\r\n\tCell viability is defined as the number of healthy cells in a sample and proliferation of cells is a vital indicator for understanding the mechanisms inaction of certain genes, proteins, and pathways involved in cell survival or death after exposure to toxic agents. The methods used to determine viability are also common for the detection of cell proliferation. A cell viability assay is performed based on the ratio of live and dead cells. This assay is based on an analysis of cell viability in cell culture for evaluating in vitro drug effects in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays for monitoring cell proliferation. Various methods are involved in performing a cell viability assay, including the dilution method, surface viable count, roll tube technique, nalidixic acid method, fluorogenic dye assay, and the Trypan Blue Cell Viability Assay. The cell viability assays can determine the effect of drug candidates on cells and be used to optimize the cell culture conditions. The parameters that define cell viability can be as diverse as the redox potential of the cell population, the integrity of cell membranes, or the activity of cellular enzymes. \r\n\tCytotoxicity is the degree to which a substance can cause damage to a cell. Cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of cytotoxic compounds to cause cell damage or cell death. Cytotoxicity assays are widely used in fundamental research and drug discovery to screen libraries for toxic compounds. The cell cytotoxicity and proliferation assays are mainly used for drug screening to detect whether the test molecules have effects on cell proliferation or display direct cytotoxic effects. In a cell-based assay, it is important to know how many viable cells are remaining at the end of the experiment. There are a variety of assay methods based on various cell functions such as enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and nucleotide uptake activity. These methods could be classified in to different categories: (I) dye exclusion methods such as trypan blue dye exclusion assay, (II) methods based on metabolic activity, (III) ATP assay, (IV) sulforhodamine B assay, (V) protease viability marker assay, (VI) clonogenic cell survival assay, (VII) DNA synthesis cell proliferation assays and (V) Raman micro-spectroscopy. \r\n\tMedical devices have been widely used in various clinical disciplines and these devices have direct contact with the tissues and cells of the body, they should have good physical and chemical properties as well as good biocompatibility. Biocompatibility testing assesses the compatibility of medical devices with a biological system. It studies the interaction between the device and the various types of living tissues and cells exposed to the device when it comes into contact with patients.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tThe book will cover original studies, reviews, all aspects of Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity assays, methods, Biocompatibility of studies of biomedical devices, and related topics.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-246-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-245-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-247-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ad664980a1e5007239b6de58fcf0bd9a",bookSignature:"Prof. Sukumaran Anil",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11678.jpg",keywords:"Cytotoxicity, Cytotoxicity Testing, Biocompatibility, ATP Assay, MTT Assay, Cell Viability, DNA Synthesis Cell Proliferation Assays, Raman Micro-Spectroscopy, Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion Assay, Medical Devices, Drugs, Safety Testing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 9th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 26th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Anil Sukumaran is currently Senior Consultant and Professor of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, Hamad Medical Corporation/Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. 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1. Introduction
In power electronics, the switching frequencies are increasingly high to reduce these systems’ weight, volume, and cost. This rise in frequency is accompanied by an increase in conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances. It also has significant effects on the behavior of these components at high frequencies. The characterization of the electromagnetic behavior of the various components of power electronics systems is an important step to control these systems’ electromagnetic compatibility that should start from the design phase [1, 2, 3, 4].
Many researchers have proposed radiating models for components or systems. In [2], concerning systems, a radiating model of a DC-DC converter was put forward and referenced as TEN 40–2412. The suggested model was composed of a network of four magnetic dipoles. The study in [3] proposed two radiating models of a circuit based on a microcontroller. The first model was based on 53 magnetic dipoles, while the second one was based on 517 electric dipoles. In [4], a radiating model of the MOSFET was presented, constituted by a magnetic dipole. Two radiating models of toric self-inductance were suggested in [5]. The first developed model consisted of a large number of dipoles (676 dipoles). It was obtained by using a modeling approach based on the matrix inversion. The second model was composed of a network of 12 dipoles. Previously, researchers have already put forward a radiating model for an inductor [6, 7]. The proposed model by [6] consisted of a network of two simple magnetic dipoles. However, the one suggested by [7] was composed of a large number of magnetic and electric dipoles (520 dipoles). The measurements of the electromagnetic radiation were performed as described in [8].
On the other hand, several methods have been developed to model the radiated emissions of components and electrical systems. The study in [3] suggested two methods. The first one was based on magnetic dipoles, and the second one was based on electric dipoles. The two presented methods required both the field amplitude and phase. The study in [4] put forward an electromagnetic inverse method based on the Genetic Algorithms (GA). The method gave good results when the number of searched parameters is not very significant; otherwise, the method was inefficient considering calculation time and convergence. The same authors developed [2] a new approach based on image processing descriptor PZMI by processing only a scan window of the measured magnetic field cartography. Another approach was developed based on the matrix calculation [6, 7].
In this chapter, we are interested in the radiation of film capacitors. The film capacitors are widely used in the power electronics domain replacing electrolytic capacitors. They particularly permit the improvement of reliability and EMI suppression. Indeed, they are often used in new industrial applications, such as power converters for renewable energy and hybrid automotive systems. The film capacitors are mainly characterized by a high insulation resistance, large conduction currents, and good stability of its capacitance. These components are generally cumbersome, and their radiation certainly affects the overall radiation of the circuits. The electromagnetic field radiated by capacitors creates induced disturbances that may cause a dysfunction to the neighboring circuits. Therefore, the mastery of all the circuit’s radiated fields is a requirement for the system’s proper functionality. It will be worthwhile to dispose of the radiation model of capacitors.
The literature review of papers related to EMC analysis of discrete capacitors shows few studies dealing with conducted disturbances across these components and their coupling effects on other neighboring components. Particularly, in [9, 10, 11, 12], the authors first studied the electromagnetic coupling between the components of an EMC filter. The filter was composed of two capacitors and two coils. Second, they proposed an automatic method to determine the optimal placement of components and the associated tracks’ design. However, these studies treat the coupling only in EMC filter applications. They were not interested in the capacitor’s radiation. In [12], methods for predicting the magnetic field distribution in the capacitors were presented. Although the existence of a magnetic field may seem anecdotal in capacitors whose functionality depends on the electric field, the magnetic field is precisely the cause of imperfections of the capacitors: the equivalent series inductance, the resonant frequencies, the associated losses, and the currents induced in metalized capacitors [13].
The present chapter aims to propose a radiation model for film capacitors, which has never been proposed before. In Section 2, the experimental techniques used to characterize the near field around the capacitors are presented. In Section 3, the magnetic near field above the capacitors is analyzed. The modeling method is explained in Section 4. In the following sections, the measured fields are used to develop the radiating models of the studied capacitors. Finally, a generic model for all rectangular capacitors is presented.
2. Experimental techniques and characterization method
2.1 Excitation circuit
To allow characterization over a wide frequency band, the component under test (CUT) is excited by a current having a large frequency band similar to those found in power electronics. Therefore, It is proposed to install the component under test in a converter circuit supplied by a voltage equal to 30 V and has a duty cycle of 0.5 (Figure 1). The output current of the circuit is 0.5 A. The switching frequency is 50 kHz.
Figure 1.
Chopper circuit where component under test is characterized.
2.2 Measurements methods
In our study, we utilize only one component of the field radiated by the system under test. Indeed, the use of a single component in a large number of points is quite sufficient to identify the equivalent source by guaranteeing the uniqueness of the solution [14, 15]. Furthermore, the developed radiating model is capable of modeling the electric field as well as the magnetic field. Actually, based on [16, 17, 18], we can calculate from the magnetic field, the electric ones, and vice versa.
Since the method can be applied to any magnetic or electric field component, we have used the vertical component Hz. We may also utilize the other tangential components (Hx or Hy). For measuring the magnetic near field, we place a magnetic probe above the device under test. It is a manually made probe consisting of a 1.6 mm radius circular loop connected to the central conductor on one side and the external shield of a coaxial cable on the other side. To capture the various components of the H-field, it is necessary to place the normal of the collinear loop to the desired component.
In our study, we use two methods for measuring the magnetic field around the component. The first method performs the near field measurements in the frequency domain, and the second one is performed in the time domain.
2.2.1 Frequency measurements
The method of frequency measurements is based on a spectrum analyzer. In fact, to measure the magnetic field radiated of the under-test device, we use the near-field measurement bench presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Frequency measurement bench.
2.2.2 Temporal measurements
The temporal measurements method is based on the utilization of an oscilloscope. This measurement method permits us to have a radiated magnetic field by the device under test at any moment. After measuring the temporal voltage across the probe, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) calculation is performed. Figure 3 presents the adopted methodology.
Figure 3.
Methodology using temporal bench.
According to Lenz-Faraday law, for a simple fixed circular conductor loop, having a very small radius R compared to the wavelength, diving in a magnetic field B(t) oriented along the z-axis, the potential difference induced in the loop by the magnetic field is given by the following equations:
In the time domain
Vmt=∮∂B∂tdSE1
In the frequency domain
Vmf=jωBSE2
where B=μ0×H
SoVmf=jωμ0HSE3
where μ0=4×π×10−7, is the magnetic permeability S=π×r2 is the surface of the probe, f is the radiation frequency, and ω = 2πf.
The magnetic field is assumed to be constant over the entire area of the probe. This is especially true when the probe is very small compared to the capacitor’s size. Therefore, the magnetic field measured at the center of the probe is calculated by the following equation:
Hf=Vmf/2×2×π×μ0×f×2×SE4
where Vm (f) is the component at the frequency f of the FFT of the voltage measured at the terminals of the probe. Finally, we can extract the near-field cartographies for each radiating frequency.
2.3 Probe calibration
Before using a magnetic field probe, it is necessary to calibrate it. In [5, 6], the authors suggested a method to validate the accuracy of their magnetic field probes. They measured the radiated magnetic field around a simple circuit with a conductive wire above a ground plane. The values of the measured field are compared to those calculated theoretically. Thus, the comparison of the results enabled the validation of the used probes.
