Job satisfaction during expatriation.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11238",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hernia Surgery",title:"Hernia Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A hernia occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weak spot in the body’s muscle or tissue. There are several types of hernia, including inguinal hernias, femoral hernias, umbilical hernias, and hiatal hernias. Hernias usually do not get better on their own and surgery may be the only way to repair them. This book discusses different types of hernias and hernia surgeries, including open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic repair.",isbn:"978-1-80355-520-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-519-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-521-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98030",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hernia-surgery",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1663b79cce4c6cddb688a027bd0cd34d",bookSignature:"Selim Sözen and Hasan Erdem",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11238.jpg",numberOfDownloads:633,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 16th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 2nd 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90616/images/system/90616.png",biography:"Dr. Selim Sözen is an expert in general surgery who received his medical degree from Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey, in 1998. From 1999 to 2004, he was an assistant doctor at Ankara Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Turkey. From 2004 to 2013, he worked as a specialist at different government hospitals in Turkey. He joined the Department of General Surgery, Medicine Faculty, Namık Kemal University, Turkey, as an associate professor in 2013. He completed liver transplantation surgery at İnönü University, Turkey, in 2014–2015. Since 2016, Dr. Sözen has run his own surgery clinic in İstanbul, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Surgical Association and a review board member for several journals. He has published 109 articles in scientific journals and presented 64 poster papers at scientific congresses. His research interests include general, gastrointestinal, emergency, and trauma surgery, bacterial translocation, liver disease, and hernia surgery.",institutionString:"Sözen Surgery Clinic",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"169976",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Erdem",slug:"hasan-erdem",fullName:"Hasan Erdem",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169976/images/system/169976.png",biography:"Dr. Hasan Erdem received his medical education between 1996 and 2002 at the Medical School of Istanbul University. In 2008, he completed his specialization in General Surgery at the Bezmialem Vakıf Gureba Teaching Hospital, Istanbul. Dr.Erdem was assigned to a state hospital where he performed his obligatory residency between 2009 and 2011. Upon completing his mandatory service, he worked as Chief Assistant in General Surgery at the Training and Research Hospital of Adana where he continued his studies in advanced laparoscopic and robotic surgery. In 2016, he established his private clinic in which he currently works. Dr. Erdem was granted the title Associate Professor of Obesity Surgery and Metabolic in 2018.",institutionString:"Dr. HE Obesity Clinic",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1138",title:"Abdominal Surgery",slug:"abdominal-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"80081",title:"Introductory Chapter: Abdominal Wall Hernias and Prosthetic Material",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102414",slug:"introductory-chapter-abdominal-wall-hernias-and-prosthetic-material",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hasan Erdem, Seyfi Emir and Selim Sözen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80081",authors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"},{id:"169976",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Erdem",slug:"hasan-erdem",fullName:"Hasan Erdem"},{id:"451276",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Seyfi",surname:"Emir",slug:"seyfi-emir",fullName:"Seyfi Emir"}],corrections:null},{id:"80352",title:"Anatomical and Surgical Principles of Ventral Hernia Repairs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102734",slug:"anatomical-and-surgical-principles-of-ventral-hernia-repairs",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hernias comprise a growing problem in surgical science. The most recent classification scheme for hernias emphasizes on the size of defect as well as on whether it is an incisional hernia. The latter group includes complex hernias, namely hernias that can not be managed with simple surgical techniques. This can be accomplished with retromuscular repairs or the more complex anterior and posterior component separation techniques. An anatomic repair is usually reinforced with interposition of mesh. Newest techniques, such as the use of botulinum toxin to induce temporary paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall musculature, referred to as chemical component separation, now present new tools in the restoration of anatomy-based repairs. The chapter entitled “Anatomical and surgical principles of ventral hernia repairs” aims to describe the anatomical and surgical principles of current practice regarding the repair of ventral -primary and incisional-hernias.",signatures:"Chrysanthi Papageorgopoulou, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Fotios Efthymiou and Charalampos Seretis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80352",authors:[{id:"139466",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",surname:"Seretis",slug:"charalampos-seretis",fullName:"Charalampos Seretis"},{id:"190410",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrysanthi",surname:"Papageorgopoulou",slug:"chrysanthi-papageorgopoulou",fullName:"Chrysanthi Papageorgopoulou"},{id:"452262",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fotios",surname:"Efthymiou",slug:"fotios-efthymiou",fullName:"Fotios Efthymiou"},{id:"452263",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Nikolakopoulos",slug:"konstantinos-nikolakopoulos",fullName:"Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"81656",title:"Totally Extraperitoneal Approach (TEP) for Inguinal Hernia Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104638",slug:"totally-extraperitoneal-approach-tep-for-inguinal-hernia-repair",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy was initially described by Ger in the early 1980s. Nowadays, two techniques are worldwide adopted: the transabdominal preperitoneal approach (TAPP) and the totally extraperitoneal approach (TEP). In these repairs, the myopectineal orifice is approached posteriorly and allows for inguinal, femoral, and obturator hernia repairs to be performed simultaneously. TEP is a relatively new technique. McKernan and Law first introduced TEP in 1993. Some proponents of TEP advocate for this technique over the transabdominal approach due to the shorter operative times, especially for bilateral hernias, and decrease the risks of vascular, bowel, and bladder injuries as well as bowel obstructions, adhesions, or fistula formation potentially associated with intraperitoneal dissection and intraperitoneal mesh exposure. When compared with open hernia repair, and in particular for recurrent (after open) and bilateral hernias, many surgeons prefer the laparoendoscopic approach due to quicker recovery times and less postoperative and chronic pain. In experienced hands, there are no absolute contraindications to TEP, although a careful decision should be made to tailor the approach to both patient and surgeon factors. In this chapter, we will describe the technical steps of totally extraperitoneal hernia repair, the potential complications, and troubleshooting when needed.",signatures:"Ioannis Triantafyllidis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81656",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81656",authors:[{id:"438300",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Triantafyllidis",slug:"ioannis-triantafyllidis",fullName:"Ioannis Triantafyllidis"}],corrections:null},{id:"80141",title:"Spigelian Hernia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102050",slug:"spigelian-hernia",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spigelian hernia (SH) is uncommon and accounts for only 0.12–2% of all abdominal hernias. Spigelian hernia is a protrusion through a defect in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle (Spigelian fascia) that is limited by the semilunar line and the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle. It is more common in women 50–60 years and it is twice as common on the right side. Patients may present with non-specific abdominal pain. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult, especially in obese patients, and radiologic exams are essential to obtain the correct diagnoses. This type of hernia has a mandatory indication to surgical repair due to the risk of incarceration that can occur in about 25% and strangulation that can occur in about 40%. Traditionally, open surgical repair is most commonly used. However, laparoscopic approach is becoming increasingly popular since it allows faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, and less pain, with no commitment to recurrence. Currently, there are no studies that demonstrate the superiority of a laparoscopic technique (intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM), transabdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) or extraperitoneal approach (TEP)). The intraperitoneal route is a simple, faster, and easily reproducible approach.",signatures:"Bruno Barbosa, Maria João Diogo, César Prudente and Carlos Casimiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80141",authors:[{id:"440502",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"bruno-barbosa",fullName:"Bruno Barbosa"},{id:"449670",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"João Diogo",slug:"maria-joao-diogo",fullName:"Maria João Diogo"},{id:"449673",title:"M.D.",name:"César",surname:"Prudente",slug:"cesar-prudente",fullName:"César Prudente"},{id:"449982",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Casimiro",slug:"carlos-casimiro",fullName:"Carlos Casimiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"80570",title:"Spigelian Hernia: Clinical Features and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102809",slug:"spigelian-hernia-clinical-features-and-management",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Spigelian hernia is a rare variety of ventral hernia and has an incidence ranging from 0.1–2% of all abdominal wall hernias. It occurs through a well-defined defect in the Spiegel’s fascia adjacent to the semilunar line. It can be congenital or acquired. The acquired variety is predisposed by stretching and weakening of the abdominal wall by factors that increase the intraabdominal pressure. These hernias are most commonly located in the interparietal plane with no visible or palpable mass, and only 50% of cases could be diagnosed clinically before any surgical intervention. Radiological investigations like USG and CT scans confirm the clinical diagnosis or pick up the subclinical varieties that present with non-specific pain in the anterior abdominal wall. Surgery is the mainstay of management. These hernias are prone to early incarceration and strangulation and therefore should be operated at the earliest. It is stressed that a prosthetic mesh should be used for a better outcome as it decreases recurrence. Conventional open hernioplasty has been largely replaced by a laparoscopic approach such as TAPP, TEP, IPOM and robotic-assisted surgery. Early diagnosis and surgery prevent morbidity and dreaded complications.",signatures:"Aakansha Giri Goswami, Farhanul Huda, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Navin Kumar and Somprakas Basu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80570",authors:[{id:"438726",title:"Prof.",name:"Somprakas",surname:"Basu",slug:"somprakas-basu",fullName:"Somprakas Basu"},{id:"438729",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakansha Giri",surname:"Goswami",slug:"aakansha-giri-goswami",fullName:"Aakansha Giri Goswami"},{id:"438730",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhanul",surname:"Huda",slug:"farhanul-huda",fullName:"Farhanul Huda"},{id:"438731",title:"Dr.",name:"Navin",surname:"Kumar",slug:"navin-kumar",fullName:"Navin Kumar"},{id:"450371",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"sudhir-kumar-singh",fullName:"Sudhir Kumar Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"80077",title:"Laparoscopic Findings of Rare Pediatric Inguinal Hernias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102028",slug:"laparoscopic-findings-of-rare-pediatric-inguinal-hernias",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pediatric inguinal hernias are caused to the patency of the processus vaginalis (PPV). The principle for the repair of indirect inguinal hernias in children consists of complete ligation of the PPV. Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (LPEC) has spread rapidly since it was reported by some groups from around 1998, and the number of institutions adopting this method as a standard procedure for pediatric inguinal hernia is increasing in Japan. Since the closure of PPV by laparoscopic surgery is popular, rare hernias in children can be observed from the abdominal cavity. We present the laparoscopic findings of rare pediatric inguinal hernias and report their experience.",signatures:"Michinobu Ohno, Yasushi Fuchimoto, Akihiro Fujino, Toshihiko Watanabe and Yutaka Kanamori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80077",authors:[{id:"37323",title:"Dr.",name:"Michinobu",surname:"Ohno",slug:"michinobu-ohno",fullName:"Michinobu Ohno"},{id:"476096",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",surname:"Fuchimoto",slug:"yasushi-fuchimoto",fullName:"Yasushi Fuchimoto"},{id:"476097",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",surname:"Fujino",slug:"akihiro-fujino",fullName:"Akihiro Fujino"},{id:"476098",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihiko",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"toshihiko-watanabe",fullName:"Toshihiko Watanabe"},{id:"476099",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",surname:"Kanamori",slug:"yutaka-kanamori",fullName:"Yutaka Kanamori"}],corrections:null},{id:"79912",title:"Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) Inguinal Hernia Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101962",slug:"transabdominal-preperitoneal-tapp-inguinal-hernia-repair",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The inguinal hernia repair is one of the most frequent surgical procedures: in the world, even year, at least 20.000.000 inguinal hernia repair procedures are performed. Although the laparoscopic approach is widely recognized as a valid treatment for many diseases and some laparoscopic surgical procedures have become gold standard techniques (e. g. cholecystectomy, appendectomy, gastro-esophageal junction surgery), the minimally invasive approach for groin hernia treatment is still very controversial today, but in the last few years, it tends to become the standard practice for 1 day surgery. We present here the technique of laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal approach (TAPP). The surgical technique is described step-by-step, including surgical details and the new concept of “inverted Y” to achieve the “critical view of safety” for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.",signatures:"Giovambattista Caruso, Giuseppe Evola, Salvatore Antonio Maria Benfatto and Mariapia Gangemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79912",authors:[{id:"440972",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Giovambattista",surname:"Caruso",slug:"giovambattista-caruso",fullName:"Giovambattista Caruso"},{id:"443725",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Evola",slug:"giuseppe-evola",fullName:"Giuseppe Evola"},{id:"448218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariapia",surname:"Gangemi",slug:"mariapia-gangemi",fullName:"Mariapia Gangemi"},{id:"448916",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore Antonio Maria",surname:"Benfatto",slug:"salvatore-antonio-maria-benfatto",fullName:"Salvatore Antonio Maria Benfatto"}],corrections:null},{id:"80410",title:"Management of Obturator Hernia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102075",slug:"management-of-obturator-hernia",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The obturator hernia is a rare pelvic hernia that often presents with symptoms of bowel obstruction. Obturator hernia corresponds to 0.5–1.4% of all abdominal hernias. Entrapment of an intestinal segment within the obturator orifice, most often the ileum, less frequently Meckel’s diverticulum or omentum, can cause intestinal obstruction. The non-specific presenting symptoms make the diagnosis of this condition often unclear. Females are 6–9 times more likely than men to be subject to the pathology, mostly occurring in a multiparous, emaciated, elderly woman so it is also called “the little old lady’s hernia.” Risk factors such as chronic constipation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ascites, kyphoscoliosis, and multiparty, can predispose patients to herniation. A sign of inconstant presentation may be the presence of a palpable mass or pain radiating from the inner thigh and knee—known as Howship–Romberg sign—but it could be misleading when confused with symptoms of gonarthrosis or lumbar vertebral disc pathology. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis has been found to be the gold standard for preoperative diagnosis because of its superior sensitivity and accuracy with respect to other radiological exams. The only possible treatment for this pathology is surgery, and management depends on early diagnosis.",signatures:"Luigi Conti, Carmine Grassi, Filippo Banchini, Deborah Bonfili, Gaetano Maria Cattaneo, Edoardo Baldini and Patrizio Capelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80410",authors:[{id:"320152",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizio",surname:"Capelli",slug:"patrizio-capelli",fullName:"Patrizio Capelli"},{id:"441039",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Conti",slug:"luigi-conti",fullName:"Luigi Conti"},{id:"441563",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",surname:"Banchini",slug:"filippo-banchini",fullName:"Filippo Banchini"},{id:"441564",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Grassi",slug:"carmine-grassi",fullName:"Carmine Grassi"},{id:"441565",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"Maria Cattaneo",slug:"gaetano-maria-cattaneo",fullName:"Gaetano Maria Cattaneo"},{id:"441566",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoardo",surname:"Baldini",slug:"edoardo-baldini",fullName:"Edoardo Baldini"},{id:"447786",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",surname:"Bonfili",slug:"deborah-bonfili",fullName:"Deborah Bonfili"}],corrections:null},{id:"80646",title:"Hybrid: Evolving Techniques in Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Mesh Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102413",slug:"hybrid-evolving-techniques-in-laparoscopic-ventral-hernia-mesh-repair",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Laparoscopic repair is now the treatment of choice for most cases of ventral/incisional hernia. It is superior to open repair. Although the technique has undergone many refinements, there is no standard technique for difficult or complicated hernias. In cases with difficult hernias, combined open/laparoscopic hybrid techniques to avoid dissection of large subcutaneous flaps benefit the patients. It has been reported that hybrid methods are effective for treating cases of ventral hernias involving a large orifice. The techniques used and proposed by us are - (1) laparoscopic adhesiolysis, open sac excision with closure of defect and laparoscopic mesh placement, (2) laparoscopic adhesiolysis, omphalectomy with closure of defect and laparoscopic mesh placement and (3) open adhesiolysis, sac excision with closure of defect and laparoscopic mesh placement Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Hybrid Mesh Repair (LVHHMR) is safe and feasible approach for complicated/difficult ventral hernias.",signatures:"Wasim Dar, Uday Muddebihal and Uliargoli Vasudeva Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80646",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80646",authors:[{id:"438405",title:"Dr.",name:"Wasim",surname:"Dar",slug:"wasim-dar",fullName:"Wasim Dar"},{id:"439637",title:"Prof.",name:"Uday",surname:"Muddebihal",slug:"uday-muddebihal",fullName:"Uday Muddebihal"},{id:"439638",title:"Dr.",name:"Uliargoli Vasudeva",surname:"Rao",slug:"uliargoli-vasudeva-rao",fullName:"Uliargoli Vasudeva Rao"}],corrections:null},{id:"80147",title:"Robotic Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: The Evolution of Component Separation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102001",slug:"robotic-complex-abdominal-wall-reconstruction-the-evolution-of-component-separation",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"From the first description of the component separation technique in the literature at the end of the twentieth century to the current state of complex abdominal wall reconstruction, this rapidly evolving field of General Surgery has advanced at an accelerated pace. With the advancement of technological breakthroughs that stem from the original open technique, endoscopic, laparoscopic, and more recently robotic approaches have been developed to facilitate complex abdominal wall reconstruction to restore the body’s anatomy and physiology to functional levels. This chapter will give an overview of the historic progression of these advanced techniques and will illustrate the key steps for their safe and effective performance including the endoscopic external oblique anterior release as well as posterior release techniques such as the robotic transversus abdominis release (TAR). Finally, other useful variations of complex repair such as the robotic extended totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) approach will be described.",signatures:"Rodolfo J. Oviedo, Jeffrey Hodges, Joseph Nguyen-Lee, David Detz, Mary Oh, João Bombardelli, Anuj Shah, Atteeba Manzar and Alessandro Martinino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80147",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80147",authors:[{id:"204248",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo J.",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"rodolfo-j.-oviedo",fullName:"Rodolfo J. Oviedo"},{id:"440903",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Hodges",slug:"jeffrey-hodges",fullName:"Jeffrey Hodges"},{id:"440904",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nguyen-Lee",slug:"joseph-nguyen-lee",fullName:"Joseph Nguyen-Lee"},{id:"440905",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Detz",slug:"david-detz",fullName:"David Detz"},{id:"440906",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",surname:"Oh",slug:"mary-oh",fullName:"Mary Oh"},{id:"440907",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuj",surname:"Shah",slug:"anuj-shah",fullName:"Anuj Shah"},{id:"440908",title:"Dr.",name:"João",surname:"Bombardelli",slug:"joao-bombardelli",fullName:"João Bombardelli"},{id:"440909",title:"Dr.",name:"Atteeba",surname:"Manzar",slug:"atteeba-manzar",fullName:"Atteeba Manzar"},{id:"440910",title:"Mr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Martinino",slug:"alessandro-martinino",fullName:"Alessandro Martinino"}],corrections:null},{id:"80950",title:"Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair during in-Sleeve Gastrectomy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104395",slug:"laparoscopic-hiatal-hernia-repair-during-in-sleeve-gastrectomy",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Obesity is one of the most important health problems in developed and developing countries. Morbid obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of more than 40 kg/m2. Obesity does not only predispose to gastroesophageal reflux, but is also an important independent risk factor for the development of hiatal hernia (HH). There are articles advocating about half of obese patients have a hiatal hernia. Hiatal hernia not only exacerbates reflux symptoms, but may also lead to incomplete removal of the gastric fundus during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). When hiatal hernias are seen preoperatively or intraoperatively for bariatric surgery, surgical correction should ideally be made with mesh reinforcement to prevent further clinical progression.",signatures:"Seyfi Emir, Hasan Erdem, Mehmet Gençtürk, Muhammed Said Dalkılıç, Abdullah Şişik and Selim Sözen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80950",authors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"},{id:"169976",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Erdem",slug:"hasan-erdem",fullName:"Hasan Erdem"},{id:"451276",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Seyfi",surname:"Emir",slug:"seyfi-emir",fullName:"Seyfi Emir"},{id:"315199",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Gençtürk",slug:"mehmet-gencturk",fullName:"Mehmet Gençtürk"},{id:"451490",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammed Said",surname:"Dalkılıç",slug:"muhammed-said-dalkilic",fullName:"Muhammed Said Dalkılıç"},{id:"451491",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Şişik",slug:"abdullah-sisik",fullName:"Abdullah Şişik"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10713",title:"Trauma and Emergency Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a07902d256cd9902e2291fa7bf2322af",slug:"trauma-and-emergency-surgery",bookSignature:"Selim Sözen and Burhan Hakan Kanat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10713.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7936",title:"Surgical Recovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba422a208674f010835a5ad3378b06c",slug:"surgical-recovery",bookSignature:"Selim Sozen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7936.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2649",title:"Abdominal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf9e8d49b05e1e65874842c5bbf4bccc",slug:"abdominal-surgery",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5280",title:"Actual Problems of Emergency Abdominal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0066026ae4b85af070d3b62ba4de1d60",slug:"actual-problems-of-emergency-abdominal-surgery",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6751",title:"Hernia Surgery and Recent Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6049b5610bba6c664917e37c4f303a8",slug:"hernia-surgery-and-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Arshad M. Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63407",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Malik",slug:"arshad-malik",fullName:"Arshad Malik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"485",title:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Abdominal and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms Including the Ascending Aorta and the Aortic Arch",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7643f2ff916be49ce4255ea9c55fa82d",slug:"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-abdominal-and-thoracic-aortic-aneurysms-including-the-ascending-aorta-and-the-aortic-arch",bookSignature:"Reinhart T. Grundmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37604",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhart",surname:"Grundmann",slug:"reinhart-grundmann",fullName:"Reinhart Grundmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5839",title:"Embolic Diseases",subtitle:"Unusual Therapies and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90a4aef84f4b225516d006bb2868429e",slug:"embolic-diseases-unusual-therapies-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6352",title:"Gastrointestinal Surgery",subtitle:"New Technical Proposals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f75fc66eb312d3a8a6be8256c5ffb279",slug:"gastrointestinal-surgery-new-technical-proposals",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1040",title:"Updated Topics in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ee6dd0eb868c209aee7163f410181d2",slug:"updated-topics-in-minimally-invasive-abdominal-surgery",bookSignature:"Ahmed AbdelRaouf ElGeidie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1040.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26413",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Elgeidie",slug:"ahmed-elgeidie",fullName:"Ahmed Elgeidie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8443",title:"Gastrointestinal Stomas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e8dfeaf7ef41c96a76cb124dccbac94",slug:"gastrointestinal-stomas",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",title:"Corrigendum to: Dry Hydrogen Peroxide for Viral Inactivation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79597.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79597",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79597",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79597",chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11545",leadTitle:null,title:"Tunnel Engineering - Modelling, Construction and Monitoring Techniques",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe immense benefits of tunnels can be readily recognized and have led to great strides in areas such as transportation, stormwater drainage, waste disposal, and pipeline networking. Requirements for tunnels depend on the intended functions and factors such as size, depth, configuration, and underground conditions. Achieving the desired functionality is usually multifarious and complex due to the range and interrelationships of the myriad of issues that must be taken into account.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book provides further insights into the design and construction processes as well as the performance of tunnels. Areas covered include design considerations, modeling approaches, drilling and excavation techniques, measurement and instrumentation, tunneling in offshore environments, machinery and equipment, ground investigations, cost-benefit evaluations, environmental and social impacts, sustainability, and health and safety. The book aims to provide supplementary information that advances the frontier in tunnel engineering whilst serving as a first recourse for those new in the field of tunneling.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-531-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-530-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-532-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"abfea4d94310e94cba417826644c59d5",bookSignature:"Dr. Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11545.jpg",keywords:"Structural Design, Geotechnical Design, Numerical Modeling, Analytical Modeling, Ground Deformation and Subsidence, Tunneling, Drilling, Excavation, Offshore Geotechnical Engineering, Underground Excavation, Instrumentation in Tunneling, Geotechnics",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A leading academic and researcher in civil and geotechnical engineering, a chartered engineer and leader of the geotechnics subject area in School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, UK.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"195037",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Eshiet",slug:"kenneth-imo-imo-israel-eshiet",fullName:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195037/images/system/195037.png",biography:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet is a senior lecturer at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. Hitherto, he was an assistant professor at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, a research fellow at the University of Leeds, a lecturer at the University of Uyo, and a senior consultant at Sustainable Energy Environmental and Educational Development (SEEED), USA. He holds a doctorate in Civil Engineering. His interests include numerical/analytical methods for engineering problems; experimental and numerical modeling of geotechnical systems; site investigation, and laboratory and field geotechnical experimentation; computational fluid dynamics; stochastic and optimization analysis; and structural analysis and design.",institutionString:"University of Wolverhampton",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Wolverhampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7314",title:"Exploitation of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources",subtitle:"Hydraulic Fracturing and Other Recovery and Assessment Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2eba15587cac74206f978e72a0cef2f9",slug:"exploitation-of-unconventional-oil-and-gas-resources-hydraulic-fracturing-and-other-recovery-and-assessment-techniques",bookSignature:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Eshiet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195037",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel",surname:"Eshiet",slug:"kenneth-imo-imo-israel-eshiet",fullName:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"75991",title:"Expatriate Satisfaction and Motivation in Multinational Corporations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97046",slug:"expatriate-satisfaction-and-motivation-in-multinational-corporations",body:'Globalization has created a lot of opportunities and challenges in the world economy, especially for trade and marketing enterprises, as well as employees. The performance of multinational corporations (MNCs) and trading industries are significantly impacted by culture, institutions, as well as economic and political factors. Further, as internal impact factors, employees’ motivation and job satisfaction also have a crucial influence on the accomplishments of MNCs and the trading and marketing industry.
Expatriates play important roles in globalization and international marketing and trading. The term “expatriates” refers to home country nationals, who are assigned from headquarters to work in overseas subsidiaries for 3–5 years. After their expatriation assignment, they can repatriate to their headquarters, and utilize their experiences and knowledge from their overseas assignment [1]. When they work overseas, they have to adapt to the local culture and institutional environment.
Expatriates are considered as special and important employees in MNCs. Japanese MNCs mainly promote localization in Europe and America. However, in overseas subsidiaries of Japanese MNCs in Asian countries, Japanese expatriates from headquarters still play important roles, instead of local employees, even though localization is also conducted gradually in these subsidiaries. However, the job satisfaction and motivation of these Japanese expatriates needs to be raised, given that, some of them quit during the expatriation period without repatriating to headquarters, as scheduled. This brings significant damage to both the overseas subsidiaries and headquarters of the Japanese MNCs.
Employee satisfaction and motivation have an important influence on individual employees and the performance of companies. In the international marketing and trading business, expatriates play important roles. Previous literature indicates that expatriates’ satisfaction and motivation will be impacted by regional cultures and institutional factors. This chapter addresses the research gaps relating to the kinds of regional cultures and institutions that have an impact on expatriates’ satisfaction and motivation in MNCs. The results obtained from the interviews and questionnaire survey, were able to reveal the characteristics related to satisfaction and motivation of Japanese expatriates in MNCs. Furthermore, reasons related to regional culture and institutional issues, and some methods and human resource management practices in international business that were analyzed, are expected to raise employee satisfaction and motivation. Some topics for future research are also discussed in the final part of this chapter.
Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies, as stated in Wikipedia [2].
Moreover, culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups [3].
Japan is a country with a long history and a unique culture. When Japanese expatriates work overseas, culture and the institutional environment are very important for them. Japan’s traditional employment style is career employment, with a relational psychological contract between the employees and employers being common, along with collectivism in their high context society [4]. However, in recent years, performance-based pay system has been introduced in Japan. Meanwhile, in some cases, the psychological contract is also changing from relational to transactional.
It has been stated [5] that context refers to the environment, in which people carried out their communications, considering society, psychology, timing, etc. According to Ferraro [6], high to low context levels exist in Japan, China, Arabia, Greece, Spain, Italy, English, France, America, and Germany. Hence, people in various cultures and context environments carry out communications in different ways. Especially in advanced countries and emerging economies, management approaches and lifestyles differ greatly. In high context culture environments, people share detailed information with group members more frequently and implicitly. On the contrary, in low context cultural countries or regions, people talk more frankly with each other.
Other scholars have pointed out that leadership could not transcend cultures. Leadership styles in the USA and Middle East are significantly different. Managers in the United Arab Emirates are found to be less transformational and more passive than managers in the USA and Europe [7]. Differences in leadership styles in various cultural organizations cause frustration and conflict among managers [8].
Organizations also have their own company cultures. A strong company culture helps to reduce management and monitoring costs, and also serves as a good reference of a behavior model. It facilitates information transference and raises a company’s work efficiency. It even has an influence on organization transformation. However, a company’s culture will be influenced by the culture of the country in which it is located, and its leadership style. Therefore, cultures in companies or countries have significant impact on the performance of both employees and organizations.
Institutions have been described as “integrated systems of rules that structure social interactions” [9].
Moreover, institutions can refer to mechanisms which govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community, and are also identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions, by mediating the rules that govern living behavior [10].
From the perspective of new institutional economics, it has been stated [11] that institutions would change, along with the economy and environment. In different regions, there are various institutions and cultures. These theories are implemented in business strategy, corporate governance, and property. Governance has been divided into two kinds: relational and hierarchical governance [12]. In developing countries or regions, where institutions or laws are not that advanced, it is easier to control people’s behaviors through personal relationship networks, the culture of a company or country, or societal ethics, which is called relational governance. On the contrary, in advanced countries or regions, where institutions and managements are developed to a relatively high extent, people can be controlled by rules, manuals, or institutions at a high level, which is called hierarchical governance.
Hence, in this globalized world, businesses freely advance into many countries and regions across the world. However, we cannot ignore the cultural and institutional characteristics of every country or region since invisible culture walls exist between different countries. Hence, the important concept of “semi-globalization” exists [13]. When actively promoting a trading or marketing business in foreign countries, it is also necessary to respect the differences in culture and institutional environments between host countries and the headquarter country.
In 1970, Maslow [14] proposed the 5 levels of hierarchy of needs theory. These basic needs of human beings have a significant relationship with employees’ motivation.
