Body weight of the mice underwent passive exercise. There was no significant difference during the 3-week period when compared between the mouse groups (week 0-3) at the same day. Shaded area represents the time to start the exercise
\r\n\tDespite enormous efforts, crop production is compromised due to a number of biotic and abiotic factors hence, the crop demands more attention of breeders, geneticists, biotechnologies, and farmers to improve its sustainable production. Modern approaches like next-generation sequencing, proteogenomics, and genetic engineering provide a wider scope for breeders, geneticists, physiologists, biotechnologists, genomicists, and agronomists for genetic improvement, production, weed, pests, and disease management.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will provide a broader platform to discuss issues, advancement in the technologies, and solutions to the problems of the sugarcane industry. Hence, the key features of the book that will broadly be, but not be limited to:
\r\n\t * Production Technology and Advancements
\r\n\t * Breeding and Molecular Breeding
\r\n\t * Tissue Culture and propagation
\r\n\t * Pests and Diseases and their Management
\r\n\t * Genomics, Genetics, and Biotechnology
\r\n\t * Whole-Genome Sequencing and QTL mapping
\r\n\t * Genetic transformation and trait development, etc
The nomenclature of haptoglobin (Hp) was from the character of conjugation [hapto] with hemoglobin [globin] of red blood cells. Human Hp is one of the largest proteins in the plasma originally synthesized as a single polypeptide and has been thought to be derived primarily in liver, adipose tissue, brain, lung, and kidney (Peters & Alper, 1966).Following post-translational protease cleavage of Hp, - and -chains are formed and then linked by disulfide bridges to generate the matured Hp form (Kurosky et al., 1980).Human Hp gene located in chromosome 16q22.1 is characterized by two common alleles Hp1 and Hp 2respectively corresponding to 1- and 2- chain, and resulting in three main phenotypes: Hp 1-1, 2-1 and 2-2.All the phenotypes share the sameβ-chain containing 245 amino-acid residues.As shown in Figure 1A, the 1-chain contains 83 amino-acid residues possessing two “free” –SH groups.The one at the –COOH-terminus always cross-linked with a -chain to form a basic - unit, and the other at the NH2-terminus linked with another (-)1 resulting in a Hp dimer (1-β)2 or a Hp 1-1 molecule.In contrast, the 2-chain containing a tandem-repeat of residues 12-70 of 1 with 142 amino-acid residues is “trivalent” providing an additional free –SH (Cys-15) that is able to interact with another -β unit.As such, 2-chains can bind to either 1- or 2- units to form large polymers [(1-β)2-(2-β)n in Hp2-1 and (2-β)n in Hp2-2] as shown in Figure 1B (Wejmanet al., 1984).
\n\t\t\tHp is a highly conserved acute phase protein (responsive to infection and inflammation) that is present in the plasma of all mammals (Raijmakerset al., 2003, Wanget al., 2001, Yerburyet al., 2005).A recent study has found that Hp also exists in lower vertebrates, bony fish but not in frogs and chickens(Wicher & Fries, 2006).The human Hp 2 allele has been proposed to be evolved from Hp 1 about 2 million years ago and then gradually displaced Hp 1as a consequence of a non-homologous crossing-over between the structural alleles (Hp 1) during meiosis, which is remarkable for being the first example in partial gene duplication of human plasma proteins (Maeda, 1985, Maedaet al., 1984,
\n\t\t\tA schematic model illustrating the structure of human Hp phenotypes.Panel A depicts the backbone of the amino acid sequence for 1-chain with 83 amino-acid residues and for 2-chain with 142 residues containing a 59 amino-acid tandem repeat (residues 12-70) (shown in shaded block). Panel B shows the secondary structures of Hp: Hp 1-1 represents a homodimer, the simplest combination of dimeric1β chains (1β)2; Hp 2-2 is heterogeneous in size, starting with cyclic trimeric2β chains, (2β)3, and other cyclic polymers;Hp 2-1 is also heterogeneous, but composedof simple homodimer (1β)2, a linear trimericβ chain,(1β)2(2β), and other linearpolymers. All types share acommon structure of the β chain.
