microsomal CYP2E1 induction. Therefore, SBLT exerts antioxidant, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
Total flavones from SB fruit seed residues were administered at the daily concentrations of 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks in sucrose-fed rats model [35]. Sucrose-fed rats displayed increases of 25.6% in systolic blood pressure, 114% in plasma insulin, 85% in triglycerides (TG), as well as an increase in activated angiotensin in both heart and kidney. SB flavones significantly suppressed the elevated hypertension, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia. It also led to the normalization of systolic blood pressure by at least improving insulin sensitivity and the increase in plasma angiotensin II after 8 weeks of SB consumption, especially at the daily dose of 150 mg/kg. The antihyperinsulinemia abilities of SB total flavones from fruit seed residues and irbesartan were comparable. SB flavones reversed the abnormalities in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and FFA levels and low content of HDL. Administration of SB seed residues at a daily dose of 400 mg/kg bw for 4 weeks significantly decreased serum glucose, TG and nitric oxide levels in diabetic rats and increased serum superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione level [36]. Therefore, SB seed extract has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats.
These findings were confirmed in another study where an ethanolic extract of SB leaves (SBLE) at daily doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg was administered for 13 weeks to mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) [37]. Oral administration of SBLE significantly reduced energy intake, body weight gain, epididymal fat pad weight, hepatic triglyceride, hepatic and serum total cholesterol levels, as well as serum leptin levels when compared to control HFD mice. Glucose tolerance assessed by OGTT was significantly improved at both daily doses of SBLE. Lipid droplet infiltration in the liver was significantly reduced at the lower dose of SBLE and absent at the higher dose of SBLE, confirming hepatoprotective action against triglycerides accumulation in the liver, as well as steatosis. SBLE modulates liver lipid metabolism by the upregulation of PPARa, PPARy and CPT1 and downregulation of acetylCoA carboxylase.
The anxiolytic properties of water and ethanolic extract of SB leaves (SBLE) at daily doses ranging from 50 to 300 mg/kg bw for 17 days were compared to L-theanine as positive control and saline in a model of electric foot shock stress in mice [38]. Corticosterone-induced impairment model was also studied in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Corticosterone-induced decrease in cellular viability was restored by different SB extracts at the concentration of 30 ug/ml. The group receiving SBLE exhibited a significantly reduced stress-induced increase in immobility times compared with the mice in the EFS group. Moreover, SBLE consumption increased climbing times in forced swim tests induced by electric foot shocks in the stressed mice. The levels of CORT, dopamine, and norepinephrine were increased, and the level of serotonin in the hippocampus was decreased in the electric foot shock stress model. The standardized SB extract effectively restored abnormal CORT and monoamine levels in the hippocampus to normal levels. These findings suggest anti-stress and neuroprotective properties of SB leaf extract in vivo.
Phenolic-rich fraction of SB leaves (319.33 mg gallic acid equivalent; SBLE) was administered at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw for 7 days in a model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in Sprague Dawley rats [39]. SBLE significantly protected against CCl4-induced increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), c-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, hepatic lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides, protein carbonyls, as well as depletion of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and decrease in the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). SBLE protected against histopathological alterations induced by CCl4 such as liver necrosis, fatty changes, and vacuolation. SBLE demonstrated antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against CCL4 liver injury. These observations were confirmed in another model of CCl4-induced liver injury in male albino rats fed SBLE at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg-bw for 5 days [40]. SBLE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly restricted the CCl4-induced increase of glutamate oxaloacetate transferase, glutamate pyruvate transferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. SBLE also enhanced GSH and decreased MDA levels. SBLE (100 mg/kg) protected against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as hepatic cells showed well-preserved cytoplasm and the liver showed a marked decrease in inflammatory cells. These results confirm the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of SBLE against CCL4 liver injury model.
Two grams of frozen SBB puree containing 16.7 mg of flavanol glycosides or a placebo was consumed for 3 months in a study including 254 healthy volunteers [41]. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of SBB for common cold (CC), digestive tract infections (DTI), and urinary tract infections (UTI). While no difference was reported in CC and DTI frequency or duration, consumption of SBB reduced both the number and duration of UTI. A small but significant decrease in CRP was also observed in the SBB group. The decrease in the inflammatory marker CRP was confirmed in another study in which a dose of 28 g of SBB or placebo was given to 220 healthy volunteers for 90 days. SBB did not affect serum total HDL and LDL cholesterol, nor serum triacylglycerol concentrations. However, compared with placebo, there was a significant reduction in blood concentrations of CRP in the SBB group [9].