Motivation—derived from the word “motive” or a need that requires satisfaction—is a reason for actions, willingness, and goals. These needs, wants or desires may be acquired through the influence of culture, society, lifestyle, or may be generally innate, as has been stated in Wikipedia [15]. Individuals’ motivation could be inspired by outside forces (extrinsic motivation) [16], or those within individuals because it is naturally satisfying to them (intrinsic motivation) [17].
In a company, there are many kinds of extrinsic motivation, such as compensation, bonus, promotions, expanded responsibility, awards, opportunity of on-job or off job training, travelling, stock options, and related qualifications. Additionally, emotions have an influence on motivation, and positive emotions can also raise one’s motivation [18]. Hence, favorable personal relationship networks and workplace environments are also important for employees’ motivation and job satisfaction. Such extrinsic motivators can also be called incentives to some extent. The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in business has been emphasized [19].
An incentive is something that motivates or drives one to do something or behave in a certain way [20]. There are two type of incentives—intrinsic and extrinsic—that affect human decision making, as stated in Wikipedia [21]. Intrinsic incentives motivate persons to do something out of their own self-interest or desires, without any outside pressures or promised rewards [22], whereas extrinsic incentives are motivated by rewards, such as an increase in pay for achieving a certain result; or avoiding punishments such as disciplinary action, or criticism as a result of not doing something [20, 22].
The expectancy theory [23] posits that an individual’s motivation is a function of two factors: (i) expectancy about the relationship between the effort and a particular outcome and (ii) the valence of that outcome. Monetary incentives like compensation have valence for a variety of reasons. Therefore, employees’ motivation and subsequent efforts are significantly high if compensation is based on performance.
It has been stated that items that motivate and incentivize expatriates, include providing effective programs before or during expatriation, reasonable selection and promotions, fare performance evaluations, attractive compensation during expatriation, full consideration or correspondence for their families, career up or career design considerations, etc. [24]. This is because these items comprise important contents of psychological contracts between expatriates and their headquarters, which expatriates expect their headquarters to conscientiously fulfill.
To find the difference in expatriates’ satisfaction degree between various industries (sales and marketing, manufacturing, service, etc.), a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2015, which revealed distinct characteristics of various regions or countries such as USA, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Australia, etc. The questionnaires were distributed to around 100 Japanese expatriates, who were required to answer satisfaction and motivation-related questions pertaining to their last expatriation of more than a year’s duration. The expatriates were older than 25 years, their job types included civil servants, company employees, freelancers, etc., and their education qualifications ranged from high school graduates to doctorates (see Tables 1–3).
Q12 Comment on your job satisfaction during the expatriation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Very satisfied | A little satisfied | I can’t say | Not very satisfied | Not satisfied | Average | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Age | 25 ∼ 29 | 13 | 15.4 | 76.9 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
30 ∼ 34 | 12 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 41.7 | 8.3 | 0.0 | ||
35 ∼ 39 | 14 | 14.3 | 50.0 | 21.4 | 7.1 | 7.1 | ||
40 ∼ 44 | 16 | 25.0 | 37.5 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 6.3 | ||
45 ∼ 49 | 19 | 26.3 | 57.9 | 5.3 | 10.5 | 0.0 | ||
50 ∼ 54 | 14 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 21.4 | 0.0 | 7.1 | ||
55 ∼ 59 | 11 | 0.0 | 81.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 9.1 | ||
60 and over | 4 | 25.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Job | Civil servant | 3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Company employee (administrative) | 33 | 15.2 | 63.6 | 12.1 | 9.1 | 0.0 | ||
Company employee (technical) | 48 | 22.9 | 43.8 | 27.1 | 4.2 | 2.1 | ||
Company employee (other) | 19 | 5.3 | 68.4 | 0.0 | 10.5 | 15.8 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q1 Diploma | High school graduate | 19 | 21.1 | 42.1 | 26.3 | 10.5 | 0.0 | |
Junior college graduate | 2 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Bachelor | 66 | 16.7 | 59.1 | 10.6 | 7.6 | 6.1 | ||
Master’s | 11 | 9.1 | 45.5 | 45.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Doctorate | 4 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q3 Your rank in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Ordinary Staff | 27 | 11.1 | 51.9 | 29.6 | 7.4 | 0.0 | |
Team leader | 27 | 18.5 | 59.3 | 14.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | ||
Section manager | 19 | 26.3 | 47.4 | 10.5 | 0.0 | 15.8 | ||
Department manager | 27 | 18.5 | 59.3 | 7.4 | 14.8 | 0.0 | ||
Director level | 3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q5 Your work in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Technology | 36 | 16.7 | 55.6 | 19.4 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 3.78 |
Management | 37 | 13.5 | 59.5 | 18.9 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 3.76 | |
Sales & Marketing | 13 | 30.8 | 46.2 | 0.0 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 3.77 | |
Planning | 14 | 21.4 | 50.0 | 14.3 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 3.71 | |
Other | 3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.67 | |
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q2 Your current rank | Ordinary Staff | 25 | 12.0 | 48.0 | 32.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 | |
Team leader | 26 | 15.4 | 69.2 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | ||
Section manager | 29 | 24.1 | 41.4 | 20.7 | 3.4 | 10.3 | ||
Department manager | 19 | 21.1 | 57.9 | 5.3 | 15.8 | 0.0 | ||
Director level | 4 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q4 Your current job type | Technology | 41 | 17.1 | 56.1 | 17.1 | 7.3 | 2.4 | |
Management | 33 | 15.2 | 54.5 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 3.0 | ||
Sales & Marketing | 15 | 26.7 | 60.0 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 6.7 | ||
Planning | 10 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | ||
Other | 4 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 103 | 17.5 | 55.3 | 16.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | ||
Q7 The industry type of the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Manufacturing | 54 | 20.4 | 48.1 | 22.2 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 3.78 |
Sales & Marketing | 13 | 30.8 | 53.8 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 3.92 | |
Service | 27 | 3.7 | 63.0 | 18.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 3.48 | |
Government | 6 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.30 | |
Other | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Job satisfaction during expatriation.
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Age | 25 ∼ 29 | 7 | 0.0 | 85.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.3 | |
30 ∼ 34 | 10 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 50.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | ||
35 ∼ 39 | 13 | 7.7 | 46.2 | 15.4 | 0.0 | 30.8 | ||
40 ∼ 44 | 15 | 13.3 | 46.7 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | ||
45 ∼ 49 | 18 | 5.6 | 38.9 | 33.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | ||
50 ∼ 54 | 14 | 21.4 | 42.9 | 21.4 | 14.3 | 0.0 | ||
55 ∼ 59 | 10 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
60 and over | 4 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q1 Diploma | High school graduate | 17 | 5.9 | 52.9 | 35.3 | 5.9 | 0.0 | |
Junior college graduate | 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Bachelor | 59 | 8.5 | 49.2 | 23.7 | 6.8 | 11.9 | ||
Master’s | 9 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 22.2 | 33.3 | 11.1 | ||
Doctorate | 4 | 0.0 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q3 Your rank in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Ordinary Staff | 21 | 0.0 | 57.1 | 28.6 | 4.8 | 9.5 | |
Team leader | 24 | 16.7 | 45.8 | 29.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | ||
Section manager | 17 | 11.8 | 35.3 | 23.5 | 11.8 | 17.6 | ||
Department manager | 26 | 3.8 | 57.7 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 7.7 | ||
Director level | 3 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q5 Your work in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Technology | 31 | 9.7 | 54.8 | 25.8 | 0.0 | 9.7 | 3.55 |
Management | 32 | 6.3 | 56.3 | 21.9 | 9.4 | 6.3 | 3.47 | |
Sales & Marketing | 12 | 8.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 8.3 | 16.7 | 3.08 | |
Planning | 13 | 15.4 | 23.1 | 23.1 | 30.8 | 7.7 | 3.08 | |
Other | 3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.67 | |
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q2 Your current rank | Ordinary Staff | 18 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 5.6 | 11.1 | |
Team leader | 23 | 17.4 | 43.5 | 21.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | ||
Section manager | 27 | 7.4 | 37.0 | 29.6 | 11.1 | 14.8 | ||
Department manager | 19 | 5.3 | 68.4 | 15.8 | 10.5 | 0.0 | ||
Director level | 4 | 25.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q4 Your current job type | Technology | 34 | 8.8 | 55.9 | 23.5 | 2.9 | 8.8 | |
Management | 30 | 10.0 | 50.0 | 26.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | ||
Sales & Marketing | 14 | 7.1 | 42.9 | 28.6 | 7.1 | 14.3 | ||
Planning | 9 | 11.1 | 22.2 | 22.2 | 33.3 | 11.1 | ||
Other | 4 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 91 | 8.8 | 48.4 | 25.3 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||
Q7 The industry type of the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Manufacturing | 46 | 10.9 | 47.8 | 23.9 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 3.43 |
Sales & Marketing | 12 | 8.3 | 50.0 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 16.7 | 3.25 | |
Service | 24 | 4.2 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 8.3 | 3.29 | |
Government | 6 | 16.7 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.83 | |
Other | 3 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.33 |
Job satisfaction after repatriation.
Q30 Comment on your job satisfaction after your career change | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Very satisfied | A little satisfied | I can’t say | Not very satisfied | Not satisfied | Average | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Age | 25 ∼ 29 | 6 | 16.7 | 66.7 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
30 ∼ 34 | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
35 ∼ 39 | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
40 ∼ 44 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | ||
45 ∼ 49 | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Job | Company employee (administrative) | 4 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | |
Company employee (technical) | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Company employee (other) | 3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q1 Diploma | High school graduate | 2 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Junior college graduate | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Bachelor | 6 | 16.7 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 0.0 | ||
Master’s | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q3 Your rank in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Ordinary Staff | 6 | 16.7 | 50.0 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 0.0 | |
Team leader | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Section manager | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q5 Your work in the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Technology | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.00 |
Management | 5 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.20 | |
Sales & Marketing | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 2.00 | |
Planning | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.00 | |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q2 Your current rank | Ordinary Staff | 6 | 16.7 | 50.0 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 0.0 | |
Team leader | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Section manager | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q4 Your current job type | Technology | 5 | 20.0 | 60.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | |
Management | 3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Sales & Marketing | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Planning | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
All | 10 | 10.0 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | ||
Q7 The industry type of the latest expatriation longer than 1 year | Manufacturing | 6 | 16.7 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 3.83 |
Sales & Marketing | 1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.00 | |
Service | 3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.67 | |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Job satisfaction after a career change.