\n\t\t\t\tMcEvoy & Maeda,1988). Thus, only humans possess additional Hp 2-1 and 2-2 phenotypes.However, more recently we have found that all the ruminants belong to Hp 2-2 phenotype, which was evolved during at least 20 million years (Laiet al., 2008).In general, individuals with polymeric structure of Hp 2-2 are dramatically more prevalent in certain clinical disorders, such as diabetes and inflammation-related diseases (Hochberget al., 2002, Langlois & Delanghe, 1996, Levyet al., 2002, Miyoshiet al., 1991).Because Hp 1-1 molecule inhibits the inflammatory cascades more effectively than Hp 2-2, it is commonly assumed that patients with Hp 2-2 phenotype would expose to higher risk for poorer outcomes once suffered from diabetes and inflammation related diseases.Extrahepatic source of Hp has recently been recognized to be present in the body fluids; its regulation could be totally different from the liver -secreted Hp.For example, mononuclear cells secrete Hp when stimulated with all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)to activate protein kinase C-δ, one of the major signal transductions (Kimet al., 2001).While tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) can induce Hp release in neutrophils during the precursor stage (promyelocyte) at the condition of acute inflammation(Nakagawa-Tosaet al., 1995, Theilgaard-Monchet al., 2006).
\n\t\t\tThe most-noted biological functions of Hp are to capture released hemoglobin (Hb) for accelerating the Hbdegredation during an excessive hemolysis and participate in scavenging free radicals during oxidative stress (Bernardet al., 2003, Langlois & Delanghe, 1996).More recently, we have shown that Hp is an extremely potent antioxidant, which directly prevents low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) from Cu2+-induced oxidation.The potency is markedly superior to probucol, one of the most potent therapeuticantioxidants (Laiet al., 2007, Tsenget al., 2004).Transfection of HpcDNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells protects them against oxidative stress (Tsenget al., 2004).This finding can explain,at least in part,that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 may enhanceHp expression (Ohet al., 2011).\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\tMeanwhile, the concentration measurement of different Hp phenotypes is somewhat difficult hence there are limited reports showing the correlation between the Hp levels and inflammatory-related diseases in human subjects.Using an ELISA with phenotype-matched Hp standards, it becomes possible to accurately measure the Hp 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 plasma levels and to define the response pattern to several diseases such as in patients with atherosclerosis (Chenget al., 2007).Furthermore, the reference levels of Hp were significantly different in patients with different phenotypes.Increasingplasma Hplevels up to 2-4 timesupon the inflammation or infection are considered to be a sound acute response.A human study of 10 healthy volunteers recently disclosed an elevation of Hp levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the lung stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).We demonstrated that Hp 1 is a more dominant allele than Hp 2 based on the Hp mRNA expression(Cheng et al., 2007).Thus, subjects with Hp 1-1 and 2-1 have higher baseline levels of plasma Hp and possess stronger antioxidant activity relative to those Hp 2-2 individuals (Tseng et al., 2004).
\n\t\t\tSome conditions that commonly lead to substantial increase in plasma Hpinclude infection, trauma, surgery, burns, tissue infarction, various immunologically mediated inflammations, and some advanced malignant tumors.However, reports with respect to the relationship between exerciseand Hp levels are rarely limited.Spitler et al. disclosed a significantly lower Hp level and a higher turnover rate of erythrocytes in subjects practicing high frequency fitness as compared to those withlow frequency of practice.One reasonableexplanation is that exercise induces a chronic hemolytic response (Spitleret al., 1984).It was thought that the stressdue to exercise caused intra-vascular hemolysis with the consumption of Hp. Thisnotion is consistent with reportedobservation that Hp was decreased after a 10-month period of repetitive treadmill program that included 11 male medium-distance runners (Wolfet al., 1987).Nevertheless, there are still controversialdebates about the exercise effect on Hp expression. Hp levels remained unchanged in12 healthy male volunteers undergoing a maximal aerobic capacity (Vo2 max) every week for 3 weeks (Cordova et al., 1992).Further, the transcriptional levels of Hp and proinflammatory cytokine genes after exercise have never been reported.We attempted to explore a possible effect of a single short-term exercise on the plasma levels of Hpin the present study.