SBB pulp at a daily dose of 1 or 2 ml/kg bw for 3 weeks was administered to streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ) induced diabetes in rats [42]. A decrease of more than 50% of fasting hyperglycemia was observed in diabetic rats, at both 1 and 2 ml/kg. Pancreatic glutathione content increased significantly in SBB treated diabetic rats Moreover, a decrease in HbA1c was reported at the highest dose. SBB decreased all histopathological changes induced by STZ, such as degenerative and lytic changes were reduced, beta cells depletion was decreased, as well as fibrosis. SBB pulp had a regenerative and protective effect on pancreatic beta cells.
The beneficial effect of flavonoid-rich extract of SBB was assessed in high-fat diet–induced obesity (HFDO) at daily doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg bw for 9 weeks, and compared to placebo [43]. SBB administration significantly reduced body weight gain, inhibited macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, and downregulated TNFα mRNA expression in adipose tissue. A decrease in TG was observed but not in total cholesterol. At the highest dose of 300 mg/kg, hepatic TG was decreased by 49.56% when compared to HFDO control mice. Blood glucose concentration was 14.55% lower in the SBB treatment group (300 mg/kg), compared to the HFDO control. SBB alleviated the glucose intolerance induced by HFD, as determined by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). The sizes of adipocytes were considerably lower at both doses of SBB, compared to the HFDO control. Therefore, the anti-obesity activity of SBB may be attributed partly to a decrease in the volume of fat cells. Decrease in adipose tissue inflammation, anti-obesity properties, improvement of glucose tolerance and glycemia, and the decrease in hepatic TG accumulation all points to an improvement of cardiometabolic profile.
The efficacy of SBB was also evaluated in a model of spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat, using a daily dose of 0.7 g/kg-bw for 2 months [44]. Mean and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin were significantly decreased by the SBB treatment when compared to hypertensive control group. The number of AP-containing capillary portions fell while the number of those containing DPPIV increased. The expression of these 2 enzymes is modulated by inflammation enhanced by hypertension. Antihypertensive and cardioprotective properties measured by heart rate, blood pressure, total plasma cholesterol, TG levels improvement were thus confirmed.
The efficacy of SBB, and SBB phenolic extract on metabolic health was compared to bilberry berries (BB) in 110 overweight women [45]. The daily doses were all equivalent to 100 g of fresh berries. Each product was consumed for 35 days in a cross-over study. Decrease in waist circumference and TNFα, and a small decrease in fasting plasma glucose was observed after SBB consumption. A decrease in ICAM and TNFα was observed after consumption of SB extract. No significant difference in BP, percentage of fat mass, fasting plasma cholesterol, TG, and IL6 levels was observed. Therefore, SB products brought mild but significant improvement in metabolic, inflammatory and endothelial markers in overweight volunteers. Another clinical study demonstrated the efficacy of SB juice (SBJ) on platelet aggregation. Placebo or 300 ml of SBJ was consumed by 20 healthy volunteers for 8 weeks [46]. No difference in platelet aggregation and LDLox levels was seen between placebo and SBJ group. A non-significant increase of 20% was observed in plasma HDL-C. In another study, a crude flavone extract from SBB prevented thrombogenesis in an
This cardioprotective effect and improvement in metabolic profile has been confirmed in clinical studies. Eighty overweight women were given either 20 g of dried SBB, or 14.6 g of sea buckthorn phenolic extract for 35 days, in a randomized cross-over study. All these daily doses represent 100 g of fresh SBB [16]. All groups using the various SB products showed significant improvement in metabolic profile, especially in individuals with higher baseline cardiometabolic risk. SB-induced effects were mainly on serum TG and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and its subclasses, which decreased in participants with higher baseline cardiometabolic risk. During SB consumption, a significant decrease in TG and creatinine was observed. To conclude, a meta-analysis including 11 RCT which enrolled 514 patients confirmed that supplementation with SBB and extracts significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol in subjects with cardiovascular risks [6].
