Parameters of the impact device: primary and secondary electrostatic transducers
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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By providing detailed information on various aspects of quality control, this book can serve as a basis for starting interdisciplinary cooperation, which has increasingly become an integral part of scientific and applied research.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-236-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6008-3",doi:"10.5772/612",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",numberOfPages:726,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",numberOfDownloads:318634,numberOfWosCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:96,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:210,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 25th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 27th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Ognyan Ivanov graduated from the Physics Department of the Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski”. He received his PhD degree from the Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he is currently employed. His research activity is in the area of electromagnetic interactions with solids and is concentrated on the creation of various methods for control of materials and processes, mainly in the field of quality control. The methods can be used for the control of solids, liquids and gases. Dr Ivanov is an author and co-author of 54 publications in scientific journals and books, including four invited papers, and he has participated in 26 international conferences. He has worked as a member or leader in 14 projects of ISSP with organizations outside of the Academy. Prof. Ivanov also teaches physics at the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy in Sofia. 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Energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations is one among several alternatives currently considered as power sources for wireless devices. The main motivation is the prospect of eliminating maintenance or increasing maintenance intervals by providing a means for recharging batteries or replacing batteries altogether. Energy harvesting can also be an enabling technology for applications where operating conditions, e.g. temperature, inhibit use of batteries. The prospect of reducing system size can also be a factor of interest. Vibration energy harvesting is therefore a topic of great interest in the scientific community [1-6], especially regarding miniaturized devices. For macro scale devices, commercial products have already emerged [7].
A vibration energy harvester is usually a spring-mass-damper system with a transducer that is continuously driven by the relative motion of the mass with respect to a device frame. The transducers are typically one of the three main types: electromagnetic, piezoelectric or electrostatic [1-2, 8-14]. For small scale systems, vibration energy harvesters face at least two fundamental obstacles. Reduced size necessarily means reduced mass, meaning reduced output power in an inertially driven device. Furthermore, the smaller harvesters have smaller space available for proof mass motion which again limits the distance over which work can be done.
In practical generators, mechanical end-stops are intentionally designed in order to confine the displacement of the inertial mass to the finite die dimension and to avoid spring fracture or degradation of material properties. When the acceleration amplitude is sufficient for proof-mass impacts on end-stops to occur, non-linear effects such as the jump phenomenon in the displacement vs. frequency response appear. Even though this behavior can be exploited to extend device bandwidth, operating a conventional harvester in this regime has the considerable disadvantage that the output power saturates at high excitation levels and therefore the effectiveness of the device decreases. This saturation is quite generic and has been reported for a variety of devices [15-20].
This chapter is concerned with the extent to which the internal impacts on these end-stops can be exploited by making transducing end-stops. Several prototypes utilizing impact principles in macroscale piezoelectric devices have been presented [21-28]. Here we consider microscale electrostatic energy harvesters with two types of transducers, main transducer and secondary end-stop transducers. At sufficiently strong excitations, the impact of the proof-mass onto the end-stops actuates the secondary transducer and thereby harvests the excess kinetic energy of the proof mass. Therefore, the device provides power through two states as excitation strength increases, a first stage with only primary transducer output, and a second stage with output from all transducers.
For a velocity damped generator, the end-stop limit is reached when
Section 2 of this chapter details the motivation and working principle for the impact-based electrostatic device. The MEMS-implementation of the concept, made in the Tronics MPW foundry process [31], is described in detail in Section 3, modelled in Section 4 and characterized in Section 5.
A schematic model of a traditional harvester is shown in Figure 1. With such a design, the typical behavior in frequency sweeps is a clipping of the resonance peak and the occurrence of a jump phenomenon on the high frequency side of the clipped peak. With increasing amplitude, the output power eventually saturates, at least approximately. These effects have been observed in several devices, e.g. in a mesoscale electromagnetic harvester by [16], a mesoscale piezoelectric harvester [18-19] and a microscale electrostatic harvester [17]. Some examples of measured and simulated characteristics of a microscale electrostatic energy harvester from [30] are shown in Figure 2 which displays “clipping“ of the response and extended up-sweep bandwidth, and Figure 3 which displays saturation.
The clipping of the response in Figure 2 and the saturation in Figure 3 are direct negative consequences of the displacement limit. Whether the end-stop impacts are elastic or give loss of kinetic energy, is not significant for the output power when the vibrations are sinusoidal and at the resonant frequency [19]. Loss at end-stop impacts mainly affects the phase relationship between the driving force and the displacement. This has consequences for the value of the jump-down frequency in the up-sweep (at about 1450 Hz in Figure 2) and the details of displacement waveform. The displacement waveform may even show period doubling or chaotic-like behaviour without significant deviation from the saturation characteristic in Figure 3, see [32]. If we are mainly concerned with vibrations at the resonant frequency, we are then free to design the end-stop with any degree of loss that we deem suitable without compromising the output power performance.
