Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5928",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hernia",title:"Hernia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"We are very pleased to provide you with this book dealing with hernia surgery. The chapters in the book are written by surgeons, radiologists, anatomists, and pediatric surgeons from different hospitals in Turkey, the USA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, China, Hungary, and Croatia. Together with basic surgical principles, the unique local experiences and perspectives are presented. Although it does not cover all the aspects related to the hernia surgery, it is intended for at least two kinds of readers: - Residents of intermediate and advanced courses in medicine; - General surgeons, radiologists, pediatric surgeons, and all doctors, no matter the specialization",isbn:"978-953-51-3470-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3469-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4686-5",doi:"10.5772/66025",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hernia",numberOfPages:210,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"da6d5993833758a0ca3e4abb4e913a56",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel",publishedDate:"August 30th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5928.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19919,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 31st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 18th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 17th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1146",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"56621",title:"Introductory Chapter: Different Types of Parietal Hernias, Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70251",slug:"introductory-chapter-different-types-of-parietal-hernias-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fethi Derbel, Mehdi Boutrif, Mohamed Azzaza, Nidhal Mahdhi,\nKhaled Khadimallah and Youssef Sabri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56621",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56621",authors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"},{id:"214899",title:"Dr.",name:"Boutrif",surname:"Mahdi",slug:"boutrif-mahdi",fullName:"Boutrif Mahdi"},{id:"214903",title:"Mr.",name:"Khadimallah",surname:"Khaled",slug:"khadimallah-khaled",fullName:"Khadimallah Khaled"},{id:"215196",title:"Dr.",name:"Azzaza",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"azzaza-mohamed",fullName:"Azzaza Mohamed"},{id:"215197",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahdhi",surname:"Nidhal",slug:"mahdhi-nidhal",fullName:"Mahdhi Nidhal"}],corrections:null},{id:"56017",title:"Surgical Anatomy of the Groin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69448",slug:"surgical-anatomy-of-the-groin",totalDownloads:2577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most surgeons are familiar with the inguinal anatomy from the anterior perspective. With the advent of laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair, it became important to understand the inguinal anatomy from the preperitoneal view for a posterior approach to the inguinal region. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the anatomic landmarks of the groin region.",signatures:"Kamer Tomaoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56017",authors:[{id:"201271",title:"M.D.",name:"Kamer",surname:"Tomaoglu",slug:"kamer-tomaoglu",fullName:"Kamer Tomaoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"55564",title:"Imaging of Hernias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69163",slug:"imaging-of-hernias",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Abdominal wall hernias are usually suggested by the patient’s history and confirmed by physical examination; however, the history may be not typical, especially in patients with abdominal pain, distention, and overweight patients or in patients with small hernias located in unusual sites. Although most abdominal hernias are asymptomatic, the fear of developing complications like irreducibility, incarceration, and strangulation may necessitate prophylactic surgical repair; thus, early and accurate diagnosis is important. Before 20 years, herniorrhaphy was considered for imaging of hernias; however, in recent years, computed tomography (CT) (especially multidetector CT (MDCT)), together with ultrasound represented the mainstay of the diagnosis of abdominopelvic wall hernias by imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be used as a diagnostic aid in a minority of the cases. Each imaging modality has its own privilege. The main advantage of ultrasound is the dynamic ability for assessment, while the main advantage of computed tomography is the multiplanar reformatting, allowing identification and accurate diagnosis of the hernia type, its content, and also the associated complications. Radiologists should be familiar with common sites of hernias and their detailed normal anatomy in order to reach the diagnosis easily.",signatures:"Mohamed Abdelmohsen Bedewi and Mohamed El-sharkawy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55564",authors:[{id:"200358",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Bedewi",slug:"mohamed-bedewi",fullName:"Mohamed Bedewi"},{id:"205023",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Sherif",surname:"Elsharkawy",slug:"mohamed-sherif-elsharkawy",fullName:"Mohamed Sherif Elsharkawy"}],corrections:null},{id:"55382",title:"Individualized Treatment of Inguinal Hernia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68875",slug:"individualized-treatment-of-inguinal-hernia-in-children",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The incidence of inguinal hernias in various age groups of children ranges from 0.8 to 4.4%. Pediatric indirect inguinal hernia is congenital, originating in the patent processus vaginalis. The inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common pediatric operations. The traditional high hernia sac ligation is the primary treatment for younger patients from 1 to 13 years of age and can correct the condition. The authors performed the high ligation of the hernia sac by the laparoscopic approach for the patients under 13 years old and achieved good therapeutic results in the last 10 years. However, through our clinical study, the authors found that the simple high ligation of hernia sac is inadequate for patients from 13 to 18 years of age, who had a longer medical history, larger diameter of the internal inguinal ring, and more serious defects of the transverse fascia. Pediatric inguinal hernias are prone to postoperative recurrence if the patients were only treated with the high ligation of hernia sac. To repair the transverse fascia and strengthen the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, Lichtenstein hernioplasty with a biological patch was performed for the patients from 13 to 18 years in the authors’ department. The aims of this chapter are to narrate the individualized treatment of inguinal hernia in children and try to provide relatively reasonable operative methods.",signatures:"Jie Chen, ChengBing Chu, YingMo Shen, ZhenYu Zou and Xin Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55382",authors:[{id:"200981",title:"Prof.",name:"Jie",surname:"Chen",slug:"jie-chen",fullName:"Jie Chen"},{id:"206011",title:"Dr.",name:"ChengBing",surname:"Chu",slug:"chengbing-chu",fullName:"ChengBing Chu"},{id:"206012",title:"Prof.",name:"YingMo",surname:"Shen",slug:"yingmo-shen",fullName:"YingMo Shen"},{id:"206013",title:"Dr.",name:"ZhenYu",surname:"Zou",slug:"zhenyu-zou",fullName:"ZhenYu Zou"},{id:"206014",title:"MSc.",name:"Xin",surname:"Yuan",slug:"xin-yuan",fullName:"Xin Yuan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56168",title:"Inguinal Hernia in Infancy and Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69378",slug:"inguinal-hernia-in-infancy-and-children",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Congenital inguinal hernia is a very important subject for both general and pediatric surgeons, and many issues related to the inguinal hernia in infants and children are still confusing. Herein, the subject of congenital inguinal hernia, including the relevant embryology, related anatomy, the symptoms and signs essential for diagnosis, and the needed examination tests and investigations, is presented in a systematic manner. Also, the updated treatment options were discussed including both open and laparoscopic approaches with spotlight on the very recent single incision laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in children. Finally, at the end of the chapter, there are many valuable references for more details.",signatures:"Ahmed Abdelghaffar Helal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56168",authors:[{id:"200602",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed Abdelghaffar",surname:"Helal",slug:"ahmed-abdelghaffar-helal",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelghaffar Helal"}],corrections:null},{id:"55789",title:"Hernia in Ambulatory Surgery Centre",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69414",slug:"hernia-in-ambulatory-surgery-centre",totalDownloads:1249,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surgical treatment of hernia is one of the most common procedures in general population. Since it was traditionally treated as “non‐complex” operation, it is an ideal procedure for ambulatory surgery settings. Ambulatory surgery is superior to in‐hospital treatment due to faster patient flow, reduced patient stress, early mobilization, and lower overall costs. Unforeseen hospitalization can be avoided with meticulous patient selection, education and preparation, use of local anesthesia whenever possible, and avoidance of opioids in early postoperative period.",signatures:"Ivan Šeparović and Goran Augustin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55789",authors:[{id:"36476",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Goran",surname:"Augustin",slug:"goran-augustin",fullName:"Goran Augustin"},{id:"201853",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Šeparović",slug:"ivan-separovic",fullName:"Ivan Šeparović"}],corrections:null},{id:"55755",title:"Robotic Ventral Hernia Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68950",slug:"robotic-ventral-hernia-repair",totalDownloads:2523,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Approximately 350,000 to 500,000 ventral hernias are repaired yearly in the United States. These hernias include congenital umbilical hernias, incisional hernias from previous surgeries, or epigastric hernias. The crux of hernia repair is honoring the principle of achieving a tension‐free repair, often achieved with utilization of a synthetic mesh. Over the last quarter of this century, laparoscopic ventral hernia repair has established itself as a valuable tool in repair of ventral hernias, with the advantages of reduced postoperative complications. More recently, the adaptation of the robotic platform has given another tool to perform ventral hernia repairs. The aim of this chapter is to describe the evolution of ventral hernia repairs and highlight the robotic approaches to repair.",signatures:"Kaylene Barrera, Paul Chung, Sarrina Shraga and Gainosuke\nSugiyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55755",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55755",authors:[{id:"195754",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gainosuke",surname:"Sugiyama",slug:"gainosuke-sugiyama",fullName:"Gainosuke Sugiyama"},{id:"201727",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarrina",surname:"Shraga",slug:"sarrina-shraga",fullName:"Sarrina Shraga"},{id:"201728",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaylene",surname:"Barrera",slug:"kaylene-barrera",fullName:"Kaylene Barrera"}],corrections:null},{id:"56363",title:"Patient Optimization is the Key in Surgical Repair of Ruptured Umblical Hernia in Cirrhotic Patients and Tense Ascitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69446",slug:"patient-optimization-is-the-key-in-surgical-repair-of-ruptured-umblical-hernia-in-cirrhotic-patients",totalDownloads:1238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Ulceration, leakage, and rupture are considered as the most common complications of umbilical hernias in patients with refractory ascites due to advanced cirrhosis. We aim to determine optimal management and outcome after umbilical herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty in those patients.",signatures:"Ashraf E. Abbas, Amro ElHadidi, Tamer Fakhry AbdElaziz and\nMahmoud Awad Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56363",authors:[{id:"200564",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ashraf",surname:"Abbas",slug:"ashraf-abbas",fullName:"Ashraf Abbas"}],corrections:null},{id:"55423",title:"Significance of Autologous Tissues in the Treatment of Complicated, Large, and Eventrated Abdominal Wall Hernias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68874",slug:"significance-of-autologous-tissues-in-the-treatment-of-complicated-large-and-eventrated-abdominal-wa",totalDownloads:960,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Repair of complicated, large, or eventrated abdominal wall hernias poses a considerable challenge. Not infrequently, synthetic grafts implanted earlier become infected, entero- or subcutaneous fistulas appear, or emergency conditions like mechanical ileus or peritonitis develop. In such cases, direct closure of the abdominal wall with sutures or reinforcement with synthetic grafts is not recommended. Not many surgical techniques are capable of creating a low tension state. One is bridging of the abdominal wall defects; another is mobilization of the musculo-aponeurotic elements of the abdominal wall (components separation). In this chapter, the use of autologous double-layer dermal grafts and the technique of bilateral rectus muscle turnover allowing reconstruction of eventrated hernias in a tension-free way are discussed. In both procedures, only autologous tissues are used for reconstruction. With autologous dermal grafts, the rate of surgical complications is 4%, recurrence in the first 24 months is 11%, and the quality of life is significantly improved. With bilateral rectus muscle turnover, surgical complications occur at a rate of less than 2%, 24-month recurrence is 0%, and the quality of life is significantly improved. The technique of the interventions, their indications and contraindications, as well as their feasibility, advantages and disadvantages are described.",signatures:"Gábor Martis and László Damjanovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55423",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55423",authors:[{id:"202092",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gabor",surname:"Martis",slug:"gabor-martis",fullName:"Gabor Martis"},{id:"205431",title:"Prof.",name:"László",surname:"Damjanovich",slug:"laszlo-damjanovich",fullName:"László Damjanovich"}],corrections:null},{id:"56039",title:"Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69362",slug:"congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite advances in neonatal and surgical care, the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains challenging with no definitive standard treatment guidelines. Several centers report mortality rates as low as 20%, but if extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is required, the mortality rate rises to 50%. The disease severity is related to the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension that occurs with CDH. Both conditions decrease the infant’s ability to ventilate and oxygenate adequately at delivery. These physiologic conditions that impair gas exchange are the important determinants of morbidity and mortality in CDH infants. Presently, delivery of infants with CDH is recommended close to term gestation. The focus of care includes gentle ventilation, hemodynamic monitoring, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension followed by surgery for the defect. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is considered after failure of conventional medical management for infants ≥ 34 weeks’ gestation or with weight >2 kg and no associated major lethal anomalies. This chapter discusses long‐term follow‐up recommendations for survivors, which should involve a multidisciplinary approach, as there are many surgical and nonsurgical consequences to the disease process. Clinical strategies that address these multifaceted aspects of care, from prenatal to long‐term follow‐up, may further reduce the high mortality rate for these infants.",signatures:"Joanne Baerg, Arul Thirumoorthi and Rajaie Hazboun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56039",authors:[{id:"178844",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanne",surname:"Baerg",slug:"joanne-baerg",fullName:"Joanne Baerg"},{id:"180308",title:"Dr.",name:"Arul",surname:"Thirumoorthi",slug:"arul-thirumoorthi",fullName:"Arul Thirumoorthi"},{id:"206025",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajaie",surname:"Hazboun",slug:"rajaie-hazboun",fullName:"Rajaie Hazboun"}],corrections:null},{id:"55264",title:"Parastomal Hernia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68876",slug:"parastomal-hernia",totalDownloads:1698,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Parastomal hernia (PSH) is a type of incisional hernia defined as a protrusion of abdominal contents through a weakness in the abdominal wall. PSH is the most common and significant complication following enterostomy construction, with an incidence of 30–50%. The risk is higher in colostomies than in ileostomies. Diagnosis of PSH is based on clinical examination or imaging. Most patients with PSH are usually asymptomatic. On the other hand, PSHs may affect an individual’s physical function and decrease their quality of life. Surgical repair is indicated in 10–30% of patients with PSH. For repair, no single technique is superior to another. Therefore, several surgical methods have been developed and attempted, including primary repair, stoma relocation, and repair with different types of mesh either via the open or laparoscopic approach. However, high recurrence rates have been reported after repair. Because this is a difficult and problematic entity, the prevention of PSH occurrence is clearly the most appropriate management approach.",signatures:"Suleyman Utku Celik, Akin Firat Kocaay and Cihangir Akyol",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55264",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55264",authors:[{id:"202689",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cihangir",surname:"Akyol",slug:"cihangir-akyol",fullName:"Cihangir Akyol"},{id:"202709",title:"Dr.",name:"Suleyman",surname:"Celik",slug:"suleyman-celik",fullName:"Suleyman Celik"},{id:"203733",title:"Dr.",name:"Firat",surname:"Kocaay",slug:"firat-kocaay",fullName:"Firat Kocaay"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2649",title:"Abdominal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf9e8d49b05e1e65874842c5bbf4bccc",slug:"abdominal-surgery",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"810",title:"Soft Tissue Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"375dc4018f82027f6258134d0b422082",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1041",title:"Advanced Laparoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc4dd4e41e2604c5b585fb734757b0e8",slug:"advanced-laparoscopy",bookSignature:"Ali Shamsa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1041.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Shamsa",slug:"ali-shamsa",fullName:"Ali Shamsa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"714",title:"Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e517c04d6d192c2f823eadc2998ac58",slug:"advances-in-laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Arshad M. Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63407",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Malik",slug:"arshad-malik",fullName:"Arshad Malik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5390",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4007519c91e2b804f5ef9039b691db5",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Arshad M. Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5390.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63407",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Malik",slug:"arshad-malik",fullName:"Arshad Malik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6360",title:"New Horizons in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f135ee4d1d0cc5f961b558004f073b07",slug:"new-horizons-in-laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3818",title:"Inguinal Hernia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"026d64acf82215197f973c339c00ed03",slug:"inguinal-hernia",bookSignature:"Silvestro Canonico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157129",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvestro",surname:"Canonico",slug:"silvestro-canonico",fullName:"Silvestro Canonico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"194",title:"Laparoscopy",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"475e8b8971f1aabf4c4be1c3ae857696",slug:"laparoscopy-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62528",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Meinhold-Heerlein",slug:"ivo-meinhold-heerlein",fullName:"Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8326",title:"Recent Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb33202378533dfccd860269d494d6a6",slug:"recent-advances-in-laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Francisco M. Sánchez Margallo and Juan A. Sánchez-Margallo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14715",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco M.",surname:"Sánchez-Margallo",slug:"francisco-m.-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",title:"Corrigendum to: Queer/Disabled Existence: Human Rights of People with Disability",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81457.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81457",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81457",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81457",chapter:{id:"75555",slug:"queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",signatures:"Deepak Basumatary",dateSubmitted:"December 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 4th 2021",datePublished:"June 8th 2022",book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"334255",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Basumatary",fullName:"Deepak Basumatary",slug:"deepak-basumatary",email:"dbjustlikethatonly@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75555",slug:"queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",signatures:"Deepak Basumatary",dateSubmitted:"December 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 4th 2021",datePublished:"June 8th 2022",book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"334255",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Basumatary",fullName:"Deepak Basumatary",slug:"deepak-basumatary",email:"dbjustlikethatonly@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12057",leadTitle:null,title:"Timber Buildings - Recent Developments in Testing, Modeling, Analysis, Design, and Construction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tGiven the trend toward sustainability and minimizing carbon footprint in building construction, timber buildings offer many opportunities toward such goals. Besides traditional stick-built framing, today, mass timber is gaining more acceptance for multi-story building construction. Furthermore, panelized and modular systems are becoming of interest to the economy and the fast construction they offer. The technology of cross-laminated timber is gaining wide acceptance. It has provided the opportunity for timber to be used as the main gravity and lateral load resisting system in multi-story buildings. \r\n\tThe objective of this book is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the use of timber in building construction from various perspectives, including manufacturing, fabrication, modeling, design, and construction of residential and other types of buildings. Of special interest will be contributions related to new developments in timber technologies, design, construction, testing, sustainability, LCA, building envelope, and the performance of timber buildings in natural and man-made hazard conditions.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-263-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-262-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-264-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"356565153fc7e43f1bf0cb7ba5e7b28a",bookSignature:"Prof. Ali M. Memari",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12057.jpg",keywords:"Wood, Lumber, Timber Industry, Home Building, Glue-Laminated Wood, Cross-Laminated Timber, Plywood, Fire Resistance, Sustainability, Fabrication, Panelized/Modular, Material Properties",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 28th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 27th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Memari is a Professor and Bernard and Henrietta Hankin Chair in Residential Building Construction in the Departments of Architectural Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering. During his 30 years of teaching in structural engineering, his research focused on the behavior of structural, architectural, and enclosure components of residential and commercial buildings under natural hazard loading and environmental conditions. He has published over 300 publications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"252670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"M. Memari",slug:"ali-m.-memari",fullName:"Ali M. Memari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252670/images/system/252670.jpg",biography:"Dr. Memari is a Professor and Bernard and Henrietta Hankin Chair in Residential Building Construction in the Departments of Architectural Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering at Penn State, and Director of The Pennsylvania Housing Research Center. During his 30 years of teaching and research experience, he has taught various courses related to structural\r\nengineering. He has focused his research on full-scale laboratory testing characterization and evaluation of residential and commercial buildings with respect to structural, architectural, and envelope components under gravity and lateral loads that simulate natural hazards (earthquakes/wind-storms), as well as environmental effects involving building science aspects (heat transfer, air leakage and moisture transport) through building enclosure. He has over 300 publications, including papers in journals and conference proceedings, book chapters, edited books, magazine articles, and research reports.",institutionString:"Pennsylvania State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Pennsylvania State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"81939",title:"Translational Research on Chagas Disease: Focusing on Drug Combination and Repositioning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104231",slug:"translational-research-on-chagas-disease-focusing-on-drug-combination-and-repositioning",body:'
1. Introduction
Chagas disease (CD), the parasitic infection caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is also known as American trypanosomiasis, for the huge endemic areas in South and Central Americas [1], but autochthonous human [2, 3, 4] and domestic/wild animal [5, 6, 7, 8] cases were reported in the United States, and due to migration, it is already considered a public health problem on a global scale reaching different continents [9, 10, 11]. It is noteworthy that climate changes may promote the northward insect vector propagation [12], possibly generating new foci or endemic areas, and suitable climatic conditions may be available in African and Asian nations [13]. Besides the vector bloodmeal, congenital, blood transfusion and organ transplantation [14], CD may be transmitted orally via food and beverages contaminated by triatomine feces such as sugarcane and açai juices [15, 16] and even water, stored in/near domiciles in arid regions [15, 16], as the parasite is able to survive in such media [17].
It is alarming that 6–7 million people are estimated to have CD worldwide, with circa 173,000 new cases/year and over 75 million people are at risk. CD is the parasitic disease of highest mortality in Latin America as 9490 deaths were reported in 2019. Furthermore, the real prevalence is largely unknown as most chronic patients are asymptomatic and even symptomatic patients have poor access to health public system. CD is endemic in 21 countries in Central and Latin America where about 5.7 million people have CD and 25% of the population is at risk [18]. In 2020, it was estimated that there were 3.2 million infected people, which can reach 1.5% of the general population. In addition, about 70 million are at risk of infection [19]. The prevalence of CD is presumably vastly underestimated. In January 2020, a study carried out by the ArtScience Initiative for Health Promotion, carried out by Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) and collaborating organizations, showed a CD seropositivity of 20% in a tested population of an endemic area [20]. It must be mentioned this study was not designed to access CD prevalence and was biased by the population intention to get diagnosis procedures.
CD represents economic losses in excess of $1.2 billion/year to endemic countries in South America, in addition to more than $7 billion a year at global levels [21], including treatment and loss of productivity. Since no proven effective and approved vaccines are available for this disease, chemotherapy represents the only therapeutic intervention, as well as an important way to control them.
CD etiological treatment is directed according to the phase and clinical presentation of the disease, which is mandatory in the acute phase, congenital cases, or reactivation due to immunosuppression. In the chronic phase, the trypanocidal treatment is indicated in children and adolescents, recent infection, and women of childbearing age [22].
2. Therapeutics
Although CD was discovered and is studied for over a century [14], the etiologic treatment is still based on solely two drugs (Figure 1): the nitrofuran derivative nifurtimox (NFX; Lampit®, Bayer; 5-nitrofuran(3-methyl-4-(5′-nitrofurfurylideneamine)tetrahydro-4H-1,4-tiazine-1,1-dioxide), and the 2-nitromidazole benznidazole (BZ; LAFEPE; N-benzyl-2-nitroimidazole-acetamide) [23]. Both NFX and BZ were shown to produce remarkable ultrastructural alterations in mammal cells and tissues [24, 25], which were apparently more pronounced in NFX-treated animals [26]. Therefore, experimental chemotherapy studies approaching parasites as T. cruzi should preferentially include ultrastructural analysis, in order to offer a subcellular compartmentation understanding to aid the antiparasitic agent mechanism(s) of action elucidation [27, 28] and ultimately leading to the understanding of cell death pathways involved [29].