Sea buckthorn extract (SBE) was administered at the daily dose of 15 g, 3 times a day for 6 months, to 50 cirrhotic Child-Pugh grade A and B patients [48]. The rate of normalization in AST and ALT, was significantly higher in the groups treated with SBE: 80% in the treated group and 56% in the control group. Parameters of liver fibrosis such as serum laminin, hyaluronic acid, total bile acid (TBA), collagen types III and IV were decreased after treatment, when compared with control group. SBE decreased markers of liver fibrosis and improved the rate of AST/ALT normalization, suggesting hepatoprotective properties.
Stemberry®, a SBB aqueous extract standardized in 30% of proanthocyanidins was consumed by 12 healthy participants at a daily dose of 500 mg, compared to a placebo in one single dose. Rapid and highly selective stem cell mobilization was observed, as quantified by an increase in the number of circulating CD45dim C D34+ CD309− progenitor stem cells by 24%, CD45− CD31+ CD309+ endothelial stem cells by 33%, and CD45− CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells by 20%. All these types of stem cells are involved in regenerative and reparative functions. Moreover, a mild significant increase was observed in the number of CD45dim CD34+ CD309+ pluripotential stem cells [49]. SB PAC-rich extract supports the natural ability of the body to repair and renew, suggesting regenerative properties.
The efficacy of SBB paste (SB total polyphenols 191.5 mg/g and SB total flavonoids 130.9 mg/g) was studied in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury [50]. SBB paste was consumed for 7 days at daily doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw, and at day 8 LPS challenge was carried out. The loss of body weight, microstructure lesions in the lung tissue, increase in MDA, and reduction of SOD and glutathione peroxidase levels caused by LPS challenge were all significantly reduced by SB treatment in a dose dependent manner. As a consequence, SBB paste improved lung lesions such as alveolar thickness caused by edema, hemorrhage alveolus collapse, inflammatory cell inflammation were greatly reduced in the SB-treated group compared with the group acute lung injury. SB treatment provided significant protection against protein transvascular leakage. As lung lesions, oxidative stress markers are decreased, SB provides protection against acute lung injury, via partly the activation of Nrf2 pathway and redox homeostasis due its high content in polyphenols.
SBB flavones at the concentration of 100 ug/mL exert cytoprotective and antioxidant properties in a tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity (BOOH) model in lymphocytes [51]. SBB flavones significantly inhibited tert-BOOH-induced cytotoxicity and free radical production, restored the antioxidant status, significantly maintained ATP levels comparable to control and protected the cells from tert-BOOH-induced lipid peroxidation. Treatment with SBB flavones reduced tert-BOOH-induced apoptosis and a decreased tert-BOOH-induced formation of DNA breaks by 30%. Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects suggest safety of SB berries extracts.
The efficacy of a SBB extract rich in flavonoids was demonstrated in a model of high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) induced cognitive impairment [11]. The extract was consumed for 14 days at 2 daily doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg-bw. Compared to HFFD placebo mice, SBB consumption resulted in a reduction in body weight gain by 8.8% and a decrease in glucose intolerance. It also improves insulin sensitivity. More specifically, SBB consumption resulted in a 45–48% decrease in HOMA-IR value, a 20–30% decrease in fasting hyperglycemia, a 12–20% decrease in fasting insulinemia, a reduction in TG and total cholesterol levels, a prevention of neuronal loss and working memory impairment in behavioral tests, and a suppression of HFFD-induced synaptic dysfunction and neuronal damages. Dietary supplementation SF significantly improved the length by 37.91% and width by 10.07% of postsynaptic density in the hippocampus when compared with the HFFD group mice. SBB flavonoids also increased the levels of BDNF, NT-3, NT-4 and NGF involved in the growth, survival, and synaptic plasticity of brain neurons. SBB flavonoids also reversed HFD-induced overexpression of iNOS, and the up-regulation of p38 phosphorylation and NFkB expression, which are markers of neuro-inflammation.
As a consequence, SBB flavonoids displayed neuroprotective effects against chronic neuro and systemic inflammation observed in diabetes-induced obesity and is associated with an improvement of metabolic parameters (namely lipid and glucose profiles).
Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and fruits of SB at a daily dose of 350 mg twice daily for 12 weeks, in addition to other standard drugs, was administered to 52 patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome [52]. Beneficial effects were reported in symptoms like anorexia and oedema. There was no statistically significant change in creatinine, phosphorous and blood urea after 12 weeks of treatment when compared to control subjects. Improvement in cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin and 24-hour urinary protein excretion in the SB group was observed. Decreased CRP and IL6 levels were also noticed in the group treated with SB, confirming a nephroprotective role of SB.
Sea buckthorn can be considered as a functional ingredient for use in cosmetics, dietary supplements, general foods and fortified foods due to its richness in antioxidant molecules, in vitamins C, A and E, in omega 3, 6, 7 and 9, and a diversity of bioactive molecules. Its polyphenolic compounds include phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer properties. SB exerts cardioprotective effect including antiatherogenic properties, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effect, improves metabolic profile (lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, fat mass and waist circumference), protects against acute lung injury, and supports tissue regeneration (Table 2).
Health benefits of sea buckthorn | Mechanism of action and main outcomes |
---|---|
Cardioprotective effect | Anti-hypertensive effect [35, 44] Improvement of lipid profile [6, 16, 43] Inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque formation [47] Preservation of cardiac function, decrease in ischemic zone, reduction of progression of infarction [2] Preservation of structural integrity of myocardium [2] |
Improvement of metabolic profile | Decrease in hyperglycemia and Hb1ac [36, 42, 43] Decrease in hyperinsulinemia [11, 35] Improvement of insulin resistance [11] Anti-obesity effect [34, 37, 43] Anti-inflammatory effect (CRP, TNFa) [9, 45] Antioxidant effect (SOD, GSH, GPx) [39, 40, 50, 51] |
Hepatoprotective effect | Decrease in ALAT/ASAT/GGT [34, 37, 39, 40] Decrease in histopathological lesions and markers of fibrosis [34, 37, 39, 40] Decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation [34, 37, 39, 40] |
Antiatherogenic effect | Improvement in lipid profile [6] Decrease in VCAM, ICAM endothelial markers [45] Decrease in platelet aggregation [46, 47] |
Tissue regeneration | Selective mobilization of several stem cell types participating to tissue renewal and repair [49] |
Neuro and cytoprotective effect | Prevention of neuronal loss and memory impairment in behavioral tests Suppression of synaptic dysfunction and neuronal damages [11] Decrease in neuroinflammation [11] |
Protection against acute lung injury | Preservation of lung tissue microstructure, body weight loss reduction, transvascular leakage increase reduction, MDA decrease, and increase in SOD and glutathione peroxidase levels [50] |
Protection against acute intestinal injury | Decrease in injury/ulcer area size [4] Decreased in apoptotic cells [4] |
Prebiotic effect and gut health support | Colonic microbial diversity increase of beneficial groups of bacteria [29] |
Kidney function support | Improvement of creatinine, phosphorous, blood urea, 24 h urinary protein excretion and albumin in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome patients [52] Reduction of oedema [52] |
Summary of health benefits of sea buckthorn berry, seed and leaf.
As a consequence, sea buckthorn offers an excellent source of bioactive molecules [3] that could enter in the formulation of nutritional beverages, yogurts, muesli, healthy snacks and bars, in dietary supplements or instant powder mixes as a superfood ingredient. SB polyphenolic extracts such as Stemberry® standardized for polyphenols and more specifically proanthocyanidins, demonstrated significant regenerative properties through a stimulation of endogenous stem cell mobilization, which has demonstrated therapeutical benefits in neurodegenerative disease, heart diseases, diabetes, and chronic inflammatory diseases by supporting the body’s natural repair system. Additional studies on the regenerative effect of SB polyphenol fraction in several diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases could open new complementary therapeutical strategies in order to improve patients’ quality of life [53].