A schematic illustration of typical energy harvesters including a spring-dashpot mass system with use of mechanical end-stops to limit mass motion
Up-sweep frequency response of RMS output voltage for different acceleration levels at bias voltage
Output power versus acceleration amplitude for different bias voltages. From [
The observation that end-stop loss is not important suggests that it can be beneficial to design end-stops that are also transducers. The concept is illustrated by velocity damped end-stops in Figure 4. If these secondary transducers can scavenge significant proof-mass kinetic energy at each impact and convert it to electrical energy, we obtain power in addition to that already available from a primary transducer that will be present and associated with the proof-mass motion anyway. The questions are then how these transducing end-stops can be made and, since some chip real estate must be allocated for them, if this approach has any advantages over using the entire area for a conventional device.
A schematic illustration of device concept with use of end-stops as additional transducers
Here we consider a MEMS realisation of a device based on internal impacts as motivated in the previous section.
Figure 5 shows an impact-device design. There are three independently suspended structures that constitute the device: one primary mass with its electrostatic transducer (ET1) and two secondary electrostatic structures with their own transducers (ET2) acting as end-stops to prevent the ET1 proof mass motion. The ET1 is an ordinary comb-drive structure driven by a movable proof mass
Schematic layout of the impact device with additional secondary electrostatic transducers functioning as end-stops for the primary mass
A total view of the impact device with primary and secondary electrostatic transducers (Photograph: Tronics Microsystems S.A.)
A close-up view of the primary and secondary transducers of the impact device (Photograph: Tronics Microsystems S.A.)
Secondary spring and gap-closing transducer of the secondary structure (Photograph: Tronics Microsystems S.A.)
The ET2 transducer has a mass
The ET1 and ET2 are accelerated in the same direction. Assuming negligible inertial actuation of the secondary structure, the impact between the primary and secondary masses occurs when the displacement amplitude of the primary mass reaches the limit
The die is 8×4mm2 and is fabricated in the Tronics MPW (multi-project wafer) service with high aspect ratio micromachining of the 60µm thick device layer of Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafers [31]. Figure 6 shows the full view of the device. The ET2 mass
Figure 7 shows a close-up view of the primary and secondary masses. The ET1 proof mass is attached to four springs. The springs in this device are designed as folded flexures with released stress in the axial direction, resulting in the linear beams for transverse motion. The ET2 spring design makes use of two single beams separated by a distance of 2.5mm, giving linear behavior within the ET2-structure travel length. In order to secure predictable beam widths, protection beams oriented in parallel with the spring beams are included to reduce over-etching of the spring beam during fabrication. With this counter measure, we expect the beam cross-section to be closer to the ideal rectangular shape, and therefore its stiffness to be close to the design value. The measured resonance frequency deviates approximately 1.5% from the design value.
There are four metal pads on anchors: two placed on the ET1’s anchors and two deposited on the ET2’s anchors. They connect to voltage sources used for external biasing in the experiments. Four remaining metal pads are placed on the fixed electrodes to connect the external load resistances.
Figure 8 presents details of the ET2. We see the gap-closing transducer and the bump geometry for the contact regions between the ET1 and ET2 structures. The spring anchors of the ET2 structure also function as rigid end-stops that restrict maximum displacement of both ET1 and ET2 structures to avoid contact between fixed and counter electrodes. All of the device parameters for the ET1 and the ET2 are listed in Table 1.
Die dimensions | 8×4mm2 | |
Device thickness, | 60µm | |
Length of capacitor fingers, | 25µm | 30 µm |
Width of capacitor fingers, | 4µm | 4µm |
Gap between capacitor fingers, | 3.0µm | 3.5µm |
Number of capacitor fingers on each electrode, | 416 | 225 |
Nominal capacitor finger overlap, | 10µm | 25 µm |
Length of spring Width of spring | 500µm 6.5µm | 350µm 5.2µm |
Distance between primary and secondary masses, | 4.0µm | |
Distance between secondary mass and rigid end stops, | 3.0µm | |
Bump radius, | 30µm |
Parameters of the impact device: primary and secondary electrostatic transducers
Figure 8 shows a view of the reference device with its in-plane overlap-varying transducer. The transducer is similar to the primary transducer of the impact device. Both device prototypes have the same chip dimension. The reference transducer has a larger area for the proof mass and a slightly higher transducer capacitance than the ET1. This is due to more space being available within the same chip real-estate when there are no transducing end-stops. The reference proof mass is suspended by four folded flexure beams. The beams are connected to fours anchors acting as rigid end-stops to confine maximum displacement of the proof mass. This device was described in detail in [30] where end-stop modeling was studied.