Figure 1.
Molecular structures of the nitroheterocyclic drugs employed in the treatment of Chagas disease: the 2-nitroimidazole benznidazole (A) and the 5-nitrofuran nifurtimox (B).
The CD therapeutics remain unsatisfactory, as they are associated with adverse effects [30, 31, 32], affecting 84.8 and 95.2% of patients treated with BZ and NFX, respectively [33], which may be severe, leading to the irreversible suspension of therapy in CD, in ≈20% [34, 35], ≈30% [36, 37], 41.5% [38], and up to 50% of the cases [39, 40]. Treatment suspension using NFX was reported in 43.8% of patients [33]. In an early study based on small samples, NFX was reported to be associated to definitive treatment interruption in 75% of patients [38]. Nevertheless, treatment intolerance was reported at similar levels with the use of the two drugs, approached by the same team [34, 35], but adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric events, may be more frequently associated to NFX [33]. In addition, it was reported that among patients who had discontinued BZ treatment and were treated with NFX, 12.3% also developed adverse effects that required definitive discontinuation of therapy [39]. Nevertheless, NFX was reported to be safe as a second-line therapy in patients who discontinued BZ [41].
Most CD patients are not treated because of the insufficient diagnosis and low cure rates observed in chronically infected patients [42], although treatment may diminish the disease progression and cardiovascular events [43, 44]. In addition, the CD treatment accomplishes only a parasitological cure, and a clinical cure is hardly proved [43, 45]. Whereas the bona fide sterile cure or complete clearance of the infection is considered a “prerequisite” for new anti-T. cruzi drug candidates [46], it is usually not achieved in murine model [47, 48] or human infection as immunosuppression often leads to infection reactivation [49]. In this regard, T. cruzi amastigotes may persist in a dormant or quiescent form, which may protect the parasites from antiparasitic agents [50, 51].
As the dormancy state of T. cruzi amastigotes is associated to drug resistance [50, 51], it is desirable to develop drugs able to affect dormant parasites. The mechanisms that allow the establishment of persistence include the capacity to suppress the oxidative burst produced by phagocytes largely depending on iron-containing superoxide dismutases (FeSOD) and trypanothione-acting enzymes [52]. Thus the use of disulfiram (DSF) is of potential relevance since it can diminish glutathione levels [53, 54], and the DETC first derivative of DSF is an SOD inhibitor [55, 56]. Furthermore, DSF could target T. cruzi dormancy. Although the signal transduction pathways involved in this process were not completely elucidated, it is interesting that DSF is able to reverse HIV latency affecting PKC (protein kinase C), AKT (protein kinase B), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinases), NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) [57, 58], which also affect T. cruzi infection [59, 60] that leads to the activation of PI3K [61], whereas DSF promotes PI3K inhibition [62].
An important study [63] approached the persistent parasite elimination, but the use of higher BZ doses might pose higher risks for patients. In this regard, the polyamine and thiol synthesis Leishmania are associated to macrophage M2 phenotype, leading to parasite persistence [64].
2.1 Drug resistance
Besides considerable severe adverse effects, one of the greatest problems of CD therapeutics is the selection of resistant parasites, impairing its effectivity, therefore causing refractory cases. BZ and NFX resistance is readily developed in vitro and in vivo [47, 65], in the former case, via different mechanisms that can act in concert [66].
Despite significant time and resources investments by innumerous research institutions over the world, only a few therapeutic candidates advanced the pipeline to treat neglected diseases such as CD [67]. It is alarming that it usually takes over 10 years to develop new drugs, whereas resistant parasites are rapidly selected. Also, there are naturally resistant T. cruzi strains [68, 69, 70] that express a novel ABCG-like transporter [71]. Besides extrusion pumps, T. cruzi resistance may involve SOD and trypanothione (vide infra). Therefore, there is pressing demand for the development of novel effective therapies for CD.
3. Oxidative stress in Chagas disease
Oxidative stress is a central phenomenon involved in aging, cancer, transmissible or infectious diseases, including COVID-19 [72], nontransmissible chronic conditions, such as metabolic diseases, autoimmune and degenerative disorders, inflammation, metal poisoning, etc. [73, 74, 75], produced by the imbalance on the production/uptake of oxidant/antioxidant species [76].
A plethora of antioxidant defenses evolved in order to balance the redox homeostasis [76, 77]. Oxidant species such as superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are detoxified by SOD and catalase, respectively. Most cells rely also on the peptide glutathione (GSH), able to chelate reactive oxidant species (ROS) via cysteine sulfhydryl (SH) group and function as substrate for enzymes including GSH reductase and GSH peroxidase [78].
Although most of these processes are evolutionary conserved, some of the antioxidant defenses pathways differ between mammals and pathogens, therefore comprise potential chemotherapy targets. Contrary to mammals, GSH in trypanosomatid parasites mostly takes part in the adduct with the polyamine spermidine, forming N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine (trypanothione, TSH), and therefore its expression depends on the GSH, TSH [79], and polyamine [80] metabolism pathways.
Metabolomics and gene expression studies [81] reveal the participation of both GSH and the spermidine synthesis pathway, indicating the participation of trypanothione, in the regulation of redox metabolism in trypanosomatids. GSH is very relevant not only in oxi-reductive homeostasis, as this molecule is also related to detoxification and resistance to different drugs/xenobiotics in tumor cells [82, 83] binding to drugs that are extruded via multidrug resistance transporters [84]. TSH binding to NFX and BZ is involved in the detoxication of these trypanocides [85, 86]. Therefore, glutathione/trypanothione can promote the action/reverse resistance to different drugs. T. cruzi parasites overexpressing trypanothione synthetase tolerated higher doses of BZ and NFX [87]. Conversely, the GSH biosynthesis inhibition using buthionine sulfoximine increases the efficacy of NFX and BZ upon T. cruzi in vitro [88] and NFX in vivo [89] as well as of stibogluconate on Leishmania (L.) donovani [90].
Interestingly, polyamine play pivotal roles in parasite cells [91, 92], including T. cruzi antioxidant defense [93], and its synthesis and transport pathways provide valuable chemotherapy targets [94, 95], including repositioned drugs [96].
Parasitic diseases such as CD are correlated to oxidative stress [97, 98], associated to triggered chronic inflammatory reactions [99, 100]. Endogenous oxidative stress may be produced by cell organelles, mainly mitochondria [101, 102]. The CD myocarditis is characterized by intense oxidative stress due both to inflammatory response associated to neutrophils and macrophages NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity and the macrophage superoxide produced by Nox2 is required for parasite control in early infection [103]. The mitochondrial ROS produced by cardiomyocytes plays a relevant role in intracellular oxidative stress and inflammation, causing myocardium tissue damage [104, 105, 106]. These events are not independent since mitochondrial ROS may trigger proinflammatory cytokines via NFkB and PARP/PAR pathways [107], and the mitochondrial MnSOD activity may revert much of the inflammatory foci and necrosis [105], and ineffective antioxidant defense is associated to oxidative stress [108]. Exosome or extracellular vesicles liberation may also contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress [107, 109]. The oxidative stress is also involved in neurodegeneration in both cardiac and gastrointestinal tissues [110]. The chronic oxidative stress in the nervous tissue is associated to cognitive deficit, which can be reversed by BZ treatment [111].
Thus, the use of adjuvant antioxidant agents may ameliorate the cardiac pathogenesis [107, 112, 113]. Interestingly, vitamin C, widely considered antioxidant, can at high concentrations also function as a prooxidant, undergoing pH-dependent autoxidation, leading to H2O2 formation [114, 115]. In CD models, ascorbic acid can also reduce parasitemia, promote BZ action, and enhance animal survival in murine infection [116, 117].
ROS production comprises a well-known microbicidal immune effector mechanism [118]; therefore parasite borne antioxidant systems are not only virulence factors [119]. Besides the parasiticidal activity, ROS may function as signaling molecules promoting parasite proliferation. As in the Paracelsus adage, “The dose makes the poison” (Latin: sola dosis facit venenum), ROS in mammalian cells may trigger different responses depending on concentration. Low ROS levels may have signal transduction roles, inducing responses such as activation, proliferation, and differentiation, whereas at higher levels such molecules are generally cytotoxic, leading to cell death [120]. Similarly, in T. cruzi, low ROS levels may signal for parasite invasion of host macrophages [121] and proliferation mainly in the acute phase [122], but high ROS levels culminate in programmed cell death, which may be inhibited by enhanced SOD expression [87]. Interestingly T. cruzi amastigotes undergo stress-induced proliferation [123].
4. Oxidative stress as a source of chemotherapy targets
Numerous therapeutic strategies exploit redox systems [124], including protozoal diseases [125], such as CD [126]. Therefore, antioxidant systems including SOD, trypanothione, and enzymes action on this glutathione-spermidine adduct (N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine), such as trypanothione reductase, can comprise important chemotherapy targets [127]. Natural products such as the naphthoquinones
-/β-lapachones [128, 129, 130] and their derivatives [131, 132] have microbicidal activity against T. cruzi, among other pathogens [132]. Interestingly, β-lapachone derivatives were shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction [131], damage [133], and autophagy, including mitophagy as well as apoptosis and necrosis [134]. In this regard, mitochondria comprise important therapeutical targets for cancer [135], aging [136], cardiovascular diseases [137], and degenerative diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis [138], Alzheimer’s disease [139], Parkinson’s disease [140], etc. Mitochondria are also promising target for antiparasitic [141, 142] and particularly antiprotozoal [143, 144, 145] therapeutic agents, specifically approached in trypanosomatids [146, 147, 148].
Up to 2% of the O2 reaching the mitochondrial matrix is converted to O2•− (superoxide anions) forming H2O2 via SOD [149]. Like mammalian cells, T. cruzi mitochondria are a source of ROS [150] producing superoxide. Therefore, the Mn-SOD is important for controlling oxidative stress in this redox organelle. Contrary to mammals, the trypanosomatid mitochondria present FeSOD [151] that can protect from O2•− produced by macrophages [152].
Because of the prooxidant effects of antiparasitic drugs [126, 153, 154, 155], ROS detoxifying systems may comprise valuable scape mechanisms from pharmaceutical intervention [156] and programmed cell death triggered by mitochondrial O2•− [157].
The prooxidant capacity of both NFX and BZ, particularly in the former, is due to redox cycling with the production of O2•− [126, 158, 159, 160]. Superoxide may be not produced by BZ in the parasite, but in the host cell [161]. Therefore, FeSOD is linked to BZ resistance in T. cruzi [66, 162, 163]. Proteome of BZ-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi revealed enhanced FeSOD activity [164]. BZ resistance was associated to decreased cytosolic SOD but enhanced mitochondrial MnSOD and tryparedoxin-1 [165]. The deletion of the sodb1 gene enhances Trypanosoma brucei susceptibility to BZ and NTX [166]. FeSOD is also implicated in drug resistance in L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) infantum [167, 168] Entamoeba histolytica [169]. Tryparedoxin peroxidase is also associated to antimony resistance in L. (V.) braziliensis [170]. In addition, SOD inhibition was reported to decrease parasitemia in T. cruzi murine infection [171].
Sirtuins are a highly conserved family of enzymes that deacetylate lysine residues on histone and non-histone proteins, using NAD+ as a cosubstrate, regulating cellular antioxidant/Redox mechanisms [172, 173]. It is noteworthy that SIRT3, 4, and 5 are found in the mitochondrial matrix [174]. As cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in chagasic myocarditis (vide supra), the activation of sirtuins such as SIRT1 by agonists including resveratrol may enhance antioxidant defenses [175], and SIRT3 activates MnSOD, scavenging ROS [176]. Nevertheless, the sirtuin TcSir2rp3 was shown to increase T. cruzi resistance to BZ and NTX for overexpressing TcFeSOD-A activities [177].
Selenium and selenium-containing compounds show beneficial effects both in murine [178, 179, 180] and human T. cruzi infection [181, 182], therefore comprise promising coadjuvant therapies for CD [183, 184, 185], although selenium was previously reported to increase tissue parasitism [186].
This activity maybe largely dependent on redox regulation as this inflammatory infection is associated with intense oxidative stress, and selenium may be antioxidant [187] and anti-inflammatory [188], as well as catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reduction [189], therefore possibly diminishing the oxidative stress in infected cardiomyocytes, by impairing the Fenton reaction in the presence of iron.
5. Repositioning and combining drugs
The combination of different drugs may pose the advantage of supra-additive effects, which may be synergistic, in parasite models such as T. cruzi [190], Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma rhodesiense [191]. The identification of synergistic combinations is relevant since they tend to present higher selective indices [192, 193], consequently, avoiding side effects and potentially permitting development of antiparasitic agents used at lower concentrations.
The identification of drug combinations with multiple targets can lead to the use of novel multitarget mechanisms able to cope with the challenge of multigenic diseases [194] and/or chronic infections with complex pathophysiology. It is noteworthy that the pharmaceutical properties of the combination may be absent in the components alone [195], generating the innovative concept or science field termed polypharmacology with numerous applications on drug repurposing [196] and CD [197]. As the philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) stated: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”1
Furthermore, drug combinations are largely employed for preventing drug resistance [198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204]. However, this strategy is not constantly successful as the reports of resistance to the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination began in the same year this antimalarial regimen entered the clinic [205]. Similarly, the discovery of artemisinin (ART) costed Youyou Tu over 30 years of hard work [206] and was worthy a Nobel Prize, but P. falciparum resistance to the drug was detected after about 10 years of use [207]. The antimalarial combination therapies based on the use of ART were considered key to the elimination of malaria [208], but in the very same year [209, 210] and even earlier [211], the arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failures were reported. In the case of CD, the problem may be even more upsetting as natural resistance isolates are arising, particularly in the Amazon region (vide supra). Thus, effective strategies to prevent different mechanisms of drug resistance to arise are immediately needed.
Approaching repositioned drugs with available pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties can shorten the long and expensive path between in vitro trials and new drugs. While the period between drug discovery and approval can be 12–16 years at a cost of US$1–2 billion, repositioned drugs can enter the clinic in ½ the time, at circa 1/3 the cost [212], with much higher success rates [213].
Drug repositioning maybe a promising approach in CD [214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227]. Similarly, drug combinations may be instrumental in CD [197, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233], and both strategies may be employed and associated [214, 234, 235, 236]. Furthermore, drug combinations can increase success of drug repositioning [237]. In addition, it was accurately hypothesized that the combined use of repurposed drugs with BZ could be more efficacious than BZ alone [238].
5.1 Repositioning disulfiram
Disulfiram (DS, 1,1′-disulfanediylbis(N,N-diethylmethanethioamide) also termed tetraethylthiuram disulfide; CAS no. 97-77-8; Molecular Formula: C10H20N2S4), a repositioned drug used in alcoholism and marketed as Antabuse® (Figure 2), was approved for medical use over 70 years ago and is widely used since then [239, 240].
Figure 2.
Molecular structures of disulfiram (A) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (B).
At the very beginning, the discovery of thiocarbamates and its derivatives was serendipitous and showed clear signs of versatile perspectives that unequivocally culminated in the present promising repurposing strategies for both pharmaceutical and industrial applications [241, 242].
In the 1930s and 1940s, dithiocarbamates such as dimethyldithiocarbamates and diethyldithiocarbamates were used as pesticides against fungal pathogens on different crops [243], besides biocides in household products [244].
The industry plant physician E. E. Williams in 1937 observed that workers using tetramethylthiuram monosulfide and disulfide to facilitate the rubber vulcanization became alcohol-intolerant and quit consuming alcoholic beverages. The DSF-induced alcohol aversion was described in 1948 [245]. At that time, DSF was approached as a vermicide and employed as an ointment to treat scabies.
Afterward, besides alcoholism, DSF started to be studied for heavy metal poisoning, cancer [246, 247, 248, 249], HIV [243, 250], as well as cocaine dependence, pathological gambling, and other psychiatric disorders [239] and other form of addiction, for example, the d-methamphetamine abuse [251]. Further tests are being performed focusing applications such as Alzheimer’s disease [252], Lyme disease and babesiosis [253], tuberculosis [254], non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections [255], giardiasis [256], amoebiasis [257], obesity [258] and to revert drug resistance in different types of cancer [259, 260, 261], tuberculosis [262] bacterial infections [263], mycosis [264], giardiasis [265], etc. The repositioning of low-cost drugs such as DS is considered a “salvation” for global healthcare system [266].
Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate (Figure 2) (DETC also known as sodium (diethylcarbamothioyl)sulfanide; CAS no. 148-18-5; Molecular Formula: C5H11NS2.Na) is the first derivative of DSF, involved in many of the biological activities of the latter.
Seemingly DETC is less toxic than aspirin [243], widely used, and well tolerated in humans [267] for decades being used up to 800 mg/twice/week, with no adverse effects [268]. DETC also known as Imuthiol or Dithiocarb was used as immunomodulator with good results on AIDS patients [269, 270] and was clinically employed in chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and chronic infection [271].
In a seminal report on its antiparasitic activity, DETC was demonstrated to be leishmanicidal [272]. Afterward, novel delivery systems were developed to optimize the leishmanicidal activity of DETC [273, 274, 275]. In this regard, novel drug delivery systems are also developed for DSF [276]. The data obtained on Leishmania amazonensis motivated us to move to CD, employing the repositioned drug DSF combined to the drug of first choice BZ. Tests on NFX are in progress.
It is worth remembering that CD pathophysiology is associated with oxidative stress (vide supra), and both DSF [277] and DETC [278] can act as antioxidants. In addition, modulation of oxidative stress comprises a valuable tool in heart disease therapeutics [279]. In addition, DSF has antimutagenic properties [280].
5.2 Disulfiram combined to benznidazole in Chagas disease
Both DSF and DETC have antiparasitic activity on T. cruzi [281, 282], but the effectivity was not pronounced.
In our study, the DSF-BZ combination is promising since the antagonism of SOD activity can enhance oxidative stress in cancer cells [249] and T. cruzi [283]. In this regard, the antitumor activity of NTX is enhanced by SOD1 inhibition mediated by tetrathiomolybdate [284]. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental data confirmed the present assumption [Almeida-Silva et al., in press]. The SOD inhibition as well as TSH reaction by DSF/DETC can promote the intracellular accumulation of ROS leading to parasite death (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Putative mechanisms of action of disulfiram (DSF) or diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) in combination with trypanocides in T. cruzi infection. Benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox are toxic and produce adverse reactions (1), which are ameliorated via detoxification mediated by DSF or DETC (2). The anti-T. cruzi agents trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, 3) via nitroanion radicals (RNO2•−) that give rise to superoxide (O2•−), that is detoxified by superoxide dismutase (SOD, 5), generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which in the presence of iron can produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and hydroxide anions (−OH) via Fenton reaction. DETC inhibits SOD (4). ROS may be detoxified by reaction with sulfhydryl or thiol groups of trypanothione (N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine, 6), and this adduct can be removed by reaction with thiols of DSF/DETC (7). The BZ molecules in the parasite cytoplasm are extruded from the cell via p-glycoproteins or MDR transporters (8), which are inhibited by DETC (9), presumably reversing resistance phenotypes.
CD etiological therapy is often associated to severe adverse effects caused by the highly toxic drugs (vide supra). In this sense, the present innovation involves the advantage of employing DSF/DETC with cytoprotective properties [243] in different cell types.
DSF/DETC have neuroprotective [285], hepatoprotective [277], and nephroprotective [286] and even radioprotective [287, 288] activity. These protective effects may be beneficial in the treatment of parasitic diseases, because in the treatment of experimental infection by T. rhodesiense, DSF has marked protective activity (disulfiram rescue) against the toxic effects of diaminodichloroplatin and preventing the death of the treated organism [289].
Thus, the development of low-toxicity therapies may be expected, as DSF may have a protective action against the toxic effects of drugs such as cyclophosphamide [290], ifosfamide [291], N-nitrosodimethylamine [292], isoniazid [293] and the toxicity of α-naphthylisothiocyanate [294], acetaminophen [295], pyrrolizidines [296], the lethal effects of hypoxia [297], ischemia [298], as well as lead [299], cadmium [300], mercury, and other heavy metals [301]. Thus, DSF combinations can enable the development of safe medicines. Regarding CD, the cardioprotective and antioxidant activities of DSF/DETC as well as atrial neuroprotection [302] are particularly desirable [303, 304, 305, 306]. In addition, DSF is effective as prophylactics in experimental colitis [307].
As drug resistance limits the successful CD therapy, the T. cruzi PgP expression has a pivotal role [308]. Therefore, it is relevant in the present approach that DSF/DETC inhibit PgP [261, 309, 310], causing the BZ accumulation within the parasite cytoplasm, enhancing trypanocidal activity, potentially reversing resistance phenotypes, such as MDR+ (Figure 3). Interestingly, the ABCC proteins from T. cruzi are involved in thiol transport [311]. In view of the glutathione-drug adduct transport by ABC transporters (vide supra), it is interesting that DSF reduces GSH levels [54] at least in part through the formation of complexes with its different derivatives [312].
DSF [313] affects the redox balance of the cell, to GSH oxidation [314], reducing GSH levels [54] at least in part through the formation of complexes with its different derivatives [312, 315]. DETC can also reduce the GSH/non-protein thiol levels, also leading to the reduction of glutathione peroxidase activities [53, 316].
The combinations tested here may also contribute to resistance reversal, also through DETC-mediated inhibition of Fe-dependent SOD, which is linked to resistance to BZ in T. cruzi [66, 162, 163].
Furthermore, DSF can be used against cancer cells targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system [317], and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a therapeutic target in T. cruzi [318].
In this way, the strategy based of combinations of the repositioned drugs proposed here can achieve effectiveness, with selectivity and, therefore, safety in the CD treatment and sheds new light on perspectives for new therapeutic strategies.
6. The clinical stage
Translational research in biomedical sciences translates basic research and experimental discoveries into health taking the route from benchtop to bedside. This important field has gained substantial attention and investments in the last two decades [319].