Based on the aforementioned questionnaire survey, this section summarizes its results based on categories, such as industries, job types, and regions.
The average value of expatriates’ satisfaction degree in the sales and marketing industry were 3.92 (during expatriation), 3.25 (after repatriation), and 4 (after a career change) (see Tables 1–3). As compared with other industries, for sales and marketing, the satisfaction degree after repatriation was the lowest at 3.25, but during expatriation and after a career change it was higher than that of other industries.
Conversely, when expatriates had worked for the government, their satisfaction degree was the highest after repatriation as well as during expatriation. However, their satisfaction degree during expatriation and after a career change were the lowest when they had worked in service industries. Similarly, the satisfaction degree after repatriation was also at a low level, compared with other industries.
These results show that expatriates in sales and marketing, as well as service industries experience more difficulties during expatriation. Thus, they need more incentives to raise and keep their work motivation at a relatively high level. The values in various regions are shown in Table 4.
Assigned country or region | Number of expatriates | Number of expatriates who turned to another company after expatriation | Satisfaction degree valuesa during expatriation | Satisfaction degree valuesa after repatriation | Satisfaction degree valuesa after a career change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 21 | 3 | 2.38 | 2.89 | 2.33 |
China | 21 | 2 | 2.14 | 2.32 | 2 |
Taiwan | 9 | 0 | 1.67 | 2.22 | |
Thai | 8 | 0 | 2.13 | 2.88 | |
Singapore | 6 | 0 | 2.5 | 3.17 | |
Indonesia | 7 | 0 | 2.86 | 2.83 | |
Australia | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2.5 | 1.5 |
Total | 103 | 10 | 2.24 | 2.6 | 2.2 |
The satisfaction degree in different countries.
Values ranged from 1 to 5 in the questionnaire’s options.
A comparison of sales and marketing with other job types indicate that while the satisfaction degree during expatriation was relatively high (higher than average), it was the lowest after repatriation or a career change. The reason for this result is also worthy of discussion.
From the perspective of expatriates working overseas in various regions and countries, as shown in Table 4, their working places in this survey mainly included USA, China, Taiwan, Thai, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, etc. Their average satisfaction degree values were 2.24, 2.6, and 2.2 during expatriation, after repatriation, and after a career change, respectively.
The satisfaction degree was higher than the average levels in the following cases: during expatriation of those in USA, Singapore, and Indonesia; after repatriation of those in USA, Thai, Singapore, and Indonesia; and after a career change of expatriates working in the USA and China during expatriation. Thus, it seems that working in USA, Singapore, and Indonesia creates a higher job satisfaction degree than working in other places.
It is necessary to analyze the reason why the satisfaction degree relating to the sales and marketing industry is high during expatriation, while it is the lowest after repatriation. As this industry’s mission is to explore foreign markets, it is easier for it to adapt to overseas environments and new cultures, compared with other industries. Due to its characteristic of being open minded, its satisfaction degree during expatriation is high. Since after repatriation, the objective that needs to be explored changes, expatriates have to adjust the direction of their work, try to acquire knowledge of new products and related fields, and build relationships with new domestic clients. Because of resource peculiarity and culture distance between the host country and parent country, the knowledge, experience, and even local personnel relationship they acquired or built in foreign subsidiary in the host country are not able to be utilized fully any more in the headquarter in parent country sometimes after repatriation. In some cases after repatriation, Japanese expatriates are assigned to positions where work contents are very different with before, which has negative impact on job satisfaction degree and some expatriates quit after repatriation. This can also be considered as a part of the reasons why the satisfaction degree is not low after career change. Usually, people turn to work in companies where their experiences and knowledge can be taken full advantage. If their knowledge and experiences can be used to a relatively high extent, this has positive influence on their job satisfaction degree. Furthermore, they have to once again cope with the culture shock.
In government industries, the work stress is not as heavy as in the sales and marketing or service industries. Their main work is to build relationships with local governments and big companies. Since government expatriates also conduct some surveys in terms of foreign markets and society-related issues, their satisfaction degree is high.
Contrarily, expatriates in the service industry have higher work stress because they have to carefully understand the local culture and customs, and use them correctly and flexibly, so that they are able to explore and retain enough foreign new clients. Their communication and interaction with local clients have a significant influence on their company’s performance.
This section analyzes the reasons in terms of the characteristics of culture and institutions in different regions and countries. The reasons partly lie in the characteristics—economy, culture, institutions, and history—of these 3 countries: USA, Singapore, and Indonesia, in which, the satisfaction degree of Japanese expatriates is higher.
USA has a long-term trading partnership with Japan—one of its biggest trading partners. It also respects culture building itself and promotes cultural communications with other countries. In past decades, it promoted a lot of cultural products to countries all over the world. Being an immigrant country, its cultural characteristics comprise diversity and openness in populations and regions. Its annual GDP exceeds 60000 dollars per year and it has a good economic environment. In USA, people use data and manuals to manage employees, rather than relationships or personal networks. Thus, it is easy for employees who work hard since they will not have the difficult task of trying to develop skills to build good relationships with supervisors. Hence, Japanese expatriates find it a good place to live and work.
Singapore too, has an open cultural environment, and Japan is one of its biggest trading partners. It is located in Asia and more than 70% of its population are Chinese. It embraces several religions, and with England’s long and important influence on its history, it follows English traditions that contribute to its stable circumstances. It is famous for its cleanliness because of its comfortable weather. Singapore is also a developed country and among the best international financial centers in the world, along with New York, London, and Hongkong. Since its finance and other related rules and institutions are very well organized, it is easy for Japanese expatriates to adapt to its institutional environment.
Indonesia has many nations and is a multicultural country. It has many religions and beautiful places, such as the Bali island, a world-famous place. It also has many kinds of delicious food, which attract many travelers every year. Hence, it is easy for foreigners to live and work in Indonesia, although it is not an advanced country and its weather is a little hot in summer.
In contrast, the satisfaction degree is lower than average in China, Taiwan, and Australia.
China is a multicultural country with a very long history. Its open culture environment and delicious food welcomes foreign investments, companies to establish subsidiaries, and foreigners to work in China. Both the Chinese and Japanese use Chinese characters in their language, which is a commonality between China and Japan. Hence, it is convenient for Japanese expatriates to learn Chinese, adapt to the Chinese lifestyle, and work there. However, it is not an advanced country and its institution and policies for business management as well as other fields still need improvements and innovation. Taiwan is similar to China to some extent in terms of culture. Moreover, Japan is a country with a high context communication environment, where people express their opinions more implicitly. This kind of communication style of Japanese expatriates needs better understanding and cooperation of local Chinese employees.
In China, economic reforms and opening-up that have been prevalent for more than 40 years, have brought about a lot of wonderful changes to many facets of China. However, its management style and communication-related issues have existed during the whole developing process. In China, relational governance is still the main style. Contrarily, Japan is an advanced and developed country, where hierarchical governance is implemented to a large extent. Rules and law are set in detail in terms of a lot of facets of society and business. This is another big difference between Japan and China.
Australia is at a high World Happiness Index ranking. It also has several religions and a multicultural environment, along with beautiful mountains and rivers for people to enjoy. Its economic situation is also stable. Therefore, it is a comfortable place, where foreigners find it easy to work. Yet, expatriates have a lower than average satisfaction degree. The reason is worthy of discussion. It has been stated that the methods of performance appraisal of Australian expatriates in Singapore and Singaporean expatriates in Australia are greatly different in terms of performance against set indicators, rating of specific competencies, set and evaluate personal goals, management by objectives, informal discussion with superior, et. [25]. Previous literature also indicates that Japanese expatriate managers rely on cultural mediators more [26]. The themes of cultural mediators’ features refer to reliance on a third party individual, role of “go-betweens”, and bicultural characteristics. Other scholars state that becoming mutual sunao (accepting) is crucial in trust and intercultural communication based on research on Japanese expatriate managers and Australian supervisors [27]. These conclusions provide hint to consider the reason from intercultural communication and performance evaluation system of local subsidiaries.
To raise the satisfaction degree of the service industry as well as the sales and marketing industry, it is better for the headquarters to undertake adequate foreign culture training and marketing surveys prior to assigning expatriates to work overseas since it helps them to adapt to the local work environment faster and also raises their work performance. Additionally, it is useful for reducing their work stress during expatriation, and facilitates the building of smooth personal relationship networks, all of which, contribute to enhancing expatriates’ skills and task achievements, which lead to higher job satisfaction. Another approach to raise the satisfaction degree after repatriation is to prepare fitful positions for expatriates and create better opportunity to utilize their experience, knowledge, and network with local government or employees. This has positive effect on their retention rate and prevent them from turning over after repatriation.
To raise the levels of motivation and satisfaction in China and Taiwan, helpful measures could be higher compensation, better work conditions, welfare, consideration for families, language support during expatriation, promotion or expanded responsibility after repatriation, etc. In parallel, China’s vast external environment—companies, institutions, business customs, commercial practices, and management systems—are in dire need of urgent innovation. While the Chinese MNCs have been progressively increasing in recent years, their management and business styles still need to be internationalized. If their management styles could be changed from relational governance to hierarchic governance, it would be easier for Japanese expatriates to adapt to their work and life in Chinese subsidiaries, which would help in increasing their motivation and job satisfaction.