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11491",title:"Current Perspectives on Applied Geomorphology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9f0fe8910dc02818cad71316650d297",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11466",title:"Titanium Alloys - Recent Progress in Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c89c2e1b5d03b90db5b13d44479baa6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ram Krishna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11466.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram",surname:"Krishna",slug:"ram-krishna",fullName:"Ram Krishna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11932",title:"New Materials and Enhanced Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75c27a6f2739e8af817bace95b0e50d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Fatma SARF",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11932.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245850",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fatma",surname:"SARF",slug:"fatma-sarf",fullName:"Fatma SARF"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:178},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"179",title:"Engineering Technology in Medicine",slug:"engineering-technology-in-medicine",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:228,numberOfWosCitations:137,numberOfCrossrefCitations:150,numberOfDimensionsCitations:267,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"179",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9134",title:"Recent Advances in Digital System Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff00a5718f23cb880b7337b1c36b5434",slug:"recent-advances-in-digital-system-diagnosis-and-management-of-healthcare",bookSignature:"Kamran Sartipi and Thierry Edoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9158",title:"Sports Science and Human Health",subtitle:"Different Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e9d3cc22773ce656e50633f8f1721f4",slug:"sports-science-and-human-health-different-approaches",bookSignature:"Daniel Almeida Marinho, Henrique P. Neiva, Christopher P. Johnson and Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177359",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A.",middleName:"Almeida",surname:"Marinho",slug:"daniel-a.-marinho",fullName:"Daniel A. Marinho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7952",title:"Smart Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2d80535e2d71781a0cd3e2c0597a375",slug:"smart-healthcare",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6863",title:"Electron Microscopy",subtitle:"Novel Microscopy Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ac6c4038d9b6dc73cbde27e43a3841e",slug:"electron-microscopy-novel-microscopy-trends",bookSignature:"Masashi Arita and Norihito Sakaguchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174249",title:"Prof.",name:"Masashi",middleName:null,surname:"Arita",slug:"masashi-arita",fullName:"Masashi Arita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6655",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",subtitle:"Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af6863294c037ec8e4f13785cb65e6fb",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Hamed Farhadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Farhadi",slug:"hamed-farhadi",fullName:"Hamed Farhadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6714",title:"Assistive Technologies in Smart Cities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efe4929060be9f8e0006311a7feef8bd",slug:"assistive-technologies-in-smart-cities",bookSignature:"Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez and Marcelo Gitirana Gomes Ferreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184021",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Ramirez",slug:"alejandro-rafael-garcia-ramirez",fullName:"Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6566",title:"Biomarker",subtitle:"Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d50cce2242888a02ce742196a7dbf09f",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",bookSignature:"Ghousia Begum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83759",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghousia",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"ghousia-begum",fullName:"Ghousia Begum"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6653",title:"eHealth",subtitle:"Making Health Care Smarter",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c65db68c389c911ae57b1181b3e0db07",slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5926",title:"Breast Imaging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"532651aded5c421961d536865d05ecea",slug:"breast-imaging",bookSignature:"Cherie M. Kuzmiak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96708",title:"Dr.",name:"Cherie M.",middleName:null,surname:"Kuzmiak",slug:"cherie-m.-kuzmiak",fullName:"Cherie M. Kuzmiak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5172",title:"Mobile Health Technologies",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebed3ce9b26add7630f52aed7ea68983",slug:"mobile-health-technologies-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wilfred Bonney",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24511",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bonney",slug:"wilfred-bonney",fullName:"Wilfred Bonney"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3538",title:"Confocal Laser Microscopy",subtitle:"Principles and Applications in Medicine, Biology, and the Food Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43484d0ca012922100883945c35f8439",slug:"confocal-laser-microscopy-principles-and-applications-in-medicine-biology-and-the-food-sciences",bookSignature:"Neil Lagali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163672",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Lagali",slug:"neil-lagali",fullName:"Neil