A view of the reference device with the same die dimension [
The reference transducer is also biased externally. The output voltage is simply connected to load resistance via the metal pads deposited on the fixed electrodes. Further details of the reference-device geometry can be found in [30].
As a check that the device operates according to our understanding, we will compare measurements to simulation. At the lumped-model level, the device dynamics is governed by a few nonlinear differential equations that can be solved by a variety of numerical tools. We prefer to use a circuit simulator as a solver, i.e. LT-SPICE, and therefore need to formulate the dynamics as an equivalent circuit. The overall scheme of the modelling is the same as we previously used for our previous MEMS devices [30]. Special features here are that there are 3 mechanical degrees of freedom in the impact device, the proof mass position and the position of each of the two secondary structures, and that the impacts are very crucial for the operation.
Lumped model of the impact device: a) primary electrostatic transducer (ET1) and b) secondary electrostatic transducer (ET2) in one port
The device is modeled as showed in Figure 10 which gives equivalent circuits for the mechanical and electrical parts of the primary structure and of a secondary structure. The proof mass displacement of the ET1 and ET2 are characterized by two variables
Inertial proof mass, | 2.1mg | 0.15mg |
Spring stiffness, | 115.1N/m | 29.5N/m |
Damping coefficient, | 4.0e-3Ns/m | 0.2e-3Ns/m |
Nominal variable capacitance, | 1.3pF | 1.6pF |
Parasitic capacitance, | 17.9pF | 6.0pF |
Load resistance, | 4.9MΩ | 4.9MΩ |
Load parasitic capacitance, | 4.2pF | 2.0pF |
Model parameters of the impact device: primary and secondary electrostatic transducers
Figure 11 shows the frequency response of the impact device compared with the reference device response for an RMS acceleration of 0.71g and a bias voltage
Frequency response of the impact device compared to the reference device for bias voltage
Fig. 12 shows the output power for frequency up-sweeps for each transducer in the reference and impact devices at
A wider response bandwidth is obtained in simulation for the secondary transducer, while the primary transducer response behaves qualitatively like the measured result. The main differences between the measured and simulated results can be explained from the modeling of the impacts. We have seen in the simulations that when varying the loss in the impact model, the bandwidth is affected so inaccuracy in the loss representation can be at least partly responsible for the discrepancy. In addition, the design values for the device geometry have been used in the model and therefore small deviations in the distance of travel before impact could influence the impact events and thereby the bandwidth.
Output power frequency responses of the primary and secondary transducers in the impact device compared to the output from the reference device at RMS acceleration of 5.5g and bias voltage
Figure 13 compares the output powers of the reference and impact devices under bias voltage
Figure 14 illustrates the frequency response of the total output power of the impact device and the reference device in frequency up- and down sweeps at an acceleration amplitude of 5.5g and bias voltage
Comparison between measured output power of the reference and impact devices for bias voltage
One notable difference between this encapsulated low-
The merits of the impact-device concept can be quantified through the figure of merit
Frequency response of the measured output power of the reference and impact devices for a RMS acceleration of 5.5g and bias voltage
2.10 | 0.074 | 0.037 | 0.04 | 11.18 | 9.56 | ||
4.19 | 0.145 | 0.078 | 0.06 | 17.42 | 14.81 | ||
5.15 | 0.139 | 3.017 | 1.76 | 5.40 | 14.44 | ||
5.50 | 0.106 | 4.249 | 1.87 | 5.09 | 23.12 |
Comparison of harvester effectiveness between the reference and impact devices
An electrostatic energy harvester with in-plane overlap-varying transducers on the primary mass and with secondary gap varying transducers as end-stops has been designed, modeled and characterized. The simulations are consistent with the measurement results. The performance was compared with that of a standard in-plane- overlap-varying type device. With the transducing end-stops we have seen that a considerable performance boost is obtained, with output power up to a factor 33 over the reference device, even though the reference device performed a factor of 3.4 better at low acceleration levels. None of the typical jump phenomena were observed in up and down frequency sweeps for this device. The frequency response of the impact device had approximately the same bandwidth as the reference device had on down sweeps.
This work was financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under grant 191282. We thank Prof. Eric Yeatman and Prof. Oddvar Søråsen for useful discussions and suggestions.