To raise the satisfaction degree in Australia, several measures can be considered. Better trust relationship and intercultural communication environment will contribute to work performance and satisfaction degree. Mutual acceptingness plays important role in building this work place environment. Effective evaluation system is also important for expatriates in Australia. Hence, human resource managers could pay more attention and offer more effort on this facet. As one of the reasons that causes the low satisfaction degree during expatriation is the long distance between Japan and Australia, the headquarters could provide more free flights for expatriates to travel between these two countries for private purposes.
Additionally, not only is there a need to respect the cultures of these countries or regions, but it is also necessary to pay heed to their corporate cultures. Countries’ cultures have an impact on their corporate cultures. However, every company has its own unique history, development path, leaders, and leadership styles which comprise their company’s corporate culture. Thus, foreign expatriates also need to understand corporate cultures, especially in emerging countries, and adapt to them. Some other factors regarding society, politics, and international relationship are also needed to be considered.
This chapter reviews the theories on institutions, cultures, motivation, and incentives. Based on a combination of a comparative analysis of these theories and the questionnaire survey’s results, the reasons were established for different characteristics in various cultures, countries, and industries, including sales and marketing, manufacturing, and service, etc. Additionally, to raise the satisfaction and motivation levels of expatriates in Japanese MNCs, institutional improvements need to be implemented more thoroughly in local governments, along with respecting and understanding diverse cultures.
If we have more equally distributed samples, a valuable issue that needs to be further discussed is cross tabulation to check the relationship between job types and regions. For this, future research could collect additional and better data so that the reasons and impact factors for satisfaction degree can be analyzed more thoroughly.
This research is mainly based on data from expatriates in Japanese MNCs. Hence, how to apply the related conclusions to other cultural environments and industries is still an important issue. To confirm this conclusion or expand the direction of this research, future research could also obtain data from other countries. Interviews with expatriates and local employees is also a helpful approach as a case study to confirm the proposals and analyze the reasons in this chapter.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Despite significant economic and social benefits the aviation brings, its activities also contribute to local air quality impact and correspondingly affect the health and quality life of people living near the airports. The number of flights has increased by 80% between 1990 and 2014 and is forecasted to grow by a further 45% between 2014 and 2035. Consequently, the future growth in the European aviation sector will be inextricably linked to its environmental sustainability [1].
\nDuring the last decade, a lot of studies have also focused on the aircraft emissions impact on local and regional air quality in the vicinity of airport [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The basic objects of attention are extremely high concentration of toxic compounds (including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particle matter (PM with various sizes: PM10, PM2.5, and ultrafine), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and carbon monoxide (CO)) due to airport-related emissions and their significant impact on the environment [2, 8] and health of the people living near the airport [3, 4].
\nGround-level emissions associated with the airport have the biggest impact on local air quality, whereas elevated aircraft emissions have less impact because they take place at increasing height. Figure 1 shows aircraft produce approximately 54% of ground-level emissions, whereas airport-related traffic is estimated to emit a further 28% [5].
\nEstimated ground-level airport-related emissions from Heathrow Airport.
Analysis of inventory emission results at major European (Frankfurt am Main, Heathrow, Zurich, etc.) and Ukrainian airports highlighted that aircrafts (during approach, landing, taxi, takeoff and initial climb of the aircraft, engine run-ups, etc.) are the dominant source of air pollution in most cases under consideration [6, 9, 10], Figures 2 and 3. More than 50% of total NOx emissions inventory inside airport area is released by aircraft engines. As shown in Figures 2(b) and 3(b), the contribution of aircraft emission to total airport PM emissions is sufficiently high.
\nThe emissions inventory of NOx [(a) annual emissions: 3.284 tons/year] and PM10 [(b) total emissions: 25 tons/year] within the Frankfurt International Airport for 2005 with an intensity of takeoffs and landings, 1300 per day.
The emissions inventory of NOx (a) and PM10 (b) within Boryspil International Airport with an intensity oftakeoffs and landings 50,000 per year.
Considered problems are intensified in connection with rising tensions of expansion of airports and growing cities closer and closer each other (the most urgent is for Ukrainian airports, such as Zhulyany, Boryspil, Lviv, Odessa, and Zaporizhzhia) and accordingly growing public concern with air quality around the airport.
\nAircrafts are a special source of air pollution due to some features.
\nJet structure for jet transport model. ΔhA, XA are the height and longitudinal coordinate of jet axis rise due to buoyancy effect, m; hEN is the height of engine installation, m; RB is the radius of jet expansion, m; X1 is the longitudinal coordinate of first contact point of jet with ground, m; and X2 is the longitudinal coordinate of a point of jet lift-off from the ground due to buoyancy effect, m.
So, to evaluate the aircraft contribution in Local Air Quality assessment of the airports accurately, it is important to take in mind few features of the aircraft during their landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), which define emission and dispersion parameters of the considered source.
\nModeling of airport air pollution includes two parts: emission inventory and dispersion calculation.
\nICAO Doc 9889 [12] recommends few tools for air quality analysis—to model emission inventory from every character groups of the spatially distributed sources as well as atmospheric concentrations resulting from emission dispersion: EDMS is based on Gaussian plume model (AERMOD) [13], LASPORT is based on Lagrangian particle model (LASAT) [14], and ALAQS–AV provides to use both Gaussian and Lagrangian approaches for dispersion calculations [12].
\nA complex model Pollution and Emission Calculation (PolEmiCa) for assessment of air pollution and emission inventory analysis, produced within the airport boundaries, has been developed at National Aviation University (Kyiv, Ukraine) [15]. It consists of the following basic components:
The emission inventory of aircraft emissions are usually calculated on the basis of certificated emission indexes, which are provided by the engine manufacturers and reported in the database of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) [16].
\nThe emission indices rely on well-defined measurement procedure and conditions during aircraft engine certification. Under real circumstances, however, these conditions may vary and deviations from the certificated emission indices may occur due to the impact factors such as
the life expectancy (age) of an aircraft—emission of an aircraft engine might vary significantly over the years (the average period is 30 years); usually aging aircraft/engine provides higher emission indices in comparison with same type but new ones;
the type of an engine (or its specific modification, for example with different combustion chambers) installed on an aircraft, which can be different from an engine operated in an engine test bed (during certification); and
meteorological conditions—temperature, humidity, and pressure of ambient air, which can be different for certification conditions.
So, the analysis of several measurement campaigns for idling aircraft at different European airports (London-Heathrow in 1999 and 2000, Frankfurt/Main in 2000, Vienna in 2001, and Zurich in 2003) [7] concludes that the largest difference between emission indices’ measurement data and the ICAO data for CO for the RB211-524D4 engine was caused due to quite long life expectancy of B747-236 (aging aircraft and engines) (Figure 5). The oldest aircraft with an emission index of 52.9 g/kg was 25 years old; the other two were built in 1987 and 1983. Mean values of the measured emission indices for three engine types (CFM56-5B1, CFM-5B4/2P, and CFM56-5B3/P) are nearly identical although the ICAO data of the CFM56-5B family differ by a factor of 2 (Figure 6
Comparison measured EICO by FTIR emission and absorption spectrometry during measurement campaign for idling aircraft at the European airports.
Comparison EICO determined for CFM-5Bx engines with ICAO values for idling aircraft at European airports.
The dependences of engine thermodynamic parameters and EE index for NOx (assessed in g/kgfuel) and factor Q (assessed in g/sec) for the aircraft engine D-36 (installed on Yakovlev-42 and on Antonov-74, -148, and -158 aircrafts) are shown in Figure 7 as the functions from ambient temperature ТА (basic engine control law for D-36 provides the constant value of compressor pressure ratio π∑* in a broad range of ambient temperatures). Values of an emission index ЕINOx vary up to 50% in relation to value at International standard atmosphere conditions inside the range of ambient temperatures between −30 and + 30°C [17, 18].
\nDependences of EE index EI [gemission/kgfuel], factor Q [g/s] for NOx, and temperature behind the compressor Tc for D-36 engine from ambient temperature.
A gradient of change of the factor
So, under operating conditions, engine emission characteristics are subject to changes as a result of influence of the meteorological factors.
\nBased on the obtained research outcomes of aircraft engine emission derivation, due to meteorological factor influences, the model was developed to recalculate the emission indices for ISA conditions
For emission factor (in g/s or kg/hour), the recalculation into actual meteorological conditions are determined under the formula:
\nIn Table 1, the correction coefficients for NOx emission factor KQnox and for products of incomplete fuel combustion KQco for average parameters of the engines while in operation are adduced.
\nTemperature, °C | \n−20 | \n−10 | \n0 | \n+ 10 | \n+ 20 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor KQnox\n | \n0,74 | \n0,81 | \n0,88 | \n0,96 | \n1,0 | \n
Factor KQco\n | \n1,3 | \n1,2 | \n1,1 | \n1,04 | \n1,0 | \n
Average values of aircraft engine emission factor recalculation into actual ambient temperature.
Current calculation method, realized in software PolEmiCa, also implemented the recommendations of ICAO Doc9889 [12] for emission factor assessment, including the recommendations for aircraft engine emission.
\nThe efficiency of the temperature (seasonal) factor account for pollution inventory produced by aircraft in airport area is shown in Table 2 by matching the outcomes of calculation from previous and new calculation techniques [19].
\nTechniques | \nCO | \nHC | \nNOx\n | \nPM | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Previous | \n307,000.1 | \n104,200. | \n16,700.0 | \n3400.0 | \n
ICAO LTO | \n282,754.6 | \n97,139.2 | \n18,621.1 | \n2859.4 | \n
Actual LTO for considered airport | \n185,055.1 | \n59,556.4 | \n16,869.1 | \n2207.3 | \n
Actual LTO for considered airport + temperature factor | \n190,246.1 | \n61,254.1 | \n15,984.1 | \n2207.3 | \n
Calculated aircraft engine pollution, kg.