In order to reach a proof of concept on the effectivity of the DSF-BZ combination in human infection, a partnership was established gathering different units of Fiocruz. The present study comprises a translational approach that began with experiments in vitro, on the bench and now reaches the clinical stage at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, coordinated by the team of the Clinical Research Laboratory of Chagas Disease, with assistance of the Clinical Research platform. Therefore, the phase I/II clinical trial was elaborated (Figure 4) and published recently [320].
Figure 4.
Design of the clinical trial for testing the BZ-DSF combination. Reproduced from Ref. [320] (with permission).
7. Conclusions and future perspectives
The use of DSF/DETC combined to BZ in CD treatment comprises a potential innovative therapeutical tool, possibly overcoming adverse reactions and refractory cases. Since these repositioned drugs exert cytoprotective effects, reducing the adverse reactions of many drugs, safe combinations can be potentially identified, leading to the development of well-tolerated medication. Therefore, therapy interruption can be precluded, consequently increasing patient adherence. In addition, as DSF/DETC can inhibit p-glycoprotein activity as well as reduce GSH levels, two molecules involved in drug extrusion from MDR+ parasites, it is reasonable to suppose the combination could eventually revert/downmodulate natural/acquired resistance phenotypes. Thus, treatment may be effective even in refractory cases. We are now approaching the clinical response of chronic phase CD patients. A possible proof of concept may lead to the development of a safe and effective medication, with profound implications in treatment prognosis, presumably improving the quality of life of the patients.
Acknowledgments
This research was sponsored by grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq grant no. 443886/2018-0 to RMS and CNPq grant no. 314717/2020 to MAVS), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ grant no. 211.167/2019 to RMS; FAPERJ grant no. 260475/2021 and 259286/2021 to MAVS and FAPERJ grant no. 204.388/2021 to AMSF) and Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz grant no. 6221125199 to MAVS).
\n',keywords:"drug combination, drug repositioning, translational medicine, Chagas disease, oxidative stress, Trypanosoma cruzi",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81939.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81939.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81939",totalDownloads:45,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:0,impactScoreQuartile:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 14th 2022",dateReviewed:"March 3rd 2022",datePrePublished:"June 24th 2022",datePublished:"July 13th 2022",dateFinished:"May 24th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major neglected disease endemic to Latin America, associated to significant morbimortality comprising a remarkable socioeconomic problem mainly for low-income tropical populations. The present chapter focuses translational research on Chagas disease, approaching drug combinations and repositioning, particularly exploiting the parasite oxidative stress by prospecting prooxidant compounds combined with antagonists of antioxidant systems, for developing low-cost and safe therapies for this infection. The pertinent literature on protozoal parasitic diseases is reviewed as well as on repurposing disulfiram aiming the combination with the Chagas disease drug of choice benznidazole. Both disulfiram and its first derivative sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) are able not only to inhibit p-glycoprotein, possibly reverting resistance phenotypes, but also to reduce toxicity of numerous other drugs, heavy metals, etc. Therefore, this innovation, presently in clinical research, may furnish a novel therapeutic for T. cruzi infections overcoming the adverse effects and refractory cases that impair the effectiveness of Chagas disease treatment.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81939",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81939",book:{id:"11377",slug:"chagas-disease-from-cellular-and-molecular-aspects-of-trypanosoma-cruzi-host-interactions-to-the-clinical-intervention"},signatures:"Marcos André Vannier-Santos, Ana Márcia Suarez-Fontes, Juliana Almeida-Silva, Alessandra Lifsitch Viçosa, Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Gabriel Parreiras Estolano da Silveira, Luciana Fernandes Portela and Roberto Magalhães Saraiva",authors:[{id:"273335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos André",middleName:null,surname:"Vannier-Santos",fullName:"Marcos André Vannier-Santos",slug:"marcos-andre-vannier-santos",email:"marcos.vannier@ioc.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273335/images/system/273335.jfif",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"451049",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez Fontes",fullName:"Ana Márcia Suarez Fontes",slug:"ana-marcia-suarez-fontes",email:"ana.vannier@ioc.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"453388",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",fullName:"Roberto M. Saraiva",slug:"roberto-m.-saraiva",email:"roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"453545",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida-Silva",fullName:"Juliana Almeida-Silva",slug:"juliana-almeida-silva",email:"jualmeida@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"453548",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra Lifsitch",middleName:null,surname:"Viçosa",fullName:"Alessandra Lifsitch Viçosa",slug:"alessandra-lifsitch-vicosa",email:"alessandra.vicosa@far.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"454684",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Aurora",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez Perez Rodrigues",fullName:"Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez Rodrigues",slug:"sandra-aurora-chavez-perez-rodrigues",email:"sandra.rodrigues@far.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"454685",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Hasslocher-Moreno",fullName:"Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno",slug:"alejandro-marcel-hasslocher-moreno",email:"alejandro.hasslocher@ipec.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"454686",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriel Parreiras",middleName:null,surname:"Estolano Da Silveira",fullName:"Gabriel Parreiras Estolano Da Silveira",slug:"gabriel-parreiras-estolano-da-silveira",email:"gabriel.silveira@fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"454687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes Portela",fullName:"Luciana Fernandes Portela",slug:"luciana-fernandes-portela",email:"luciana.portela@ini.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Therapeutics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Drug resistance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Oxidative stress in Chagas disease",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. Oxidative stress as a source of chemotherapy targets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Repositioning and combining drugs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.1 Repositioning disulfiram",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"5.2 Disulfiram combined to benznidazole in Chagas disease",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. The clinical stage",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Conclusions and future perspectives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Schmunis GA, Yadon ZE. Chagas disease: A Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Tropica. 2010;115(1-2):14-21'},{id:"B2",body:'Montgomery SP, Parise ME, Dotson EM, Bialek SR. What do we know about Chagas disease in the United States? The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2016;95(6):1225-1227'},{id:"B3",body:'Harris N, Woc-Colburn L, Gunter SM, Gorchakov R, Murray KO, Rossmann S, et al. Autochthonous Chagas disease in the Southern United States: A case report of suspected residential and military exposures. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2017;64(6):491-493'},{id:"B4",body:'Lynn MK, Bossak BH, Sandifer PA, Watson A, Nolan MS. Contemporary autochthonous human Chagas disease in the USA. Acta Tropica. 2020;205:105361'},{id:"B5",body:'Rowland ME, Maloney J, Cohen S, Yabsley MJ, Huang J, Kranz M, et al. Factors associated with Trypanosoma cruzi exposure among domestic Canines in Tennessee. The Journal of Parasitology. 2010;96(3):547-551'},{id:"B6",body:'Thompson JM, Habrun CA, Scully CM, Sasaki E, Bauer RW, Jania R, et al. Locally transmitted Trypanosoma cruzi in a Domestic Llama (Lama glama) in a rural area of Greater New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2021;21(10):762-768'},{id:"B7",body:'Busselman RE, Hamer SA. Chagas Disease Ecology in the United States: Recent Advances in Understanding Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission Among Triatomines, Wildlife, and Domestic Animals and a Quantitative Synthesis of Vector-Host Interactions. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2022;10:325-348'},{id:"B8",body:'Busselman RE, Meyers AC, Zecca IB, Auckland LD, Castro AH, Dowd RE, et al. High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021;15(11):e0009935'},{id:"B9",body:'Coura JR, Viñas PA. Chagas disease: A new worldwide challenge. Nature. 2010;465(S7301):S6-S7'},{id:"B10",body:'Franco-Paredes C, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. The unfinished public health agenda of Chagas disease in the era of globalization. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2009;3(7):e470'},{id:"B11",body:'Parker ER, Sethi A. Chagas disease: Coming to a place near you. Dermatologic Clinics. 2011;29(1):53-62'},{id:"B12",body:'Garza M, Feria Arroyo TP, Casillas EA, Sanchez-Cordero V, Rivaldi C-L, Sarkar S. Projected future distributions of vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in North America under climate change scenarios. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014;8(5):e2818'},{id:"B13",body:'Eberhard FE, Cunze S, Kochmann J, Klimpel S. Modelling the climatic suitability of Chagas disease vectors on a global scale. eLife. 2020;6(9):e52072'},{id:"B14",body:'Telleria J, Tibayrenc M. American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease One Hundred Years of Research. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010. 844 p'},{id:"B15",body:'Dias JP, Bastos C, Araújo E, Mascarenhas AV, Martins Netto E, Grassi F, et al. Acute Chagas disease outbreak associated with oral transmission. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2008;41(3):296-300'},{id:"B16",body:'de Noya B, González O, Robertson LJ. Trypanosoma cruzi as a Foodborne Pathogen. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015'},{id:"B17",body:'Suárez DC, Rey ÁP, Orduz ML, Prada RL, Tarazona Z. Survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in experimentally contaminated drinks. Biomédica. 2016;32(1):134-148'},{id:"B18",body:'WHO (World Health Organization). Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis). 2018'},{id:"B19",body:'Carlos Pinto Dias J, Novaes Ramos A, Dias Gontijo E, Luquetti A, Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda M, Rodrigues Coura J, et al. II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde. 2016;25(21):1-10'},{id:"B20",body:'Araujo-Jorge TC, Ferreira RR, Rocha RCM, Vieira TM, Costa ND, Santos LL, et al. “Chagas Express XXI”: A new ArtScience social technology for health and science education—A case study in Brazilian endemic areas of Chagas disease with an active search of chronic cases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021;15(7):e0009534'},{id:"B21",body:'Lee BY, Bacon KM, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. Global economic burden of Chagas disease: A computational simulation model. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2013;13(4):342-348'},{id:"B22",body:'PAHO (Pan American Health Organization). Chagas disease. 2019'},{id:"B23",body:'Urbina JA. Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: Relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Tropica. 2010;115(1-2):55-68'},{id:"B24",body:'Bartel LC, Montalto de Mecca M, Fanelli SL, Rodriguez de Castro C, Diaz EG, Castro JA. Early nifurtimox-induced biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in rat heart. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(10):781-788'},{id:"B25",body:'de Mecca MM, Fanelli SL, Bartel LC, de Castro CR, Díaz EG, Castro JA. Nifurtimox nitroreductase activity in different cellular fractions from male rat pancreas. Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations. Life Sciences. 2007;81(2):144-152'},{id:"B26",body:'Mecca MM de, Bartel LC, Castro CR de, Castro JA. Benznidazole biotransformation in rat heart microsomal fraction without observable ultrastructural alterations: Comparison to Nifurtimox-induced cardiac effects. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2008;103(6):549-553'},{id:"B27",body:'Vannier-Santos M, De Castro S. Electron microscopy in antiparasitic chemotherapy: A (close) view to a kill. Current Drug Targets. 2009;10(3):246-260'},{id:"B28",body:'Vannier-Santos MA, Brunoro GV, Soeiro MN, DeCastro SL, Menna-Barreto FS. Parasite, Compartments, and Molecules: Trick versus Treatment on Chagas Disease. In: De Souza W, editor. Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi. 1st ed. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2019'},{id:"B29",body:'Menna-Barreto RFS. Cell death pathways in pathogenic trypanosomatids: Lessons of (over)kill. Cell Death & Disease. 2019;10(2):93'},{id:"B30",body:'Castro JA, Diaz de Toranzo EG. Toxic effects of nifurtimox and benznidazole, two drugs used against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease). Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 1988;1(1):19-33'},{id:"B31",body:'Castro JA, DeMecca MM, Bartel LC. Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis). Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(8):471-479'},{id:"B32",body:'Pérez-Molina JA, Crespillo-Andújar C, Bosch-Nicolau P, Molina I. Trypanocidal treatment of Chagas disease. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2021;39(9):458-470'},{id:"B33",body:'Jackson Y, Wyssa B, Chappuis F. Tolerance to nifurtimox and benznidazole in adult patients with chronic Chagas’ disease. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020;75(3):690-696'},{id:"B34",body:'Olivera MJ, Cucunubá ZM, Álvarez CA, Nicholls RS. Safety profile of nifurtimox and treatment interruption for chronic Chagas disease in Colombian adults. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2015;93(6):1224-1230'},{id:"B35",body:'Olivera MJ, Cucunubá ZM, Valencia-Hernández CA, Herazo R, Agreda-Rudenko D, Flórez C, et al. Risk factors for treatment interruption and severe adverse effects to benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0185033'},{id:"B36",body:'Sperandio da Silva GM, Mediano MFF, da Costa Chambela M, da Silva JA, de Sousa AS, Alvarenga Americano do Brasil PE. A clinical adverse drug reaction prediction model for patients with Chagas disease treated with benznidazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2014;58(11):6371-6377'},{id:"B37",body:'Hasslocher-Moreno AM, do Brasil PE, de Sousa AS, Xavier SS, Chambela MC, Sperandio da Silva GM. Safety of benznidazole use in the treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012;67(5):1261-1266'},{id:"B38",body:'Levi GC, Lobo IMF, Kallás EG, Amato NV. Etiological drug treatment of human infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 1996;38(1):35-38'},{id:"B39",body:'Crespillo-Andújar C, López-Vélez R, Trigo E, Norman F, Díaz-Menéndez M, Monge-Maillo B, et al. Comparison of the toxicity of two treatment schemes with benznidazole for chronic Chagas disease: A prospective cohort study in two Spanish referral centres. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020;26(3):384'},{id:"B40",body:'Guggenbühl Noller JM, Froeschl G, Eisermann P, Jochum J, Theuring S, Reiter-Owona I, et al. Describing nearly two decades of Chagas disease in Germany and the lessons learned: A retrospective study on screening, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection from 2000-2018. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(1):919'},{id:"B41",body:'Pérez-Molina JA, Sojo-Dorado J, Norman F, Monge-Maillo B, Díaz-Menéndez M, Albajar-Viñas P, et al. Nifurtimox therapy for Chagas disease does not cause hypersensitivity reactions in patients with such previous adverse reactions during benznidazole treatment. Acta Tropica. 2013;127(2):101-104'},{id:"B42",body:'Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I. Chagas disease. Lancet. 2018;391(10115):82-94'},{id:"B43",body:'Viotti R, Vigliano C, Armenti H, Segura E. Treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease with benznidazole: Clinical and serologic evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. American Heart Journal. 1994;127(1):151-162'},{id:"B44",body:'Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Saraiva RM, Sangenis LHC, Xavier SS, de Sousa AS, Costa AR, et al. Benznidazole decreases the risk of chronic Chagas disease progression and cardiovascular events: A long-term follow up study. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;31:100694'},{id:"B45",body:'Urbina JA. Parasitological cure of Chagas disease: Is it possible? Is it relevant? Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94(Suppl. 1):349-355'},{id:"B46",body:'Cal M, Ioset J-R, Fügi MA, Mäser P, Kaiser M. Assessing anti-T. cruzi candidates in vitro for sterile cidality. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2016;6(3):165-170'},{id:"B47",body:'Neal RA, van Bueren J. Comparative studies of drug susceptibility of five strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo and in vitro. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988;82(5):709-714'},{id:"B48",body:'Lin C, Ferreira de Almeida Fiuza L, Cardoso Santos C, Ferreira Nunes D, Cruz Moreira O, Bouton J, et al. 6-Methyl-7-aryl-7-deazapurine nucleosides as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents: Structure-activity relationship and in vivo efficacy. ChemMedChem. 2021;16(14):2231-2253'},{id:"B49",body:'Pinazo M-J, Espinosa G, Cortes-Lletget C, Posada E, Aldasoro E, Oliveira I, et al. Immunosuppression and Chagas disease: A management challenge. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013;7(1):e1965'},{id:"B50",body:'Sánchez-Valdéz FJ, Padilla A, Wang W, Orr D, Tarleton RL. Spontaneous dormancy protects Trypanosoma cruzi during extended drug exposure. eLife. 2018;26(7):e34039'},{id:"B51",body:'Barrett MP, Kyle DE, Sibley LD, Radke JB, Tarleton RL. Protozoan persister-like cells and drug treatment failure. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2019;17(10):607-620'},{id:"B52",body:'Nagajyothi F, Machado FS, Burleigh BA, Jelicks LA, Scherer PE, Mukherjee S, et al. Mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi persistence in Chagas disease. Cellular Microbiology. 2012;14(5):634-643'},{id:"B53",body:'Strömme JH. Effects of diethyldithiocarbamate and disulfiram on glucose metabolism and glutathione content of human erythrocytes. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1963;12(7):705-715'},{id:"B54",body:'Mittal M, Khan K, Pal S, Porwal K, China SP, Barbhuyan TK, et al. The thiocarbamate disulphide drug, disulfiram induces osteopenia in rats by inhibition of osteoblast function due to suppression of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Toxicological Sciences. 2014;139(1):257-270'},{id:"B55",body:'Heikkila RE, Cabbat FS, Cohen G. Inactivation of superoxide dismutase by several thiocarbamic acid derivatives. Experientia. 1978;34(12):1553-1554'},{id:"B56",body:'Heikkila RE, Cabbat FS, Cohen G. In vivo inhibition of superoxide dismutase in mice by diethyldithiocarbamate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976;251(7):2182-2185'},{id:"B57",body:'Doyon G, Zerbato J, Mellors JW, Sluis-Cremer N. Disulfiram reactivates latent HIV-1 expression through depletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog. AIDS. 2013;27(2):F7-F11'},{id:"B58",body:'Kim Y, Anderson JL, Lewin SR. Getting the “Kill” into “Shock and Kill”: Strategies to eliminate latent HIV. Cell Host & Microbe. 2018;23(1):14-26'},{id:"B59",body:'Maeda FY, Cortez C, Yoshida N. Cell signaling during Trypanosoma cruzi invasion. Frontiers in Immunology. 2012;3:361'},{id:"B60",body:'Burleigh BA, Woolsey AM. Cell signalling and Trypanosoma cruzi invasion. Cellular Microbiology. 2002;4(11):701-711'},{id:"B61",body:'Chuenkova MV, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK, Pereira MA. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase: A potent and specific survival factor for human Schwann cells by means of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(17):9936-9941'},{id:"B62",body:'Zhang H, Chen D, Ringler J, Chen W, Cui QC, Ethier SP, et al. Disulfiram treatment facilitates phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition in human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Research. 2010;70(10):3996-4004'},{id:"B63",body:'Bustamante JM, Sanchez-Valdez F, Padilla AM, White B, Wang W, Tarleton RL. A modified drug regimen clears active and dormant trypanosomes in mouse models of Chagas disease. Science Translational Medicine. 2020;12(567):eabb7656'},{id:"B64",body:'Pessenda G, Silva JS. Arginase and its mechanisms in Leishmania persistence. Parasite Immunology. 2020;42(7):e12722'},{id:"B65",body:'Mejia AM, Hall BS, Taylor MC, Gómez-Palacio A, Wilkinson SR, Triana-Chávez O, et al. Benznidazole-resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi is a readily acquired trait that can arise independently in a single population. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012;206(2):220-228'},{id:"B66",body:'Campos MCO, Leon LL, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. Benznidazole-resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi: Evidence that distinct mechanisms can act in concert. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2014;193(1):17-19'},{id:"B67",body:'Francisco AF, Jayawardhana S, Olmo F, Lewis MD, Wilkinson SR, Taylor MC, et al. Challenges in Chagas disease drug development. Molecules. 2020;25(12):2799'},{id:"B68",body:'Filardi LS, Brener Z. Susceptibility and natural resistance of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to drugs used clinically in Chagas disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987;81(5):755-759'},{id:"B69",body:'Zingales B. Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity. Acta Tropica. 2018;184:38-52'},{id:"B70",body:'Teston APM, Monteiro WM, Reis D, Bossolani GDP, Gomes ML, de Araújo SM, et al. In vivo susceptibility to benznidazole of Trypanosoma cruzi strains from the western Brazilian Amazon. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2013;18(1):85-95'},{id:"B71",body:'Zingales B, Araujo RGA, Moreno M, Franco J, Aguiar PHN, Nunes SL, et al. A novel ABCG-like transporter of Trypanosoma cruzi is involved in natural resistance to benznidazole. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(3):433-444'},{id:"B72",body:'Loffredo L, Violi F. COVID-19 and cardiovascular injury: A role for oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment? International Journal of Cardiology. 2020;312:136'},{id:"B73",body:'Dichi I, Breganó JW, Simão ANC, Cecchini R. Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diseases. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2014. 720 p'},{id:"B74",body:'Bondy SC, Campbell A. Inflammation, aging, and oxidative stress. In: Bondy SC, Campbell A, editors. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016'},{id:"B75",body:'Armstrong D, Stratton RD. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection: The Science of Free Radical Biology and Disease. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2016. 600 p'},{id:"B76",body:'Sies H. (Ed.). Oxidative stress: eustress and distress. London: Academic Press; 2020. 829 p'},{id:"B77",body:'Lushchak V, Semchyshyn H, editors. Oxidative Stress: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects. London, UK: InTechOpen; 2012'},{id:"B78",body:'Flohé L. Glutathione. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2018'},{id:"B79",body:'Piñeyro MD, Arias D, Parodi-Talice A, Guerrero S, Robello C. Trypanothione metabolism as drug target for trypanosomatids. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2021;27(15):1834-1846'},{id:"B80",body:'Fairlamb AH, Cerami A. Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the kinetoplastida. Annual Review of Microbiology. 1992;46(1):695-729'},{id:"B81",body:'Pountain AW, Weidt SK, Regnault C, Bates PA, Donachie AM, Dickens NJ, et al. Genomic instability at the locus of sterol C24-methyltransferase promotes amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania parasites. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2019;13(2):e0007052'},{id:"B82",body:'Ozols RF, O’Dwyer PJ, Hamilton TC, Young RC. The role of glutathione in drug resistance. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 1990;17:45-50'},{id:"B83",body:'Schröder CP, Godwin AK, O’Dwyer PJ, Tew KD, Hamilton TC, Ozols RF. Glutathione and drug resistance. Cancer Investigation. 1996;14(2):158-168'},{id:"B84",body:'Russell TM, Azad MG, Richardson DR. The relationship of glutathione-S-transferase and multi-drug resistance-related protein 1 in nitric oxide (NO) transport and storage. Molecules. 2021;26(19):5784'},{id:"B85",body:'Moncada C, Repetto Y, Aldunate J, Letelier ME, Morello A. Role of glutathione in the susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi to drugs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C. 1989;94(1):87-91'},{id:"B86",body:'Repetto Y, Opazo E, Maya JD, Agosin M, Morello A. Glutathione and trypanothione in several strains of Trypanosoma cruzi: Effect of drugs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 1996;115(2):281-285'},{id:"B87",body:'Mesías AC, Sasoni N, Arias DG, Pérez Brandán C, Orban OCF, Kunick C, et al. Trypanothione synthetase confers growth, survival advantage and resistance to anti-protozoal drugs in Trypanosoma cruzi. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2019;130:23-34'},{id:"B88",body:'Faúndez M, Pino L, Letelier P, Ortiz C, López R, Seguel C, et al. Buthionine sulfoximine increases the toxicity of nifurtimox and benznidazole to Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2005;49(1):126-130'},{id:"B89",body:'Faúndez M, López-Muñoz R, Torres G, Morello A, Ferreira J, Kemmerling U, et al. Buthionine sulfoximine has anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in a murine model of acute Chagas’ disease and enhances the efficacy of nifurtimox. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2008;52(5):1837-1839'},{id:"B90",body:'Carter KC, Sundar S, Spickett C, Pereira OC, Mullen AB. The in vivo susceptibility of Leishmania donovani to sodium stibogluconate is drug specific and can be reversed by inhibiting glutathione biosynthesis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003;47(5):1529-1535'},{id:"B91",body:'Vannier-Santos MA, Suarez-Fontes AM. Role of polyamines in parasite cell architecture and function. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2017;23(23):3342-3358'},{id:"B92",body:'Phillips MA. Polyamines in protozoan pathogens. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2018;293(48):18746-18756'},{id:"B93",body:'Hernández SM, Sánchez MS, de Tarlovsky MNS. Polyamines as a defense mechanism against lipoperoxidation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Tropica. 2006;98(1):94-102'},{id:"B94",body:'Birkholtz L-M, Williams M, Niemand J, Louw AI, Persson L, Heby O. Polyamine homoeostasis as a drug target in pathogenic protozoa: Peculiarities and possibilities. The Biochemical Journal. 2011;438(2):229-244'},{id:"B95",body:'Roberts S, Ullman B. Parasite polyamines as pharmaceutical targets. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2017;23(23):3325-3341'},{id:"B96",body:'Talevi A, Carrillo C, Comini M. The thiol-polyamine metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi: Molecular targets and drug repurposing strategies. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;26(36):6614-6635'},{id:"B97",body:'de Oliveira TB, Pedrosa RC, Filho DW. Oxidative stress in chronic cardiopathy associated with Chagas disease. International Journal of Cardiology. 2007;116(3):357-363'},{id:"B98",body:'Gupta S, Wen J-J, Garg NJ. Oxidative sress in Chagas disease. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2009;2009:1-8'},{id:"B99",body:'Zacks MA, Wen J-J, Vyatkina G, Bhatia V, Garg N. An overview of chagasic cardiomyopathy: Pathogenic importance of oxidative stress. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2005;77(4):695-715'},{id:"B100",body:'Wen J, Yachelini PC, Sembaj A, Manzur RE, Garg NJ. Increased oxidative stress is correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction in chagasic patients. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2006;41(2):270-276'},{id:"B101",body:'Turrens JF. Superoxide production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Bioscience Reports. 1997;17(1):3-8'},{id:"B102",body:'Turrens JF. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. The Journal of Physiology. 2003;552(2):335-344'},{id:"B103",body:'Prolo C, Estrada D, Piacenza L, Benítez D, Comini MA, Radi R, et al. Nox2-derived superoxide radical is crucial to control acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Redox Biology. 2021;46:102085'},{id:"B104",body:'Wen J-J, Garg N. Oxidative modification of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in response to the stress of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004;37(12):2072-2081'},{id:"B105",body:'Dhiman M, Wan X, Popov VL, Vargas G, Garg NJ. MnSOD tg mice control myocardial inflammatory and oxidative stress and remodeling responses elicited in chronic Chagas disease. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2013;2(5):e000302'},{id:"B106",body:'Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Morales S, Miralles V, Solari A. Dual and opposite roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Chagas disease: Beneficial on the pathogen and harmful on the host. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020;2020:1-17'},{id:"B107",body:'Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. The oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory process in Chagas disease: Role of exosomes and contributing genetic factors. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021;2021:1-21'},{id:"B108",body:'Wen J-J, Vyatkina G, Garg N. Oxidative damage during chagasic cardiomyopathy development: Role of mitochondrial oxidant release and inefficient antioxidant defense. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004;37(11):1821-1833'},{id:"B109",body:'Dantas-Pereira L, Menna-Barreto R, Lannes-Vieira J. Extracellular vesicles: Potential role in remote signaling and inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi triggered disease. Frontiers in Cell and Development Biology. 2021;9:798054'},{id:"B110",body:'Chuenkova MV, Pereiraperrin M. Neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration in Chagas disease. Advances in Parasitology. 2011;76:195-233'},{id:"B111",body:'Vilar-Pereira G, Castaño Barrios L, Silva AA, Martins Batista A, Resende Pereira I, Cruz Moreira O, et al. Memory impairment in chronic experimental Chagas disease: Benznidazole therapy reversed cognitive deficit in association with reduction of parasite load and oxidative stress in the nervous tissue. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0244710'},{id:"B112",body:'Wen J-J, Garg NJ. Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species is enhanced at the Qo site of the complex III in the myocardium of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice: Beneficial effects of an antioxidant. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 2008;40(6):587-598'},{id:"B113",body:'Sánchez-Villamil JP, Bautista-Niño PK, Serrano NC, Rincon MY, Garg NJ. Potential role of antioxidants as adjunctive therapy in Chagas disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020;2020:1-13'},{id:"B114",body:'Du J, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR. Ascorbic acid: Chemistry, biology and the treatment of cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Reviews on Cancer. 2012;1826(2):443-457'},{id:"B115",body:'Mastrangelo D, Pelosi E, Castelli G, Lo-Coco F, Testa U. Mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of ascorbate: Cytotoxic activity and epigenetic modulation. Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 2018;69:57-64'},{id:"B116",body:'Puente V, Demaria A, Frank FM, Batlle A, Lombardo ME. Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2018;12(9):e0006764'},{id:"B117",body:'Providello MV, Carneiro ZA, Portapilla GB, do Vale GT, Camargo RS, Tirapelli CR, et al. Benefits of ascorbic acid in association with low-dose benznidazole in treatment of Chagas disease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2018;62(9):e00514-18'},{id:"B118",body:'Piacenza L, Trujillo M, Radi R. Reactive species and pathogen antioxidant networks during phagocytosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2019;216(3):501-516'},{id:"B119",body:'Piacenza L, Peluffo G, Alvarez MN, Martínez A, Radi R. Trypanosoma cruzi antioxidant enzymes as virulence factors in Chagas disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2013;19(7):723-734'},{id:"B120",body:'Oyenihi OR, Oyenihi AB, Alabi TD, Tade OG, Adeyanju AA, Oguntibeju OO. Reactive oxygen species: Key players in the anticancer effects of apigenin? Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;46(2):e14060'},{id:"B121",body:'Goes GR, Rocha PS, Diniz ARS, Aguiar PHN, Machado CR, Vieira LQ. Trypanosoma cruzi needs a signal provided by reactive oxygen species to infect macrophages. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016;10(4):e0004555'},{id:"B122",body:'Paiva CN, Feijó DF, Dutra FF, Carneiro VC, Freitas GB, Alves LS, et al. Oxidative stress fuels Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2012;122(7):2531-2542'},{id:"B123",body:'Dumoulin PC, Burleigh BA. Stress induced proliferation and cell cycle plasticity of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes. MBio. 2018;9(4):e00673-18'},{id:"B124",body:'Batinić-Haberle I, Rebouças JS, Spasojević I. Redox-Active Therapeutics. 1st ed. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. 1261 p'},{id:"B125",body:'Turrens JF. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses: A target for the treatment of diseases caused by parasitic protozoa. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2004;25(1-2):211-220'},{id:"B126",body:'Docampo R, Moreno SNJ. Free radical metabolites in the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents and phagocytic cells on Trypanosoma cruzi. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1984;6(2):223-238'},{id:"B127",body:'Beltran-Hortelano I, Perez-Silanes S, Galiano S. Trypanothione reductase and superoxide dismutase as current drug targets for Trypanosoma cruzi: An overview of compounds with activity against Chagas disease. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2017;24(11):1066-1138'},{id:"B128",body:'Boveris A, Docampo R, Turrens JF, Stoppani AO. Effect of β-lapachone on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production in Trypanosoma cruzi. The Biochemical Journal. 1978;175(2):431-439'},{id:"B129",body:'Cruz FS, Docampo R, de Souza W. Effect of beta-lapachone on hydrogen peroxide production in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Tropica. 1978;35(1):35-40'},{id:"B130",body:'Docampo R, Cruz FS, Boveris A, Muniz RPA, Esquivel DMS. Lipid peroxidation and the generation of free radicals, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide in β-lapachone-treated Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1978;186(2):292-297'},{id:"B131",body:'Bombaça ACS, Viana PG, Santos ACC, Silva TL, Rodrigues ABM, Guimarães ACR, et al. Mitochondrial disfunction and ROS production are essential for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of β-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazoles. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2019;130:408-418'},{id:"B132",body:'Gong Q , Hu J, Wang P, Li X, Zhang X. A comprehensive review on β-lapachone: Mechanisms, structural modifications, and therapeutic potentials. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;210:112962'},{id:"B133",body:'Menna-Barreto RFS, Henriques-Pons A, Pinto AV, Morgado-Diaz JA, Soares MJ, De Castro SL. Effect of a β-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazole on Trypanosoma cruzi: Identification of target organelles. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005;56(6):1034-1041'},{id:"B134",body:'dos Anjos DO, Sobral Alves ES, Gonçalves VT, Fontes SS, Nogueira ML, Suarez-Fontes AM, et al. Effects of a novel β-lapachone derivative on Trypanosoma cruzi: Parasite death involving apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2016;6(3):207-219'},{id:"B135",body:'Yang Y, Karakhanova S, Hartwig W, D’Haese JG, Philippov PP, Werner J, et al. Mitochondria and mitochondrial ROS in cancer: Novel targets for anticancer therapy. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2016;231(12):2570-2581'},{id:"B136",body:'Dhote V, Samundre P, Ganeshpurkar A, Upaganlawar A. Aging of brain related with mitochondrial dysfunctions. Current Drug Targets. 2021;22(14):1668-1687'},{id:"B137",body:'Dabravolski SA, Nikiforov NG, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV, Orekhov AN. The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular diseases and their potential as therapeutic targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(16):8770'},{id:"B138",body:'Clayton SA, MacDonald L, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Clark AR. Mitochondria as key players in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:673916'},{id:"B139",body:'Sharma VK, Singh TG, Mehta V. Stressed mitochondria: A target to intrude Alzheimer’s disease. Mitochondrion. 2021;59:48-57'},{id:"B140",body:'Fakhri S, Abdian S, Zarneshan SN, Akkol EK, Farzaei MH, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Targeting mitochondria by plant secondary metabolites: A promising strategy in combating Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(22):12570'},{id:"B141",body:'Kita K, Nihei C, Tomitsuka E. Parasite mitochondria as drug target: Diversity and dynamic changes during the life cycle. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2003;10(23):2535-2548'},{id:"B142",body:'Monzote L, Gille L. Mitochondria as a promising antiparasitic target. Current Clinical Pharmacology. 2010;5(1):55-66'},{id:"B143",body:'Mather M, Henry K, Vaidya A. Mitochondrial drug targets in apicomplexan parasites. Current Drug Targets. 2007;8(1):49-60'},{id:"B144",body:'Sen N, Majumder H. Mitochondrion of protozoan parasite emerges as potent therapeutic target: Exciting drugs are on the horizon. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2008;14(9):839-846'},{id:"B145",body:'Goodman CD, Buchanan HD, McFadden GI. Is the mitochondrion a good malaria drug target? Trends in Parasitology. 2017;33(3):185-193'},{id:"B146",body:'Nihei C, Fukai Y, Kita K. Trypanosome alternative oxidase as a target of chemotherapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Molecular Basis of Disease. 2002;1587(2-3):234-239'},{id:"B147",body:'Machado MM. Kinetoplast as a potential chemotherapeutic target of trypanosomatids. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2008;14(9):847-854'},{id:"B148",body:'Fidalgo LM, Gille L. Mitochondria and trypanosomatids: Targets and drugs. Pharmaceutical Research. 2011;28(11):2758-2770'},{id:"B149",body:'Boveris A, Chance B. The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. General properties and effect of hyperbaric oxygen. The Biochemical Journal. 1973;134(3):707-716'},{id:"B150",body:'Menna-Barreto RFS, de Castro SL. The double-edged sword in pathogenic trypanosomatids: The pivotal role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and bioenergetics. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:1-14'},{id:"B151",body:'Turrens JF, McCord JM. The iron-containing superoxide dismutases of Trypanosomatidae. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2006;40(2):193-195'},{id:"B152",body:'Martínez A, Prolo C, Estrada D, Rios N, Alvarez MN, Piñeyro MD, et al. Cytosolic Fe-superoxide dismutase safeguards Trypanosoma cruzi from macrophage-derived superoxide radical. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019;116(18):8879-8888'},{id:"B153",body:'Docampo R, Moreno SN. Free radical metabolism of antiparasitic agents. Federation Proceedings. 1986;45(10):2471-2476'},{id:"B154",body:'Docampo R. Sensitivity of parasites to free radical damage by antiparasitic drugs. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1990;73(1):1-27'},{id:"B155",body:'Perbandt M, Ndjonka D, Liebau E. Protective mechanisms of Helminths against reactive oxygen species are highly promising drug targets. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2014;21(15):1794-1808'},{id:"B156",body:'Pal C, Bandyopadhyay U. Redox-active antiparasitic drugs. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2012;17(4):555-582'},{id:"B157",body:'Piacenza L, Irigoín F, Alvarez MN, Peluffo G, Taylor MC, Kelly JM, et al. Mitochondrial superoxide radicals mediate programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi: Cytoprotective action of mitochondrial iron superoxide dismutase overexpression. The Biochemical Journal. 2007;403(2):323-334'},{id:"B158",body:'Maya JD, Cassels BK, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Ferreira J, Faúndez M, Galanti N, et al. Mode of action of natural and synthetic drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi and their interaction with the mammalian host. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2007;146(4):601-620'},{id:"B159",body:'Docampo R, Mason RP, Mottley C, Muniz RP. Generation of free radicals induced by nifurtimox in mammalian tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1981;256(21):10930-10933'},{id:"B160",body:'Faúndez M, Rojas M, Bohle P, Reyes C, Letelier ME, Aliaga ME, et al. Pyrogallol red oxidation induced by superoxide radicals: Application to evaluate redox cycling of nitro compounds. Analytical Biochemistry. 2011;419(2):284-291'},{id:"B161",body:'Moreno SNJ, Docampo R, Mason RP, Leon W, Stoppani AOM. Different behaviors of benznidazole as free radical generator with mammalian and Trypanosoma cruzi microsomal preparations. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1982;218(2):585-591'},{id:"B162",body:'Nogueira FB, Krieger MA, Nirdé P, Goldenberg S, Romanha AJ, Murta SMF. Increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase-A (TcFeSOD-A) enzyme in Trypanosoma cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole. Acta Tropica. 2006;100(1-2):119-132'},{id:"B163",body:'Campos MC, Phelan J, Francisco AF, Taylor MC, Lewis MD, Pain A, et al. Genome-wide mutagenesis and multi-drug resistance in American trypanosomes induced by the front-line drug benznidazole. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):14407'},{id:"B164",body:'Andrade HM, Murta SMF, Chapeaurouge A, Perales J, Nirdé P, Romanha AJ. Proteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi resistance to benznidazole. Journal of Proteome Research. 2008;7(6):2357-2367'},{id:"B165",body:'Quebrada Palacio LP, González MN, Hernandez-Vasquez Y, Perrone AE, Parodi-Talice A, Bua J, et al. Phenotypic diversity and drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi TcV clinical isolates. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203462'},{id:"B166",body:'Prathalingham SR, Wilkinson SR, Horn D, Kelly JM. Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei superoxide dismutase gene sodb1 increases sensitivity to nifurtimox and benznidazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2007;51(2):755-758'},{id:"B167",body:'Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, et al. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in Leishmania donovani. The FEBS Journal. 2019;286(17):3488-3503'},{id:"B168",body:'Santi AMM, Silva PA, Santos IFM, Murta SMF. Downregulation of FeSOD-A expression in Leishmania infantum alters trivalent antimony and miltefosine susceptibility. Parasites & Vectors. 2021;14(1):366'},{id:"B169",body:'Wassmann C, Hellberg A, Tannich E, Bruchhaus I. Metronidazole resistance in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is associated with increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin and decreased expression of ferredoxin 1 and flavin reductase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999;274(37):26051-26056'},{id:"B170",body:'Andrade JM, Murta SMF. Functional analysis of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase in antimony-resistant and -susceptible Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum lines. Parasites & Vectors. 2014;7(1):406'},{id:"B171",body:'Olmo F, Urbanová K, Rosales MJ, Martín-Escolano R, Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C. An in vitro iron superoxide dismutase inhibitor decreases the parasitemia levels of Trypanosoma cruzi in BALB/c mouse model during acute phase. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2015;5(3):110-116'},{id:"B172",body:'Singh CK, Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Mack NJ, Ahmad N. The role of sirtuins in antioxidant and redox signaling. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2018;28(8):643-661'},{id:"B173",body:'Klein MA, Denu JM. Biological and catalytic functions of sirtuin 6 as targets for small-molecule modulators. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2020;295(32):11021-11041'},{id:"B174",body:'Huang J-Y, Hirschey MD, Shimazu T, Ho L, Verdin E. Mitochondrial sirtuins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Proteins and Proteomics. 2010;1804(8):1645-1651'},{id:"B175",body:'Wan X, Garg NJ. Sirtuin control of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in Chagas disease models. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:693051'},{id:"B176",body:'Chen Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Lei Q , Guan K, Zhao S, et al. Tumour suppressor SIRT3 deacetylates and activates manganese superoxide dismutase to scavenge ROS. EMBO Reports. 2011;12(6):534-541'},{id:"B177",body:'dos Santos ML, Santana Nunes V, Gomes AAS, Sousa AC de CN, Fontes MRM, Schenkman S, et al. Mitochondrial sirtuin TcSir2rp3 affects TcSODA activity and oxidative stress response in Trypanosoma cruzi. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:773410'},{id:"B178",body:'Davis CD, Brooks L, Calisi C, Bennett BJ, McElroy DM. Beneficial effect of selenium supplementation during murine infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998;84(6):1274-1277'},{id:"B179",body:'Gomez RM, Solana ME, Levander OA. Host selenium deficiency increases the severity of chronic inflammatory myopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi-inoculated mice. The Journal of Parasitology. 2002;88(3):541-547'},{id:"B180",body:'de Souza AP, de Oliveira GM, Vanderpas J, de Castro SL, Rivera MT, Araújo-Jorge TC. Selenium supplementation at low doses contributes to the decrease in heart damage in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitology Research. 2003;91(1):51-54'},{id:"B181",body:'Holanda MT, Mediano MFF, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Gonzaga BMS, Carvalho ACC, Ferreira RR, et al. Effects of selenium treatment on cardiac function in Chagas heart disease: Results from the STCC randomized trial. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;40:101105'},{id:"B182",body:'Correa-Oliveira R, Araújo-Jorge TC, Rocha MOC, Rivera MT, Nève J, Moreno AHM, et al. Progressive Chagas’ cardiomyopathy is associated with low selenium levels. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002;66(6):706-712'},{id:"B183",body:'Alcolea V, Pérez-Silanes S. Selenium as an interesting option for the treatment of Chagas disease: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2020;206:112673'},{id:"B184",body:'Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. The use of antioxidants as potential co-adjuvants to treat chronic Chagas disease. Antioxidants. 2021;10(7):1022'},{id:"B185",body:'Martín-Escolano R, Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Martín-Escolano J, Plano D, Rosales MJ, Espuelas S, et al. Selenium derivatives as promising therapy for Chagas disease: In vitro and in vivo studies. ACS Infectious Diseases. 2021;7(6):1727-1738'},{id:"B186",body:'de Freitas MRB, da Costa CMB, Pereira LM, do Prado JC, Sala MA, Abrahão AA. The treatment with selenium increases placental parasitismin pregnant Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Immunobiology. 2018;223(10):537-543'},{id:"B187",body:'Kim SJ, Choi MC, Park JM, Chung AS. Antitumor effects of selenium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(21):11844'},{id:"B188",body:'Zheng Y, Xie T, Li S, Wang W, Wang Y, Cao Z, et al. Effects of selenium as a dietary source on performance, inflammation, cell damage, and reproduction of livestock induced by heat stress: A review. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022;12:820853'},{id:"B189",body:'Orian L, Flohé L. Selenium-catalyzed reduction of hydroperoxides in chemistry and biology. Antioxidants. 2021;10(10):1560'},{id:"B190",body:'Planer JD, Hulverson MA, Arif JA, Ranade RM, Don R, Buckner FS. Synergy testing of FDA-approved drugs identifies potent drug combinations against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014;8(7):e2977'},{id:"B191",body:'Kaiser M, Mäser P, Tadoori LP, Ioset J-R, Brun R. Antiprotozoal activity profiling of approved drugs: A starting point toward drug repositioning. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135556'},{id:"B192",body:'Lehár J, Krueger AS, Avery W, Heilbut AM, Johansen LM, Price ER, et al. Synergistic drug combinations tend to improve therapeutically relevant selectivity. Nature Biotechnology. 2009;27(7):659-666'},{id:"B193",body:'Lehar J, Krueger AS, Zimmermann GR, Borisy AA. Therapeutic selectivity and the multi-node drug target. Discovery Medicine. 2009;8(43):185-190'},{id:"B194",body:'Zimmermann GR, Lehár J, Keith CT. Multi-target therapeutics: When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Drug Discovery Today. 2007;12(1-2):34-42'},{id:"B195",body:'Borisy AA, Elliott PJ, Hurst NW, Lee MS, Lehar J, Price ER, et al. Systematic discovery of multicomponent therapeutics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(13):7977-7982'},{id:"B196",body:'Kabir A, Muth A. Polypharmacology: The science of multi-targeting molecules. Pharmacological Research. 2022;176:106055'},{id:"B197",body:'Aguilera E, Alvarez G, Cerecetto H, González M. Polypharmacology in the treatment of Chagas disease. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;26(23):4476-4489'},{id:"B198",body:'Mitchison DA. Prevention of drug resistance by combined drug treatment of tuberculosis. In: Coates, A, editor. Antibiotic Resistance. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2012;211:87-98'},{id:"B199",body:'Worthington RJ, Melander C. Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Trends in Biotechnology. 2013;31(3):177-184'},{id:"B200",body:'Hill JA, Cowen LE. Using combination therapy to thwart drug resistance. Future Microbiology. 2015;10(11):1719-1726'},{id:"B201",body:'Yadav B, Wennerberg K, Aittokallio T, Tang J. Searching for drug synergy in complex dose–response landscapes using an interaction potency model. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2015;13:504-513'},{id:"B202",body:'Singh N, Yeh PJ. Suppressive drug combinations and their potential to combat antibiotic resistance. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo). 2017;70(11):1033-1042'},{id:"B203",body:'Wani M, Ahmad A. Combination Therapy Against Multidrug Resistance. 1st ed. London: Elsevier, Academic Press; 2020. 260 p'},{id:"B204",body:'Liu Y, Tong Z, Shi J, Li R, Upton M, Wang Z. Drug repurposing for next-generation combination therapies against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Theranostics. 2021;11(10):4910-4928'},{id:"B205",body:'Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR. Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002;2(4):209-218'},{id:"B206",body:'Tu Y. From Artemisia annua L. to Artemisinins the Discovery and Development of Artemisinins and Antimalarial Agents. 1st ed. London: Agents Academic Press; 2017. 468 p'},{id:"B207",body:'Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, et al. Spread of Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(5):411-423'},{id:"B208",body:'Eastman RT, Fidock DA. Artemisinin-based combination therapies: A vital tool in efforts to eliminate malaria. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2009;7(12):864-874'},{id:"B209",body:'Rogers WO, Sem R, Tero T, Chim P, Lim P, Muth S, et al. Failure of artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Southern Cambodia. Malaria Journal. 2009;8(1):10'},{id:"B210",body:'Lim P, Alker AP, Khim N, Shah NK, Incardona S, Doung S, et al. Pfmdr1 copy number and arteminisin derivatives combination therapy failure in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Malaria Journal. 2009;8(1):11'},{id:"B211",body:'Alker AP, Lim P, Sem R, Shah NK, Yi P, Bouth DM, et al. Pfmdr1 and in vivo resistance to artesunate-mefloquine in falciparum malaria on the Cambodian-Thai border. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;76(4):641-647'},{id:"B212",body:'Nosengo N. Can you teach old drugs new tricks? Nature. 2016;534(7607):314-316'},{id:"B213",body:'Xue H, Li J, Xie H, Wang Y. Review of drug repositioning approaches and resources. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2018;14(10):1232-1244'},{id:"B214",body:'Simões-Silva MR, De Araújo JS, Peres RB, Da Silva PB, Batista MM, De Azevedo LD, et al. Repurposing strategies for Chagas disease therapy: The effect of imatinib and derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology. 2019;146(8):1006-1012'},{id:"B215",body:'Juárez-Saldivar A, Schroeder M, Salentin S, Haupt VJ, Saavedra E, Vázquez C, et al. Computational drug repositioning for Chagas disease using protein-ligand interaction profiling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(12):4270'},{id:"B216",body:'Trindade JDS, Freire-de-Lima CG, Côrte-Real S, Decote-Ricardo D, Freire de Lima ME. Drug repurposing for Chagas disease: In vitro assessment of nimesulide against Trypanosoma cruzi and insights on its mechanisms of action. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0258292'},{id:"B217",body:'Martinez-Peinado N, Cortes-Serra N, Sherman J, Rodriguez A, Bustamante JM, Gascon J, et al. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi growth inhibitors with activity in vivo within a collection of licensed drugs. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):406'},{id:"B218",body:'Rivero CV, Martínez SJ, Novick P, Cueto JA, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC, et al. Repurposing Carvedilol as a novel inhibitor of the Trypanosoma cruzi autophagy flux that affects parasite replication and survival. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:657257'},{id:"B219",body:'Valsecchi WM, Delfino JM, Santos J, Fernández Villamil SH. Zoledronate repositioning as a potential trypanocidal drug. Trypanosoma cruzi HPRT an alternative target to be considered. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2021;188:114524'},{id:"B220",body:'Bellera CL, Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Talevi A. In silico drug repositioning for Chagas disease. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2020;27(5):662-675'},{id:"B221",body:'Reigada C, Sayé M, Phanstiel O, Valera-Vera E, Miranda MR, Pereira CA. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi polyamine transport inhibitors by computational drug repurposing. Frontiers in Medicine. 2019;6:256'},{id:"B222",body:'Valera-Vera EA, Sayé M, Reigada C, Miranda MR, Pereira CA. In silico repositioning of etidronate as a potential inhibitor of the Trypanosoma cruzi enolase. Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling. 2020;95:107506'},{id:"B223",body:'Miranda MR, Sayé MM. Chagas disease treatment: From new therapeutic targets to drug discovery and repositioning. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;26(36):6517-6518'},{id:"B224",body:'Santos SS, de Araújo RV, Giarolla J, Seoud O El, Ferreira EI. Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: A review. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020;55(4):105906.'},{id:"B225",body:'Adasme MF, Bolz SN, Adelmann L, Salentin S, Haupt VJ, Moreno-Rodríguez A, et al. Repositioned drugs for Chagas disease unveiled via structure-based drug repositioning. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(22):8809'},{id:"B226",body:'Martínez-Flórez A, Galizzi M, Izquierdo L, Bustamante JM, Rodriguez A, Rodriguez F, et al. Repurposing bioenergetic modulators against protozoan parasites responsible for tropical diseases. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2020;14:17-27'},{id:"B227",body:'Benaim G, Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Sordillo EM. The rationale for use of amiodarone and its derivatives for the treatment of Chagas’ disease and Leishmaniasis. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2021;27(15):1825-1833'},{id:"B228",body:'Zuma AA, de Souza W. Chagas disease chemotherapy: What do we know so far? Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2021;27(38):3963-3995'},{id:"B229",body:'Torrico F, Gascón J, Barreira F, Blum B, Almeida IC, Alonso-Vega C, et al. New regimens of benznidazole monotherapy and in combination with fosravuconazole for treatment of Chagas disease (BENDITA): A phase 2, double-blind, randomised trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2021;21(8):1129-1140'},{id:"B230",body:'Mazzeti AL, Gonçalves KR, Mota SLA, Pereira DE, Diniz L, Bahia MT. Combination therapy using nitro compounds improves the efficacy of experimental Chagas disease treatment. Parasitology. 2021;148(11):1320-1327'},{id:"B231",body:'Mazzeti AL, Capelari-Oliveira P, Bahia MT, Mosqueira VCF. Review on experimental treatment strategies against Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology. 2021;13:409-432'},{id:"B232",body:'Peerzada MN, Gaur A, Azam A. Advances in drug discovery against neglected tropical diseases: Human African and American Trypanosomiasis. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;28(36):7544-7582'},{id:"B233",body:'Ferraz LRM, Silva LC, de Souza ML, Alves LP, de Sales V, Barbosa NG, et al. Drug associations as alternative and complementary therapy for neglected tropical diseases. Acta Tropica. 2022;225:106210'},{id:"B234",body:'Araujo-Lima CF, Peres RB, Silva PB, Batista MM, Aiub CAF, Felzenszwalb I, et al. Repurposing strategy of atorvastatin against Trypanosoma cruzi: In vitro monotherapy and combined therapy with benznidazole exhibit synergistic trypanocidal activity. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2018;62(9):e00979-18'},{id:"B235",body:'Sass G, Madigan RT, Joubert L-M, Bozzi A, Sayed N, Wu JC, et al. A combination of itraconazole and amiodarone is highly effective against Trypanosoma cruzi infection of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2019;101(2):383-391'},{id:"B236",body:'Simões-Silva MR, De Araújo JS, Oliveira GM, Demarque KC, Peres RB, D’Almeida-Melo I, et al. Drug repurposing strategy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection: In vitro and in vivo assessment of the activity of metronidazole in mono- and combined therapy. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2017;145:46-53'},{id:"B237",body:'Sun W, Sanderson PE, Zheng W. Drug combination therapy increases successful drug repositioning. Drug Discovery Today. 2016;21(7):1189-1195'},{id:"B238",body:'Pandey RP, Nascimento MS, Moore CE, Raj VS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. New approaches for the treatment of Chagas disease. Current Drug Targets. 2021;22(7):835-841'},{id:"B239",body:'Sousa A. Disulfiram: Its Use in Alcohol Dependence and Other Disorders. 1st ed. Singapore: Springer; 2019. 133 p'},{id:"B240",body:'Suh JJ, Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, O’Brien CP. The status of disulfiram. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;26(3):290-302'},{id:"B241",body:'Bala V, Gupta G, Sharma V. Chemical and medicinal versatility of dithiocarbamates: An overview. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2014;14(12):1021-1032'},{id:"B242",body:'Shinde SD, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. An insight into medicinal attributes of dithiocarbamates: Bird’s eye view. Bioorganic Chemistry. 2020;105:104346'},{id:"B243",body:'Gessner PK, Gessner T. Disulfiram and Its Metabolite, Diethyldithiocarbamate. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1992'},{id:"B244",body:'Rath NC, Rasaputra KS, Liyanage R, Huff GR and Huff WE. Dithiocarbamate Toxicity - An Appraisal. In: Stoytcheva M, editor. Pesticides in the Modern World - Effects of Pesticides Exposure. London, UK: InTechOpen; 2011. pp. 323-340'},{id:"B245",body:'Hald J, Jacobsen E. A drug sensitising the organism to ethyl alcohol. Lancet. 1948;252(6539):1001-1004'},{id:"B246",body:'Lu C, Li X, Ren Y, Zhang X. Disulfiram: A novel repurposed drug for cancer therapy. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2021;87(2):159-172'},{id:"B247",body:'Jia Y, Huang T. Overview of Antabuse® (Disulfiram) in radiation and cancer biology. Cancer Management and Research. 2021;13:4095-4101'},{id:"B248",body:'Meraz-Torres F, Plöger S, Garbe C, Niessner H, Sinnberg T. Disulfiram as a therapeutic agent for metastatic malignant melanoma—Old myth or new logos? Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(12):3538'},{id:"B249",body:'Jiao Y, Hannafon BN, Ding W-Q. Disulfiram’s anticancer activity: Evidence and mechanisms. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2016;16(11):1378-1384'},{id:"B250",body:'Spivak AM, Planelles V. Novel latency reversal agents for HIV-1 cure. Annual Review of Medicine. 2018;69(1):421-436'},{id:"B251",body:'de Moura FB, Kohut SJ, Bergman J. Limited modulation of the abuse-related behavioral effects of d-methamphetamine by disulfiram. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2018;26(5):497-502'},{id:"B252",body:'Reinhardt S, Stoye N, Luderer M, Kiefer F, Schmitt U, Lieb K, et al. Identification of disulfiram as a secretase-modulating compound with beneficial effects on Alzheimer’s disease hallmarks. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1329'},{id:"B253",body:'Gao J, Gong Z, Montesano D, Glazer E, Liegner K. “Repurposing” disulfiram in the treatment of lyme disease and babesiosis: Retrospective review of first 3 years’ experience in one medical practice. Antibiotics. 2020;9(12):868'},{id:"B254",body:'Zitko J, Doležal M. Old drugs and new targets as an outlook for the treatment of tuberculosis. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;25(38):5142-5167'},{id:"B255",body:'Das S, Garg T, Chopra S, Dasgupta A. Repurposing disulfiram to target infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019;74(5):1317-1322'},{id:"B256",body:'Castillo-Villanueva A, Rufino-González Y, Méndez S-T, Torres-Arroyo A, Ponce-Macotela M, Martínez-Gordillo MN, et al. Disulfiram as a novel inactivator of Giardia lamblia triosephosphate isomerase with antigiardial potential. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2017;7(3):425-432'},{id:"B257",body:'Shirley D-A, Sharma I, Warren CA, Moonah S. Drug repurposing of the alcohol abuse medication disulfiram as an anti-parasitic agent. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:633194'},{id:"B258",body:'Omran Z, Sheikh R, Baothman OA, Zamzami MA, Alarjah M. Repurposing disulfiram as an anti-obesity drug: Treating and preventing obesity in high-fat-fed rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020;13:1473-1480'},{id:"B259",body:'Kannappan V, Ali M, Small B, Rajendran G, Elzhenni S, Taj H, et al. Recent advances in repurposing disulfiram and disulfiram derivatives as copper-dependent anticancer agents. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2021;8:741316'},{id:"B260",body:'Fong W, To KK. Drug repurposing to overcome resistance to various therapies for colorectal cancer. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2019;76(17):3383-3406'},{id:"B261",body:'Ekinci E, Rohondia S, Khan R, Dou QP. Repurposing disulfiram as an anti-cancer agent: Updated review on literature and patents. Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery. 2019;14(2):113-132'},{id:"B262",body:'Horita Y, Takii T, Yagi T, Ogawa K, Fujiwara N, Inagaki E, et al. Antitubercular activity of disulfiram, an antialcoholism drug, against multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2012;56(8):4140-4145'},{id:"B263",body:'Long TE. Repurposing thiram and disulfiram as antibacterial agents for multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017;61(9):e00898-17'},{id:"B264",body:'Sauna ZE, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV. Disulfiram, an old drug with new potential therapeutic uses for human cancers and fungal infections. Molecular BioSystems. 2005;1(2):127'},{id:"B265",body:'Argüello-García R, Leitsch D, Skinner-Adams T, Ortega-Pierres MG. Drug resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and alternative treatments for Giardiasis. Advances in Parasitology. 2020;107:201-282'},{id:"B266",body:'Cvek B. Nonprofit drugs as the salvation of the world’s healthcare systems: The case of Antabuse (disulfiram). Drug Discovery Today. 2012;17(9-10):409-412'},{id:"B267",body:'Jørgensen CH, Pedersen B, Tønnesen H. The efficacy of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(10):1749-1758'},{id:"B268",body:'Sinclair JMA, Chambers SE, Shiles CJ, Baldwin DS. Safety and tolerability of pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: Comprehensive review of evidence. Drug Safety. 2016;39(7):627-645'},{id:"B269",body:'Reisinger EC, Kern P, Dietrich M, Ernst M, Flad HD, Bock P, et al. Inhibition of HIV progression by dithiocarb. Lancet. 1990;335(8691):679-682'},{id:"B270",body:'Pompidou A, Delsaux MC, Telvi L, Mace B, Coutance F, Falkenrodt A, et al. Isoprinosine and Imuthiol, two potentially active compounds in patients with AIDS-related complex symptoms. Cancer Research. 1985;45(9):4671-4673'},{id:"B271",body:'Lemarie E, Musset M, Charbonnier C, Renoux M, Renoux G. Clinical characterization of imuthiol. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 1986;8(1):51-54'},{id:"B272",body:'Khouri R, Novais F, Santana G, de Oliveira CI, Vannier dos Santos MA, Barral A, et al. DETC induces leishmania parasite killing in human in vitro and murine in vivo models: A promising therapeutic alternative in leishmaniasis. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e14394'},{id:"B273",body:'Assolini JP, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, et al. Diethyldithiocarbamate encapsulation reduces toxicity and promotes leishmanicidal effect through apoptosis-like mechanism in promastigote and ROS production by macrophage. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2020;28(10):1110-1123'},{id:"B274",body:'Mazur KL, Feuser PE, Valério A, Poester Cordeiro A, de Oliveira CI, Assolini JP, et al. Diethyldithiocarbamate loaded in beeswax-copaiba oil nanoparticles obtained by solventless double emulsion technique promote promastigote death in vitro. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces. 2019;176:507-512'},{id:"B275",body:'Celes FS, Trovatti E, Khouri R, Van Weyenbergh J, Ribeiro SJL, Borges VM, et al. DETC-based bacterial cellulose bio-curatives for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Scientific Reports. 2016;6(1):38330'},{id:"B276",body:'McMahon A, Chen W, Li F. Old wine in new bottles: Advanced drug delivery systems for disulfiram-based cancer therapy. Journal of Controlled Release. 2020;319:352-359'},{id:"B277",body:'Kyle ME, Serroni A, Farber JL. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation by disulfiram prevents the killing of cultured hepatocytes by allyl alcohol, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide and diethyl maleate. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1989;72(3):269-275'},{id:"B278",body:'Liu T, Wang P, Cong M, Zhao X, Zhang D, Xu H, et al. Diethyldithiocarbamate, an anti-abuse drug, alleviates steatohepatitis and fibrosis in rodents through modulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2018;175(24):4480-4495'},{id:"B279",body:'Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Meena LP. Leishmaniasis: Treatment, drug resistance and emerging therapies. Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs. 2019;7(1):1-10'},{id:"B280",body:'Calle LM, Sullivan PD. Screening of antioxidants and other compounds for antimutagenic properties towards benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutagenicity in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Research. 1982;101(2):99-114'},{id:"B281",body:'Lane JE, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Suarez CC, Bogitsh BJ, Jones MM, Singh PK, et al. In vitro trypanocidal activity of tetraethylthiuram disulfide and sodium diethylamine-N-carbodithioate on Trypanosoma cruzi. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996;55(3):263-266'},{id:"B282",body:'de Freitas Oliveira JW, Torres TM, Moreno CJG, Amorim-Carmo B, Damasceno IZ, Soares AKMC, et al. Insights of antiparasitic activity of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate against different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):11200'},{id:"B283",body:'Giulivi C, Turrens JF, Boveris A. Chemiluminescence enhancement by trypanocidal drugs and by inhibitors of antioxidant enzymes in Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1988;30(3):243-251'},{id:"B284",body:'Koto KS, Lescault P, Brard L, Kim K, Singh RK, Bond J, et al. Antitumor activity of nifurtimox is enhanced with tetrathiomolybdate in medulloblastoma. International Journal of Oncology. 2011;38(5):1329-1341'},{id:"B285",body:'Prentice H, Modi JP, Wu J-Y. Mechanisms of neuronal protection against excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2015;2015:1-7'},{id:"B286",body:'Masuda Y, Nakayama N. Protective action of diethyldithiocarbamate and carbon disulfide against renal injury induced by chloroform in mice. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1983;32(21):3127-3135'},{id:"B287",body:'Gandhi NM, Gopalaswamy UV, Nair CKK. Radiation protection by disulfiram: Protection of membrane and DNA in vitro and in vivo against γ-radiation. Journal of Radiation Research. 2003;44(3):255-259'},{id:"B288",body:'Gandhi NM, Nair CKK. Radiation protection by diethyldithiocarbamate: Protection of membrane and DNA in vitro and in vivo against γ-radiation. Journal of Radiation Research. 2004;45(2):175-180'},{id:"B289",body:'Wysor MS, Zwelling LA, Sanders JE, Grenan MM. Cure of mice infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (ii) and disulfiram rescue. Science 80. 1982;217(4558):454-456'},{id:"B290",body:'Ishikawa M, Aoki T, Yomogida S, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K. Drug interaction effects on antitumour drugs (XV): Disulfiram as protective agent against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity without compromising antitumour activity in mice. Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1994;74(6):255-261'},{id:"B291",body:'Ishikawa M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K. Inhibition of ifosfamide-induced urotoxicity by disulfiram in mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1989;49(1):147-150'},{id:"B292",body:'Brambilla G, Carlo P, Finollo R. Effect of ten thiocompounds on rat liver DNA damage induced by a small dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine. Archives of Toxicology. 1992;66(4):286-290'},{id:"B293",body:'Burman WJ, Terra M, Breese P, Cohn D, Reves R. Lack of toxicity from concomitant directly observed disulfiram and isoniazid-containing therapy for active tuberculosis. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2002;6(9):839-842'},{id:"B294",body:'Traiger GJ, Vyas KP, Hanzlik RP. Effect of thiocarbonyl compounds on α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hepatotoxicity and the urinary excretion of [35S]α-naphthylisothiocyanate in the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1984;72(3):504-512'},{id:"B295",body:'Hazai E, Vereczkey L, Monostory K. Reduction of toxic metabolite formation of acetaminophen. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002;291(4):1089-1094'},{id:"B296",body:'Kim HL, Jones LP. Protective effects of butylated hydroxyanisole, ethoxyquin, and disulfiram on acute pyrrolizidine alkaloids poisoning in mice. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. 1982;36(2):341-344'},{id:"B297",body:'Masukawa T, Nakanishi K. Protection by disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1993;63(3):279-284'},{id:"B298",body:'Jennische E, Hansson H. Disulfiram is protective against postischemic cell death in the liver. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1984;122(2):199-201'},{id:"B299",body:'Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Paternain JL, Corbella J. Treatment of acute lead intoxication. A quantitative comparison of a number of chelating agents. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1990;19(2):185-189'},{id:"B300",body:'Hiroshige Ono Takayuki Funakoshi H. Comparative effects of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate against testicular toxicity in rats caused by acute exposure to cadmium. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1997;50(4):389-400'},{id:"B301",body:'Pages A, Casaş JS, Sanchez A, Sordo J, Bravo J, Gayoso M. Dithiocarbamates in heavy metal poisoning: Complexes of N,N-di(2-hidroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate with Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), CH3Hg(II), and C6H5Hg(II). Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 1985;25(1):35-42'},{id:"B302",body:'Cohen G, Heikkila RE, Allis B, Cabbat F, Dembiec D, MacNamee D, et al. Destruction of sympathetic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine: Protection by 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea, diethyldithiocarbamate, methimazole, cysteamine, ethanol and n-butanol. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1976;199(2):336-352'},{id:"B303",body:'Sonawane VK, Mahajan UB, Shinde SD, Chatterjee S, Chaudhari SS, Bhangale HA, et al. A chemosensitizer drug: Disulfiram prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Cardiovascular Toxicology. 2018;18(5):459-470'},{id:"B304",body:'Kis A, Yellon DM, Baxter GF. Role of nuclear factor-κB activation in acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in myocardium. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003;138(5):894-900'},{id:"B305",body:'McPherson BC, Yao Z. Signal transduction of opioid-induced cardioprotection in ischemia-reperfusion. Anesthesiology. 2001;94(6):1082-1088'},{id:"B306",body:'Wei S, Xiao Z, Huang J, Peng Z, Zhang B, Li W. Disulfiram inhibits oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation to prevent LPS-induced cardiac injury. International Immunopharmacology. 2022;105:108545'},{id:"B307",body:'Köksoy FN, Köse H, Soybír GR, Yalçin O, Cokneşelí B. The prophylactic effects of superoxide dismutase, catalase, desferrioxamine, verapamil and disulfiram in experimental colitis. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1997;42(1):27-30'},{id:"B308",body:'Campos MCO, Castro-Pinto DB, Ribeiro GA, Berredo-Pinho MM, Gomes LHF, da Silva Bellieny MS, et al. P-glycoprotein efflux pump plays an important role in Trypanosoma cruzi drug resistance. Parasitology Research. 2013;112(6):2341-2351'},{id:"B309",body:'Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Clarke DM. Disulfiram metabolites permanently inactivate the human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2004;1(6):426-433'},{id:"B310",body:'Sauna ZE, Peng X-H, Nandigama K, Tekle S, Ambudkar SV. The molecular basis of the action of disulfiram as a modulator of the multidrug resistance-linked ATP binding cassette transporters MDR1 (ABCB1) and MRP1 (ABCC1). Molecular Pharmacology. 2004;65(3):675-684'},{id:"B311",body:'da Costa KM, Valente RC, Salustiano EJ, Gentile LB, Freire-de-Lima L, Mendonça-Previato L, et al. Functional characterization of ABCC proteins from Trypanosoma cruzi and their involvement with thiol transport. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9:205'},{id:"B312",body:'Jin L, Davis MR, Hu P, Baillie TA. Identification of novel glutathione conjugates of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate in rat bile by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Evidence for metabolic activation of disulfiram in vivo. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1994;7(4):526-533'},{id:"B313",body:'Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Tesei A, Farolfi A, Zanoni M, Pignatta S, et al. Glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and S-glutathionylated proteins in cell cultures. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2015;89:972-981'},{id:"B314",body:'Arnelle DR, Day BJ, Stamler JS. Diethyl dithiocarbamate-induced decomposition of S-Nitrosothiols. Nitric Oxide. 1997;1(1):56-64'},{id:"B315",body:'Johnston CD. The in vitro reaction between tetraethylthiuram disulfide (antabuse) and glutathione. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1953;44(1):249-251'},{id:"B316",body:'Goldstein BD, Rozen MG, Quintavalla JC, Amoruso MA. Decrease in mouse lung and liver glutathione peroxidase activity and potentiation of the lethal effects of ozone and paraquat by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamate. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1979;28(1):27-30'},{id:"B317",body:'Kona R, Buac D, Burger M. Disulfiram, and disulfiram derivatives as novel potential anticancer drugs targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system in both preclinical and clinical studies. Current Cancer Drug Targets. 2011;11(3):338-346'},{id:"B318",body:'Gupta I, Aggarwal S, Singh K, Yadav A, Khan S. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway proteins as potential drug targets in parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):8399'},{id:"B319",body:'Banerjee ER. Perspectives in Translational Research in Life Sciences and Biomedicine. Springer Singapore: Singapore; 2016'},{id:"B320",body:'Saraiva RM, Portela LF, Silveira GPE da, da Gomes NL, Pinto DP, de Silva AC, et al. Disulfiram repurposing in the combined chemotherapy of Chagas disease. Medicine: Case Reports and Study Protocols. 2021;2(7):e0110'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"“Since that which is compounded out of something so that the whole is one, not like a heap (…), then, is something-not only its elements (…) but also something else (…)” ‘Metaphysics’ Book VII by Aristotle, Translated by W. D. Ross, often misquoted or mistranslated."}],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Marcos André Vannier-Santos",address:"marcos.vannier@ioc.fiocruz.br;, marcos.vannier@pesquisador.cnpq.br",affiliation:'
Laboratory of Innovations on Therapies, Education and Bioproducts (LITEB), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Brazil
Clinical Research Laboratory of Chagas Disease (Lapclin-Chagas), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI-FIOCRUZ), Brazil
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Gabriel Parreiras Estolano da Silveira",address:null,affiliation:'
Pharmacodynamics Service, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
Clinical Research Laboratory of Chagas Disease (Lapclin-Chagas), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI-FIOCRUZ), Brazil
Clinical Research Laboratory of Chagas Disease (Lapclin-Chagas), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI-FIOCRUZ), Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11377",type:"book",title:"Chagas Disease",subtitle:"From Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi-Host Interactions to the Clinical Intervention",fullTitle:"Chagas Disease - From Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi-Host Interactions to the Clinical Intervention",slug:"chagas-disease-from-cellular-and-molecular-aspects-of-trypanosoma-cruzi-host-interactions-to-the-clinical-intervention",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",bookSignature:"Rubem Menna-Barreto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11377.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-80355-691-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-690-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-692-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"174902",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubem",middleName:null,surname:"Menna-Barreto",slug:"rubem-menna-barreto",fullName:"Rubem Menna-Barreto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"80826",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Chagas Disease – A Multidisciplinary Old Public Health Problem",slug:"introductory-chapter-chagas-disease-a-multidisciplinary-old-public-health-problem",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rubem Menna-Barreto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174902",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubem",middleName:null,surname:"Menna-Barreto",fullName:"Rubem Menna-Barreto",slug:"rubem-menna-barreto"}]},{id:"80958",type:"chapter",title:"New Therapeutics for Chagas Disease: Charting a Course to Drug Approval",slug:"new-therapeutics-for-chagas-disease-charting-a-course-to-drug-approval",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anthony Man and Florencia Segal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"444120",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Man",fullName:"Anthony Man",slug:"anthony-man"},{id:"444124",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia",middleName:null,surname:"Segal",fullName:"Florencia Segal",slug:"florencia-segal"}]},{id:"81702",type:"chapter",title:"The Saga of Selenium Treatment Investigation in Chagas Disease Cardiopathy: Translational Research in a Neglected Tropical Disease in Brazil",slug:"the-saga-of-selenium-treatment-investigation-in-chagas-disease-cardiopathy-translational-research-in",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tania C. de Araujo-Jorge, Anna Cristina C. Carvalho, Roberto R. Ferreira, Luciana R. Garzoni, Beatriz M.S. Gonzaga, Marcelo T. Holanda, Gilberto M. Sperandio da Silva, Maria da Gloria Bonecini-Almeida, Mauro F.F. Mediano, Roberto M. Saraiva and Alejandro M. Hasslocher-Moreno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"443566",title:"Prof.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"C. de Araujo-Jorge",fullName:"Tania C. de Araujo-Jorge",slug:"tania-c.-de-araujo-jorge"},{id:"453378",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Cristina C.",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Anna Cristina C. Carvalho",slug:"anna-cristina-c.-carvalho"},{id:"453379",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto R.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Roberto R. Ferreira",slug:"roberto-r.-ferreira"},{id:"453380",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana R.",middleName:null,surname:"Garzoni",fullName:"Luciana R. Garzoni",slug:"luciana-r.-garzoni"},{id:"453382",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz M.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzaga",fullName:"Beatriz M.S. Gonzaga",slug:"beatriz-m.s.-gonzaga"},{id:"453383",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo T.",middleName:null,surname:"Holanda",fullName:"Marcelo T. Holanda",slug:"marcelo-t.-holanda"},{id:"453384",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Da Silva",fullName:"Gilberto M. Sperandio Da Silva",slug:"gilberto-m.-sperandio-da-silva"},{id:"453386",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Da Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Bonecini-Almeida",fullName:"Maria Da Gloria Bonecini-Almeida",slug:"maria-da-gloria-bonecini-almeida"},{id:"453388",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",fullName:"Roberto M. Saraiva",slug:"roberto-m.-saraiva"},{id:"453389",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:"F. F.",surname:"Mediano",fullName:"Mauro Mediano",slug:"mauro-mediano"},{id:"453391",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Hasslocher-Moreno",fullName:"Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno",slug:"alejandro-marcel-hasslocher-moreno"}]},{id:"81939",type:"chapter",title:"Translational Research on Chagas Disease: Focusing on Drug Combination and Repositioning",slug:"translational-research-on-chagas-disease-focusing-on-drug-combination-and-repositioning",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marcos André Vannier-Santos, Ana Márcia Suarez-Fontes, Juliana Almeida-Silva, Alessandra Lifsitch Viçosa, Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Gabriel Parreiras Estolano da Silveira, Luciana Fernandes Portela and Roberto Magalhães Saraiva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"453388",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",fullName:"Roberto M. Saraiva",slug:"roberto-m.-saraiva"},{id:"273335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos André",middleName:null,surname:"Vannier-Santos",fullName:"Marcos André Vannier-Santos",slug:"marcos-andre-vannier-santos"},{id:"451049",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez Fontes",fullName:"Ana Márcia Suarez Fontes",slug:"ana-marcia-suarez-fontes"},{id:"453545",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida-Silva",fullName:"Juliana Almeida-Silva",slug:"juliana-almeida-silva"},{id:"453548",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra Lifsitch",middleName:null,surname:"Viçosa",fullName:"Alessandra Lifsitch Viçosa",slug:"alessandra-lifsitch-vicosa"},{id:"454684",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Aurora",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez Perez Rodrigues",fullName:"Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez Rodrigues",slug:"sandra-aurora-chavez-perez-rodrigues"},{id:"454685",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Hasslocher-Moreno",fullName:"Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno",slug:"alejandro-marcel-hasslocher-moreno"},{id:"454686",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriel Parreiras",middleName:null,surname:"Estolano Da Silveira",fullName:"Gabriel Parreiras Estolano Da Silveira",slug:"gabriel-parreiras-estolano-da-silveira"},{id:"454687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes Portela",fullName:"Luciana Fernandes Portela",slug:"luciana-fernandes-portela"}]},{id:"80917",type:"chapter",title:"Digestive Disorders in Chagas Disease: Megaesophagus and Chagasic Megacolon",slug:"digestive-disorders-in-chagas-disease-megaesophagus-and-chagasic-megacolon",totalDownloads:40,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Víctor Hugo García Orozco, Juan Enrique Villalvazo Navarro, Carlos Solar Aguirre, Carlos Manuel Ibarra Ocampo, César Iván Díaz Sandoval, Carlos Alejandro Ortíz Gallegos, Diego Javier Oregel Camacho and Araceli Noriega Bucio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"313171",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"García Orozco",fullName:"Víctor Hugo García Orozco",slug:"victor-hugo-garcia-orozco"},{id:"442961",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Villalvazo Navarro",fullName:"Juan Enrique Villalvazo Navarro",slug:"juan-enrique-villalvazo-navarro"},{id:"442962",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Solar Aguirre",fullName:"Carlos Solar Aguirre",slug:"carlos-solar-aguirre"},{id:"442963",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra Ocampo",fullName:"Carlos Manuel Ibarra Ocampo",slug:"carlos-manuel-ibarra-ocampo"},{id:"442964",title:"Dr.",name:"Cásar Iván",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz Sandoval",fullName:"Cásar Iván Díaz Sandoval",slug:"casar-ivan-diaz-sandoval"},{id:"442965",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Oregel Camacho",fullName:"Diego Javier Oregel Camacho",slug:"diego-javier-oregel-camacho"},{id:"442968",title:"Dr.",name:"Araceli",middleName:null,surname:"Noriega Bucio",fullName:"Araceli Noriega Bucio",slug:"araceli-noriega-bucio"},{id:"442970",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ortíz Gallegos",fullName:"Carlos Alejandro Ortíz Gallegos",slug:"carlos-alejandro-ortiz-gallegos"}]},{id:"81938",type:"chapter",title:"How Do Mouse Strains and Inoculation Routes Influence the Course of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection?",slug:"how-do-mouse-strains-and-inoculation-routes-influence-the-course-of-experimental-em-trypanosoma-cruz",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso, Carolina Salles Domingues, Tânia Zaverucha do Valle and Kátia da Silva Calabrese",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"318734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kátia",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Calabrese",fullName:"Kátia Da Silva Calabrese",slug:"katia-da-silva-calabrese"},{id:"443549",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Flávia",middleName:"Oliveira",surname:"Cardoso",fullName:"Flávia Cardoso",slug:"flavia-cardoso"},{id:"455003",title:"Dr.",name:"Tânia",middleName:null,surname:"Zaverucha Do Valle",fullName:"Tânia Zaverucha Do Valle",slug:"tania-zaverucha-do-valle"},{id:"455004",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina Salles",middleName:null,surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Carolina Salles Domingues",slug:"carolina-salles-domingues"}]},{id:"81252",type:"chapter",title:"Modulation of Host Cell Apoptosis by Trypanosoma cruzi: Repercussions in the Development of Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy",slug:"modulation-of-host-cell-apoptosis-by-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-repercussions-in-the-development-of-chr",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fiordaliso Carolina Román-Carraro, Diego Maurizio Coria-Paredes, Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez and Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"233494",title:"Dr.",name:"Laila",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Kobeh",fullName:"Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh",slug:"laila-gutierrez-kobeh"},{id:"239829",title:"BSc.",name:"Arturo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Wilkins-Rodriguez",fullName:"Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodriguez",slug:"arturo-a.-wilkins-rodriguez"},{id:"443555",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiordaliso",middleName:null,surname:"Carolina Román-Carraro",fullName:"Fiordaliso Carolina Román-Carraro",slug:"fiordaliso-carolina-roman-carraro"},{id:"443556",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Maurizio Coria-Paredes",fullName:"Diego Maurizio Coria-Paredes",slug:"diego-maurizio-coria-paredes"}]},{id:"81814",type:"chapter",title:"Evaluation of Molecular Variability of Isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi in the State of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil",slug:"evaluation-of-molecular-variability-of-isolates-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-in-the-state-of-rio-de-ja",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Helena Keiko Toma, Luciana Reboredo de Oliveira da Silva, Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves, Renato da Silva Junior and Jacenir R. Santos-Mallet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140045",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacenir",middleName:null,surname:"R. dos Santos-Mallet",fullName:"Jacenir R. dos Santos-Mallet",slug:"jacenir-r.-dos-santos-mallet"},{id:"140046",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Monte Gonçalves",fullName:"Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves",slug:"teresa-cristina-monte-goncalves"},{id:"451538",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Toma",fullName:"Helena Keiko Toma",slug:"helena-keiko-toma"},{id:"451539",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Reboredo de Oliveira",middleName:null,surname:"da Silva",fullName:"Luciana Reboredo de Oliveira da Silva",slug:"luciana-reboredo-de-oliveira-da-silva"},{id:"452675",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"da Silva-Junior",fullName:"Renato da Silva-Junior",slug:"renato-da-silva-junior"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"41407",title:"The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles",slug:"the-phylogeny-and-classification-of-anopheles",signatures:"Ralph E. Harbach",authors:[{id:"151606",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralph",middleName:null,surname:"E. Harbach",fullName:"Ralph E. Harbach",slug:"ralph-e.-harbach"}]},{id:"43979",title:"Systematic Techniques for the Recognition of Anopheles Species Complexes",slug:"systematic-techniques-for-the-recognition-of-anopheles-species-complexes",signatures:"Wej Choochote and Atiporn Saeung",authors:[{id:"151262",title:"Prof.",name:"Wej",middleName:null,surname:"Choochote",fullName:"Wej Choochote",slug:"wej-choochote"},{id:"153513",title:"Dr.",name:"Atiporn",middleName:null,surname:"Saeung",fullName:"Atiporn Saeung",slug:"atiporn-saeung"}]},{id:"43884",title:"Genetic and Phenetic Approaches to Anopheles Systematics",slug:"genetic-and-phenetic-approaches-to-anopheles-systematics",signatures:"Claire Garros and Jean-Pierre Dujardin",authors:[{id:"107247",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Dujardin",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Dujardin",slug:"jean-pierre-dujardin"},{id:"151616",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Garros",fullName:"Claire Garros",slug:"claire-garros"}]},{id:"43624",title:"Global Distribution of the Dominant Vector Species of Malaria",slug:"global-distribution-of-the-dominant-vector-species-of-malaria",signatures:"Marianne E. Sinka",authors:[{id:"153626",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianne",middleName:null,surname:"Sinka",fullName:"Marianne Sinka",slug:"marianne-sinka"}]},{id:"43482",title:"Phylogeography, Vectors and Transmission in Latin America",slug:"phylogeography-vectors-and-transmission-in-latin-america",signatures:"Jan E. Conn, Martha L. Quiñones and Marinete M. Póvoa",authors:[{id:"151253",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Conn",fullName:"Jan Conn",slug:"jan-conn"},{id:"154130",title:"Prof.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Quinones",fullName:"Martha Quinones",slug:"martha-quinones"},{id:"154131",title:"Prof.",name:"Marinete",middleName:null,surname:"Povoa",fullName:"Marinete Povoa",slug:"marinete-povoa"}]},{id:"44284",title:"Speciation in Anopheles gambiae — The Distribution of Genetic Polymorphism and Patterns of Reproductive Isolation Among Natural Populations",slug:"speciation-in-anopheles-gambiae-the-distribution-of-genetic-polymorphism-and-patterns-of-reproductiv",signatures:"Gregory C. Lanzaro and Yoosook Lee",authors:[{id:"152068",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory C.",middleName:null,surname:"Lanzaro",fullName:"Gregory C. Lanzaro",slug:"gregory-c.-lanzaro"},{id:"169011",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoosook",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Yoosook Lee",slug:"yoosook-lee"}]},{id:"43973",title:"Advances and Perspectives in the Study of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles funestus",slug:"advances-and-perspectives-in-the-study-of-the-malaria-mosquito-anopheles-funestus",signatures:"Ibrahima Dia, Moussa Wamdaogo Guelbeogo and Diego Ayala",authors:[{id:"154416",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala",fullName:"Diego Ayala",slug:"diego-ayala"},{id:"167122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Dia",fullName:"Ibrahima Dia",slug:"ibrahima-dia"},{id:"169020",title:"Dr.",name:"Moussa",middleName:"Wamdaogo",surname:"Guelbeogo",fullName:"Moussa Guelbeogo",slug:"moussa-guelbeogo"}]},{id:"43614",title:"Highlights on Anopheles nili and Anopheles moucheti, Malaria Vectors in Africa",slug:"highlights-on-anopheles-nili-and-anopheles-moucheti-malaria-vectors-in-africa",signatures:"Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio and Frédéric Simard",authors:[{id:"153999",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Antonio Nkondjio",fullName:"Christophe Antonio Nkondjio",slug:"christophe-antonio-nkondjio"},{id:"154272",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Simard",fullName:"Frédéric Simard",slug:"frederic-simard"}]},{id:"43975",title:"The Dominant Mosquito Vectors of Human Malaria in India",slug:"the-dominant-mosquito-vectors-of-human-malaria-in-india",signatures:"Vas Dev and Vinod P. Sharma",authors:[{id:"151166",title:"Dr.",name:"Vas",middleName:null,surname:"Dev",fullName:"Vas Dev",slug:"vas-dev"},{id:"169007",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinod",middleName:null,surname:"P. Sharma",fullName:"Vinod P. Sharma",slug:"vinod-p.-sharma"}]},{id:"45385",title:"Vector Biology and Malaria Transmission in Southeast Asia",slug:"vector-biology-and-malaria-transmission-in-southeast-asia",signatures:"Wannapa Suwonkerd, Wanapa Ritthison, Chung Thuy Ngo, Krajana\nTainchum, Michael J. Bangs and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",authors:[{id:"151663",title:"PhD.",name:"Wannapa",middleName:null,surname:"Suwonkerd",fullName:"Wannapa Suwonkerd",slug:"wannapa-suwonkerd"},{id:"151737",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"J. Bangs",fullName:"Michael J. Bangs",slug:"michael-j.-bangs"},{id:"169010",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanapa",middleName:null,surname:"Ritthison",fullName:"Wanapa Ritthison",slug:"wanapa-ritthison"}]},{id:"43254",title:"Understanding Anopheles Diversity in Southeast Asia and Its Applications for Malaria Control",slug:"understanding-anopheles-diversity-in-southeast-asia-and-its-applications-for-malaria-control",signatures:"Katy Morgan, Pradya Somboon and Catherine Walton",authors:[{id:"154092",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Walton",fullName:"Catherine Walton",slug:"catherine-walton"},{id:"154867",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Morgan",fullName:"Katy Morgan",slug:"katy-morgan"},{id:"169019",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradya",middleName:null,surname:"Somboon",fullName:"Pradya Somboon",slug:"pradya-somboon"}]},{id:"44155",title:"The Systematics and Bionomics of Malaria Vectors in the Southwest Pacific",slug:"the-systematics-and-bionomics-of-malaria-vectors-in-the-southwest-pacific",signatures:"Nigel W. Beebe, Tanya L. Russell, Thomas R. Burkot, Neil F. Lobo and\nRobert D. Cooper",authors:[{id:"152080",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",middleName:null,surname:"Beebe",fullName:"Nigel Beebe",slug:"nigel-beebe"},{id:"169012",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"L. Russell",fullName:"Tanya L. Russell",slug:"tanya-l.-russell"},{id:"169013",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"R. Burkot",fullName:"Thomas R. Burkot",slug:"thomas-r.-burkot"},{id:"169014",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"F. Lobo",fullName:"Neil F. Lobo",slug:"neil-f.-lobo"},{id:"169015",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"D. Cooper",fullName:"Robert D. Cooper",slug:"robert-d.-cooper"}]},{id:"43671",title:"Ecology of Larval Habitats",slug:"ecology-of-larval-habitats",signatures:"Eliška Rejmánková, John Grieco, Nicole Achee and Donald R.