Assuring the quality of higher education institutions in Indonesia face relatively great challenges. These challenges are related to competitions between state, private, and foreign/international universities. The competitions, however, can serve as an encouragement for university administrators to build trust from the community by improving their quality in all aspects. Universities are directed to fulfill such aspects as autonomy, transparency, accountability, quality guarantee, and quality improvement to maintain community’s trust. In addition, according to Javis [1] the quality assurance (QA) regime has been an increasingly dominant regulation tool in managing higher education sectors throughout the world. According to a prediction, nearly half of countries in the world now have a quality assurance system or a QA regulating agency for universities. The accountability and responsibility demands require university to provide the community with quality assurance [2]. As its attempt to guarantee the quality of education, the government through Higher Education Institution Law No. 22/196, as confirmed by Higher Education Institution Law No. 2/1989 has required universities to perform evaluation and accreditation. The provisions on evaluation and accreditation are updated further with a clearer and firmer statement in National Education System Law No. 20/2003 and Government Regulation on National Education Standards which suggests that quality assurance is a necessity, both internally in the form of self-evaluation and externally by proposing for accreditation as lastly amended with the Ministerial Regulations of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3 Year 2020 on National Higher Education Standards and No. 5 Year 2020 on Study Program and University Accreditations. In relation to these Laws and Government Regulations, the government passes a policy instrument in the form of Government Regulation on Higher Educational Institution which states that quality assessment shall be performed by an independent accreditation board. The aim is to monitor and nurture the quality of universities and to provide guarantee to the community of their quality.
A fairly surprising fact is found by the Directorate of Quality Assurance of Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia that the implementation of Internal Quality Assurance System in various universities have been mapped four times. From the 2008 mappings, only 68 universities had implemented Internal Quality Assurance System well. In 2009, it decreased to only 58 universities and shrinked even further in 2010 to only 24 universities. Only in 2011 that 159 universities were found to have implemented Internal Quality Assurance System well.
Universities in Indonesia is under the monitoring of the government as the supervisor of external quality assurance system (accreditation). The realization in the field shows that the quality of universities have not been assured optimally and satisfactorily. The phenomenon above indicates that 19 years since university autonomy was promoted by the Indonesian government in 2001 through 2020, universities in Indonesia still failed to optimally build an internal quality assurance system.
This is in line with what Jan Kleijnen, Diana Dolmans, Jos Willems, Hans van Hout [3] find in their study entitled “Does internal quality management contribute to more control or to improvement of higher education?” which confirms that quality assurance activities can increase results in education practices. The research conducted by Yingxia Cao and Xiaofan Li [4] entitled “Quality and quality assurance in Chinese private higher education” proves that the application of a quality assurance system can develop higher educational institutions.
The development of an Internal Quality Assurance System in universities in Indonesia, so far, has only focused on developing quality standards. While the novelty of this research is on the development of a quality assurance ecosystem to build a quality culture which is formulated in the form of a model through a knowledge management approach.
To analyze a factual model of internal quality assurance system (IQAS) in Indonesia; To develop a knowledge management in Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model; To produce a knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model.
According to Harvey and Newton [5], quality assurance mechanisms can be classified into four approaches, as shown in Table 1, namely accreditation, audit, assessment, and external audit (or external standards). The emphasis given in each approach is varied between systems in various countries. The objects of each approach range from institutions, courses, and programs on one hand, to provision of services and students or learning outputs on the other. The focus of every approach is also varied, and ranges from governance and regulations, through financial feasibility and qualification, to compliance and improvement. The reasons for four approaches have no clarity [5]. In many countries, quality evaluation is called as a tool for improvement process, yet the emphasis is usually on accountability, compliance and control, which constitute parts of political agenda [5, 6]. The reasons for four approaches lie in relativist perspective (fitness for purpose) [7]. For example, the tendency to pursue summative and formative objectives, and use quantitative and qualitative performance indicators at the same time can be found in every external audit. From the four approaches, audit and accreditation are the most popular in the world. When examining the forms of quality assurance mechanisms applied in many countries, it is clear that accreditation is an important approach in Western and Eastern countries. It becomes more universal than other approaches [8], particularly after the 1999 Bologna Declaration. Another main quality assurance mechanism in Western countries is audit; for example, in UK, institutional audit is encounraged by the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA).