There are different types of engines installed on civilian aircraft currently: turbojet (TJE), turbofan (TFE), turboprop (TPE), and piston (PE). The process of contaminant transport by engine jet is described by the theory of turbulent jets [20]. The restrictions on the use of this theory are satisfied completely in the current task [21]: efflux from a jet engine is a very complex fast flow of hot gas, it is nonuniform, turbulent, and has various velocity scales and chemical reactions; the gas flow in jet is usually isobaric process, the pressure in the jet flow is equal to the atmospheric pressure, which is corresponding to the nature of incompressible flow; the Mach number of jet flow at outlet nozzle of the engine does not exceed 1; and the Reynolds number for the flow is rather large U0D0/ν > 105, and the initial turbulence in the jet flow is quite moderate. For majority of the calculations, the simplifying preconditions were formulated and used: radial velocity profile has a self-preserving pattern; mechanisms of boundary layer formation near ground surface are not taken into account in this calculation; the external borders of a jet represent linear dependencies; the structure of shear layer is similar to free jet [11].
\nThe conditions of jet outflow define the type of its physical model and appropriate algorithm of its parameters calculation. The choice of the model depends on the direction of the jet at exhaust nozzle relative to the direction of the wind and/or airplane motion and from the speeds of the jet, airplane, and wind. The initial parameters for jet calculations are: slipstream flow parameter m = UH/U0, where U0 is the velocity of the jet at engine nozzle, m·s−1 and UH is the speed of an external air flow, m·s−1; UH = UW + UPL, where UW is the wind speed, m·s−1 and UPL is the airplane speed, m·s−1; Nen – number of the engines in operation, angle between vectors of wind and jet speeds ψ, grad. For ground stages of LTO cycle in airport area, the slipstream parameter m < < 1; therefore, in most cases, it is possible to take advantage of semiempirical modeling of the nonisothermal-free jets.
\nTurbulent-free jet can be divided into three stages: initial (potential core), transitive (flow development region), and developed (fully developed flow) [20]. Their boundaries along the length of jet axis
\n
\n
where \n
The stage of a jet, which is defined by boundary
At point (
where
For an estimation of the buoyancy characteristics, the Archimedes number is introduced:
\nThe height of the jet is given by the empirical relationship [23]:
\nwhere \n
The concentration is changed along the length of jet in dependence with its type. Taking into account that flow parameter
where C0 is the concentration at the exhaust nozzle of the engine, μg·m−3; KC = 9.5 for the free jet, KC = 6.5—for an opposite jet; and KE takes into account influence of a reflecting surface on straightline characteristics of a jet: ĥEN < 20 KE = 1–0.025hEN, at ĥEN ≥ 20, KE = 1, where ĥ = h/R0.
\nConsidered version of complex model PolEmiCa is based on a semiempirical model of turbulent jets and not taking into account ground surface impact on jet structure and its behavior [11]. It was argued that development of three-dimensional model of exhaust gases jet from aircraft engine near the ground is an important research topic for airport LAQ [24, 25, 26].
\nA three-dimensional model of a jet was generated in Fluent 6.3 by using large Eddy simulation (LES) method to reveal the unsteady ground vortices and turbulence characteristics of fluid flow, to investigate transient parameters of hot gases in jet and their dispersion.
\nThe jet from aircraft engine exhaust near ground surface is corresponding to a wall jet if an aircraft is moving on this surface. Numerical simulation of wall jets was performed in Fluent 6.3 for engine NK-8-2 U of the aircraft Tupolev-154 for different operational conditions.
\nFor the considered task, a computational domain was built to simplify the problem and optimize the mesh distribution where it is needed mostly (i.e., near the engine exhaust and ground surface) (Figure 8).
\nGeometry model and computational mesh visualization in vertical plane.
The zone of ground vortices formation—between ground surface and aircraft engine exhaust nozzle—is characterized by structured mesh with higher resolution, with an aim to investigate the ground vortices generation processes and basic mechanisms of boundary layer formation, ground surface impact on fluid flow mechanics, and particularly Coanda effect occurrence. Zone of engine nozzle exhaust is discretized using a very fine structured mesh to capture the jet development pattern and its vortices structure [24, 25].
\nFor considered task, the boundary conditions were specified to the boundaries of the computational domain of jet flow field (Figure 9).
\nBoundary conditions for CFD simulations of exhaust gases of jet from aircraft engine near ground.
LES provides an approach inside which large eddies are explicitly resolved in time-dependent simulation using low-pass-filtered Navier-Stokes equations [25]. Smagorinsky’s subgrid model was set to model the smaller eddies (fluctuation component of instantaneous velocity of modeling fluid flow) that are not resolved in the LES. All the calculations were made with a second-order discretization.
\nComparison of results from numerical simulations of free and wall jets for engine idle operation (U0 = 50 m·s−1; T0 = 343 K) revealed some differences in their structures and properties.
\nAxial velocity profiles based on Fluent 6.3 results show (Figure 10) a substantial difference between the wall and free jet. First, the decay rate is 40–50% higher for free jet than for the wall jet. In the case of wall jet, the maximum velocity is high and equal to 50% of initial velocity at a distance of 90 diameters of the jet penetration, whereas the free jet is relatively slow and equal only to 10% of the velocity at exhaust nozzle of the engine, Figure 10. Second, the wall jet penetrates deeper (SBwall ≈ 150 m) than the free jet (SBfree ≈ 100 m) (Figure 11). As shown in Figure 12, jet arises over the ground surface due to buoyancy effect much faster (longitudinal coordinate, XA = 65 m) and higher for free jet (height of plume rise, ΔhA = 17.8 m), than in case of wall jet (XA = 135 m, ΔhA = 14 m).
\nMaximum velocity decay along the axis of the free and wall jets.
Mean velocity contours for (a) free jet and (b) wall jet in streamwise direction after 10 s.
Buoyancy effect of free and wall jets: longitudinal and vertical coordinates of jet axis.
The same differences in the structure and properties of free and wall jets were revealed for different operational conditions (U0 = 100 m·s−1; T0 = 343 ÷ 673 K).
\nThe ground surface sufficiently impacts on jet’s structure and behavior. Numerical simulations of wall jet by Fluent 6.3 defined a decrease of buoyancy effect of height rise, which is 3–5 times less (Figure 13a) and an increase of longitudinal coordinate of jet penetration by 30%, (Figure 13b).
\nComparison of buoyancy effect parameters calculated by Fluent 6.3 and complex model PolEmiCa: longitudinal coordinate (a) and height of jet rise (b).
Comparison of the calculated parameters of the jet (height and longitudinal coordinate of jet axis arise due to buoyancy effect, length of the jet penetration) by Fluent 6.3 and semiempirical model for aircraft engine jets implemented in complex model PolEmiCa proves the found trend of the jet behavior. Thus, the including the ground impact on the jet structure and its behavior by Fluent 6.3, provides longitudinal coordinate increase and height reduction of buoyancy effect.
\nThe basic model equation for definition of instantaneous concentration
where
where
According to considered formula (11), a dispersion model integrates engine emission model and jet transport model via including the following parameters:
\n\n
\n
In other words, engine emission model and jet transport model provide input data to calculate concentration values by the dispersion model.
\nThe development of three-dimensional model of wall jet by using CFD tool (Fluent 6.3) allows to include the ground impact on basic parameters of the exhaust gases jet (i.e., plume buoyancy effect, length, and dispersion characteristics) for further dispersion modeling (11). It may be concluded that using the CFD tool allows us to improve the PolEmiCa model by taking into account the impact of ground surface on the jet structure and its behavior. So, it means that the improvement is achieved with input parameters for further dispersion calculation.
\nThe verification of the PolEmiCa model with measurement data was done initiatively for trials made in airports of Athens (Greece, 2007) [27] and Boryspil (Ukraine, 2012) [28]. In both cases, the comparisons were quite good, showing appropriate correspondence of the model to subject of assessment.
\nComparison between calculated and measured NOx concentrations (averaged for 1 min) in aircraft engine plume under real operation conditions (aircraft accelerating on the runway during takeoff stage of flight) at Athens airport is shown in Table 3 and Figure 14.
\n№ | \nAircraft | \nEngine | \nCalculated concentration | \nMeasured concentration | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOx (delta), μg/m3\n | \nNOx (delta), μg/m3\n | \n|||||
With jet | \nWithout jet | \nValue | \nError | \n|||
1 | \nB737-3YO | \nCFM56-3C1 | \n27,43 | \n30,01 | \n31,8 | \n3,2 | \n
2 | \nB737-3Q8 | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n30,7 | \n33,50 | \n28,0 | \n2,8 | \n
3 | \nВ737-45S | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n29,76 | \n27,95 | \n23,6 | \n2,4 | \n
4 | \nB737-4Q8 | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n31,28 | \n34,93 | \n56,9 | \n5,7 | \n
5 | \nA-310 | \nCF6-80C2A8 | \n88,86 | \n122,12 | \n86,1 | \n8,6 | \n
6 | \nA-319 | \nCFM56-5B5 | \n29,85 | \n32,27 | \n26,9 | \n2,7 | \n
7 | \nB747–230 | \nCF6-50E2 | \n163,63 | \n205,37 | \n82,5 | \n8,2 | \n
8 | \nA-321-211 | \nCFM56-5B-3 | \n81,78 | \n89,74 | \n43,3 | \n4,3 | \n
9 | \nA320–214 | \nCFM56-5B-4 | \n49,99 | \n52,29 | \n16,4 | \n1,6 | \n
10 | \nB737-33A | \nCFM56-3B1 | \n25,5 | \n27,95 | \n11,5 | \n1,1 | \n
Measurement results by TE42C-TL96 system and calculation results by PolEmiCa model of NOx concentration in plume from aircraft engine emission for maximum operation mode.
Comparison of measured and modeled averaged concentrations of NOx (for a period of 1 min) under takeoff conditions (maximum operation mode of aircraft engine).
Besides, results were defined for the cases with and without jets from the engines to show that with jets, they are more equal (by 17%) to measured data, because impact of jet basic parameters (buoyancy effect and dispersion characteristics) on concentration distribution was estimated by complex model PolEmiCa (Table 3 and Figure 14). Comparison between measurements and the PolEmiCa/Fluent 6.3 model is significantly better (by 20%), because lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters (height of buoyancy effect, jet length penetration, and plume dispersions) were included in the model.