Lagali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1813",title:"Medical Informatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9491881d167f70982dd1da2f504ffe0e",slug:"medical-informatics",bookSignature:"Shaul Mordechai and Ranjit Sahu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",middleName:null,surname:"Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60562",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74714",title:"Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery",slug:"use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-delivery",totalDownloads:2889,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"In recent years, there has been an amplified focus on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in various domains to resolve complex issues. Likewise, the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is growing while radically changing the face of healthcare delivery. AI is being employed in a myriad of settings including hospitals, clinical laboratories, and research facilities. AI approaches employing machines to sense and comprehend data like humans has opened up previously unavailable or unrecognised opportunities for clinical practitioners and health service organisations. Some examples include utilising AI approaches to analyse unstructured data such as photos, videos, physician notes to enable clinical decision making; use of intelligence interfaces to enhance patient engagement and compliance with treatment; and predictive modelling to manage patient flow and hospital capacity/resource allocation. Yet, there is an incomplete understanding of AI and even confusion as to what it is? Also, it is not completely clear what the implications are in using AI generally and in particular for clinicians? This chapter aims to cover these topics and also introduce the reader to the concept of AI, the theories behind AI programming and the various applications of AI in the medical domain.",book:{id:"6653",slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",title:"eHealth",fullTitle:"eHealth - Making Health Care Smarter"},signatures:"Sandeep Reddy",authors:[{id:"230704",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Reddy",slug:"sandeep-reddy",fullName:"Sandeep Reddy"}]},{id:"43798",doi:"10.5772/55216",title:"Laser-Scanning in vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea: Imaging and Analysis Methods for Preclinical and Clinical Applications",slug:"laser-scanning-in-vivo-confocal-microscopy-of-the-cornea-imaging-and-analysis-methods-for-preclinica",totalDownloads:4141,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3538",slug:"confocal-laser-microscopy-principles-and-applications-in-medicine-biology-and-the-food-sciences",title:"Confocal Laser Microscopy",fullTitle:"Confocal Laser Microscopy - Principles and Applications in Medicine, Biology, and the Food Sciences"},signatures:"Neil Lagali, Beatrice Bourghardt Peebo, Johan Germundsson, Ulla Edén, Reza Danyali, Marcus Rinaldo and Per Fagerholm",authors:[{id:"163672",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Lagali",slug:"neil-lagali",fullName:"Neil Lagali"},{id:"164155",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Bourghardt Peebo",slug:"beatrice-bourghardt-peebo",fullName:"Beatrice Bourghardt Peebo"},{id:"164156",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Germundsson",slug:"johan-germundsson",fullName:"Johan Germundsson"},{id:"164157",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulla",middleName:null,surname:"Eden",slug:"ulla-eden",fullName:"Ulla Eden"},{id:"164158",title:"MSc.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Danyali",slug:"reza-danyali",fullName:"Reza Danyali"},{id:"164159",title:"Prof.",name:"Per",middleName:null,surname:"Fagerholm",slug:"per-fagerholm",fullName:"Per Fagerholm"},{id:"167392",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldo",slug:"marcus-rinaldo",fullName:"Marcus Rinaldo"}]},{id:"56615",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69792",title:"Computer Aided Diagnosis - Medical Image Analysis Techniques",slug:"computer-aided-diagnosis-medical-image-analysis-techniques",totalDownloads:3100,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women worldwide. Mammography is the basic tool available for screening to find the abnormality at the earliest. It is shown to be effective in reducing mortality rates caused by breast cancer. Mammograms produced by low radiation X-ray are difficult to interpret, especially in screening context. The sensitivity of screening depends on image quality and unclear evidence available in the image. The radiologists find it difficult to interpret the digital mammography; hence, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology helps to improve the performance of radiologists by increasing sensitivity rate in a cost-effective way. Current research is focused toward the designing and development of medical imaging and analysis system by using digital image processing tools and the techniques of artificial intelligence, which can detect the abnormality features, classify them, and provide visual proofs to the radiologists. The computer-based techniques are more suitable for detection of mass in mammography, feature extraction, and classification. The proposed CAD system addresses the several steps such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Though commercial CAD systems are available, identification of subtle signs for breast cancer detection and classification remains difficult. The proposed system presents some advanced techniques in medical imaging to overcome these difficulties.",book:{id:"5926",slug:"breast-imaging",title:"Breast Imaging",fullTitle:"Breast Imaging"},signatures:"Bhagirathi Halalli and Aziz