Approach | Accreditation | Audit | Assessment | External examinations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Object | Provider | Programme | Learner | Output | |
Focus | Governance & regulation | Curricula-um design | Learning experience | Medium of delivery | Student support |
Content of programmes | Financial viability | Qualification | Administration support | Organizational processes | |
Rationale | Accountability | Control | Compliance | Improvement | |
Methods | Self-assessment | Performance indicators (PIs) | Peer visit | Inspection | |
Document analysis | Stakeholder surveys | Direct intervention | Proxy delegate |
Four approaches to quality assurance [5].
In Ministerial Regulation of Education and Culture No. 3 Year 2020 concerning National Higher Education Standards and Ministerial Regulation of Education and Culture No. 5 Year 2020 concerning Study Program and University Accreditations, it is also set that in addition to being measured from the fulfillment of each higher education standard, study program or university quality should also be measured from the fulfillment of interaction between higher education standards to achieve the objective of higher education. The national higher education standards aims at:
ensuring that the achievement of objectives of higher education which play a strategic role in enlightening the life of the nation, advancing knowledge and technology by applying humanistic values and sustainable culturalization and empowerment of Indonesia as a nation;
ensuring that the learning in study programs, research, and community service organized by universities throughout the legal territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia meets the quality based on the criteria set in the national higher education standards; and
encouraging universities throughout the legal territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia to meet the quality of learning, research, and community service that exceeds the criteria set in the national higher education standards sustainably.
Under the Ministerial Regulation of Education and Culture Number 3 Year 2020 concerning National Higher Education Standards, it has been established that:
The National Education Standards consist of:
graduate competence standard;
learning content standard;
learning process standard;
learning educational assessment standard;
lecturer and educational staff standard;
learning facility and infrastructure standard;
management standard; and
learning financing standard.
Research Standards consist of:
research result standard;
research content standard;
research process standard;
research assessment standard;
researcher standard;
research facility and infrastructure standard;
research management standard; and
research funding and financing standard.
Community Service Standards consists of:
community service output standard;
community service content standard;
community service process standard;
community service assessment standard;
community service executing agent standard;
community service facility and infrastructure standard;
community service management standard; and
community service funding and financing standard.
Internal quality evaluation need to be performed continuously to ensure continuous quality improvement (CQI) is applied to universities [9]. Improving quality culture serves as an important step that universities must take. This should be implemented in synergy between the study program, faculty, and institution administrators.
The internal quality assurance system belongs to publicly available quality assurance policies and is part of strategic planning [10]. Internal stakeholders must develop and apply this policy using the right structure and process, while involving external stakeholders [10]. Institutions need to have a process to design and approve their programs. Programs need to be designed to fulfill the previously set objectives and desired learning outputs. It is important to ensure that programs are conveyed in a way which encourage students to take an active role in creating a learning process. Universities should consistently apply the regulations they have determined and issued which cover all phases of educational process. In the case of teaching staff, universities need to ensure their lecturer’s competence and apply a fair and transparent process in recruiting and developing their staff. They need to have the right amount of fund for teaching and learning activities and ensure that adequate and readily accessible sources of learning and student supports are available. Institutions need to ensure that they collect, analyze, and use relevant information for an effective management of their programs and other activities. Universities need to publish information on their activities, including their programs, which should be clear, accurate, objective, up-to-date and readily accessible. They also need to monitor and periodically check their programs to ensure that they achieve the predetermined objectives and respond to student and community’s needs. Every action which is planned or taken as a result should be communicated to all stakeholders. Finally, universities in Indonesia should pass through an external quality assurance (accreditation) procedure, in line with the quality assurance cycle.
Knowledge management in the indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model requires several steps in its process. The procedure is developed by Gall & Borg [11]. Those development stages are simplified into seven steps, namely: (1) Literature study; (2) Need analysis; (3) Preliminary research; (4) Preparing initial model design; (5) Limited and expanded trial; (6) Preparing hypothetical model; (7) Model validation. The seven steps are classified into 3 (three) stages, namely: (1) preliminary study and model design stage; (2) model development stage; (3) model validation stage. Preliminary study stage is conducted to achieve the first objective, the model development stage to achieve the second research objective, and the model trial stage to achieve the third research objective (Figure 1).
Procedure of knowledge Management in the Indonesian Higher Education Internal Quality Assurance System Model.
The process of this research implementation and development of knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model forms a cycle which begins with a preliminary study. The preliminary study consists of three steps, namely: (1) literature study on university quality assurance; (2) analysis of university’s needs for knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model; and (3) field study. The preliminary study was conducted to find the model design. The preliminary study was conducted in six universities. This preliminary study produces a factual model.
The next stage is model development. In this stage, the factual model design is based on review of literature and previous studies which is then developed by the researcher to be a hypothetical or constructive model.