\n\t\tFirst, we conducted a preliminary study to determine whether a physical endurance jogging or an explosive run may affect the plasma Hp levels.Twelve males (phenotypes Hp 2-1 and 2-2) with age matched were recruited (Hp 1-1 were excluded in this study due to the rare population in our local area, generally < 7%) and examined by performing these exercises.Jogging was performed as a single time for 60 min, while explosive run was to race 100-m also as a single time for about 15 sec.These two types of exercise were conducted among the same individuals with a resting period of 30 days apart.To determine the time-course changes in Hp levels after one-time exercise, the fasting blood samples were collected at days 5, 10 and 25and Hp was then measured using an appropriated ELISA (Chenget al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tOur preliminary data revealed that Hp is elicited in response to exercise, depending on the type of exercise. It should be noted that the basal levels of Hp were different with respect to the Hp phenotype of the subjects, i.e. low in Hp 2-2 and high in Hp 2-1 subjects similar to a previous report (Chenget al., 2007).Both Hp 2-1 and 2-2 subjects exhibited a significant Hp elevation in plasma under an explosive exercise (100-m run).Although the overall basal levels of Hp were low in Hp 2-2 subjects, their Hp levels were increased substantially by about 20 fold after explosive running. Interestingly, 60-min jogging seems not to cause marked changes in Hp levels as compared to 100-m racing over the Hp 2-2 subjects (Figure2). Meanwhile, these exercises did not cause overall loss of body weight or adipose tissue mass (data not shown). It is of interest to note that in general the elevation of Hp responsive to exercise is rather slow being observed after 5 days with one-shot exercise.
\n\t\t\t\tRecent studies indicate that acute-phase proteins changes in exercise are associated with low-grade oxidative stress(Petibois & Deleris, 2003).Since Hp is an extremely potent antioxidant (Tsenget al., 2004), we anticipated that elevated Hp expression level may potentially play a protective role reducing the oxidative stress during the exercise.The mechanism involved in such exercise-induced Hp elevation is discussed below.
\n\t\t\tAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening severe inflammatoryprocess in response to pneumocyte damages, including those mediated by free radicals.Because Hp is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule, it may be relevant in preventing against inflammation in patients with severe oxidative damage. To test whether plasma Hp levels are associated with the outcome in ARDS patients, we evaluated 88 patients with ARDS.Of remarkable interest, we have observed (unpublished data) that plasma Hp levels are greatly increased in patients affected with ARDS.Hp 2-1 patients with high Hpbasal levels appear to have a much better prognosis relative to those with Hp 2-2(Figure 3).LowHp levels were found to be associated with multiple-organ dysfunction and independently predict 28-day mortality of those patients with ARDS.Hp2-2 patients have unfavorable ARDS outcomes.
\n\t\t\t\tChanges of plasma Hp levels in fold after one single exercise. Twelve males received a running program with endurance exercises (jogging for 60 min) with a 30-day resting period and followed by an exposing run (100-m for about 15 seconds). In 6 individuals with Hp2-1 (A), the Hp basal levels were relatively higher than those with Hp 2-2. Hp 2-1 levels increased 2.8-fold at day 25 with the mean ± SD from 1.3 ± 0.6 mg/ml for jogging (p=0.063). In 6 individuals with Hp 2-2 (B), the Hp basal levels were relatively low, but markedly increased by about 20-fold at day 25 from 0.09 ± 0.13 mg/ml for racing (p<0.001).
Hp levels are various in septic patients with different phenotypes.Hplevels in 88 patients with sepsis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome measured on day 1 and days 4-7 are shown. Horizontal bar indicates the mean values. Patients with Hp1-1 and 2-1 have higher Hplevels at days 4-7 relative to those with Hp2-2 at the same period.
The rationale by which exercise induces the increase in plasma Hp is not clear.Initially, we attempted to address the source of elevated plasma Hp after exercise.By immunocytochemical staining, we show that neutrophils and monocytes in plasma, but not lymphocytes, are the two major cell types to express Hp (Figure 4). We therefore hypothesized peripheral white blood cells being responsible for the increased Hp levels at least in part.
\n\t\t\tImmunocytochemical analysis of Hp expression in human leukocytes.A representative staining of 3 healthy human subjects is shown. Leftpanel(control) displays the cells stained with hematoxylinand normal mouse serum.Right panel displays the cells stained with hematoxylinand a mouse anti-human Hp monoclonal antibody. Intracellular Hpis primarily expressed in mononuclear cells and neutrophils instead of lymphocytes.
Since all the animal species belong to Hp 1-1 phenotype except ruminants (Laiet al., 2008), the response of Hp levels following the exercise should be more uniform in animals than that in human subjects as mentioned above. To this end, mice were chosen as an animal model to substantiate the hypothesis mentioned above.First, we tested whether exercise may raise the Hp levels in mice. They were divided as four groups (n=24 in total).The control group (n=6) received no exercise, while the rest of the tested groups (n=6 in each) received a passive exercise with mild horizontal movement at a frequency of 60 times per min for 30 min, twice a day and last for one, two, and three weeks, respectively.All the groups were kept for the same period of time (3 weeks) and simultaneously sacrificed at day 21.For examples, the one-week group started to exercise at day 14 and ended at day 21, while the 3-week group started at day 0 and ended at day 21 as shown in Table 1.The body weight of each respective group (including the control) increased progressively over 21 days, but there was no significant difference between each group during the exercise period.