Makandar",authors:[{id:"202101",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bhagirathi",middleName:null,surname:"Halalli",slug:"bhagirathi-halalli",fullName:"Bhagirathi Halalli"},{id:"202105",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Makandar",slug:"aziz-makandar",fullName:"Aziz Makandar"}]},{id:"43810",doi:"10.5772/55995",title:"Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy as a Tool for the Investigation of Skin Drug Delivery Systems and Diagnosis of Skin Disorders",slug:"confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy-as-a-tool-for-the-investigation-of-skin-drug-delivery-systems-and",totalDownloads:5306,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"3538",slug:"confocal-laser-microscopy-principles-and-applications-in-medicine-biology-and-the-food-sciences",title:"Confocal Laser Microscopy",fullTitle:"Confocal Laser Microscopy - Principles and Applications in Medicine, Biology, and the Food Sciences"},signatures:"Fábia Cristina Rossetti, Lívia Vieira Depieri and Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley",authors:[{id:"164997",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Vitoria",middleName:null,surname:"Bentley",slug:"m.-vitoria-bentley",fullName:"M. Vitoria Bentley"}]},{id:"43823",doi:"10.5772/55653",title:"Applications of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) in Foods",slug:"applications-of-confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy-clsm-in-foods",totalDownloads:5465,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3538",slug:"confocal-laser-microscopy-principles-and-applications-in-medicine-biology-and-the-food-sciences",title:"Confocal Laser Microscopy",fullTitle:"Confocal Laser Microscopy - Principles and Applications in Medicine, Biology, and the Food Sciences"},signatures:"Jaime A. Rincón Cardona, Cristián Huck Iriart and María Lidia Herrera",authors:[{id:"164484",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Herrera",slug:"herrera",fullName:"Herrera"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63955",title:"Creative Haptic Interface Design for the Aging Population",slug:"creative-haptic-interface-design-for-the-aging-population",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Audiovisual human-computer-interfaces still make up the majority of content to the public; however, haptic interfaces offer unique advantage over the dominant information infrastructure, particularly for users with a disability or diminishing cognitive and physical skills like the elderly. The tactile sense allows users to integrate new, unobstructive channels for digital information into their sensorium, one that is less likely to be overwhelmed compared to vision and audition. Haptics research focus on the development of hardware, improving resolution, modality, and fidelity of the actuators. Despite the technological limitations, haptic interfaces are shown to reinforce physical skill acquisition, therapy, and communication. This chapter will present key characteristics intuitive tactile interfaces should capture for elderly end-users; sample projects will showcase unique applications and designs that identify the limitations of the UI.",book:{id:"6714",slug:"assistive-technologies-in-smart-cities",title:"Assistive Technologies in Smart Cities",fullTitle:"Assistive Technologies in Smart Cities"},signatures:"Eric Heng Gu",authors:[{id:"237761",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Eric Heng",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",slug:"eric-heng-gu",fullName:"Eric Heng Gu"}]},{id:"59880",title:"Molecular Diagnostics of Pulmonary Diseases Based on Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate",slug:"molecular-diagnostics-of-pulmonary-diseases-based-on-analysis-of-exhaled-breath-condensate",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Measurements of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) extend a novel route for monitoring lung physiology and provide a beneficial insight into the pathophysiology of a specific disease. From the medicinal point of view, biomarkers present in EBC depict rather the processes occurring in lungs than those in the entire system. Therefore, particular profiles of exhaled biomarkers (e.g. cys-LTs, LTB4, 8-isoprostane, etc.) apparently reveal information exclusively applicable to differential lung disease diagnoses. This chapter describes the developed analytical method being applied to a clinical study for differential diagnostics of various phenotypes of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, etc. In particular, having determined cys-LTs and LXs by the described method, and having applied them as biomarkers of bronchial asthma, their distinctive potential was demonstrated to differentially diagnose the specific disease, clearly suggesting this method to be reckoned as a beneficial alternative to existing diagnostic methods. Consecutively, the developed method was expanded to other asthma markers as aldehydes, nitrotyrosine, 8-isoprostane, PGE2, adenosine and finally, a supplementary study was carried out, engaging in detecting serotonin. The multi-marker screening and importance in the diagnostics of pulmonary diseases are referenced in the text as well.",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Tereza Kačerová, Petr Novotný, Ján Boroň and Petr Kačer",authors:[{id:"190932",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Kačer",slug:"petr-kacer",fullName:"Petr Kačer"},{id:"197652",title:"Ms.",name:"Tereza",middleName:null,surname:"Kacerova",slug:"tereza-kacerova",fullName:"Tereza Kacerova"},{id:"207204",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Novotný",slug:"petr-novotny",fullName:"Petr Novotný"},{id:"207205",title:"Dr.