\nRoberts",authors:[{id:"151632",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Achee",fullName:"Nicole Achee",slug:"nicole-achee"},{id:"152601",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliska",middleName:null,surname:"Rejmankova",fullName:"Eliska Rejmankova",slug:"eliska-rejmankova"},{id:"169016",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Grieco",fullName:"John Grieco",slug:"john-grieco"}]},{id:"43954",title:"From Anopheles to Spatial Surveillance: A Roadmap Through a Multidisciplinary Challenge",slug:"from-anopheles-to-spatial-surveillance-a-roadmap-through-a-multidisciplinary-challenge",signatures:"Valérie Obsomer, Nicolas Titeux, Christelle Vancustem, Grégory\nDuveiller, Jean-François Pekel, Steve Connor, Pietro Ceccato and\nMarc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"131417",title:"Dr.",name:"Valérie",middleName:null,surname:"Obsomer",fullName:"Valérie Obsomer",slug:"valerie-obsomer"},{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans"},{id:"153949",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccato",fullName:"Pietro Ceccato",slug:"pietro-ceccato"},{id:"153950",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Duveiller",fullName:"Gregory Duveiller",slug:"gregory-duveiller"},{id:"153952",title:"Dr.",name:"Christelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vancutsem",fullName:"Christelle Vancutsem",slug:"christelle-vancutsem"},{id:"153980",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Titeux",fullName:"Nicolas Titeux",slug:"nicolas-titeux"},{id:"154158",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve J",middleName:null,surname:"Connor",fullName:"Steve J Connor",slug:"steve-j-connor"},{id:"167685",title:"MSc.",name:"Jean-Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Pekel",fullName:"Jean-Francois Pekel",slug:"jean-francois-pekel"}]},{id:"43960",title:"Simian Malaria Parasites: Special Emphasis on Plasmodium knowlesi and Their Anopheles Vectors in Southeast Asia",slug:"simian-malaria-parasites-special-emphasis-on-plasmodium-knowlesi-and-their-anopheles-vectors-in-sout",signatures:"Indra Vythilingam and Jeffery Hii",authors:[{id:"151116",title:"Dr.",name:"Indra",middleName:null,surname:"Vythilingam",fullName:"Indra Vythilingam",slug:"indra-vythilingam"},{id:"169006",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffery",middleName:null,surname:"Hii",fullName:"Jeffery Hii",slug:"jeffery-hii"}]},{id:"44039",title:"Thermal Stress and Thermoregulation During Feeding in Mosquitoes",slug:"thermal-stress-and-thermoregulation-during-feeding-in-mosquitoes",signatures:"Chloé Lahondère and Claudio R. Lazzari",authors:[{id:"151619",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"R. Lazzari",fullName:"Claudio R. Lazzari",slug:"claudio-r.-lazzari"},{id:"151620",title:"Ms.",name:"Chloé",middleName:null,surname:"Lahondère",fullName:"Chloé Lahondère",slug:"chloe-lahondere"}]},{id:"43955",title:"The Anopheles Mosquito Microbiota and Their Impact on Pathogen Transmission",slug:"the-anopheles-mosquito-microbiota-and-their-impact-on-pathogen-transmission",signatures:"Mathilde Gendrin and George K. Christophides",authors:[{id:"154007",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathilde",middleName:null,surname:"Gendrin",fullName:"Mathilde Gendrin",slug:"mathilde-gendrin"},{id:"154008",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"K",surname:"Christophides",fullName:"George Christophides",slug:"george-christophides"}]},{id:"43829",title:"Bacterial Biodiversity in Midguts of Anopheles Mosquitoes, Malaria Vectors in Southeast Asia",slug:"bacterial-biodiversity-in-midguts-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-malaria-vectors-in-southeast-asia",signatures:"Sylvie Manguin, Chung Thuy Ngo, Krajana Tainchum, Waraporn\nJuntarajumnong, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anne-Laure\nMichon and Estelle Jumas-Bilak",authors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin"},{id:"75315",title:"Prof.",name:"Theeraphap",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonviriyaphap",fullName:"Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",slug:"theeraphap-chareonviriyaphap"},{id:"88985",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne-Laure",middleName:null,surname:"Michon",fullName:"Anne-Laure Michon",slug:"anne-laure-michon"},{id:"88986",title:"Prof.",name:"Estelle",middleName:null,surname:"Jumas-Bilak",fullName:"Estelle Jumas-Bilak",slug:"estelle-jumas-bilak"},{id:"156016",title:"MSc.",name:"Chung Thuy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",fullName:"Chung Thuy Ngo",slug:"chung-thuy-ngo"},{id:"156018",title:"MSc.",name:"Krajana",middleName:null,surname:"Tainchum",fullName:"Krajana Tainchum",slug:"krajana-tainchum"},{id:"156019",title:"Dr.",name:"Waraporn",middleName:null,surname:"Juntarajumnong",fullName:"Waraporn Juntarajumnong",slug:"waraporn-juntarajumnong"}]},{id:"43899",title:"Distribution, Mechanisms, Impact and Management of Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: A Pragmatic Review",slug:"distribution-mechanisms-impact-and-management-of-insecticide-resistance-in-malaria-vectors-a-pragmat",signatures:"Vincent Corbel and Raphael N’Guessan",authors:[{id:"152666",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Corbel",fullName:"Vincent Corbel",slug:"vincent-corbel"},{id:"169017",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",middleName:null,surname:"N'Guessan",fullName:"Raphael N'Guessan",slug:"raphael-n'guessan"}]},{id:"43851",title:"Perspectives on Barriers to Control of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Malaria",slug:"perspectives-on-barriers-to-control-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-and-malaria",signatures:"Donald R. Roberts, Richard Tren and Kimberly Hess",authors:[{id:"151439",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"R. Roberts",fullName:"Donald R. Roberts",slug:"donald-r.-roberts"},{id:"151656",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Tren",fullName:"Richard Tren",slug:"richard-tren"},{id:"154152",title:"Ms.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Hess",fullName:"Kimberly Hess",slug:"kimberly-hess"}]},{id:"43874",title:"Residual Transmission of Malaria: An Old Issue for New Approaches",slug:"residual-transmission-of-malaria-an-old-issue-for-new-approaches",signatures:"Lies Durnez and Marc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans"},{id:"169018",title:"Dr.",name:"Lies",middleName:null,surname:"Durnez",fullName:"Lies Durnez",slug:"lies-durnez"}]},{id:"44330",title:"Vector Control: Some New Paradigms and Approaches",slug:"vector-control-some-new-paradigms-and-approaches",signatures:"Claire Duchet, Richard Allan and Pierre Carnevale",authors:[{id:"151662",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Carnevale",fullName:"Pierre Carnevale",slug:"pierre-carnevale"},{id:"169000",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Allan",fullName:"Richard Allan",slug:"richard-allan"},{id:"169008",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Duchet",fullName:"Claire Duchet",slug:"claire-duchet"}]},{id:"43870",title:"New Salivary Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Malaria Vector Bites",slug:"new-salivary-biomarkers-of-human-exposure-to-malaria-vector-bites",signatures:"Papa M. Drame, Anne Poinsignon, Alexandra Marie, Herbert\nNoukpo, Souleymane Doucoure, Sylvie Cornelie and Franck\nRemoue",authors:[{id:"151515",title:"Dr.",name:"Papa Makhtar",middleName:null,surname:"Drame",fullName:"Papa Makhtar Drame",slug:"papa-makhtar-drame"},{id:"151648",title:"Dr.",name:"Franck",middleName:null,surname:"Remoué",fullName:"Franck Remoué",slug:"franck-remoue"},{id:"154034",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Poinsignon",fullName:"Anne Poinsignon",slug:"anne-poinsignon"},{id:"154035",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marie",fullName:"Alexandra Marie",slug:"alexandra-marie"},{id:"154037",title:"Dr.",name:"Souleymane",middleName:null,surname:"Doucoure",fullName:"Souleymane Doucoure",slug:"souleymane-doucoure"},{id:"154038",title:"MSc.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Noukpo",fullName:"Herbert Noukpo",slug:"herbert-noukpo"},{id:"154039",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Cornélie",fullName:"Sylvie Cornélie",slug:"sylvie-cornelie"}]},{id:"44149",title:"Transgenic Mosquitoes for Malaria Control: From the Bench to the Public Opinion Survey",slug:"transgenic-mosquitoes-for-malaria-control-from-the-bench-to-the-public-opinion-survey",signatures:"Christophe Boëte and Uli Beisel",authors:[{id:"98400",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Boëte",fullName:"Christophe Boëte",slug:"christophe-boete"},{id:"167749",title:"Dr.",name:"Uli",middleName:null,surname:"Beisel",fullName:"Uli Beisel",slug:"uli-beisel"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"633",title:"Global View of HIV Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfdf52ae992a5a0b909fde229c20c61c",slug:"global-view-of-hiv-infection",bookSignature:"Vishwanath Venketaraman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38414",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishwanath",surname:"Venketaraman",slug:"vishwanath-venketaraman",fullName:"Vishwanath Venketaraman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1641",title:"Cholera",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afebfab613bc604ea17f98395e290eeb",slug:"cholera",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1641.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3541",title:"Manifestations of Cytomegalovirus Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d04d8cac0d18856e01c78aea9b17c408",slug:"manifestations-of-cytomegalovirus-infection",bookSignature:"Patricia Price, Nandini Makwana and Samantha Brunt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3541.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164265",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Price",slug:"patricia-price",fullName:"Patricia Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5941",title:"Fundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213a3a4ce4fd55711c78e9a7acaf6939",slug:"fundamentals-of-sexually-transmitted-infections",bookSignature:"Server Serdaroglu and Zekayi Kutlubay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7876",title:"New Insight into Brucella Infection and Foodborne Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8587739d297f761a46d36f8c6868c96d",slug:"new-insight-into-brucella-infection-and-foodborne-diseases",bookSignature:"Mitra Ranjbar, Marzieh Nojomi and Maria T. Mascellino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79344",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitra",surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"mitra-ranjbar",fullName:"Mitra Ranjbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"8806",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514ab85661e01a47575e845792ef5bdc",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",bookSignature:"Wanderley De Souza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161922",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanderley",surname:"De Souza",slug:"wanderley-de-souza",fullName:"Wanderley De Souza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11377",title:"Chagas Disease",subtitle:"From Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi-Host Interactions to the Clinical Intervention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9bf20f391782bc73924ff9bfb3ccbeb",slug:"chagas-disease-from-cellular-and-molecular-aspects-of-trypanosoma-cruzi-host-interactions-to-the-clinical-intervention",bookSignature:"Rubem Menna-Barreto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11377.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174902",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubem",surname:"Menna-Barreto",slug:"rubem-menna-barreto",fullName:"Rubem Menna-Barreto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"83029",title:"Quasi Conformally Flat Quasi Einstein-Weyl Manifolds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105683",slug:"quasi-conformally-flat-quasi-einstein-weyl-manifolds",body:'
1. Introduction
In 1918, H. Weyl generalized Riemannian geometry as a new way to formulate the unified field theory in physics and defined Weyl manifolds with conformal metric and symmetric connection [1]. After this study, Weyl manifolds attracted the attention of many mathematicians. In 1943, E. Cartan defined Einstein-Weyl manifolds and studied three-dimensional Einstein-Weyl spaces [2]. In 1985, P.E. Jones and K.P. Tod have studied Einstein-Weyl spaces, and then they have done many studies on this subject [3]. Although Weyl’s theory did not attract much attention in physics, it attracted the attention of mathematicians and studies have been carried out on this subject until today.
An n-dimensional Weyl manifold M is defined as a manifold with a torsion-free connection Γ and a conformal metric tensor gij, if the compatible condition is in the form of
∇kgij−2gijΦk=0E1
which is equivalent to
∇kgij+2gijΦk=0,E2
where Φk is a complementary covariant vector field [4]. Such a Weyl manifold is denoted by MgijΦk and (1) tells us that a Riemannian manifold is obtained if Φk=0 or Φk is gradient.
Φk changes by
Φ∼k=Φk+∂klogλE3
under the transformation of the metric tensor gij in the form of
g∼ij=λ2gijE4
where λ is a point function [4]. With reference to this transformation, the quantity A is called a satellite of gij with the weight of {p} if it changes by [5]
A∼=λpAE5
and the quantity ∇·kA is called prolonged covariant derivative of the satellite A of gij with the weight of {p} if it is defined by [5]
The coefficients Γjki’s of a torsion-free connection Γ on the Weyl manifold MgijΦk are given by
Γjki=ijk−δjiΦk+δkiΦj−gjkgihΦhE8
where ijk’s are the Christoffel symbols of second kind [4].
The curvature tensor Rijkh of the symmetric connection Γ on the Weyl manifold is defined by
Rijkh=∂jΓikh−∂kΓijh+ΓrjhΓikr−ΓrkhΓijr.E9
The Ricci tensor Rij, which is defined by Rij=Rijhh, satisfies
Rij=n∇iΦj]=12Rrjir.E10
With the help of (9), the conformal curvature tensor Cijkh and the concircular curvature tensor C∼ijkh of a torsion-free connection Γ on the Weyl manifold are expressed by
where Rijkh, Rij and R denote the curvature tensor, the Ricci tensor and the scalar curvature of Γ, respectively [6, 7].
In 1968, Yano and Sawaki defined and studied a new curvature tensor called quasi conformal curvature tensor on a Riemannian manifold [8]. Similarly, the notion of quasi conformal curvature tensor Wijkh of type 13 on a Weyl manifold of dimension n (n>3) is introduced by [9]
Wijkh=−n−2bCijkh+a+n−2bC∼ijkh,E13
where a, b are arbitrary constants not simultaneously zero, Cijkh and C∼ijkh are conformal curvature tensor and concircular curvature tensor of type 13, respectively.
By substituting (11) and (12) in (13) the quasi conformal curvature tensor can be expressed by
2. The concept of quasi conformally flatness on quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds
Quasi Einstein manifolds occupy a large place in the mathematical literature. For instance, research on quasi-Einstein manifolds helps us to understand the global character of topological spaces. Beside mathematics, studies on quasi-Einstein manifolds gain meaning with applications to general relativity.
The concept of quasi Einstein manifold was firstly introduced by M. C. Chaki and R. K. Maity as follows [10]:
A non-flat Riemannian manifold Mngijn>2 is defined to be a quasi Einstein manifold if its Ricci tensor Rij of type 02 is not identically zero and satisfies the condition
Rij=αgij+βAiAj,E15
where α, β are scalars of which β≠0 and Ai is a non-zero unit covariant vector field. In such an n-dimensional manifold which is denoted by QEn; α, β are called associated scalars and Ai is called the generator of the manifold.
After Chaki and Maity, quasi Einstein manifolds are studied by many other authors. Moreover, in the articles [11, 12, 13] that inspired this study, conformal flatness and quasi conformal flatness were examined on quasi Einstein manifolds.
In this study, the concept of quasi conformal flatness on quasi Einstein manifolds were adapted to quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds which was introduced by İ. Gül and E.Ö. Canfes as follows [14]:
Definition 1.A non-flat Weyl manifoldMgijΦkof dimensionnn>2is said to be a quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold if the symmetric part of its Ricci tensorRijof type (0,2) is not identically zero and satisfies the condition
Rij=αgij+βAiAjE16
where α and β are scalars of weight {−2} withβ≠0. The scalars α, β are called “associated scalars” and the unit covariant vectorAiof weight {1} is called “generator of the manifold”. Such a manifold is denotedQEWn.
Therefore the aim of the present book chapter is to examine quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds. It is organized as follows: In Section 1, the general information about Weyl manifolds are given. In Section 2, a theorem which shows the relationship between complementary vector field Φk and generator Ak of quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn is proved and the expression of the curvature tensor of the quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold is obtained. In Section 3, three basic concepts are defined on quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds and the necessary and sufficient conditions for these concepts are emphasized.
By means of (10) and (16), Ricci tensor Rij of QEWn is expressed by
Theorem 1.The complementary vector fieldΦiand the generatorAiof the quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnare related by
Ai,lAi=Φl.E25
Although the first part of the following example was given to prove the existence of the quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>2 in [14], the verification of Theorem 1 is made by the author of the present book chapter in the second part of the example.
Example 1. A three dimensional Weyl manifoldM3is equipped with a metricgijby
ds2=gijdxidxj=ex1dx12+dx22+dx32
and a 1-form Φ whose componentsΦkgiven byΦ=ex1dx2+dx3. The nonzero coefficientsΓjkiof a torsion-free connection Γ are [14]
It is clear thatM3gijΦkis a Weyl manifold with the connection Γ satisfying thecondition (1). An elementary calculation gives the following nonzero components of the Ricci tensor [14]:
R11=ex11+ex1,R12=−R21=32ex1,R22=ex1,
R23=R32=−ex1,R33=ex1.
Moreover, the components of the symmetric parts of the Ricci tensorRijand the scalar curvature R are [14]
Corollary 1.Quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>3is conformally flat.
3. Some necessary and sufficient conditions on quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds
The concept of a space of quasi constant curvature was firstly introduced by Chen and Yano [15]. Similarly, we can define a Weyl manifold of quasi constant curvature as follows:
Definition 2.A Weyl manifoldMgijΦkn>3is said to be of quasi constant curvature if it is conformally flat and its curvature tensorRijkhof type (1,3) is in the form of
where U and V are scalars with V≠0andAiis a covariant vector.
On the other hand, Amur and Maralabhavi [16] proved that a quasi conformally flat Riemannian manifold is either conformally flat or Einstein. So, a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein manifold, which is not Einstein, is conformally flat and its curvature tensor satisfies the condition in (32) with a≠0 and b≠0. Therefore, a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein manifold with a≠0 and b≠0 is of quasi constant curvature.
However, the situation is more complicated for quasi conformally flat QEWn. Because although quasi conformally flat QEWn is conformally flat, it does not meet the requirement in (34) automatically. Therefore, a quasi conformally flat QEWn will be of quasi constant curvature under special conditions.
Suppose that quasi conformally flat QEWnn>4 be of quasi constant curvature with the same definition in (2). Since a≠0 and b≠0, from (29),
and transvecting one more time by ghj with the assumption of n>4, it is found that
∇jΦk]=0E37
which means that the covariant derivative Φk,j is symmetric.
Conversely, let the covariant derivative Φk,j be symmetric in a quasi conformally flat QEWnn>4. If (37) is substituted in (30), then (34) is obtained. Hence we get the following:
Theorem 2.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>4to be of quasi constant curvature is that the covariant derivativeΦk,jis symmetric.
Now, let us consider in which cases the covariant derivative Φk,j is symmetric in a quasi conformally flat QEWn, remembering that Φk is different from zero or non-gradient. So, let us give the definitions of some special vector fields in the Weyl manifold MgijΦk:
Definition 3.A vector field ξ in the Weyl manifoldMgijΦkis called torse-forming if it satisfies the condition∇Xξ=ρX+λXξ, whereξ∈χM,λXis a linear form and ρ is a function. In the local coordinates, it is expressed by∇iξh=ρδih+ξhλi, whereδihis the Kronecker symbol,ξhandλiare the components of ξ and λ. A torse-forming vector field ξ is called concircular if∇iξj=ρgijwithξj=ghjξh.
Definition 4.A vector field ϕ in the Weyl manifoldMgijΦkis called ϕ (Ric) vector field if it satisfies∇ϕ=μRic, whereμis a constant andRicis the Ricci tensor. In local coordinates, it is expressed by∇iϕj=μRij, whereϕiandRijare the components of ϕ andRic.
Definition 5.The componentsϕiof a vector field ϕ in the Weyl manifoldMgijΦkis defined as parallel ifϕ,ji=0and is defined concurrent ifϕ,ji=cδji, wherecis a constant.
When we apply the above definitions to parallel, concurrent and concircular complementary vector field Φk in a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn, the covariant derivatives Φk,j of these vector fields are
Φk,j=2ΦkΦj,Φk,j=2ΦkΦj+cgkj,Φk,j=ρgkj,E38
respectively.
Now, let us consider Φk as a ϕ (Ric) vector field. From Definition 3.4 and (10),
1−μn∇jΦk]=0.E39
Finally, let us write the covariant derivative Φk,j for a torse forming vector field Φk defined by ∇iΦh=ρδih+ΦhAi, where Ai is the generator of QEWn. By using Definition 3.3, we have
Φk,j=2ΦjΦk+ρgkj+AjΦk.E40
By means of (38), (39) and (40), we can express the following:
Corollary 2.A quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>4is of quasi constant curvature if the complementary vector fieldΦksatisfies any one of the following:
Φkis a parallel, concurrent or concircular vector field,
Φkis a ϕ (Ric) vector field withμ≠1n,
Φkis a torse forming vector field defined by∇iΦh=ρδih+ΦhAi, whereAjΦk−AkΦj=0.
Now, we seek a necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn to be recurrent. So, firstly, let us define the concept of recurrency in the quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds by analogy to A.G.Walker’s definition [17]:
Definition 6.A non-flat Weyl manifoldMgijΦkis called recurrent if there exists a non-zero covariant vectorμlsuch that
Rijk,lh−μlRijkh=0.E41
Suppose that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>3, whose associated scalars α and β satisfy
α,lα=β,lβ=μl−2Φl,E42
is recurrent. From (39), it follows that
Rij,l−μlRij=0E43
by contracting on the indices h and k in (41) and transvecting (43) by gij gives us
is obtained. Since Ai and Ak’s are linearly independent,
Ak,jil=μl+ΦlAk,ji.E55
Conversely, let (47) and (55) be satisfied in a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn whose associated scalars α and β satisfying (42).
If (42), (47) and (55) are written in (56), then (41) is obtained. Hence we can state the following:
Theorem 3.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>3whose recurrent scalars α and β having the same recurrency vectorμl−2Φlto be recurrent is that the equationsAk,j=ΦjAkandAk,jil=μl+ΦlAk,jiare satisfied.
Let us dedicate the last part of this section to the concept of semi-symmetricness in a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn. Firstly, let us define semi-symmetric QEWn similar to the definition which is made by Szabo for Riemannian manifolds [18] as follows:
Definition 7.A non-flat Weyl manifoldMgijΦkis called semi-symmetric if its curvature tensorRijkhof type (1,3) satisfies the condition
Substituting the following equation, resulted from (48),
AhRilmhAi=−n−2baΦl,m−Φm,lE63
which is valid in a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn in (62) gives us
Φl,m−Φm,lαn−βn−2ba=0.E64
Because of the restriction on α and β,
Φl,m−Φm,l=0.E65
If we form the difference Φl,m−Φm,l after taking covariant derivative of (25) with repect to xm, we have
Φl,m−Φm,l=AiAi,lm−Ai,ml+Ai,lA,mi−Ai,mA,li.E66
If firstly rearranging the first term on the right hand side of the equation in (66) with the help of (60) and then using (63) and (64) in the resulting equation gives
Ai,lA,mi−Ai,mA,li=0E67
or equivalently
Ai,lAj,m−Aj,lAi,m=0.E68
Conversely, let us assume that the generator Ai of a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>3 satisfies the condition (67) or equivalently (68). If (67) is substituted in (66), then (65) is satisfied by means of (60). In this case,
which tells us that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn is semi-symmetric. Therefore we can express the following:
Theorem 4.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>3withαan≠βbn−2to be semi-symmetric is that the equationAi,lA,mi−Ai,mA,li=0is satisfied.