\n\t\t\t\tDays | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExercised Group | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||||
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | Week 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeek 1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeek 2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeek 3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 31.4 ± 2.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.4 ± 0.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.3 ± 1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.4 ± 0.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 34.9 ± 1.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.9 ± 1.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t35.8 ± 1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.0 ± 0.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 36.8 ± 2.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t35.6 ± 1.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.3 ± 1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.2 ± 1.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 37.0 ± 2.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t36.3 ± 1.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.8 ± 1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t36.4 ± 1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Body weight of the mice underwent passive exercise. There was no significant difference during the 3-week period when compared between the mouse groups (week 0-3) at the same day. Shaded area represents the time to start the exercise
Using the Hp-hemoglobin complex formation method (Yuehet al., 2007), we show plasma Hp levels after exercise being progressively increased over time (Figure 5).At week 3, the levels significantly went up to about 2.67 fold (p<0.005). The data are consistent tothe denseness measurementsusing a Western blot analysis (data not shown).By RT-PCR analysis, the Hp mRNA levels in total white blood cells were also significantly elevated at week 3 with about 6 fold (Figure 6) (p<0.005).Thus, it suggests that the Hp increase in plasma is contributed from the white blood cells at least in part. Figure 6 also shows that the Hp mRNA levels in response to exercise is rather slow and consistent to that human study (Figure 2).
\n\t\t\tSince IL-6 has been reported to be a factor to stimulate the Hp biosynthesis in cultured hepatocytes, we tested whether there was a change in IL-6 of leukocytes following the exercise. Figure 7 shows that both IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels were increased in some extent, but not IL-10 and TNF-α, using a RT-PCR analysis. The finding postulates that there might be other factors involved in stimulating the biosynthesis of leukocyte’s Hp.
\n\t\t\t\tHp levels in mice with and without exercise. A: Representative native gel showing complex formation between mouse plasma Hp and added hemoglobin (Hb). B: Chromogenity of formed Hp-Hb complex determined by a scanning densitometry.**Hp levels in mice exercised at week 3 reveals a significant elevation relative to week 0 (P<0.005).
Effect of exercise on Hp mRNA expression in leukocytes from different mouse groups assessed by a RT-PCR. A: Hp mRNA expression from each group (n=6). B: Mean ± SD of the density from RT-PCRresults (from A) determined by a scanning densitometry. A significant increase in Hp mRNA expression levelsis observed after 3 weeks of exercise (p<0.005). Each group was sacrificed at the same day.
Effect of exercise on mRNA expression of the cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-, IL-6, and IL-10 in mouse leukocytes. A: mRNA levels corresponding to each cytokine after exercise (n=6 for each respective group). B: Mean ± SD of the density from RT-PCRresults (from A) determined by a scanning densitometry. *p<0.05 as compared to week 0. Each group was sacrificed at the same day.
To test whether exercise can affect the expression of hepatic Hp mRNA levels over time, we analyzed the mouse liver samples using a RT-PCR. Figure 8 shows that Hp mRNA levels were not altered during the three-week exercise suggesting that the elevated levels of plasma Hp were not derived from the livers.
\n\t\t\tEffect of exercise on mouse hepatic HpmRNA expression over time. There are no significantly different between each group (n=6 for each respective group). p>0.05
Lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes are taken account for the major types of white blood cells in plasma. Finally, we found only the number of plasma neutrophils being mostly increased after exercise, but not that of lymphocytes and monocytes (Figure 9).Thus,
\n\t\t\t\tEffect of exercise on the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in mice. Only neutrophils from the leukocytes are significantlyincreased as compared with the other cell types after 3-week exercise. *p<0.05 as compared with the week 0. Each group was sacrificed at the same day.
our results point out that the increase in neutrophils over the circulation is accompanied with the elevation of plasma Hp shown in Figures 5 and 6. Such correlation can be rationalized by the fact that exercise can induce a marked increase in blood neutrophils in human studies (Gavrieli et al., 2008, Laing et al., 2008, Weight et al., 1991).These neutrophils are then attributed for the release of Hp into the plasma shown in our study. A similar study was conducted by us in cows with mastitis, large accumulation of neutrophils in mammary glands resulted in a marked Hp increase in milk(Lai et al., 2009). We suggest that neutrophils are responsible for the elevated Hp levels in plasma following the exercise.