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Boroň",slug:"jan-boron",fullName:"Ján Boroň"}]},{id:"56615",title:"Computer Aided Diagnosis - Medical Image Analysis Techniques",slug:"computer-aided-diagnosis-medical-image-analysis-techniques",totalDownloads:3100,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women worldwide. Mammography is the basic tool available for screening to find the abnormality at the earliest. It is shown to be effective in reducing mortality rates caused by breast cancer. Mammograms produced by low radiation X-ray are difficult to interpret, especially in screening context. The sensitivity of screening depends on image quality and unclear evidence available in the image. The radiologists find it difficult to interpret the digital mammography; hence, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology helps to improve the performance of radiologists by increasing sensitivity rate in a cost-effective way. Current research is focused toward the designing and development of medical imaging and analysis system by using digital image processing tools and the techniques of artificial intelligence, which can detect the abnormality features, classify them, and provide visual proofs to the radiologists. The computer-based techniques are more suitable for detection of mass in mammography, feature extraction, and classification. The proposed CAD system addresses the several steps such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Though commercial CAD systems are available, identification of subtle signs for breast cancer detection and classification remains difficult. The proposed system presents some advanced techniques in medical imaging to overcome these difficulties.",book:{id:"5926",slug:"breast-imaging",title:"Breast Imaging",fullTitle:"Breast Imaging"},signatures:"Bhagirathi Halalli and Aziz Makandar",authors:[{id:"202101",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bhagirathi",middleName:null,surname:"Halalli",slug:"bhagirathi-halalli",fullName:"Bhagirathi Halalli"},{id:"202105",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Makandar",slug:"aziz-makandar",fullName:"Aziz Makandar"}]},{id:"60562",title:"Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery",slug:"use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-delivery",totalDownloads:2889,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"In recent years, there has been an amplified focus on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in various domains to resolve complex issues. Likewise, the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is growing while radically changing the face of healthcare delivery. AI is being employed in a myriad of settings including hospitals, clinical laboratories, and research facilities. AI approaches employing machines to sense and comprehend data like humans has opened up previously unavailable or unrecognised opportunities for clinical practitioners and health service organisations. Some examples include utilising AI approaches to analyse unstructured data such as photos, videos, physician notes to enable clinical decision making; use of intelligence interfaces to enhance patient engagement and compliance with treatment; and predictive modelling to manage patient flow and hospital capacity/resource allocation. Yet, there is an incomplete understanding of AI and even confusion as to what it is? Also, it is not completely clear what the implications are in using AI generally and in particular for clinicians? This chapter aims to cover these topics and also introduce the reader to the concept of AI, the theories behind AI programming and the various applications of AI in the medical domain.",book:{id:"6653",slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",title:"eHealth",fullTitle:"eHealth - Making Health Care Smarter"},signatures:"Sandeep Reddy",authors:[{id:"230704",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Reddy",slug:"sandeep-reddy",fullName:"Sandeep Reddy"}]},{id:"61381",title:"Internet of Things in Emergency Medical Care and Services",slug:"internet-of-things-in-emergency-medical-care-and-services",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Emergency care is a critical area of medicine whose outcomes are influenced by the time, availability, and accuracy of contextual information. In addition, the success of emergency care depends on the quality and accuracy of the information received during the emergency call and data collected during the emergency transportation. The success of a follow medical treatment at an emergency care unit depends too on data collected during the two phases: emergency call and transport. However, most information received during an emergency-call is inaccurate and the process of information collection, storage, processing, and retrieval, during an emergency-transportation, is remaining manual and time-consuming. Emergency doctors mostly lack patient’s health records and base the medical treatment on a set of collected information including information provided by the patient or his relatives. Hence, the emergency care delivery is more patient-centered than patient-centric information. Wireless body area network and Internet of Technology (IoT) enable accurate collection of data and are increasingly used in medical applications. This chapter discusses the challenges facing the emergency medical care services delivery, especially in the developing countries. It presents and discusses an IoT platform for a patient-centric-information-based emergency care services delivery. The study is focused on a case of road traffic injury. Results of conducted experiments are discussed.",book:{id:"6655",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications"},signatures:"Thierry Edoh",authors:[{id:"234682",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Edoh",slug:"thierry-edoh",fullName:"Thierry Edoh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"179",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:12,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:14,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"