In the third stage of the development model process, the hypothetical or constructive model is consulted with higher education quality assurance experts and practitioners in a focus group discussion. Upon this expert and practitioner validation, its weaknesses will then be discovered and, thus revisions can be made to this hypothetical model.
The revised hypothetical model was then tried for its validation to be examined and developed into a final or worth-implementing model. The model was validated via a focus group discussion which involved experts from universities and relevant quality assurance institutions and five model user practicioners. To figure out the model validity, a validity test, or research objectivity test was conducted [12]. A study is considered objective when it is agreed upon by many people.
The qualitative data was analyzed continuously since the beginning through the end of the study. The technique to analyze this data refers to the descriptive analysis using Miles and Huberman’s interactive technique, which include such stages as: (1) data collection, (2) data reduction; (3) data presentation; and (4) verification/conclusion drawing [13]. The result of qualitative data analysis was used to describe: (1) the planning and implementation of university internal quality assurance system; (2) university and its stakeholders’ response to the internal quality assurance system development model; and (3) result of internal quality assurance system trial and focus group discussion.
In addition to descriptive data analysis, quantitative data analysis is also used to support the study result. This is done to discover the questionnaire result. From the scoring result, a maximum score was set in the form of percentage at 100% weight and a minimum score at 0%, and the respondent’s score was expressed in percent.
This study on knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model was performed in 3 study stages: (1) the first stage was to create a factual model, (2) the second stage was to create a hypothetical model, and (3) the third stage was to test the final model.
In its implementation, an internal quality assurance system consists of 3 aspects, namely IQAS planning, implementation, and evaluation. This study was conducted in six universities. A preliminary study was conducted to build a factual model which was focused on such aspects as IQAS planning, implementation, and evaluation. The technique and tools used to collect data were documentation, observation, interview and questionnaire distribution.
The questionnaire was prepared with 10 questions of planning elements, 10 questions of implementation elements, and 5 questions of evaluation elements, making a total of 25 questions. To test the reliability of the questionnaire used in this study, validity and reliability tests were carried out to 30 respondents from the six universities.
The factual model of this study was developed through experts’ criticisms, suggestions, and result of data collection in universities. The factual model in this study was developed based on Tirawat Yemsang [14] where his model was developed through a preliminary study on state of knowledge management. This study was also in line with a model from review of relevant previous studies [15]. Furthermore, he analyzed and synthesized the collected model elements. Also, this study was completed by validating, trying out, testing its efficiency, and then revising the model [16]. The developed factual model was based on the study findings as shown in Figure 2.
Factual model of higher education internal quality assurance system.
The planning aspect of private university’s internal quality assurance system above shows that it has not had a good quality standard yet, as indicated by the absence of baseline data and partners as well as the lack of stakeholders’ commitment to develop a good quality culture. As a result, the process of planning quality assurance at the study program and university was not in sync, leading to less optimum accreditation result.
As for its implementation aspect, since its planning is not too good, the quality assurance document only served for accreditation purpose without having been applied as an implementation of a good quality culture ever. This was worsen by the fact that the accreditation did not measure in detail the quality standard applied in the university, how the quality standard was implemented and how the quality was audited. This led to a less optimum accreditation result.
No quality evaluation had been conducted. If any incidental quality audit was performed, its result had been used as a consideration for improving the quality standard, rendering the implementation of internal quality assurance system unable to result in an improved performance at the study programs and university.
Similar findings between this study and previous studies [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22] are derived from the following factors.
Education standard specification allows all members of internal staff to make adjustment with their special responsibility.
Educational management development plan is focused on university education standard. Making the plan is important because it is the first step of many steps to be followed and to achieve the objectives effectively.
Administrative and information system managements help encourage, support, and facilitate internal quality assurance.
Almost all elements of educational management development plan are followed.
Management of follow-up and educational quality audit as indicated by improved audit and review of educational quality in evaluation report. Auditing and reviewing educational quality are important mechanisms to enable improvement and feedback.
Providing internal quality evaluation based on education standards results in better understanding between administrators and lecturers. As a result, they can effectively carry out the internal quality evaluation.
Annual report of internal quality evaluation is a good factor. However, it is neither used nor published concretely. This is maybe because the staff have no report writing skill or the instruction in the report is not clearly mentioned.
Promoting sustainable educational quality improvement is a factor needed to develop and assess educational quality assurance system performance.