\n\t\t\tFrom the human study, we show that one short-term jogging and explosive run are able to induce the Hp plasma elevation, while the animal study revealed that a mild exercise induces marked increase in plasma Hp and neutrophil-derviedHp mRNA or in leukocytes, but not in the hepatocytes. It is conceivable that although liver is a major organ responsible for the Hp biosynthesis, the net increase in plasma Hp, may be directly originated from the leukocytes (at least in part) following exercise. Clinically, increase in leukocytes count, particularly neutrophils, after microbial infection is very common. The present study provides evidence that a substantial elevation of Hp is associated with the neutrophil increase (mobilized from the lymphatic pool). These findings could be relevant for most inflammatory responses when neutrophils level increases in the circulation. It also suggests that Hp levels could be the marker for the neutrophil functional activity.
\n\t\t\tGiven the ability of neutrophil to secretthe anti-inflammatory molecule Hp into circulation, we suggest that neutrophil mobilization from the lymphatic system or bone marrow may play a role as a physiologic repair mechanism to inflammatory tissue injury. The application of mild exercise to actively elicit the plasma Hp expression in preventing infections or in reducing chronic inflammation needs further investigations.
\n\t\tThis work was supported by grants of NHRI-EX94-9229SI from National HealthResearch Institute(SJTM), NSC 95-2313-B-009-003-MY2 (SJTM) and NSC100-2314-B-010-001-MY2 from National Science Council(CYC), and a TranslationalMedicine Scholarship from Institute of Biomedical Sciences, AcademiaSinica, Taiwan (CYC).
\n\t\tThe background of “set of strings” Framework (SSF) [1, 2, 3, 4], developed for adequate modeling of Big Data, is the representation of database as an updated Set of Strings, whose structure is defined by the current metadatabase (MDB), being a set of context-free generation rules in the sense of N. Chomsky [5].
\nAugmented Post systems (APS), considered in this chapter, are result of deep integration in the one toolkit of two well-known formalisms—classical string-generating formal grammars and string-operating logical systems, proposed by E. Post [6].
\nBy this, the main features of APS are:
Deep connectivity with “Set of Strings” representation of databases.
Deductive capabilities, similar to those, which are inherent to various deductive extensions of the relational model of data, as well as to Prolog and Datalog [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
The second feature provides selection of not only data, presenting in string databases (SDB) in the explicit form, but also data, which may be constructed (derived) from the explicit data by means of logical inference.
\nThis chapter is dedicated to the formal definition and substantial description of APS and their applications. The terminology and abbreviations are the same, as have been used when describing SSF.
\nSection 2 is dedicated to the definition of syntax and mathematical semantics of APS, and Section 3 to their operational semantics. Procedural connection to APS is described in Section 4, and flow-processing APS (FAPS), based on the aforementioned connection, are described in Section 5. Implementation issues and applications of APS family are considered in Section 6. The conclusion contains proposals on further development of SSF.
\nThe augmented Post system \n
S-production\n
where \n
Term \n
and
\nwhere \n
is called S-axiom.
\nComponent \n
Rule \n
where \n
for all \n
such that \n
S-production \n
where \n
If
\nthen S-production \n
APS KB \n
Notion of the APS KB extensional, i.e., set of facts, which may be derived from the knowledge base by means of logical inference, is defined as follows.
\nLet\n
i.e., \n
Define
\nand extensional \n
Evidently, due to P correctness,
\nand \n
If we consider the notion of extensional of APS KB from the linguistic point of view, then \n
Now we can define semantics of language of queries to APS KB.
\nSet-theoretical (S-) semantics of this language is similar to S-semantics of SDB query languages:
\nwhere \n
Here we shall use the simplest query language, being set of couples \n
Mathematical (M-) semantics of this language is based on (14) and the following evident equation:
\nHere, \n
Example 1. Consider metadatabase from Example 2 of the chapter of this book, describing SSF. We shall add to it the following three rules:
\nFacts like \n
Consider APS knowledge base \n
As seen, \n
Query, whose purpose is to get information about smoked areas, may be as follows:
\nwhile query, whose purpose is to get information about sensor \n
Evidently, this knowledge base extensional is
\n\n\n
The background of operational (O-) semantics of the considered query language is the so-called S-unification, which is generalization of well-known unification, introduced by J. Robinson in [7] and used in the resolution procedures, developed for the first-order predicate logic. (In fact, S-unification is a strict generalized definition of heuristically described unification, which, as it was shown in [1], is incorrect in the case of multiple occurrences of at least one variable to one of the unified terms.)
\nWe shall consider basic concept of S-unification and then describe operational semantics of used query language, corresponding to (11–18) and defining main features of the controlled logical inference of answers to queries to APS KB.