\nThe better agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured instantaneous concentration (averaged for 3 s) in aircraft engine jet under real operation conditions (aircraft accelerating on the runway and takeoff) at Boryspil airport.
\nAs shown from Table 4 and Figure 15, the modeling results for each engine are in good agreement with the results of measurements by the AC3 2 M system due to taking into account the jet- and plume regime during experimental investigation at Boryspil airport. Also, using CFD code (Fluent 6.3) allows to improve results by 30% (coefficient of correlation, r = 0.76) by taking into account lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters.
\nAircraft | \nAircraft engine | \nELAN | \nAC3 2 M | \nPolEmiCa CFD (Fluent 6.3) | \nPolEmiCa | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak 1 | \nPeak 1 | \nBackground | \n3 м | \n6 м | \n1 engine | \nAll engines | \n1 engine | \nAll engines | \n||
NOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \n||
BAE147 | \nLY LF507-1H | \n38 | \n35 | \n1,70 | \n22,067 | \n33,9 | \n35,1 | \n70,46 | \n48,9 | \n202,3 | \n
A321 | \nCFM56-5B3/P | \n39 | \n39 | \n0,72 | \n44,00 | \n54,2 | \n90,85 | \n182,90 | \n184,2 | \n371,2 | \n
B735 | \nCFM-563C1 | \n40 | \n45 | \n0,77 | \n94,095 | \n76,57 | \n60,03 | \n120,91 | \n35,3 | \n71,10 | \n
B735 | \nCFM56-3B1 | \n45 | \n41 | \n1,74 | \n29,20 | \n23,4 | \n42,34 | \n85,30 | \n33,7 | \n67,76 | \n
Comparison measured (AC3 2 M, ELAN) and calculated concentration (averaged for 3 s) of NOx produced by aircraft engine emissions at accelerating stage on the runway.
Comparison of the PolEmiCa and PolEmiCa/CFD model results with the measured NOx concentration at different heights for selected aircraft engines under maximum operation mode.
Analysis of inventory emission results at the major European and Ukrainian airports highlighted that aircrafts (during approach, landing, taxi, takeoff and initial climb of the aircraft, engine run-ups, etc.) are the dominant source of air pollution in most cases under consideration. The aircraft is a special source of air pollution. Thus, the method for LAQ assessment of the airports has to take in mind few features of the aircraft during their landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), which defines emission and dispersion parameters of the considered source.
\nCFD numerical simulations of aircraft engine exhaust jet near to ground surface show that structures, properties, and fluid mechanics of jets are influenced by the ground surfaces, providing longer penetration, less rise, and appropriate dispersion parameters of the jets, and accordingly little bit higher concentrations of air pollution. So, using results obtained from CFD simulations (Fluent 6.3) of aircraft engine jet dynamics allow us to improve LAQ modeling systems (improved version of PolEmiCa).
\nComparison of measured and modeled NOx concentrations in the plumes from aircraft engines was significantly improved (by 20%—at Athens and by 30%—at Boryspil airports) by taking into account lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters (height of buoyancy effect, jet length penetration, and plume dispersions).
\nContent alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11871",title:"Aortic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6559d38b53bc671745ac8bf9ef2bd1f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11871.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12103",title:"Rural Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f7e45740aad4a96d7116149f82faae91",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12103.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12082",title:"Dengue Fever",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8d498ca71a15ec2603ba320a6207adf2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12082.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12106",title:"Global Women's Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80a58bcc0b23ae0b4917f69a2a241f9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12106.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12083",title:"Cysticercosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8ad302ecd4a7cb072e75ef77cbb2be2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12083.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:148},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1376",title:"Manufacturing Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering-manufacturing-engineering",parent:{id:"296",title:"Textile Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:115,numberOfWosCitations:534,numberOfCrossrefCitations:276,numberOfDimensionsCitations:701,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1376",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8542",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:"An Itinerary Between Feelings and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88f3d9a82a4972e4bf74cf48490eca31",slug:"fashion-industry-an-itinerary-between-feelings-and-technology",bookSignature:"Riccardo Beltramo, Annalisa Romani and Paolo Cantore",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257332",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Beltramo",slug:"riccardo-beltramo",fullName:"Riccardo Beltramo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8892",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1437c101708777875352cbfd31f6241b",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",bookSignature:"Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8892.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5921",title:"Textiles for Advanced Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4deef8de2e616f18c51985a3cafe9acb",slug:"textiles-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Bipin Kumar and Suman Thakur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5921.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177114",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"bipin-kumar",fullName:"Bipin Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5086",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793e019e29b364d0daa8031b0800c3c3",slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",bookSignature:"E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar and Ayşegül Ekmekci Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10485",title:"Dr.",name:"Emriye",middleName:"Perrin",surname:"Akcakoca Kumbasar",slug:"emriye-akcakoca-kumbasar",fullName:"Emriye Akcakoca Kumbasar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5062",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06787f40748e81d97fb3e8c5370b35a5",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",bookSignature:"Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3137",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78714c655bf80050e9713a50a0581ccb",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",bookSignature:"Melih Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33126",title:"Dr.",name:"Melih",middleName:null,surname:"Gunay",slug:"melih-gunay",fullName:"Melih Gunay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41411",doi:"10.5772/53659",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:20668,totalCrossrefCites:101,totalDimensionsCites:320,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"51191",doi:"10.5772/64140",title:"A Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies in Dye-Containing Wastewater Treatment – The Textile Industry Case",slug:"a-review-of-state-of-the-art-technologies-in-dye-containing-wastewater-treatment-the-textile-industr",totalDownloads:5387,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"Recently, new single or hybrid/combined processes have attracted much attention for treatment of textile and dyeing wastewaters. These processes which may be termed as “state of the art technologies” are membrane separation processes, ultrasonic, photochemical and electrochemical processes. Although the conventional methods still have been tried with some new materials such as, new adsorbents or coagulants, employing the new generation methods such as, electrocagulation-electrooxidation, sonooxidation or photo oxidation are gaining in popularity when the treatment of textile wastewaters is discussed. The purpose of the book chapter is to bring an overview on the new treatment methods for textile wastewaters, one of the most important source of environmental pollution. Despite the fact that there is no uniform standard currently, many countries have legalized some strict discharging standards and scientists and researchers face new technologies including electrical, sonic, magnetic, optical and thermal methods. Although many researches on treatment of synthetic or real wastewaters with various methods are available, very few researches have been carried out on the cutting-edge technologies. Moreover, there are a lot of review article or book chapters on textile wastewater treatment processes individually based on each conventional process such as coagulation, adsorption, chemical oxidation, and biological decolorization. Therefore, in this part of the book, following major and minor titles are stated truly on the aforementioned new technologies. Besides, these parts are not only about cutting-edge technologies, but also related with conventional methods and their new applications in colored wastewater treatment area briefly.",book:{id:"5086",slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",fullTitle:"Textile Wastewater Treatment"},signatures:"Serkan Arslan, Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel",authors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"},{id:"176699",title:"Dr.",name:"Ercan",middleName:null,surname:"Gürbulak",slug:"ercan-gurbulak",fullName:"Ercan Gürbulak"},{id:"176700",title:"MSc.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",slug:"serkan-arslan",fullName:"Serkan Arslan"},{id:"176701",title:"Prof.",name:"Ebubekir",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksel",slug:"ebubekir-yuksel",fullName:"Ebubekir Yüksel"}]},{id:"42001",doi:"10.5772/53777",title:"Cyclodextrins in Textile Finishing",slug:"cyclodextrins-in-textile-finishing",totalDownloads:5486,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Bojana Voncina and Vera Vivod",authors:[{id:"33838",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojana",middleName:null,surname:"Voncina",slug:"bojana-voncina",fullName:"Bojana Voncina"}]},{id:"41409",doi:"10.5772/53911",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7061,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]},{id:"68157",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87968",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4473,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4488,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]},{id:"41411",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:20676,totalCrossrefCites:101,totalDimensionsCites:320,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10568,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7063,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]},{id:"55424",title:"Textile Reinforced Structural Composites for Advanced Applications",slug:"textile-reinforced-structural-composites-for-advanced-applications",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Textile-reinforced composites are increasingly used in various industries such as aerospace, construction, automotive, medicine, and sports due to their distinctive advantages over traditional materials such as metals and ceramics. Fiber-reinforced composite materials are lightweight, stiff, and strong. They have good fatigue and impact resistance. Their directional and overall properties can be tailored to fulfill specific needs of different end uses by changing constituent material types and fabrication parameters such as fiber volume fraction and fiber architecture. A variety of fiber architectures can be obtained by using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fabric production techniques such as weaving, knitting, braiding, stitching, and nonwoven methods. Each fiber architecture/textile form results in a specific configuration of mechanical and performance properties of the resulting composites and determines the end-use possibilities and product range. This chapter highlights the constituent materials, fabric formation techniques, production methods, as well as application areas of textile-reinforced composites. Fiber and matrix materials used for the production of composite materials are outlined. Various textile production methods used for the formation of textile preforms are explained. Composite fabrication methods are introduced. Engineering properties of textile composites are reviewed with regard to specific application areas. The latest developments and future challenges for textile-reinforced composites are presented.",book:{id:"5921",slug:"textiles-for-advanced-applications",title:"Textiles for Advanced Applications",fullTitle:"Textiles for Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman, Yekta Karaduman, Huseyin Ozdemir\nand Gokce Ozdemir",authors:[{id:"175839",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Sahbaz Karaduman",slug:"nesrin-sahbaz-karaduman",fullName:"Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman"},{id:"201620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yekta",middleName:null,surname:"Karaduman",slug:"yekta-karaduman",fullName:"Yekta Karaduman"},{id:"201621",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"huseyin-ozdemir",fullName:"Hüseyin Özdemir"},{id:"201622",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökce",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"gokce-ozdemir",fullName:"Gökce Özdemir"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1376",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"