To follow the whole process of preparing the factual model, the researcher thoroughly reviewed the steps in the designed factual model. Concepts and theories on creating and developing evaluation instruments were studied. The concept of factual model development and evaluation instrument of higher education internal quality assurance system implementation [23] which emphasizes four standard evaluation tools; utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy standards as well as the implementation of internal quality assurance system at STKIP Singkawang [24]. The results of this study are in line with Davies’ concept of indicators and evaluation criteria [25] and and the development of university internal quality assurance system [26]. The evaluation criteria in this study are classified into scientific, performance, and value criteria. The evaluation model approach is consistent with the six approaches [27].
The characteristics of evaluation instruments must have validity, reliability, discrimination, objectivity, difficulty, being a model, inquiry, fairness, and efficiency [28]. It was found that most of the internal quality assurance systems evaluated were at “medium” level. This is in line with the results of external quality assurance (accreditation results). It can therefore be concluded that this is because most universities did not fully implement the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. They also lacked a follow-up and audit systems as well as awareness of the importance of internal quality assurance.
Quality assurance can be described as systematic, structured and continuous attention to quality in terms of maintaining and improving it. Developing quality and sustainable universities is about the university’s efforts to ensure its quality. One of the tools in quality assurance is its quality assurance development model [26]. Higher educational institutions have developed their own approach to quality assurance (Figure 3).
General model of higher education quality assurance.
A quality assurance system in universities has three elements: a) internal quality assurance, including monitoring instruments, evaluation instruments and activities aimed at improvement; b) external quality assessment, including benchmark activities, external audit or external quality assessment; and c) the special element in the quality assurance system is accreditation.
A broader definition of knowledge is the thorough use of information and data that is aligned with an individual’s potential abilities, competences, ideas/thoughts, commitments and motivations. In other words, knowledge is a human understanding of something that has been obtained through the process of their learning and experience. Currently, knowledge is seen as a commodity of intellectual assets that have different nature from other commodities. What make knowledge different from other commodities are Using knowledge will not make the knowledge itself disappear; Communicating the knowledge to others will not make the knowledge giver lose it; Ability to utilize knowledge is still highly limited while the knowledge itself is vast; Most valuable knowledge of an organization ends just as the day ends.
Knowledge is divided into two, namely tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is knowledge from experts, both individuals and communities along with experiences. Tacit knowledge is extremely hard to share with others, thus the phrase “We know better than what we can say”. Meanwhile, explicit knowledge is something that can be expressed in words and numbers and can be conveyed scientifically, specifically, manually, and so on. An example of comparison between tacit and explicit knowledge is when a child can find a picture of his father or mother in a photo containing dozens of people. However, if the child has explained the characteristics of his parents, other people might not necessarily find them.
Knowledge management cycle is a phase that describes the capture, creation, codification, sharing, accessing, application, and reuse of knowledge within an organization. The synthesis of the approach that will be described will be built into a framework for turning information into a valuable knowledge asset for the organization. The synthesis of the approach to be described will be built into a framework for turning information into a valuable knowledge asset for the organization.
Knowledge management cycle describes a framework of a knowledge management process, i.e. how an organization generates, maintains, and deploys an appropriate strategy to create value for existing knowledge (Figure 4) [29]. Each process in this cycle is explained as follows.
Get means the process of seeking information needed for making decisions, solving problems or for innovation.
Use means how to use information to innovate (both individually and in groups).
Learn means how the organization can learn from its experiences, both from success (best practice) and failure (lesson learned) to create a competitive advantage.
Contribute means to provide knowledge obtained from learning outcomes for other individuals.
Assess means an evaluation of the people (competence), customers (customer relations), company capital (knowledge bases, business processes, technology infrastructure, values, norms, and culture) and intellectual capital (relationships between people, customers and organization capital).
Build and sustain means to ensure that the company’s intellectual capital in the future will make the company survive and compete.
Divest means a dumping ground for knowledge that is no longer used (has no value).
The knowledge management [
To gain knowledge, paying attention to the basis of that knowledge is necessary. The basis of knowledge is data that is processed into information and this information is processed further into knowledge. Data is a set of characteristics, facts or events. Information is a message generally in the form of a document or communication that can be seen or heard. Knowledge is a combination of experience, values, and contextual information, the views of experts that provide a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information.