\nLet \n
As may be seen easily, the answer to \n
This condition is equivalent to the existence of solution of word equation on context-free language (WECFL):
\n(for correctness, sets of variables of terms \n
Result of WECFL (21) solution is the new declaration of variables of S-production \n
Logics of S-unification are illustrated in Figure 1, followed by Example 2.
\nGraphical illustration of S-unification.
Example 2. Consider query \n
and S-production \n
According to (21),
\n\n\n
S-unification provides opportunity of answer derivation by controlled logical inference, which is implemented by the axiomatic system, which contains only three inference rules—top-down successful S-resolution, top-down unsuccessful S-resolution, and bottom-up S-resolution [1, 2]. Here we shall describe more natural and understandable procedural representation of the considered O-semantics, which fully corresponds to the aforementioned axiomatics.
\nThis representation contains two recursively interconnected algorithmically defined functions.
\nThe first of them \n
The second function \n
Text of function \n
As seen, lines 2–4 contain declarations of variables, used lower in the function body. It is essential that there are two variables declared as global, namely, S (set of S-productions) and D (metadatabase). Nevertheless the last one is not used in the body, it is presumed that MDB is used inside S-unification (line 6). The initial value of local variable \n
The main part of Q is loop (lines 5–11) on S-productions, entering set S and represented in the form of triples \n
Text of function RB, in turn, is as follows:
\nHere lines 2–4, as in the text of Q, are declarations of variables, used in the RB body. RB execution begins by check, whether set \n
As it is easy to see, execution of loop \n
Let \n
Theorem 1. \n
In fact, Q and RB collaborative operation provides top-down derivation of the set of CS-productions, involved in creation of non-ground facts, which enter the answer to the query \n
As seen from this description, logical inference is implemented in a wavelike manner. “Direct waves,” including generated queries, which contain “more and more concrete” variables declarations, are “spreading” until S-axioms are reached. This leads to the creation of CS-productions, and “back waves” start until a new set of facts, being answer to some intermediate (or, finally, initial) query, is assembled. Both direct and back waves meet one another and “interfere,” producing new queries. As may be seen, APS operational semantics corresponds to the universal mode of inference (all facts, being goal of the query, are derived), unlike existential mode (anyone fact from the possibly multifact set), which is inherent to known resolution procedures. By this, full accordance of APS O-semantics to its S- and M-semantics is achieved.
\nOne of the most important features of any knowledge representation model are embedded tools of the procedural connection, providing interaction of “rigid” (non-updated by knowledge engineers) software modules with inference process and data exchange between inference engine and the aforementioned modules.
\nBackground of the procedural connection to APS knowledge bases are program (P-) productions.
\nP-production is couple \n
Couple \n
Example 3. Program named MULT for multiplication of integer numbers may be connected to knowledge base by P-production:
\nMULT extensional is an infinite set containing strings like \n
Let \n
i.e., \n
Concerning operational semantics, it is sufficient to extend function Q by operators, providing call of the “perspective” connected programs via unified application programs interface and joining resulting sets to the accumulated answers. The extension is as follows:
\nAs seen, after search on S-production set (lines 5–11), similar search on P-production set would be executed (lines 12–16). If S-unification of query \n
As seen, search on the set \n
To avoid such difficulty, it would be reasonable to implant to S- and P-productions some information, which may cut off “dangerous” branches.
\nThere is a simple tool for logical inference control within APS knowledge representation. Namely, variables, which the declarations after S-unification would have right parts, consisting only of terminal symbols (i.e., there would be no incomplete information, associated with non-terminals, inside these declarations), are marked by point over arrow in the initial descriptions, having place in P- and S-productions. Such variables are called complete. In example 3 declarations of variables \n
while inference will result in program MULT call, while query
\n\n\n
Let us consider now the general case, where extensionals of programs, connected to APS KB, are not static, i.e., may vary while answer derivation. The simplest examples of such kind of programs are database management systems.
\nTo connect DBMS, operating key-addressed databases, it is sufficient to join to APS KB P-production:
\nfor queries (variable \n
for update operations (both variables \n
DBMS, operating databases with symmetric access, may be connected in a following way. In order to minimize redundant search while queries processing, some substrings of facts may be declared indexed (used for creation and maintenance of dynamic search trees, as it is described in [2, 3]). So some covers of the relational DBMS, corresponding to some subsets of DB, may contain complete variables, with declarations like \n
Described approach to the procedural connection makes easy integration of the distributed hardware components, linked by the computer network, into a single system with the single operation process. This may be done by procedural connection of the corresponding hardware drivers and implementation of the so-called flow-processing augmented Post systems.