Similarly, in this work, to calibrate the magnetic probe, we have used a radiating circuit whose radiation is known theoretically. We compare the measured radiated magnetic field to that calculated by the numerical electromagnetic tool NEC [19] based on the moment’s method. The radiating circuit is a rectangular loop of 5 cm length and 3 cm width excited by a sinusoidal voltage of 10 V amplitude at a frequency of 5 MHz (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Loop used for probe calibration.
The simulations and measurements are made at the points located in a horizontal plane at 3 mm above the radiating loop and having dimensions of 5 × 3 cm2. The calculation step is 2.5 mm along the X-axis and 1.5 mm along the Y-axis (441 measurement points).
Figures 5–7 gives the magnetic field components Hz, Hx, and Hy along the X- and Y-axis, respectively. It shows a good agreement between the measured and calculated curves of the Hz component. In order to have a good signal-to-noise ratio when measuring Hx and Hy components, we chose measurement lines located at the edge of the emitting loop. Consequently, in some probe measurements, we notice a difference between measurements and simulations due to the edge effects and the coupling effects between the probe and the radiating loop. These phenomena are not significant on the Hz component and therefore do not affect the construction of the model.
Figure 5.
Hz following X- and Y-axes respectively for Y = 4.5 mm and X = 25 mm.
Figure 6.
Hx following X- and Y-axes respectively for Y = 1.5 mm and X = 25 mm.
Figure 7.
Hy following X- and Y-axes respectively for Y = 1.5 mm and X = 25 mm.
In order to examine the electric field rejection capability of our magnetic probe, we have placed it over a transmitting electric antenna where the amplitude of the electric field is important. The observed voltage across the probe is so low that we cannot dissociate it from the noise. Hence we deduce that our shielded probe rejects very well the electric field and measures the magnetic field with great accuracy.
3. Measurements and analysis of polypropylene capacitor radiation
Measurements are performed in the time domain using a high-bandwidth oscilloscope. We have measured the vertical component Hz of the magnetic near-field radiated above a plastic polypropylene capacitor of a 2.2 uF capacitance and a maximum voltage of 100 V (the capacitor size is 15 mm × 6 mm × 26.5 mm). To avoid the interferences caused by the capacitor legs, we have folded the legs of the latter. The probe is located at a distance of 2 mm above the capacitor in a plane whose dimensions are 4 cm x 2 cm. The displacements are done with a measuring step of 2 mm on the X-axis and 1 mm on the Y-axis. Thus, we have 400 measurement points. Figure 8 shows the measurement plane and the component under test. It gives a particular point (3, 5) position in the measurement plane.
Figure 8.
Measurement plane over component under test.
Figure 9 shows the temporal voltage measured at the terminals of the magnetic probe once it is situated at the point (3, 5): the third position along the X-axis and the fifth position along the Y-axis. When analyzing the measured magnetic field signal, the existence of switching transients is noticed during turning on and off the power component utilized in the chopper.
Figure 9.
Measured voltage at the terminals of the probe above capacitor under test.
We present in Figure 10 the spectrum of radiated magnetic field Hz above the capacitor in the point (3,5). Figure 10 shows the spectrum analysis of the whole temporal signal with both switching phases (closing and opening of the MOSFET in the excitation circuit where our studied component is characterized). That measured above the capacitor at the point of the coordinates (3,5) presented in Figure 9. By analyzing the measured temporal signal spectrum, four principal harmonics are observed, which have the following frequencies: 3 MHz, 11 MHz, 20 MHz, and 40 MHz. The resonances that appear above the capacitor are principally due to the operating current flowing into the chopper circuit. Figure 11 presents the cartographies of the field above the capacitor at these different frequencies.
Figure 10.
Spectrum of radiated magnetic field Hz at the terminals of the probe above the studied capacitor at point (3.5).
Figure 11.
Cartographies of the near field for 3 MHz, 11 MHz, 20 MHz, and 40 MHz frequencies.
According to the previous cartographies, the distribution of the radiated magnetic field above the capacitor is over the entire component surface, as illustrated in Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Distribution of magnetic field above capacitor for f = 20 MHz.
4. Modeling methodology
To develop a radiating model that enables producing a near field equal to that is radiated by the system under test, we use the flow diagram given in Figure 13. The modeling methodology is based on a hybrid approach consisting of the coupling between the electromagnetic inverse method and the Method of Moments (MoM) [20].
Figure 13.
Flow chart of the modeling approach.
This approach starts by introducing the electromagnetic near field measured around the device under test and then defines the optimization parameters by the Genetic Algorithm (GA) that has been presented in [21, 22]. After, the search is launched to find the parameters of the equivalent radiating structure by comparing the measured cartography to the one calculated numerically by the MoM and using the obtained parameters.
The magnetic field generated by the N sources is calculated using NEC2D software core, which is based on the MoM.
As the capacitor cartographies gather at the radiation of a rectangular loop, the search for models has been launched to find a rectangular current loop using the method based on the coupling between the inverse method and the MoM. Each rectangular loop is characterized by the coordinates of its center (X0, Y0, Z0), its width (w), its length (L), its orientations (φ, θ), the radius (r) of the loop wire, and the current flowing through it (Figure 14).
Figure 14.
Rectangular current loop parameters.
5. Model for the polypropylene capacitor
5.1 Model research
After presenting the magnetic field cartography radiated by the capacitor in Section 3, we apply our approach to find a model that gives the same radiation as measured over the capacitor. To do this, we used the cartography of the vertical component Hz of the magnetic field at a frequency of 20 MHz. We chose the cartography of 20 MHz because it was the clearest one. Figure 15 shows the position of the identified loop on the capacitor cartography. The modeling results for the obtained model are shown in Table 1.
Figure 15.
Obtained loop position.
Center coordinates (X0, Y0, Z0) (mm)
3.6; 19; −2.9
Loop dimensions
Width (mm)
12
Length (mm)
23
Orientations
φ (rd)
0
θ (rd)
0
Conductor radius R (mm)
1
Voltage excitation (V)
0.035
Table 1.
Parameters of the equivalent model of the polypropylene capacitor.
Figure 16 presents the measured and estimated cartographies of the magnetic field vertical component Hz. A reasonable agreement between the two cartographies is observed.
Figure 16.
Measured and estimated cartographies.
5.2 Model validation
Further validation of the model is performed on other faces of the capacitor or other components as proposed in [4, 23]. Hence, we measured the magnetic field cartography in the literal face and compared it to the one that has been calculated using the obtained model.
Accordingly, the capacitor is placed vertically, and measurements of the cartography are carried out on the other side of the capacitor. Figure 17 depicts the layout of the measurements.
Figure 17.
Measurement of the magnetic field over a vertically placed capacitor.
The validation of the model is made at 20 MHz and a measurement height of 3 mm. Figure 18 shows the measured and calculated magnetic field cartography above the vertically placed capacitor.
Figure 18.
Cartographies of the measured and calculated field above vertically placed capacitor.
According to the previous results, the magnetic field is reconstructed by the model shows good resembling with the measured one. These results confirm the existence of an equivalent rectangular current loop in the capacitor. To explain the obtained results, we present in Figure 19 the internal structure of the capacitor. Film capacitors are made out of two pieces of plastic film covered with metallic electrodes wound into a cylindrical-shaped winding, with terminals attached, and then encapsulated.
Figure 19.
Film capacitor’s internal structure.
The analysis of the internal structure of the film capacitor confirms the obtained equivalent model. Indeed, the surface of the capacitor appears as a rectangular loop.
The internal coupling phenomenon certainly causes this current distribution at the capacitor contour in the component. This current distribution in the capacitor film is consistent with that introduced in [12, 13].
6. Model for the metalized polyester capacitor
6.1 Measurement of magnetic near-field radiated by polyester capacitors
Based on the frequency measurement method, we measured the vertical component Hz of the magnetic field radiated above a metalized polyester capacitor of a 1 μF capacitance and having a maximum voltage of 100 V (the capacitor size 14 mm x 7 mm x 18 mm). In order to have only the magnetic field radiated by the capacitor, the capacitor legs are bent. The probe was located at a 3 mm distance from the capacitor. The magnetic field measurements were performed in a plane whose dimensions were 30 mm x 20 mm with a measuring step of 1.5 mm on the X-axis and 1 mm on the Y-axis. Figure 20 shows the measurement plane and the component under test.
Figure 20.
(a) Measurement plan; (b) device under test.
After making Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of the measured signals above the capacitor, we notice that the frequency of 26 MHz has maximum amplitude. We present in the following Figure 21 the cartographies of the Hz and Hy components measured at the frequency of 26 MHz.
Figure 21.
Cartographies of the field above the capacitor: (a) Hz and (b) Hy.
6.2 Radiated-field modeling
As for the polypropylene capacitor, the radiation of the polyester capacitor looks like that of a rectangular loop. The same method exposed previously is used to the cartography of the measured magnetic field Hz at the frequency of 26 MHz. The modeling result is a rectangular current loop whose parameters are given in Table 2. Figure 22 exposes the cartographies of the magnetic field Hz measured and estimated by the obtained model above the capacitor. A good agreement between the two cartographies is observed.
Center coordinates (X0, Y0, Z0) (mm)
1; 15; −3.3
Loop dimensions
Width (mm)
12
Length (mm)
16
Orientations
φ (rd)
0
θ (rd)
−0.2
Conductor radius R (mm)
1
Voltage excitation (V)
0.0017
Table 2.
Parameters of the equivalent model of the metallized polyester capacitor.
Figure 22.
Measured and estimated cartographies of polyester capacitor.
6.3 Model validation
To validate the obtained model better, we examined the cartographies of the other components of the magnetic field above the capacitor. We specifically compared the measured component, Hy of the magnetic field, calculated using the obtained model (Figure 23).
Figure 23.
Cartographies of measured and estimated Hy component of the magnetic field above the capacitor.
The previous results show that the magnetic field reconstructed by the model resembles, to a great extent, the measured magnetic field.