In the last part of this section, let us take a look at the relationships between to be of quasi constant curvature and to be semi-symmetric in a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn.
If we combine Theorem 1 with Theorem 3 we get the following:
Corollary 3.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>4withαan≠βbn−2to be semi-symmetric is that the manifold is of quasi constant curvature.
Now, we will examine two special cases of the generator Ai of a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWn:
I.case: For a parallel generator Ai; since
Ai,l=2AiΦlandAi,lm−Ai,ml=2AiΦl,m−Φm,lE74
from Definition 5, it is clear that a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>4, which the generator Ai is parallel, is automatically semi-symmetric. If Definition 5 and the equations in (74) are used in (66), then (65) is obtained. This means that the manifold is of quasi constant curvature by means of Theorem 2.
Conversely, let us assume that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>4, which the generator Ai is parallel, is of quasi constant curvature. In this case, if (70), which is implied by (64), is substituted in (72), then (73) is achieved which means that the manifold is semi-symmetric. Hence we can state the following:
Theorem 5.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>4which the generatorAiis parallel to be semi-symmetric is that the manifold is of quasi constant curvature.
II.case: Let us consider a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>4 with 2β+αn≠0, which the generator Ai is concurrent, is semi-symmetric. From Definition 5, it follows that
Ai,l=2AiΦl+cgil,Ai,lm−Ai,ml=2AiΦl,m−Φm,l,
Ai,lA,mi−Ai,mA,li=cAm,l−Al,m.E75
If Definition 5 and the equations in (75) are used in (66), then
Because of the assumption on α and β, Al,m−Am,l=0 and therefore Φl,m−Φm,l=0 by (76) which tells us that the manifold is of quasi constant curvature.
Conversely, a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold QEWnn>4, which the generator Ai is concurrent, is of quasi constant curvature. Then, by Theorem 1, Φl,m−Φm,l=0 which is equivalent to Al,m−Am,l=0 by (76). If the last equation is substituted in (72), then (73) is obtained which means that the manifold is semi-symmetric. Hence we can state the following:
Theorem 6.A necessary and sufficient condition for a quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifoldQEWnn>4with2β+αn≠0which the generatorAiis concurrent to be semi-symmetric is that the manifold is of quasi constant curvature.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the referee for his/her valuable comments and suggestions for the improvement of the book chapter.
\n',keywords:"quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold, Weyl manifold of quasi constant curvature, quasi conformally flat manifold, recurrent manifold, semi-symmetric manifold",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/83029.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/83029.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/83029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/83029",totalDownloads:3,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"June 2nd 2022",datePrePublished:"August 9th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 9th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The aim of this work is to study on quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds. In this book chapter, firstly, an interesting relationship between complementary vector field and generator of the quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold is obtained and supported by an example. Then, it is investigated that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds are of quasi constant curvature, recurrent and semi-symmetric under which conditions after obtaining the expression of the curvature tensor of the quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold. Furthermore, some equivalences are obtained between to be of quasi constant curvature and to be semi-symmetric in quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/83029",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/83029",signatures:"Fusun Nurcan",book:{id:"11502",type:"book",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-231-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-230-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-232-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The concept of quasi conformally flatness on quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Some necessary and sufficient conditions on quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Weyl H. Gravitation und Elektrizität. Berlin: S.B. Press, Akad.Wiss; 1918'},{id:"B2",body:'Cartan E. Sur une classe d’espaces de Weyl. Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. 1943;60:1-16'},{id:"B3",body:'Jones PE, Tod KP. Minitwistor and Einstein Weyl spaces. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 1985;2:567-577'},{id:"B4",body:'Norden A. Affinely Connected Spaces. Moscow: GRMFL; 1976'},{id:"B5",body:'Hlavaty V. Theorie d’immersion d’une Wm dans Wn. Annales Polonici Mathematici. 1949;21:196-206'},{id:"B6",body:'Miron R. Mouvements conformes dans les espaces Wn and Nn. Tensor. 1968;19:33-41'},{id:"B7",body:'Ozdeger A, Senturk Z. Generalized Circles in Weyl Spaces and theirconformal mapping. Universitatis Debreceniensis. 2002;60:75-87'},{id:"B8",body:'Yano K, Sawaki S. Riemannian Manifolds admitting a conformal transformation group. Journal of Differential Geometry. 1968;2:161-184'},{id:"B9",body:'Nurcan F. Quasi conformally symmetric Weyl Manifolds. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2015;3:415-425'},{id:"B10",body:'Chaki MC, Maity RK. On quasi Einstein manifolds. Universitatis Debreceniensis. 2000;57:297-306. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03293-8'},{id:"B11",body:'De UC, Sengupta J, Saha D. Conformally flat quasi Einstein spaces. Kyungpook National University. 2006;46:417-423'},{id:"B12",body:'Shaikh AA, Patra A. On quasi-conformally flat quasi-Einstein spaces. Differential Geometry-Dynamical Systems. 2010;12:201-212'},{id:"B13",body:'Shaikh AA, Patra A. On quasi-conformally flat quasi-Einstein spaces with recurrent curvature. International Journal of Mathematical Analysis. 2011;12:559-568'},{id:"B14",body:'Gül İ, Canfes EÖ. On quasi Einstein-Weyl Manifolds. International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics. 2017;1:1750-1822'},{id:"B15",body:'Chen BY, Yano K. Hypersurfaces of a conformally flat space. Tensor. 1972;26:318-322'},{id:"B16",body:'Amur K, Maralabhavi YB. On quasi conformally flat spaces. Tensor. 1977;31:94-108'},{id:"B17",body:'Walker AG. On Ruse’s spaces of recurrent curvature. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 1951;52:36-64'},{id:"B18",body:'Szabo ZI. Structure theorems on Riemannian spaces satisfying R(X,Y).R=0. Journal of Differential Geometry. 1982;17:531-582'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Fusun Nurcan",address:"fnurcan622@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Mathematics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11502",type:"book",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-231-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-230-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-232-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",email:"zhangyu19@foxmail.com",fullName:"Zhang Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",position:null,biography:"Ms. Zhang Yu is a postgraduate student of Chang’an University, China. Her research interests include reverse logistics and packaging. She has published 15 research papers including ISTP, SCIE, and EI indexed papers. Ms. Zhang has also attended several international conferences in China, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Chang'an University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300373/images/system/300373.jpeg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Chang'an University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"73254",title:"Opportunities and Obstacles in the Global Tourism Industry: A Story of Post-Covid-19",slug:"opportunities-and-obstacles-in-the-global-tourism-industry-a-story-of-post-covid-19",abstract:"The rapid spread of Covid-19 has had far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives in almost all parts of the world. Furthermore, it creates a negative impact on trade and economic activities, which further has spillover social problems, including unemployment and poverty. Moreover, in the tourism sector, millions of people lost their jobs, and hundreds of airlines are nearly bankrupt. This chapter is intended to investigate the link between the outbreak of Covid-19 and its effect on the tourism sector. The discussion reveals that due to the Covid-19, tourism sector declined sharply, but it provides an opportunity to transform our polluted world into a green one, which will have a significant and positive impact on global tourism in upcoming years. Finally, the chapter provides practical implications and recommendations, which will help policymakers to formulate an eco-friendly mechanism in the tourism sector.",signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Laeeq Razzak Janjua and Zhang Yu",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",email:"sarehman_cscp@yahoo.com"},{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",email:"zhangyu19@foxmail.com"},{id:"328959",title:"Dr.",name:"Laeeq Razzak",surname:"Janjua",fullName:"Laeeq Razzak Janjua",slug:"laeeq-razzak-janjua",email:"Janjua.ue@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"8970",title:"Tourism",slug:"tourism",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"73496",title:"COVID-19: A Learning Opportunity to Improve Environmental Sustainability",slug:"covid-19-a-learning-opportunity-to-improve-environmental-sustainability",abstract:"In just a few months, COVID-19 transformed from a dangerous regional health threat into a widespread global pandemic and economic disaster. Thus the world is expecting a great recession once again. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has had far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives in almost all parts of the world. Climate change and biodiversity depletion have now reached global boundaries; thus, human activity has surpassed Earth’s capacities. Earth capacities can be explained in terms of extreme climate change. This chapter is intended to investigate the link between the outbreak of Covid-19 and its effect on environmental and society. The discussion reveals that environmental pollution is minimized as a result of global lockdown. Furthermore, our review also shows that in terms of environment, Covid-19 provide an opportunity to transform our polluted economy toward the green economy through adoption of renewable energy sources and green practices in our businesses.",signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Laeeq Razzak Janjua and Zhang Yu",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",email:"sarehman_cscp@yahoo.com"},{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",email:"zhangyu19@foxmail.com"},{id:"328959",title:"Dr.",name:"Laeeq Razzak",surname:"Janjua",fullName:"Laeeq Razzak Janjua",slug:"laeeq-razzak-janjua",email:"Janjua.ue@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"8509",title:"Carbon Capture",slug:"carbon-capture",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"74340",title:"Introductory Chapter: Carbon Capture",slug:"introductory-chapter-carbon-capture",abstract:null,signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan and Zhang Yu",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",email:"sarehman_cscp@yahoo.com"},{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",email:"zhangyu19@foxmail.com"}],book:{id:"8509",title:"Carbon Capture",slug:"carbon-capture",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"74974",title:"Poor Air Quality: A Dark Cloud of Filth Poisons",slug:"poor-air-quality-a-dark-cloud-of-filth-poisons",abstract:"Our home, the Earth, is the rarest planet in-universe the to sustain life. The thing which makes it unique amongst heavenly bodies is balance in the environment. This balance is the key to sustain life for millions of years. Air is one of the most critical components of mother nature; it provides oxygen for all species, both plant and animal, to live. Air not only provides oxygen but is also essential for keeping the human body cool. The advantages of air are countless, from the cloud, weather, humidity, dust, and pollen migration to burning fire; without it, life will not continue. Air is made up of chemical components, and if pollutants added, it would become harmful for all living beings. The chapter put forward is to highlight the importance of the quality of ambient air, standards to measure, and sources of pollution. Further in the chapter, the impacts of polluted air on human health and the countries’ financial obstacles are discussed. The chapter concludes with a summary and recommendations for policymakers, NGOs, and affected people to better their lives and repair the damage caused to nature’s precious gift, the air.",signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Adeel Shah and Zhang Yu",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",email:"sarehman_cscp@yahoo.com"},{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",email:"zhangyu19@foxmail.com"},{id:"342314",title:"Dr.",name:"Adeel",surname:"Shah",fullName:"Adeel Shah",slug:"adeel-shah",email:"Adeel.shah@iobm.edu.pk"}],book:{id:"10382",title:"Environmental Sustainability",slug:"environmental-sustainability-preparing-for-tomorrow",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/48837/images/system/48837.jpg",biography:"Dr. Panagiotis Tsikouras is a specialist in obstetrics-gynecology,\nperinatal medicine, and contraception at the School of Medicine,\nDemocritus University of Thrace, Greece. He is also the headmaster of the Family Planning Centre and Gynecological Cytology\nLaboratory at the same university. Dr. Tsikouras is a fellow of the\nInternational Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. His scientific activities focus on paediatric and adolescence medicine, gynecological oncology, high-risk pregnancies. He is a reviewer for several international journals and has numerous scientific publications to his credit, including papers and book chapters. He has also contributed to international and national guidelines on coagulation and thrombosis in obstetrics-gynecology.",institutionString:"Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini",institution:{name:"Democritus University of Thrace",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"229224",title:"Ms.",name:"Theodora",surname:"Deftereou",slug:"theodora-deftereou",fullName:"Theodora Deftereou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229225",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Chalkidou",slug:"anna-chalkidou",fullName:"Anna Chalkidou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229226",title:"Ms.",name:"Xanthoula",surname:"Anthoulaki",slug:"xanthoula-anthoulaki",fullName:"Xanthoula Anthoulaki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229227",title:"Ms.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Bothou",slug:"anastasia-bothou",fullName:"Anastasia Bothou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229230",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Zervoudis",slug:"stefanos-zervoudis",fullName:"Stefanos Zervoudis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229232",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Iatrakis",slug:"georgios-iatrakis",fullName:"Georgios Iatrakis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"229233",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Galazios",slug:"georgios-galazios",fullName:"Georgios Galazios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:"Democritus University of Thrace",institution:null},{id:"245062",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor B.",surname:"Oti",slug:"victor-b.-oti",fullName:"Victor B. Oti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nasarawa State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"290371",title:"Mrs.",name:"Fotini",surname:"Gaitatzi",slug:"fotini-gaitatzi",fullName:"Fotini Gaitatzi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istituto Superiore di Sanità",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11778",title:"Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment - International Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a933550a6966a04e4677a4c0aea8f5b2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11778.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Abrunhosa Gonçalves",slug:"rui-abrunhosa-goncalves",fullName:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11948",title:"Field-Effect Transistor",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb6fc82b35ad2c63618a9bc15aeb61ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap and Dr. Magdalene Goh Wan Ching",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11948.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38f0946fe1dd3314939e670799f88426",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mykhaylo I. Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:64},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:251},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"141",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"environmental-sciences-plant-biology",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:112,numberOfWosCitations:284,numberOfCrossrefCitations:110,numberOfDimensionsCitations:312,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"141",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8667",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc25bcd1a48e847f8f7b4e30b4d84641",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",bookSignature:"Manuel T. Oliveira, Feyza Candan and Anabela Fernandes-Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8667.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181227",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:"T.",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"manuel-oliveira",fullName:"Manuel Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7005",title:"Theobroma Cacao",subtitle:"Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6db7340ec4aa1fd498381eebc7fc7032",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",bookSignature:"Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94033",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Osobase",surname:"Aikpokpodion",slug:"peter-aikpokpodion",fullName:"Peter Aikpokpodion"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2252",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2540f35e6516d6946f6953469c61ff3",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",bookSignature:"Mahmut Çalişkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2252.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31476",doi:"10.5772/33073",title:"Genetic Diversity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Its Wild Relatives",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-and-its-wild-relatives",totalDownloads:10438,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:89,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Guillaume Bauchet and Mathilde Causse",authors:[{id:"93906",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathilde",middleName:null,surname:"Causse",slug:"mathilde-causse",fullName:"Mathilde Causse"},{id:"104031",title:"Mr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Bauchet",slug:"guillaume-bauchet",fullName:"Guillaume Bauchet"}]},{id:"31471",doi:"10.5772/33005",title:"Association Mapping in Plant Genomes",slug:"association-mapping-in-plant-genomes",totalDownloads:8539,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Braulio J. Soto-Cerda and Sylvie Cloutier",authors:[{id:"93579",title:"Dr.",name:"Braulio",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Soto-Cerda",slug:"braulio-soto-cerda",fullName:"Braulio Soto-Cerda"},{id:"104021",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Cloutier",slug:"sylvie-cloutier",fullName:"Sylvie Cloutier"}]},{id:"31479",doi:"10.5772/32885",title:"Genetic Diversity in Citrus",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-citrus",totalDownloads:4501,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Aydin Uzun and Turgut Yesiloglu",authors:[{id:"93085",title:"Dr.",name:"Aydin",middleName:null,surname:"Uzun",slug:"aydin-uzun",fullName:"Aydin Uzun"},{id:"103938",title:"Prof.",name:"Turgut",middleName:null,surname:"Yesiloglu",slug:"turgut-yesiloglu",fullName:"Turgut Yesiloglu"}]},{id:"31483",doi:"10.5772/35119",title:"Genetic Diversity of Rice Grain Quality",slug:"genetics-of-grain-quality",totalDownloads:4564,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Rosa Paula Cuevas and Melissa A. Fitzgerald",authors:[{id:"103042",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Cuevas",slug:"rosa-paula-cuevas",fullName:"Rosa Paula Cuevas"},{id:"104257",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"melissa-fitzgerald",fullName:"Melissa Fitzgerald"}]},{id:"31481",doi:"10.5772/33361",title:"Genetic Diversity in Apricot",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-apricot",totalDownloads:4151,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"2252",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plants",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plants",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plants"},signatures:"Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz and Kahraman Gurcan",authors:[{id:"95067",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadir Ugurtan",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"kadir-ugurtan-yilmaz",fullName:"Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz"},{id:"130537",title:"Dr.",name:"Kahraman",middleName:null,surname:"Gurcan",slug:"kahraman-gurcan",fullName:"Kahraman Gurcan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65131",title:"Diversity of Cacao Pathogens and Impact on Yield and Global Production",slug:"diversity-of-cacao-pathogens-and-impact-on-yield-and-global-production",totalDownloads:1770,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Cacao, Theobroma cacao L., an important cash crop in foreign exchange earnings and also a major income source for many smallholder farmers in growing ecologies of West Africa. Global cocoa production has been rising fairly steadily over the years by increasing production in growing countries with most of the production taking place in areas of high pathogen biodiversity. Thus, the sustainability of the cocoa economy is under threat as diseases of various statuses now constitute the most serious constraint to production. Most important among these is the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora genus with annual losses of 30–90% of the crop. This economically important pathogen is very diverse in nature and varied across growing countries including species such as palmivora, megakarya, capsici and citrophthora distinguished based on chromosome number, sporangial characteristics and pedicel length. World losses of 20–25% in cacao production are due to black pod disease, an estimate of 700,000 metric tons on global scale reducing global cocoa production. High cacao loss to diseases is a prime factor limiting production; consequently, significant effort is required to deal with problems associated with disease control to ensure a sustainable cacao. The effective and sustainable management of black pod disease requires integrated approach encompassing different control measures.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Dele Adeniyi",authors:null},{id:"67634",title:"Cacao Growth and Development Under Different Nursery and Field Conditions",slug:"cacao-growth-and-development-under-different-nursery-and-field-conditions",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Experiments were conducted between 2004 and 2018 to examine cacao growth, development, establishment and yield under varying experimental conditions comprised of seed mucilage handling before sowing, sowing methods and its effects on seedling growth and development, timing of mycorrhizal inoculation on root and shoot growth and development and effects of shade and dry season drip irrigation on growth and yield of field-grown cacao. Results show that cleaning cacao seed mucilage before sowing enhanced sprouting rate and percent germination. The use of manure mixed with sawdust and loamy soil aided excellent seed germination, seedling vigor and root development. Inoculating cacao seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at point of sowing and early stages in the nursery aided root development and enhanced field establishment and survival during the dry season. Dense shade retarded cacao growth and development during the rainy season, while no shade enhances optimum growth and canopy development. The use of drip irrigation strategies in young cacao plantations increased seedling survival from less than 45% under no irrigation to above 95% at the end of the second dry season. This showed that irrigation during dry season can significantly enhance cacao establishment and survival.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Idowu Babadele Famuwagun and Samuel Ohi Agele",authors:null},{id:"68383",title:"Major Natural Vegetation in Coastal and Marine Wetlands: Edible Seaweeds",slug:"major-natural-vegetation-in-coastal-and-marine-wetlands-edible-seaweeds",totalDownloads:771,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"For thousands of years, seaweeds grown in coastal and marine have been used as food, materials and medicines by the people. Edible seaweeds directly consumed, especially in Asian, are used for preparing food due to the their components containing minerals, essential trace elements, and various natural compounds. At the last decades, they have been getting more and more attention in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, in the present study, we have worked on to understand the structure of edible seaweeds. It is worthy to mention that they can be considered as source of some proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Ilknur Babahan, Birsen Kirim and Hamideh Mehr",authors:null},{id:"67540",title:"Aphid-Plant Interactions: Implications for Pest Management",slug:"aphid-plant-interactions-implications-for-pest-management",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Aphids are important herbivores and important pest of many field and forest crops. They have specialized long and flexible stylets which are adapted to feeding on phloem sap. To establish successful feeding on host plant, they need to counter a range of both physical and chemical defenses. The defenses employed by plants can have direct effect on the aphid species through difficulty in establishing successful feeding due to the presence of trichomes, thick cell wall, etc. or effect on their biology with lethal consequences in extreme cases (direct defenses). In contrast to this, plants can attract natural enemies of aphids through the release of volatile compounds (the so-called “cry or call for help”) (indirect defense). The information on different defense strategies employed by plants can be utilized to enhance the level of resistance (R) to develop sustainable pest management strategies.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Sarwan Kumar",authors:null},{id:"72336",title:"Plant Phenology and An Assessment of the Effects Regarding Heavy Metals, Nanoparticles, and Nanotubes on Plant Development: Runner Bean, Artichoke, and Chickpea Seedlings",slug:"plant-phenology-and-an-assessment-of-the-effects-regarding-heavy-metals-nanoparticles-and-nanotubes-",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relationship between environmental pollution and nutrition in particular, which forms the basis of health, is fundamentally important for protecting human health. Therefore, the data obtained from the examination of how plants and animals consumed as food are affected by environmental pollution can be seen as an indicator of their effects on humans. On the other hand, the role of technology and nanotechnology in life has been increasing in this century, and a considerable amount of heavy metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanotubes (NTs) are released to the environment. The results of morphological or anatomical examination of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants subjected to copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) heavy metals and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) plants subjected to Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are presented with this study in the point of their phenological development process. The three taxa belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with high economic status and having flowers with characteristic features were chosen deliberately as representatives. This chapter presents a study that will shed light on future biomonitoring-based studies focusing on the impact of environmental pollution on plants phenology with economic value.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Feyza Candan",authors:[{id:"155281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Candan",slug:"feyza-candan",fullName:"Feyza Candan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"141",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University, Cyprus",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landesa Rural Development Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267257",title:"Dr.",name:"Wame",middleName:null,surname:"Hambira",slug:"wame-hambira",fullName:"Wame Hambira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZhvQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T08:16:15.jpg",institutionString:"Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Botswana",institution:null},{id:"256906",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenebe",middleName:null,surname:"Mekonnen",slug:"zenebe-mekonnen",fullName:"Zenebe Mekonnen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256906/images/20300_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ethiopia"}}}]},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",value:94,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/300373",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"300373"},fullPath:"/profiles/300373",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()