\nFAPS KB includes along with S- and P-productions also the so-called flow (F-) productions having the form of
\nwhere terms \n
We assume that F-productions are represented in the knowledge base as couples \n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
All these objects are accumulated to set S, which, along with metadatabase D, present in the bodies of functions Q, RB, and F as global variable.
\nFunction F is as follows:
\nAs seen, the search on F-productions set (lines 4–10) provides selection of such F-productions, which are activated by input message \n
Various practice-oriented dialects of APS, providing various effective technologies of non-procedural programming (multiactivating, triggers, terms with negators, decision tables, etc.), were developed; also described operational semantics of APS and its extensions were redefined for highly parallel hardware environment [1, 2]. Taking into account nondeterministic nature of operational semantics of APS family, some additional tools for logical inference control were introduced in [1, 2].
\nLet us consider now the main features of APS application to the most advanced areas—Big Data, Internet of Things, cyberphysical industry, and cybersecurity—forming the future digital economy information infrastructure (DEII) [13, 14]. In all aforementioned applications, APS knowledge representation plays interconnecting and flexifying role, providing fast integration of various heterogeneous systems and fast adaptation of their operation logic to the highly volatile environment. In fact, APS simplify to the maximally possible level the most complicated problem of interoperability of any a priori developed systems; APS KB is nothing but “glue,” which in the simplest regular way integrates them together.
\nDEII is the result of integration of three basic paradigms: network-centricity, Big Data, and Internet of Things (Figure 2).
\nBasic paradigms of digital economy information infrastructure.
Network-centricity provides interconnection of any subjects of digital economy (DE), integrating human society and technosphere into global technosocium, operating as a global megasystem for the mankind wealth and prosperity. Big Data provides storage of great amounts of data from multiple heterogeneous sources and use of these data for rational everyday operation of the aforementioned megasystem and its permanent improvement. The Internet of Things, whose more precise and correct name would be Internet of Devices, provides creation, development, and operation of the aforementioned future global technosphere, including cyberphysical industry, based on additive manufacturing technologies, deeply robotized smart logistics, smart energy generation and delivery systems, and life resources infrastructure (food, water, living houses, etc.), as well as digital banking and finance infrastructure. All these segments, containing many billions of interconnected devices, provide implementation of such ambitious initiatives as Smart City and Smart Nation, inevitably leading to the Smart World as a well-understood and achievable goal of mankind evolution.
\nThe most complicated problem to be solved for DEII creation and development is providing its flexibility, i.e., rapid correction of operation logic of various DEII elements and sets of elements to the constantly occurring changes of the environment, as well as to changes in our knowledge about nature, human society, and technosphere. It is evident that sufficient flexibility of DEII may be achieved only on the background of knowledge engineering, leading to the knowledge-based digital economy.
\nAs shown in Figure 3, every subject of the DEII (no matter, human, or device), being associated with unique address of the address space of global information infrastructure, is supported by local knowledge base (LKB), applied by knowledge interpreter-corrector (KIC) for processing of input information flow, as well as local database, used and updated while aforementioned processing. Here LKB may contain not only “soft” component, i.e., rules, defining logic of input messages processing, but also “firm” component, i.e., “rigid” (nonmodified) software modules and systems (up to DBMS clients and servers), connected to LKB by the common interface, and called while rules interpretation (their sets are marked CP, e.g. Connected Programs, with lower indices).
\nLinearized representation of the knowledge-based digital economy information infrastructure.
The described approach may be effectively implemented, if there would be some unified data item, providing unified representation of operation logic of any system, joining any set of DE subjects.
\nThe possible practical outcome of the SSF is the creation of toolkit, providing the described higher approach to DEII implementation upon string as the aforementioned unified data item. This outcome in the integrated form is placed in Figure 4, where APS family of string-operation knowledge representation models is explicated.
\nIntegrated representation of APS family of knowledge representation models.
The operational semantics of the simplest practically used model from this family, whose background is FAPS, is shown in Figure 5.
\nBasic operation semantics of multiactivated flow APS.
As seen, input messages, which are transported to the local subject of DEII by means of network infrastructure, are recorded on the external blackboard (in fact, there are two blackboards used: external, for messages from the external sources, and internal, for messages generated while current external message processing). Every next message (string) \n
As seen, described dialect of APS family provides flexible implementation of operations, necessary for Big Data and Internet of Things, as well as its cyberphysical manufacturing segment, i.e., industrial Internet of Things. In the simplest case, strings, being transferred to 3D printers by their driver’s calls, may be STL files containing layer descriptions of the printed material objects [15].