7. Capacitor generic model
The examination of the results obtained previously allows us to conclude that the equivalent radiating model for the different types of rectangular film capacitors is a rectangular loop whose parameters depend on the geometry of the capacitor as illustrated in Figure 24 and explained in Table 3.
Figure 24.
Capacitor parameters and the analogy with the equivalent loop.
φ=0 θ depends on the position of the capacitor under test relative to the x-axis ≅ 0.
Voltage excitation
Dependence on the field amplitude
Table 3.
Size of the source rectangular loop of the generic model.
We suggest in Table 3 formulas in order to determine by using capacitor dimensions the size of the source rectangular loop of the generic model.
To validate the proposed generic model, we applied it to another rectangular capacitor. Therefore, we measured the magnetic field above a third rectangular capacitor having 2.2 μF capacitance and a maximum voltage of 250 V (the capacitor size is 25 mm x 14 mm x 41.5 mm).
We performed measurements of the near field cartography above the studied capacitor, and then we applied the method based on the coupling of the electromagnetic inverse method with the MoM to find the equivalent model that will be compared to the one obtained by the generic model formulas.
According to Table 4, we notice that the calculated parameters by the formulas of the generic model are very close to those obtained by the inverse electromagnetic method.
Without generic model
Generic model
The center coordinates (X0, Y0, Z0) (mm)
2; 26; −7.3
2.3,25,-7
Loop dimensions
Width (mm)
21
20
Length (mm)
37
35.69
Orientations
φ (rd)
0
0
θ (rd)
0
0
Conductor radius R (mm)
1
1
Voltage excitation (V)
0.0007
0.00055
Modeling time (min)
62
8
Table 4.
Parameters of rectangular loop obtained by two methods.
We observe from the previous table that the searching model using the generic model is seven times faster than when being used without the generic model. Indeed, in the generic model, we search only one parameter (the excitation voltage), whiles the others parameters are calculated using the formulas given in Table 3.
Figure 25 shows Hy and Hz’s components of the magnetic near-field measured and estimated by the two obtained models above the capacitor under test at a frequency of 27 MHz.
Figure 25.
Cartographies of magnetic field: (A) measured and (B) estimated using the inverse method and (C) using generic model (at 27 MHz).
According to the previous results, the magnetic field reconstructed using the proposed generic model shows an agreement with the measured magnetic field. In fact, in our modeling approach, we are interested in the high amplitudes of the magnetic field (red parts in the cartographies) because they have the most important magnetic field radiated by the component under test. We notice a good agreement between the measured and calculated fields by the generic model is observed.
Figure 26 presents a comparison between the two models for cuts of Hz and Hy components along the x-axis. It shows a reasonable agreement between the measured magnetic field and the obtained one with the two models.
Figure 26.
Comparison of the two models for cuts of Hz and Hy components along the x-axis.
The examination of all the obtained results enables us to conclude that the suggested generic model is a slight model that permits, in a very short time, the calculation of the radiation of the different types of rectangular capacitors.
8. Conclusion
Film capacitors are among the larger components on power electronics boards. Therefore, they cause considerable radiation above all the circuits. In this paper, we have presented the characterization measurements of the magnetic field radiated by different film capacitors used in power electronics. We have then utilized the inverse electromagnetic method based on coupling between the Genetic algorithms and the MoM to find models of equivalent radiating sources of these capacitors. A generic radiating model for different rectangular film capacitors has been finally put forward and validated using measurements on another capacitor.
This equivalent model is special; hence, its radiation is much more complicated than the one usually used by the electromagnetic inverse problem (elementary magnetic and electric dipoles).
The proposed radiating model reduces the number of parameters to be determined by the GA method and consequently reduces the convergence time of the inverse method. Circuit designers can use it to optimize the placement of capacitors on the printed circuit board to reduce their coupling with other equipment located in the vicinity of this system.
\n',keywords:"Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), Film capacitors, electromagnetic radiation, near field, inverse problems, generic model, analysis and modeling",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77545.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77545.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77545",totalDownloads:132,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:0,impactScoreQuartile:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 19th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"November 11th 2021",datePublished:"February 23rd 2022",dateFinished:"July 14th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter deals with modeling the radiation from rectangular film capacitors as a power electronics component. The rectangular film capacitors are sources of electromagnetic radiation, where its characterization is crucial for electronic circuits EMC. Our study presents the analyses and modeling of the magnetic near field radiated by the plastic and the polyester capacitors. An electromagnetic inverse method is combined with an optimization method based on genetic algorithms to create a radiating equivalent model. A very good agreement is observed between the magnetic near field cartography measured above the studied structure and calculated using the developed model parameters. Finally, a generic radiating model is proposed for various types of rectangular film capacitors. The generic model is validated using the measurements on a rectangular capacitor. The obtained equivalent model can calculate the magnetic field at any near field zone and far field around the capacitors. Circuit designers can use the field distribution to optimize the placement of the capacitors on the printed circuit board to reduce their coupling and potential interaction with other equipment in the vicinity of the system.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77545",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77545",book:{id:"10852",slug:"recent-topics-in-electromagnetic-compatibility"},signatures:"Walid Labiedh, Bessem Zitouna, Mohamed Tlig and Jaleleddine Ben Hadj Slama",authors:[{id:"310034",title:"Dr.",name:"Bessem",middleName:null,surname:"Zitouna",fullName:"Bessem Zitouna",slug:"bessem-zitouna",email:"bessem.zitouna@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"310038",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaleleddine",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Hadj Slama",fullName:"Jaleleddine Ben Hadj Slama",slug:"jaleleddine-ben-hadj-slama",email:"bhslama@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"415422",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Labiedh",fullName:"Walid Labiedh",slug:"walid-labiedh",email:"walid.labiedh@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"415423",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Tlig",fullName:"Mohamed Tlig",slug:"mohamed-tlig",email:"tligmohamed@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Experimental techniques and characterization method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Excitation circuit",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Measurements methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Frequency measurements",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 Temporal measurements",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 Probe calibration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Measurements and analysis of polypropylene capacitor radiation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Modeling methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"5. Model for the polypropylene capacitor",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.1 Model research",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.2 Model validation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"6. Model for the metalized polyester capacitor",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.1 Measurement of magnetic near-field radiated by polyester capacitors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.2 Radiated-field modeling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.3 Model validation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"7. Capacitor generic model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Jaleleddine BEN HADJ SLAMA and Walid LABIEDH, “Library of EMC Models for Passive Components and Printed Circuit Board,” Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), 16th IEEE Mediterranean, pp. 325-330, 25-28 March 2012.'},{id:"B2",body:'Saidi, S.; Ben Hadj Slama, J., “A Near-Field Technique Based on PZMI, GA, and ANN: Application to Power Electronics Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 56, no. 4, pp. 784-791, Aug. 2014.'},{id:"B3",body:'Y. Vives-Gilabert, C. Arcambal, A. Louis, F. De Daran, P. Eudeline, B. Mazari, “Modeling Magnetic Radiations of Electronic Circuits Using Near-Field Scanning Method,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 49, no.2, pp.391-400, May 2007.'},{id:"B4",body:'Sofiene Saidi and Jaleleddine Ben Hadj Slama, “Analysis and modeling of power MOSFET radiation,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, VOL. 31, pp 247-262, 2013.'},{id:"B5",body:'Yolanda Vives-Gilabert, Christian Arcambal, Anne Louis, Philippe Eudeline, and Belahcene Mazari, “Modeling Magnetic Emissions Combining Image Processing and an Optimization Algorithm” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 51, NO. 4, pp 909-918, NOVEMBER 2009.'},{id:"B6",body:'Levy, P.-E.; Gautier, C.; Costa, F.; Revol, B.; Labarre, C., “Accurate Modeling of Radiated Electromagnetic Field by a Coil With a Toroidal Ferromagnetic Core,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 55, no. 5, pp. 825-833, Oct. 2013.'},{id:"B7",body:'Shall, H.; Riah, Z.; Kadi, M., “A 3-D Near-Field Modeling Approach for Electromagnetic Interference Prediction,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 56, no. 1, pp.102-112, Feb. 2014.'},{id:"B8",body:'Baudry, D.; Arcambal, C.; Louis, A.; Mazari, B.; Eudeline, P., “Applications of the Near-Field Techniques in EMC Investigations,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 49, no. 3, pp. 485-493, Aug. 2007.'},{id:"B9",body:'De-Oliveira, T.; Schanen, J.-L.; Guichon, J.-M.; Gerbaud, L., “Optimal Stray Magnetic Couplings for EMC Filters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. 49, no. 4, pp. 1619-1627, July-Aug. 2013.'},{id:"B10",body:'De Oliveira, T.; Guichon, J.-M.; Schanen, J.-L.; Gerbaud, L., “PEEC-models for EMC filter layout optimization,” 2010 6th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS), VOL., no, pp. 1-6, 16-18 March 2010.'},{id:"B11",body:'Henglin Chen; Zhaoming Qian, “Modeling and Characterization of Parasitic Inductive Coupling Effects on Differential-Mode EMI Performance of a Boost Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 53, no. 4, pp. 1072-1080, Nov. 2011.'},{id:"B12",body:'E. L. Nativel, T. Talbert, T. Martire, C. Joubert, N. Daude and P. Falgayrettes, “Near-field electromagnetic tomography applied to current density reconstruction in metallized capacitors,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL. 20, no. 1, pp. 11-16, Jan. 2005.'},{id:"B13",body:'C. Joubert, A. Béroual, G. Rojat, “Magnetic Field and Current Distribution in Metallized Capacitors,” Journal of Applied Physics, VOL. 76, No. 9, pp. 5288-52931 November 1994.'},{id:"B14",body:'Jun Fan, “Near-field scanning for EM emission characterization,” IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, VOL. 4, no. 3, pp. 67-73, 3rd Quarter 2015.'},{id:"B15",body:'X. Gao, J. Fan, Y. Zhang, H. Kajbaf and D. Pommerenke, “Far-Field Prediction Using Only Magnetic Near-Field Scanning for EMI Test,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, VOL. 56, no. 6, pp. 1335-1343, Dec. 2014.'},{id:"B16",body:'Y. Liu, B. Ravelo, and A. K. Jastrzebski, “Calculation of time-domain near field Ex,y,z(t) from Hx,y(t) with PWS and FFT Transforms,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., Roma, Italy, pp. 1–6, 17–20 September 2012.'},{id:"B17",body:'B. Ravelo, “E-field extraction from H-near-field in time-domain by using PWS method,” Progress Electromagn. Res. B, VOL. 25, pp. 171–189, 2010.'},{id:"B18",body:'Y. Liu, B. Ravelo, A. K. Jastrzebski, and J. B. Hadj Slama, “Calculation of the time domain z-component of the EM-near-field from the x- and y-components,” in Proc. 41st Eur. Microw. Conf., pp. 317–320, 10 - 13 October 2011.'},{id:"B19",body:'G. J. Burke and A. J. Poggio, “Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) - Method of Moments,” NOSC TD 116 Part I, January 1981.'},{id:"B20",body:'J. Ben Hadj Slama, S. Saidi, “Coupling the Electromagnetic Inverse Problem Based on Genetic Algorithms with Moment’s Method for EMC of Circuits,” 15th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference MELECON’10, Malta, pp. 709-714, 26-28 April 2010.'},{id:"B21",body:'Sofiene Saidi and Jaleleddine Ben Hadj Slama, “Effect of Genetic Algorithm parameters on Convergence of the Electromagnetic Inverse Method,” 8th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices, pp. 1-5, 22-25 March 2011.'},{id:"B22",body:'Zitouna, B., Ben Hadj Slama, J., “Enhancement of time-domain electromagnetic inverse method for modeling circuits radiations,” IEEE Trans.Electromagn. Compat., VOL. 58, (2), pp. 534–542, 2016.'},{id:"B23",body:'Bessem Zitouna and J. Ben Hadj Slama, “Time domain inverse method based on the near field technique to solve electromagnetic interference problems: application to an AC/DC flyback converter,” IET Power Electronics, VOL. 11, no. 13, pp. 2133–2139, Jun. 2018.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Walid Labiedh",address:null,affiliation:'