\nThe main feature, which is, in fact, core for all APS family, is “additivity” of the local knowledge bases. Namely, the occurrence of any new device or human, generating earlier unknown and unprocessed messages, is supported by addition to LKB of subjects (again devices or humans), communicating with source of such messages, new elements with activators, providing initiation of their processing. Such occurrence results, finally, in creation and sending new messages to another subjects. Such “additivity” may be called “vertical” (new types of messages are supported by the addition of new F-productions with new activators to LKB). However, horizontal “additivity” is also supported, when new F-productions with proper activators are added for internal messages, which are sent by some modules of LKB while processing external messages. By this, internal messages processing becomes “deeper.” As seen, FAPS provide sufficiently regular and refined technology of the distributed system software development and debugging.
\nLet us underline that unlike well-known tools from the object programming area, which also support interconnection between modules by messages and use blackboard for such processing, in the case of flow APS, new message receivers are not known, and thus, there is no opportunity for its determination in the text of the program module. By this, APS-based knowledge engineering approach to software making principally differs from object programming as well as any other approaches from the more or less procedural programming.
\nLet us pay some attention to such important area of flow APS application as cybersecurity, which is critical for DEII normal operation.
\nDynamically extended spectrum and complexity of cyberattacks, implementing today advanced persistent threats (APT), have led to the necessity of development of more and more sophisticated tools for early recognition and prevention of APT. The most efficient of such tools are based on the security information and event management (SIEM) paradigm [16, 17, 18, 19], whose background technologies are deep packets inspection/deep packets processing (DPI/DPP) [20, 21] and data leakage prevention (DLP) [22, 23]. The first operates flows of bit packets, providing their fusion in order to recognize elaborately covered signatures of known cyberattacks, while the second operates usually traffic from the application level of the OSI model. However, both operate strings (no matter, bit, symbol, or combined), and by this reason the described higher FAPS are the perfect tool for the SIEM implementation, especially at security operation centers (SOC), providing fusion of the primary data, passing to SOC from large amount of software and hardware traffic sensors from the security perimeter of the protected system. (Such sensors may be also effectively implemented on the FAPS background.) It is very important that SIEM is solidly based on three pillars: Big Data, which are stored fragments of the network traffic, caught at many network links in a 24 × 7 regime; data mining; and knowledge engineering. This area is the hardest known case of data mining and knowledge-based technologies application: cybersecurity knowledge engineers, by analyzing accumulated enormous volumes of primary data items, must quickly understand signatures of the prepared or already performed cyberattacks, developed by the smartest people from the global cybercrime and states special services teams; and rapidly correct LKBs or extend them by new sets of productions, providing early recognition and neutralizing such attacks. This combination of very large volumes of data and knowledge with hard real-time regime of SOC operation (e.g., SOC of the Russia largest financial group Sberbank neutralizes daily over 14,000 cyberattacks from all over the world [24]) makes cybersecurity application of data and knowledge engineering the most important from both practical and theoretical points of view.
\nThe described “Set of Strings” Framework is based on integration of three research areas—knowledge/data engineering, theory of grammars, and information theory—which until now are very close but rather isolated from one another. Synergetic effect, which may be the main result of such integration, would be useful for the development of the unified theory, necessary for convergence of Big Data, data mining, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things. Such convergence is extremely needed for solution of all spectrum of problems of digital economy.
\nThe most valuable directions of the SSF future development may be the following:
Metainference and machine learning in APS KB.
N-facts concretization in SDB with incomplete information (SDBI) and APS KB, using functional dependencies, associated usually with the relational data model.
Contradictory SDBI and APS KB management.
SDBI and APS KB with metadatabases, describing two- and three-dimensional objects.
SSF ideology and techniques transfer to the numeric data with the help of the SSF-associated theory of recursive multisets and multiset grammars/metagrammars, developed for the solution of problems of planning and scheduling in digital economy [25, 26, 27, 28].
Hardware implementation of key elements of SSF in the data flow and other high-parallel computer environments.
The author is highly interested in the cooperation with computer scientists and engineers, who may spend some research effort participating in the development of the listed directions and the SSF at all.
\nThe author expresses gratitude to the editor for useful advices. The author is grateful to Prof. Noam Chomsky for words of support to the development of the “Set of Strings” Framework. The author is also thankful to Prof. Jeffrey Ullman for useful remarks on the current state of the theory of grammars.
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\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
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She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and 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