LATIS, Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, ENISo, National Engineering School of Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia
LATIS, Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, ENISo, National Engineering School of Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jaleleddine Ben Hadj Slama",address:null,affiliation:'
LATIS, Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, ENISo, National Engineering School of Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia
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1. Introduction
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) is non-material benefits provided by ecosystem services. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [1, 2, 3] defined that “nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experiences”. MEA has also classified such as cultural diversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values, inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, cultural heritage value and recreation and ecotourism (See Table 1). Heretofore, most of the cultural ecosystem services have not been studied empirically at the local and national level. For example, there are a number of studies in tourism and recreational ecosystem services, Hermes et al., (2018), Fischer et al., (2018), Europe; Mayer et al., [4] Germany; Arslan et al. (2020), Turkey; Ribeiro et al., (2018), Brazil; Costanza et al. 1997, Global; Su, Li and Chen (2019); China. In India, there are a number of studies for example, Sinclair et al., (2018), tropical ramsar wetland; Balasubramanian [5] recreational value of two protected areas in Karnataka; Subramanian and Jana [6, 7] estimated the recreational value of some Indian cities; Badola et al. (2010) assessed the recreational value of Corbett tiger reserve, India; Ninan and Kontoleon (2016) estimated the value of recreational ecosystem services in the Nagarhole national park in Karnataka. Cultural ecosystem services have been vital role in the human well-being such as engagement with the nature positive physical and mental happiness (Bryce et al. 2016); cultural ecosystem services is the basic foundation for environment and human well-being [8]; CES has creative positive human well-being in the context of opportunity to express indigenous wish and needs [9]; cultural ecosystem services linking with human health and well-being [10]. Most of the cultural ecosystem services have been neglected from the day today decision making process [10]. A number of cultural ecosystem services have not been traded in the market, conceptual and methodological issues [11]. Although, CES is one of the most important ecosystem services protecting the ecosystem [12] through the religious and spiritual significance most the developing and developed countries [13]. The growing in attention in CES integrating into the decision making is an important for sustainable environmental management in the 21st century. Cultural ecosystem services are one of the important roles in the socio-economic and ecological aspects. CES is highlights three important aspects such as i) human well-being, ii) environmental or ecological decision making and iii) socio-ecological relation between human and nature [11]. CES is also reducing poverty through the engaging in the tourism and recreational services of many the developing countries, Bulte et al., (2008); Shuai et al., (2021); Gorden et al., (2010). CES is provide economic and employment opportunity to millions of people around the world.
Cultural Ecosystem Services
Explanations
Cultural diversity
The diversity of ecosystems is one factor influencing the diversity of cultures
Spiritual and religious values
Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to ecosystems or their components
Knowledge systems
Ecosystems influence the types of knowledge systems developed by different cultures
Educational values
Ecosystems and their components and processes provide the basis for both formal and informal education in many societies
Inspiration
Ecosystems provide a rich source of inspiration for art, folklore, national symbols, architecture, and advertising
Aesthetic values
Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in various aspects of ecosystems, as reflected in the support for parks, “scenic drives” and the selection of housing locations.
Social relations
Ecosystems influence the types of social relations that are established in particular cultures.
Sense of place
Many people value the “sense of place” that is associated with recognized features of their environment, including aspects of the ecosystem.
Cultural heritage values
Many societies place high value on the maintenance of either historically important landscapes or culturally significant species
Recreation and ecotourism
People often choose where to spend their leisure time based in part on the characteristics of the natural or cultivated landscapes in a particular area.
1.1 Cultural ecosystem services and human well-being
CES is an important contribution to the human well-being through various aspects for example, Russell et al. [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] discussed cultural ecosystem services have been vital role to the human well-being such as learning capability, mental health, inspiration of imagination, subjective well-being, physical health and identity etc. in addition, there are strong relationship between human and nature through the four channels such as i) knowing, thinking about an ecosystem, ii) perceiving, remote interactions with ecosystem components; iii) interacting, physical, active, direct multisensory interactions with ecosystem component and iv) living within, everyday interactions with the ecosystem in which we live ([14]; 477). Generally, ecosystem services provide material and non-material benefits to human being. Further, provisioning ecosystem services has been strong association with human well-being, still cultural ecosystem services need more empirical analysis because benefits receiving as non-material (physical and mentally). Even though, there are number of studies has been investigated cultural ecosystem services and human well-being for example; Duraiappah [20]; Wang, Zhang and Chi [21]; Bryce et al., (2016); Leong et al., (2019); Bllock et al. (2018); Willis [22]; Yang et al. (2019); Kaltenborn et al. (2020). Environmental degradation has been highly impacts on human well-being through the various aspects for example land use and land cover changes; disservices has also impacts on marginalized group and indigenous people most of the developing countries [13]. Cultural ecosystem services are also one of the important tools for social relation in the world [20].
1.2 Economics of cultural ecosystem services
Provisioning ecosystem services has been highly studied and some services are traded in the market. Cultural ecosystem services have not been traded in the market because these services are not sold and bought in the market. However, cultural ecosystem services have been vital role in the context of generating income for local people, tourist guide, hospitality etc. through the outdoor recreation services. Cultural ecosystem services has been critical role in the day today economic activity of the millions of people for example Figure 1 explained various type of CES changing in policy and behavior of local institution. For valuing CES could redesign parks entry fee for sustainable usage of recreational ecosystem services in the many developing and developed countries as well as behavioral changes for better environmental management at the local level. An improving economic well-being of the local, national and international level through the various aspects and finally valuing cultural ecosystem services has been one of the instruments of sustainable used of ecosystem goods and services for example, improving awareness among the various users of natural resources. There are a number of studies on valuing cultural ecosystem services especially recreational of parks, protected areas, wetlands and other ecosystem services at the local, national and international level. For example, value of cultural ecosystem services for various agriculture heritages in Chile was estimated at the US $ 40,361,120 through the contingent valuation method (Barrena et al. 2014); value of recreational ecosystem services was calculated at US $ 16.1–19.6 million for Popa Mountain National Park through the individual travel cost method (Zin et al. 2019). Recreational ecosystems services are one of the important components in the cultural ecosystem services. Most of the developing and developed countries have been much engaged in the tourism or recreational activities in their life. Heagney et al. (2010) calculated the value of tourism and recreational ecosystem services at AUD$ 3.3 billion per year of New South Wales in south-eastern Australia through the individual travel cost method.
Figure 1.
Economic well-being of cultural ecosystem services. Source: Adapted from (Hirons et al., 2016).
Zandersen et al., (2009) estimated the value of recreational ecosystem services through meta-analysis of 26 studies from Europe. This study found that the consumer surplus were varied between euro 0.66 to 112 and the mean consumer surplus was calculated at 4.52 euro. Ezebilo [1] calculate the value of recreational ecosystem services for Sweden at US$16 per trip for forest areas. Nature based recreational ecosystem services of European Union was estimated at EUR 50 billion based on various environmental valuation method. Annual value of recreational ecosystem services provided by the Oku Aizu forest in Japan was calculated at US$ 27.07 million [23]. The value of recreational ecosystem services provided by urban green space at Santa Rosa, California was estimated at US$ 13.70 consumer surplus per trip to the site. Economic value of recreational ecosystem services provided by river Pajakkajoki had estimated at 40 to 144 euro per person annum. The value of recreation ecosystem services by national museum research centre of Altamira had estimated at 4.75 to 8 million euro per year based on individual travel cost method (Ortega et al., 2018). Estimated the value of recreational ecosystem services of national parks of Germany at 385.3 to 621.8 million euro per year [4]. National parks are vital contribution to economic well-being for example, total economic value of 11 Australian national parks had estimated at AUT $13.656 million [24]. Another study estimated by Neher et al. (2013) US$ 28.5 billion of 16 national parks in the US based on travel cost method. Therefore, recreational ecosystem service is the vital contribution to socio-economic and environmental well-being. However, the next section discuss about the economic value of recreational ecosystem services in India.
2. Economic value of recreational ecosystem services in India
According to Verma (2018) economic value of ecosystem services in India is emerging field of environmental economic subject. There are the number of studies has been investigated since 2000 in the various part of the country. Most of the studies have been focused on forest (68 studies), terrestrial wetlands (34 studies), marine, coastal wetland (19 studies) and other ecosystem services such as urban green space, agroecological ecosystem (25 studies). These figures are clearly shown that cultural ecosystem services are vital part in the economic valuation studies from various publications. Economic value of forest ecosystem services has been highly contribute compared than other ecosystem services for example Verma (2018) forest ecosystem services has contributed 1.7 percent in the total GDP in India. Cultural ecosystems services has been contributed nearly 26 percent in the total forest ecosystem services followed by 23 percent regulating and 15 percent supporting ecosystem services in Indian forest. Costal ecosystem services have been vital role in the economic and employment generation in India [25]. Valuation of cultural ecosystem services has been well recognized in India. Hence, there is lack of policy implication in the context of integrating in the state or national income accounts and designing entry fee for park, wildlife sanctuary and other protected areas in India. Most of the cultural services are free access or market failure due to poor environmental regulation. Therefore, degradation or environmental pollution is one of the important reasons for major environmental problem in India. However, there is lack of quantification of cultural ecosystem services at the local level due poor understanding among the local policy makers about the importance of cultural ecosystem services.
3. Materials and methods
The present study has developed a review of peer-reviewed journal articles on economic value of cultural ecosystem services. The recent review paper on cultural ecosystem services [13, 14, 20] provided a basic idea of the key terms. Reviews of literature were conducted during 1997 and 2021 using the web science core compilation of search term: ‘ecosystem services’ or ‘cultural ecosystem services’ or ‘value of recreational services’ or ‘economic of cultural ecosystem services’. After title and abstract reading, 53 articles were considered this study, of which 22 were considered for data extraction after the full text reading. The categories of valuation methods, locations and authors with publication year were presented in the Table 2. Due to time constraints this paper has reviewed small number of research work on the value of cultural ecosystem services in India. In addition, due to heterogeneous literature based on various valuation methods and definition, a meta-analysis was not undertaken in the study.
Of the 22 peer-reviewed articles included in this review on economic value of recreational ecosystem services in India; however there is the (12) studies on forest cultural ecosystem services various, (5) lake ecosystem services and each one from botanical garden, zoological park and marine ecosystem services parts of the country (Figure 2). While there is wide range of 9 states covered, the states with most publications are the Karnataka (9), Uttarakhand (8), Tamil Nadu (3) and Kerala (2). However, most the studies have used mixed methods both the qualitative and quantitative assessment for economic value of cultural ecosystem services in Karnataka. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [1] classified there are ten types of cultural ecosystem services see Table 1. Hence, most of the CES focused on recreational tourism ecosystem services in India. However, better understanding with cultural ecosystem services which is created good human well-being [30, 31]. Therefore, need more studies on cultural value of ecosystem services. The present review is found that total economic value of 22 cultural ecosystem services at the US$ 1610 million in the 2020 (see Figure 3). Moreover, the value of forest related cultural ecosystems services is contributes more economic value at the US$ 657.51 million followed by marine and costal services US$ 720 and wetland land contribute US$205, open green space US$23 million and zoological park related cultural ecosystem services US$ 4.4 million (see Figure 3). Forest related cultural ecosystem services are vital role in the cultural ecosystems services for example, Karnataka has more than fifteen protected areas such as national park, wildlife sanctuary and tiger reserve. This present study is found that the value of recreational ecosystem services contribute at the US$ 434.6 million from Karnataka, US$ 6.705 million from Uttarakhand and Kerala US$ 205 million and other states have contributed few amounts in the total economic value of cultural ecosystem services. Moreover, this study is found that the value of two global biological diversity such as Western Ghats and eastern Himalayas. The total value of recreational ecosystem services is contributed by the Himalayas at the US$ 14.5 million and the Western Ghats the US$ 1,595.5 million based on 22 publications. There are number of cultural ecosystem services has been investigated in the Himalayas, due to lack of literature collection this study is included very few publication from the particular region. There are only four articles has published in the Ecosystem Services journal for example, Verma et al. [27] the value of cultural ecosystem services provided by the five tiger reserves at the US$ 13.8 million from (Corbett Tiger Reserve, Kanha Tiger Reserve, Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, Periyar Tiger Reserve and Sundarbans Tiger Reserve), followed by Ninan and Kontoleon (2016) had estimated the value of recreational ecosystem services at the US$ 0.41 million by Nagarhole national park in Karnataka. A few articles has published in Springer published such as environmentalist for example, Badola et al. (2010) estimated the economic value of recreational ecosystem services at the US$ 1.6 million by Corbett tiger reserve in Uttarakhand followed by Ramachandra et al. (2017) assessed the value of tourism and recreational services work has published the journal of Biodiversity (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group). In addition two working paper by research institutes such as wetland ecosystem services, (Vengatachalam and Jayanthi, 2015) and marine and coastal Mukhopadhyay and de Costa [25], followed by other refereed journal such as Aarthika Charche FPI Journal of Economics and Governance, Government of Karnataka on valuation of ecosystem services two protected areas [29] and Monograph on Economic value of ecosystem services by urban botanical garden estimated by [32].
Figure 2.
Type of Ecosystem services and number of estimates. Source: Author estimates from various publications.
Figure 3.
Economic Value Recreational Ecosystem Services in India in US$ (2019–-2020). Source: Author estimates from various publications.
Ecosystem services are very critical role in the human life [33]. The recent economics of biodiversity review by [34] indicates that the current economic and population growth is degrading and over exploiting natural capital in this century. In addition, the current economic models of growth are inessential form especially non-renewable natural resources. Further, Balvanera et al. [29] argues demographic pressures, climate change and lack of governance are the main reasons for most of the environmental degradation or pollution. MEA [1] has estimated that 60% of the global ecosystem services including provisioning, regulating and cultural services are degraded due to various socio, economic and political reasons. There is increasing understand strategies on better and sustainable environmental management through the cultural ecosystem services. Therefore, the present review is one of the tool for better understand between economy and cultural ecosystem services in the Indian context. There are a number of review work has been done in the cultural ecosystem services for example, cultural ecosystem services and human well-being [10; 35, 36, 37]. Although, very few economic review on economics of cultural ecosystem services for example, Hirons et al., [11]; Fish et al., (2016); Plieninger et al., (2013). In India, lack of economic value of cultural ecosystem services in the aspects of meta-review. There is some few studies review of economics value of regulating ecosystem services [32] and a new study on value of marine and coastal ecosystem services by Mukhopadhyay and de Costa [25]. However, increasing number of studies on economic of provisioning ecosystem services for example, Verma et al. [27]; Ninan and Kontoleon (2016); Balasubramanian [5, 29, 38, 39]; Dhyani and Dhyani [34, 40, 41, 42, 43] but lack of review on economic value of cultural ecosystem services. In addition, there are a less in interdisciplinary analysis in the research. Therefore, the current review work mainly focusing on economic value of cultural ecosystem services especially recreational perspective. Moreover, cultural ecosystem services how relating with the human-well being research is totally missing in the literature in India. The recent study evaluated the relationship between cultural ecosystem services and human well-being of the two indigenous communities in India [9]. The value of cultural ecosystem services may help to local and indigenous communities through the traditional health treatment based on purely natural medicine as well as income and environmental conservation at the local level [5, 33]. The value of cultural ecosystem services may help to local policy markers on various aspects such as designing urban green infrastructure, revising the entry fee for the many urban parks and protected areas, cultural ecosystem services into integrating into economic decision making at the local level, achieving sustainable development goals especially better environmental management.
5. Conclusion
The main aim of the review is to understand the value of cultural ecosystem services for better management of protected areas, urban parks, marine and coastal areas and other tourism and recreational sites is the one hand and cultural ecosystem services has been vital role in the physical and mental human well-being. The results of the review work indicate that the lack of understanding on the relationship between ecosystem services and economic decision making at the local level due to less research on this area. The current environmental crisis such as loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, climate related events such as disaster, floods, and droughts are the main cause of degrading the area of cultural ecosystem services in India. Therefore, the local policy makers when designing the policy for ecosystem services, they should understand the value of ecosystem services such provisioning, regulating and cultural services. In addition, cultural ecosystem services are the main role of the human well-being, MEA [1, 5, 26, 33, 44, 45]. Finally, in the academics and policy decision should give equal priority to all ecosystem services in the context of creating economic value to the nature.
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Further, CES is the major role in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health and well-being. CES is still less primary investigation the economic literature especially in the Indian context link with the sustainable ecosystem management. Therefore, economic value of cultural ecosystem services is needed to study in the local level aspects. In the above mentioned context, this chapter is present the economic value of cultural ecosystem services in India. The main policy implication of the study is to design entry fee for many protected areas such as wildlife sanctuary, national park as well as sustainable environmental management for the present and future generation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78370",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78370",signatures:"Muniyandi Balasubramanian",book:{id:"10765",type:"book",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:"Pollution, Habitat, Ecology, and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Management - Pollution, Habitat, Ecology, and Sustainability",slug:"environmental-management-pollution-habitat-ecology-and-sustainability",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"275432",title:"Dr.",name:"Muniyandi",middleName:null,surname:"Balasubramanian",fullName:"Muniyandi Balasubramanian",slug:"muniyandi-balasubramanian",email:"balasubramanian@isec.ac.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Cultural ecosystem services and human well-being",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Economics of cultural ecosystem services",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Economic value of recreational ecosystem services in India",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ezebilo, Eugene E (2016) Economic Value of non-market ecosystem services: an application of the travel cost method to natural recreation in Sweden, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 12(4), pp. 314-327.'},{id:"B2",body:'Milcu, A.I., Hanspach, J., Abson, D., Fischer, J., 2013. Cultural ecosystem services: A literature review and prospects for future research. Ecol. Soc. 18 (3).'},{id:"B3",body:'Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis v. 1, 917.'},{id:"B4",body:'Mayer, M.; Woltering, M. Assessing and valuing the recreational ecosystem services of Germany’s national parks using travel cost models. Ecosyst. Serv. 2018, 31, 371-386.'},{id:"B5",body:'Balasubramanian, M., 2021. Forest Ecosystem Services Contribution in the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study from the Western Ghats Region in Karnataka. Indian Forester, 147(4), pp.339-345.'},{id:"B6",body:'Subramanian, D. and Jana, A., 2019. Evaluating the cultural ecosystem services of India: Comparison of budget allocations to improve the use value of recreational open spaces. Ecosystem Services, 38, p.100960.'},{id:"B7",body:'Sun, R., Li, F. and Chen, L., 2019. A demand index for recreational ecosystem services associated with urban parks in Beijing, China. Journal of environmental management, 251, p.109612.'},{id:"B8",body:'Lohr, V.I. and Pearson-Mims, C.H., 2005. Children’s active and passive interactions with plants influence their attitudes and actions toward trees and gardening as adults. HortTechnology, 15(3), pp.472-476.'},{id:"B9",body:'Balasubramanian, M., 2019. Economic value of regulating ecosystem services: a comprehensive at the global level review. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191(10), pp.1-27.'},{id:"B10",body:'Chan, K.M., Guerry, A.D., Balvanera, P., Klain, S., Satterfield, T., Basurto, X., Bostrom, A., Chuenpagdee, R., Gould, R., Halpern, B.S. and Hannahs, N., 2012. Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services? A framework for constructive engagement. BioScience, 62(8), pp.744-756.'},{id:"B11",body:'Hirons, Mark, Claudia Comberti and Robert Duford (2016) Valuing cultural ecosystem services, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41: 545-574.'},{id:"B12",body:'Gobster, P.H., Nassauer, J.I., Daniel, T.C., Fry, G., 2007. The shared landscape: what does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landsc. Ecol. 22, 959-972.'},{id:"B13",body:'Daniel, T.C., Muhar, A., Arnberger, A., Aznar, O., Boyd, J.W., Chan, K.M.a., Costanza, R., Elmqvist, T., Flint, C.G., Gobster, P.H., Grêt-Regamey, A., Lave, R., Muhar, S.,Penker, M., Ribe, R.G., Schauppenlehner, T., Sikor, T., Soloviy, I., Spierenburg, M., Taczanowska, K., Tam, J., von der Dunk, A., 2012. Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 8812-8819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114773109.'},{id:"B14",body:'Fatoric, S. and Seekamp, E., 2017. Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change? A systematic literature review. Climatic change, 142(1-2), p.227.'},{id:"B15",body:'Russell, R., Guerry, A.D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R.K., Basurto, X., Chan, K.M.A., Klain, S., Levine, J., Tam, J., 2013a. Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 38, 473-502.'},{id:"B16",body:'Martin-Ortega, J. and Waylen, K.A., 2018. PES what a mess? An analysis of the position of environmental professionals in the conceptual debate on payments for ecosystem services. Ecological Economics, 154, pp.218-237.'},{id:"B17",body:'Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D.G.D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Oteros-Rozas, E., Palacios-Agundez, I., Willaarts, B. and González, J.A., 2012. Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS one, 7(6), p.e38970.'},{id:"B18",body:'Martínez Pastur, G., Peri, P.L., Lencinas, M.V., García-Llorente, M., Martín-López, B.,2016. Spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem services provision in Southern Patagonia. Landscape Ecol. 31 (2), 383-399.'},{id:"B19",body:'Russell, R., Guerry, A.D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R.K., Basurto, X., Chan, K.M.A., Klain, S., Levine, J., Tam, J., 2013b. Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 38, 473-502.'},{id:"B20",body:'Duraiappah, A.K., 2011. Ecosystem services and human well-being: do global findings make any sense?. BioScience, 61(1), pp.7-8.'},{id:"B21",body:'Wang, L.J., Ma, S., Zhao, Y.G. and Zhang, J.C., 2021. Ecological restoration projects did not increase the value of all ecosystem services in Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management, 495, p.119340.'},{id:"B22",body:'Willis, C., 2015. The contribution of cultural ecosystem services to understanding the tourism–nature–wellbeing nexus. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 10, pp.38-43.'},{id:"B23",body:'Ninan, K.N. and Inoue, M., 2014. Valuing forest ecosystem services: What we know and what we don’t. Valuing Ecosystem Services.'},{id:"B24",body:'Ward, C., Stringer, L. and Holmes, G., 2018. Changing governance, changing inequalities: protected area co-management and access to forest ecosystem services: a Madagascar case study. Ecosystem Services, 30, pp.137-148.'},{id:"B25",body:'Mukhopadhyay, P. and DaCosta, V., 2015. Recreational value of coastal and marine ecosystems in India: A partial estimate.'},{id:"B26",body:'Balasubramanian M. , 2020a. The Valuation of Ecosystem Services: A case study of BRTWLS in Karnataka. 56th Annual Conference of The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), organised by the School of Economics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu: January 8th -10th 2020.'},{id:"B27",body:'Verma, M., Negandhi, D., Khanna, C., Edgaonkar, A., David, A., Kadekodi, G., Costanza, R., Gopal, R., Bonal, B.S., Yadav, S.P. and Kumar, S., 2017. Making the hidden visible: Economic valuation of tiger reserves in India. Ecosystem services, 26, pp.236-244.'},{id:"B28",body:'Nandagiri, L., 2015. Evaluation of economic value of Pilikula Lake using travel cost and contingent valuation methods. Aquatic Procedia, 4, pp.1315-1321.'},{id:"B29",body:'Balasubramanian M (2020) Valuation of Ecosystem Services and their impactions for Accounting for Natural Capital in Karnataka, Aarthika Charche:FPI Journal of Economics and Governance, Volume 5(1) pp:59-72'},{id:"B30",body:'Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Díaz, S., Pataki, G., Roth, E., Stenseke, M., Watson, R.T., Dessane, E.B., Islar, M., Kelemen, E. and Maris, V., 2017a. Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26, pp.7-16.'},{id:"B31",body:'Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Díaz, S., Pataki, G., Roth, E., Stenseke, M., Watson, R.T., Dessane, E.B., Islar, M., Kelemen, E. and Maris, V., 2017b. Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26, pp.7-16.'},{id:"B32",body:'Balasubramanian M (2017) Economics of Urban Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Bangalore, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) Monograph 53'},{id:"B33",body:'Balvanera, P., Pfaff, A., Viña, A., García Frapolli, E., Hussain, S.A., Merino, L., Akong Minang, P. and Nagabhatla, N., 2019. Status and Trends – Drivers of Change. In:IPBES (Editor), Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn.'},{id:"B34",body:'Dasgupta, P., 2021. The Economics of Biodiversity: the Dasgupta Review. HM Treasury.'},{id:"B35",body:'Dhyani, S. and Dhyani, D., 2016. Significance of provisioning ecosystem services from moist temperate forest ecosystems: lessons from upper Kedarnath valley, Garhwal, India. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 1(2), pp.109-121.'},{id:"B36",body:'Howe, C., Suich, H., Vira, B. and Mace, G.M., 2014. Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: a meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world. Global Environmental Change, 28, pp.263-275.'},{id:"B37",body:'Shanahan, D.F., Franco, L., Lin, B.B., Gaston, K.J. and Fuller, R.A., 2016. The benefits of natural environments for physical activity. Sports Medicine, 46(7), pp.989-995.'},{id:"B38",body:'Bherwani, H., Nair, M., Kapley, A. and Kumar, R., 2020. Valuation of ecosystem services and environmental damages: An imperative tool for decision making and sustainability. European Journal of Sustainable DevelopmentResearch, 4(4), p.em0133.'},{id:"B39",body:'Joshi, G. and Negi, G.C., 2011. Quantification and valuation of forest ecosystem services in the western Himalayan region of India. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 7(1), pp.2-11.'},{id:"B40",body:'Balasubramanian, M. and Sangha, K.K., 2021. Integrating Capabilities and Ecosystem Services Approaches to evaluate Indigenous connections with nature in a global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats, India. Global Ecology and Conservation, 27, p.e01546.'},{id:"B41",body:'Keniger, L.E., Gaston, K.J., Irvine, K.N., Fuller, R.A., 2013. What are the Benefits of Interacting with Nature? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10 (3), 913-935.'},{id:"B42",body:'Kosanic, A. and Petzold, J., 2020. A systematic review of cultural ecosystem services and human wellbeing. Ecosystem Services, 45, p.101168.'},{id:"B43",body:'Lakerveld, R.P., Lele, S., Crane, T.A., Fortuin, K.P.J. and Springate-Baginski, O., 2015. The social distribution of provisioning forest ecosystem services: Evidence and insights from Odisha, India. Ecosystem Services, 14, pp.56-66.'},{id:"B44",body:'Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R.T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K.M.A., Baste, I.A., Brauman, K.A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M.,Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P.W., van Oudenhoven, A.P.E., van der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, E., Davies, K., Demissew, S.,Erpul, G., Failler, P., Guerra, C.A., Hewitt, C.L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., Shirayama, Y.,2018. Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science 359 (6373), 270.'},{id:"B45",body:'IPBES, 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Muniyandi Balasubramanian",address:"balasubramanian@isec.ac.in",affiliation:'
Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Since polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been implicated, we examined the possible association of PTSD with plasma PUFA level and dietary fish intake in 563 women who was struck by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The impact event scale-revised (IES-R) was used to assess PTSD symptoms. Dietary intake was estimated by a self-report questionnaire. Multivariate analysis controlling for age, body mass index, and stress revealed that PTSD status (IES-R ≥ 25) was associated with plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level (P = 0.039). In the high-stress group, there were significantly inverse correlations of plasma EPA with IES-R total (r = −0.389, P = 0.031), intrusion (r = −0.370, P = 0.04), and hyperarousal scores (r = −0.480, P = 0.006), although such correlations were not found in the moderate-stress group. Fish intake that increased plasma EPA showed similar correlations with IES-R scores in the severely stressed group. 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Academically she is based at London Metropolitan University where she holds a Senior Lecturer post in Counselling Psychology. Clinically, she is a Lead Psychologist in the NHS where she practices in the area of substance misuse and clinical neuropsychology. She has over 15 years of clinical experience in various clinical settings in the UK and she specializes in Psychodynamic, CBT and integrative models of practice. She has authored a number of papers in the fields of Counselling Psychology and psychotherapy, and she has also collaborated with other researchers on numerous projects.",institutionString:"London Metropolitan University",institution:{name:"London Metropolitan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"290094",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Kunugi",slug:"hiroshi-kunugi",fullName:"Hiroshi Kunugi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"296657",title:"Dr.",name:"Shima",surname:"Taheri",slug:"shima-taheri",fullName:"Shima Taheri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"296658",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Ghasemi Sichani",slug:"maryam-ghasemi-sichani",fullName:"Maryam Ghasemi Sichani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299896",title:"Prof.",name:"Emiko",surname:"Aizawa",slug:"emiko-aizawa",fullName:"Emiko Aizawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299898",title:"Dr.",name:"Miho",surname:"Ota",slug:"miho-ota",fullName:"Miho Ota",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299903",title:"MSc.",name:"Norie",surname:"Koga",slug:"norie-koga",fullName:"Norie Koga",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299904",title:"Prof.",name:"Kotaro",surname:"Hattori",slug:"kotaro-hattori",fullName:"Kotaro Hattori",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299906",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",surname:"Sato",slug:"shinji-sato",fullName:"Shinji Sato",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"299909",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Asada",slug:"takashi-asada",fullName:"Takashi Asada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"publish-a-whole-book",title:"Publish a Whole Book",intro:"
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
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Primary research and original scholarship presented in detail
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FORMATS
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Single or multiple author manuscript
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Edited Book - an edited collection of chapters contributed by various authors
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Conference Proceedings - collection of papers presented at a conference published in book format
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COST
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10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
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The final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
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*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
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IntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
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IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
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Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"305",title:"Plant Genetics",slug:"agricultural-science-plant-genetics",parent:{id:"27",title:"Agricultural Science",slug:"agricultural-science"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:100,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"305",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11016",title:"Maize Genetic Resources",subtitle:"Breeding Strategies and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e0422e2f711a4b69c3cbc3ec31e9afb",slug:"maize-genetic-resources-breeding-strategies-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6166",title:"Maize Germplasm",subtitle:"Characterization and Genetic Approaches for Crop Improvement",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c417c25f765a026f5ebbf9d3119edb2e",slug:"maize-germplasm-characterization-and-genetic-approaches-for-crop-improvement",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5978",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129c29bcddd8225ed58e908138b2cda5",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",bookSignature:"Ricardo Loiola Edvan and Leilson Rocha Bezerra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283266",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Loiola Edvan",slug:"ricardo-loiola-edvan",fullName:"Ricardo Loiola Edvan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55856",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69616",title:"Halophytes as Forages",slug:"halophytes-as-forages",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"It is the chemical composition of the halophyte forages and the digestion process of these forages that matter. As the science gets more advanced and the information about these two points becomes clearer, the view of this information might modify our understanding to these processes. Then, some topics might be dropped, and others might be raised or become more obvious. However, the feeding of halophyte forages as per se has several drawbacks and therefore, they have to be fed in mixed rations, fortifying these rations with energy supplements.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Salah A. Attia-Ismail",authors:[{id:"204190",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Salah",middleName:"Abdelaty",surname:"Attia-Ismail",slug:"salah-attia-ismail",fullName:"Salah Attia-Ismail"}]},{id:"56029",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69614",title:"Production of Spineless Cactus in Brazilian Semiarid",slug:"production-of-spineless-cactus-in-brazilian-semiarid",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The term “spineless cactus” is used in Brazil to designate cultivars of Opuntia ficus indica Mill and Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck. The spineless cactus was consolidated in Brazilian semiarid as a strategic fundamental food resource in several production livestock systems, constituting a plant with enormous productive potential. Thus, the spineless cactus has been widely cultivated and used for several decades, by enabling the animal feeding in critical periods of year because of its characteristics, morpho‐anatomical and physiological (CAM), which makes it tolerant to long droughts, being a crop that presents high productivity in droughts conditions, when compared to other forages. Nevertheless, the spineless cactus is a crop relatively picky about soil and climate characteristics of region, presenting greater growth in fertile soils, as well as in regions where nighttime temperatures are cool and the air humidity is relatively high. Although the crop be adapted to long droughts periods, many times it’s necessary to perform irrigation in its production system, mainly in regions of low rainfall, for to supply its water needs, thus ensuring productivity and survival of crop. Therefore, the knowledge of characteristics of plant, as well as of appropriate management techniques to crop, is essential for the good performance of spineless cactus.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Wilma Cristina Cavalcante dos Santos Sá, Edson Mauro Santos,\nJuliana Silva de Oliveira and Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo",authors:[{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos"},{id:"180036",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"juliana-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Oliveira"},{id:"203022",title:"MSc.",name:"Wilma",middleName:null,surname:"Sá",slug:"wilma-sa",fullName:"Wilma Sá"},{id:"207265",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Perazzo",slug:"alexandre-perazzo",fullName:"Alexandre Perazzo"}]},{id:"57115",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70345",title:"Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Nitrogen Fertilizer in Forage Grasses",slug:"best-management-practices-bmps-for-nitrogen-fertilizer-in-forage-grasses",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"There is a concern about the growing population and limitation in natural resources which are taking the population to direct its agricultural systems into a more productive and efficient activity, looking to avoid a negative impact on the surrounding environment. The industry energy expended to produce nitrogen (N)-fertilizer is considered an indirect consumption of energy in agriculture, which is higher with an increasing forage yield. Nitrogen is the key nutrient associated with high-yielding production in forage grass and grain crops. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the best management practices (BMPs) for N-fertilizer application in forage grasses to improve N-use efficiency, since the most economical way to feed livestock is forage plants where its potential biomass production is not well explored. The BMPs basically follow three management practices: (1) soil nutrient availability and forage requirement, (2) fertilizer application, and (3) decrease in nutrient losses from soil. In order to take a decision on applying N-fertilizer to accomplish forage grasses production with social, economic, and environmental benefits, the N-fertilizer use in forage grasses is going to follow the “Right rate, Right source, Right place, and Right time (4R) nutrient stewardship.” The application of the 4R’s nutrients stewardship is directly associated with economic, social, and environmental impact. The capacity of the 4R’s implementation worldwide turns into a best guide to improve the striving of better N-use efficiency in forage grass. The 4R’s are interrelated; thus, the recommendation of N-fertilizer rates cannot be prescribed without the combination of the 4R’s where a whole system to be followed should be considered to decide about N-fertilizer in pasture. Consequently, any decision in one of the 4R’s is going to affect the expected N-fertilizer results and dry matter production.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Ademar Pereira Serra, Marlene Estevão Marchetti, Elisângela Dupas,\nSimone Candido Ensinas, Elaine Reis Pinheiro Lourente, Eulene\nFrancisco da Silva, Roberto Giolo de Almeida, Carla Eloize Carducci\nand Alessandra Mayumi Tokura Alovisi",authors:[{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra"}]},{id:"56079",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69760",title:"Alfalfa and Its Symbiosis Responses to Osmotic Stress",slug:"alfalfa-and-its-symbiosis-responses-to-osmotic-stress",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most cultivated forage legumes in Morocco thanks to its great adaptation to the climatic conditions of this country, its high protein content and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with rhizobia. Environmental stresses such as drought and salinity constitute a major factor limiting the symbiotic nitrogen fixation and legume productivity. In the last decades, this process has interested scholars in understanding the implication of these strains in legume stress tolerance in order to make these symbioses more efficient under difficult conditions. Seed osmopriming is a great technique in the amelioration of seed germination and seedlings growth in responses to several abiotic stress conditions. In this chapter, the effects of water deficit on the Moroccan alfalfa populations and their symbiotic association with rhizobia were discussed. Besides, osmopriming could make these symbioses more efficient especially under stress conditions.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Mohammed Mouradi, Mohamed Farissi, Abdelaziz Bouizgaren,\nYahya Lahrizi, Ahmed Qaddoury and Cherki Ghoulam",authors:[{id:"204044",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Mouradi",slug:"mohammed-mouradi",fullName:"Mohammed Mouradi"}]},{id:"58077",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72310",title:"Sustainable Pasture Management",slug:"sustainable-pasture-management",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Grasslands which are a major part of the global ecosystem, covering 37% of the earth’s terrestrial area, have a significant contribution to food security through providing most of the energy and proteins required by the ruminants used for meat and dairy production. Grasslands are considered to have the potential to play a fundamental role in climate change mitigation, particularly regarding carbon storage and sequestration and for biodiversity preservation. This chapter provides an overview of the causes of the pasture degradation and some essential elements for sustainable management, which aims to improve the quantity and quality of pasture, mitigation of climate change and biodiversity preservation. Another point of this chapter is the grasslands with high nature value that nowadays is a top priority in the European legislation as the European Commission has confirmed that HNV farming will remain a key priority in 2014–2020. We present the situation in Bulgaria because it is one of the first member state countries that have assessed HNV regions and put funding in place to support them.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Atanas Sevov, Chtistina Yancheva and Yanka Kazakova",authors:[{id:"220128",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:"Georgieva",surname:"Yancheva",slug:"christina-yancheva",fullName:"Christina Yancheva"},{id:"220129",title:"Dr.",name:"Atanas",middleName:null,surname:"Sevov",slug:"atanas-sevov",fullName:"Atanas Sevov"},{id:"222141",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanka",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakova",slug:"yanka-kazakova",fullName:"Yanka Kazakova"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58077",title:"Sustainable Pasture Management",slug:"sustainable-pasture-management",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Grasslands which are a major part of the global ecosystem, covering 37% of the earth’s terrestrial area, have a significant contribution to food security through providing most of the energy and proteins required by the ruminants used for meat and dairy production. Grasslands are considered to have the potential to play a fundamental role in climate change mitigation, particularly regarding carbon storage and sequestration and for biodiversity preservation. This chapter provides an overview of the causes of the pasture degradation and some essential elements for sustainable management, which aims to improve the quantity and quality of pasture, mitigation of climate change and biodiversity preservation. Another point of this chapter is the grasslands with high nature value that nowadays is a top priority in the European legislation as the European Commission has confirmed that HNV farming will remain a key priority in 2014–2020. We present the situation in Bulgaria because it is one of the first member state countries that have assessed HNV regions and put funding in place to support them.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Atanas Sevov, Chtistina Yancheva and Yanka Kazakova",authors:[{id:"220128",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:"Georgieva",surname:"Yancheva",slug:"christina-yancheva",fullName:"Christina Yancheva"},{id:"220129",title:"Dr.",name:"Atanas",middleName:null,surname:"Sevov",slug:"atanas-sevov",fullName:"Atanas Sevov"},{id:"222141",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanka",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakova",slug:"yanka-kazakova",fullName:"Yanka Kazakova"}]},{id:"56856",title:"Polyembryony in Maize: A Complex, Elusive, and Potentially Agronomical Useful Trait",slug:"polyembryony-in-maize-a-complex-elusive-and-potentially-agronomical-useful-trait",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Polyembryony (PE) is a rare phenomenon in cultivated plant species. Since nineteenth century, several reports have been published on PE in maize. Reports of multiple seedlings developing at embryonic level in laboratory and studies under greenhouse and field conditions have demonstrated the presence of PE in cultivated maize (Zea mays L.). Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge about this phenomenon; diverse genetic mechanisms controlling PE in maize have been proposed: Mendelian inheritance of a single gene, interaction between two genes and multiple genes are some of the proposed mechanisms. On the other hand, the presence of two or more embryos per seed confers higher nutrimental quality because these grains have more crude fat and lysine than normal maize kernels. As mentioned above, there is a necessity for more studies about PE maize in order to establish the genetic mechanism responsible for this phenomenon; on the other hand, previous studies showed that PE has potential to generate specialized maize varieties with yield potential and grain quality.",book:{id:"6166",slug:"maize-germplasm-characterization-and-genetic-approaches-for-crop-improvement",title:"Maize Germplasm",fullTitle:"Maize Germplasm - Characterization and Genetic Approaches for Crop Improvement"},signatures:"Mariela R. Michel, Marisol Cruz-Requena, Marselino C. Avendaño-\nSanchez, Víctor M. González-Vazquez, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos,\nCristóbal N. Aguilar, José Espinoza-Velázquez and Raúl Rodríguez-\nHerrera",authors:[{id:"67240",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristobal",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar",slug:"cristobal-aguilar",fullName:"Cristobal Aguilar"},{id:"183439",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Herrera",slug:"raul-rodriguez-herrera",fullName:"Raul Rodriguez-Herrera"},{id:"185302",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariela R.",middleName:null,surname:"Michel",slug:"mariela-r.-michel",fullName:"Mariela R. Michel"},{id:"185304",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Gallegos",slug:"adriana-carolina-flores-gallegos",fullName:"Adriana Carolina Flores Gallegos"},{id:"217785",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisol",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz-Requena",slug:"marisol-cruz-requena",fullName:"Marisol Cruz-Requena"},{id:"217786",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcelino",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño-Sanchez",slug:"marcelino-avendano-sanchez",fullName:"Marcelino Avendaño-Sanchez"},{id:"217787",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"González-Vazquez",slug:"victor-gonzalez-vazquez",fullName:"Victor González-Vazquez"},{id:"217788",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Espinoza-Velázquez",slug:"jose-espinoza-velazquez",fullName:"Jose Espinoza-Velázquez"}]},{id:"56029",title:"Production of Spineless Cactus in Brazilian Semiarid",slug:"production-of-spineless-cactus-in-brazilian-semiarid",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The term “spineless cactus” is used in Brazil to designate cultivars of Opuntia ficus indica Mill and Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck. The spineless cactus was consolidated in Brazilian semiarid as a strategic fundamental food resource in several production livestock systems, constituting a plant with enormous productive potential. Thus, the spineless cactus has been widely cultivated and used for several decades, by enabling the animal feeding in critical periods of year because of its characteristics, morpho‐anatomical and physiological (CAM), which makes it tolerant to long droughts, being a crop that presents high productivity in droughts conditions, when compared to other forages. Nevertheless, the spineless cactus is a crop relatively picky about soil and climate characteristics of region, presenting greater growth in fertile soils, as well as in regions where nighttime temperatures are cool and the air humidity is relatively high. Although the crop be adapted to long droughts periods, many times it’s necessary to perform irrigation in its production system, mainly in regions of low rainfall, for to supply its water needs, thus ensuring productivity and survival of crop. Therefore, the knowledge of characteristics of plant, as well as of appropriate management techniques to crop, is essential for the good performance of spineless cactus.",book:{id:"5978",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forage-crops",title:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forage Crops"},signatures:"Wilma Cristina Cavalcante dos Santos Sá, Edson Mauro Santos,\nJuliana Silva de Oliveira and Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo",authors:[{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos"},{id:"180036",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"juliana-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Oliveira"},{id:"203022",title:"MSc.",name:"Wilma",middleName:null,surname:"Sá",slug:"wilma-sa",fullName:"Wilma Sá"},{id:"207265",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Perazzo",slug:"alexandre-perazzo",fullName:"Alexandre Perazzo"}]},{id:"57540",title:"Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilization and Conservation Tillage on the Agricultural Soils of the United States: A Review",slug:"impacts-of-nitrogen-fertilization-and-conservation-tillage-on-the-agricultural-soils-of-the-united-s",totalDownloads:1288,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This review evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and conservation tillage systems on SOC stocks. N fertilizer additions had significant positive impact on SOC content, but the magnitude of this effect differed as a result of varying cropping systems: as cropping intensity increased, measured SOC content between fertilized and control treatment also increased. Significant differences of measured SOC stocks were detected between no till and conventional till, as well as reduced till and conventional till. However, no significant difference was observed between reduced till and no till. The differences of measured SOC content between no till and conventional till appeared to be significantly associated with treatment duration. Crop rotation system, soil texture, and mean annual precipitation did not have significant effects on SOC stocks produced from conventional tillage to no till. The results of this study confirmed that adoption of N fertilizer additions and conservational tillage systems can contribute to increased SOC level and thereby have the potential to mitigate the enhanced greenhouse gas effect. However, the evaluation of net carbon dioxide mitigation potential of these two recommended management practices should be carried out under a full carbon cycle analysis from carbon input to carbon output.",book:{id:"6166",slug:"maize-germplasm-characterization-and-genetic-approaches-for-crop-improvement",title:"Maize Germplasm",fullTitle:"Maize Germplasm - Characterization and Genetic Approaches for Crop Improvement"},signatures:"Meimei Lin",authors:[{id:"208050",title:"Dr.",name:"Meimei",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"meimei-lin",fullName:"Meimei Lin"}]},{id:"79507",title:"Improving Maize Shelling Operation Using Motorized Mobile Shellers: A Step towards Reducing Postharvest Losses in Low Developing Countries",slug:"improving-maize-shelling-operation-using-motorized-mobile-shellers-em-a-step-towards-reducing-postha",totalDownloads:181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Maize shelling is still a challenge in low developing countries with more efforts required to advance this operation. In Uganda, motorized immobile maize shellers have been fabricated locally to enhance the shelling operation. However, their performance has not elated the farmers. The unsatisfactory performance is a result of these shellers being fabricated by local artisan with finite understanding of the maize grain characteristics and operation factors to optimize maize shelling. In addition, farmers in these countries have a deficiency of power to operate the motorized maize shellers available. Transportation of these motorized maize shellers is also still a challenge and it imposes an extra cost to the farmers hence reducing their profits from maize growing. In this chapter, we reviewed maize shelling process in low developing countries particularly the categories of maize shelling, maize sheller design requirements, use of equations to design sheller parts, modification of the motorized maize shellers and case studies on the mobile maize shellers, comparing them with immobile maize shellers. The study concluded that on addition to other sheller performance attributes, motorized mobile maize shellers can solve transportation challenges associated with motorized immobile maize shellers.",book:{id:"11016",slug:"maize-genetic-resources-breeding-strategies-and-recent-advances",title:"Maize Genetic Resources",fullTitle:"Maize Genetic Resources - Breeding Strategies and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Denis Nsubuga, Isa Kabenge, Ahamada Zziwa, Nicholas Kiggundu, Joshua Wanyama and Noble Banadda",authors:[{id:"425479",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Nsubuga",slug:"denis-nsubuga",fullName:"Denis Nsubuga"},{id:"436644",title:"Dr.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Kabenge",slug:"isa-kabenge",fullName:"Isa Kabenge"},{id:"436645",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahamada",middleName:null,surname:"Zziwa",slug:"ahamada-zziwa",fullName:"Ahamada Zziwa"},{id:"436646",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Kiggundu",slug:"nicholas-kiggundu",fullName:"Nicholas Kiggundu"},{id:"436647",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Wanyama",slug:"joshua-wanyama",fullName:"Joshua Wanyama"},{id:"436648",title:"Dr.",name:"Noble",middleName:null,surname:"Banadda",slug:"noble-banadda",fullName:"Noble Banadda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"305",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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