The study findings were then developed in the following stages:
Inventorying input elements that influence the implementation of university’s internal quality assurance system (IQAS)
Developing IQAS planning
Develop IQAS implementation
Preparing IQAS evaluation
Creating a constructive IQAS model
The input elements in the IQAS development in universities consist of:
National higher education standards
Commitment
Vision, missions, and objectives of universities
Self-evaluation
Meanwhile, the elements of IQAS planning in universities are based on the documents that must exist in the development of IQAS in universities, consisting of:
IQAS policy
IQAS manual
IQAS standard
IQAS form
The implementation elements in IQAS development are:
Information technology
Budget
Organization
Implementation
Finally, the evaluation elements of IQAS in universities comprise:
Control and evaluation
Internal quality audit
Standard upgrade
Following Bukowitz and Williams’s knowledge management cycle, processes are well defined, documented, and executed, and the results are measured and continuously evaluated for improvement. A better understanding of how the process works, makes it possible to see the corrective actions and improvements needed. Whenever a corrective action is required, its implementation method should be determined. This should include identifying and eliminating the root cause of the problem (such as errors, defects, or lack of adequate process control). The effectiveness of the actions taken need to be reviewed. Applying the corrective actions and verifying their effectiveness should be as planned. When the planned process results are achieved and requirements are met, the organization should focus its efforts on actions to improve the process performance to a higher level, on an ongoing basis.
In this study, qualifications were determined for expert who validated, criticized, and suggested improvements to the developed model. The developed model was refined based on the analysis and synthesis of data collected through documents and interviews during the research process. To measure the model feasibility, the model feasibility frequency test was also carried out. The developed model was improved systematically. This systematic improvement has a positive impact on the model’s fitness and completeness.
The data in the hypothetical model development were obtained from theoretical studies and previous research, and the factual model of IQAS in universities. The data reliability and validity were tested using triangulation with experts in a focus group discussion. The data were analyzed using data collection, data reduction and data presentation. The hypothetical model that this study developed was depicted in Figure 5.
Knowledge Management in the Indonesian Higher Education Internal Quality Assurance System Model.
An implementing-worth model developed out of the knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model should be tested for its feasibility and reliability. The model was tested by: (1) developing the test instrument; (2) testing the instrument validity and reliability, and (3) testing the model validity.
Expert and users’ perceived results were used as a meaning- and decision-making on the quality of knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model product, using 5-scale achievement conversion rate.
The third stage of this study process is the validation of hypothetical model resulting from the FGD. This validation stage aimed to test whether the resulting model was feasible to implement or not. The model was tested by developing a questionnaire distributed to 7 education management experts, quality assurance experts, quality audit experts, as well as quality management and audit practitioners and 25 model users from 5 Indonesian Educational Personnel Education Institute (LPTK) or teacher training institutions/universities. The 7 experts and 25 respondents using the knowledge management in the indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model perceived that the model was highly feasible/valid or did not need any revision.
This means the knowledge management in the indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model, in these 7 experts’ opinion, was worth-implementing since it fulfilled the (1) propriety standard as measured from the scientific, performance, and value indicators, and (2) accuracy standards as measured from such indicators as standard content quality, and sequence of internal quality assurance system process depicted in the final model. Meanwhile, the users of knowledge management in the indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model from the 20 universities rated it from such aspects as: (1) utility standard as measured from such indicators as; model design, the ease to operate the model; and (2) model feasibility standard as measured from such indicators as resources, expert involvement, and time.
The following discussion is focused on approach to model development, model formation and system upgrade [30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Universities have more approaches in this case. Series of quality standards or various excellence model are acknowledged as most frequently used possibilities. People can argue that universities cannot be managed as an industrial company or that applying quality standard is not required. Another finding of this study shows that this method is helpful [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. However, it is important to realize the fact that every organization must have some management systems. Furthermore, quality management system meets all principles and regulations of general management, such as leadership, customer orientation, process approach, fact-based decision-making, and so forth.
The previous study confirmed that Quality Management Excellence Model provided a general framework and managerial language in quality management field, which is also easy to understand. It can be used to compare the performance of higher education institutions in all fields of interest, using similar assessment framework. This allows higher education institutions to focus on certain areas for the next improvement and change. This also supports all higher education institutions to assess how good they actually are compared to other universities, and whether they really are “better or best in their class” in terms of educational quality, research activities, and community services.
Based on the data analysis above, it is found that all IQAS experts rated the model as excellent for all assessments which include propriety, accuracy, utility, and feasibility of knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model product. Therefore, according to these IQAS experts, the knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model is highly feasible/valid or does not need for any revision since its utility aspect is scored 100% and its feasibility is scored 88%, which are classified as excellent.
Based on the study result and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The internal quality assurance system model applied in universities in Indonesia or commonly known as the factual model has not had a standard pattern and reference, be it in such aspects as (a) planning, (b) implementation, and (c) evaluation of internal quality assurance system, rendering the quality and performance standards of internal quality assurance system unable to develop optimally and, as a result, the study program and/or institution accreditations are less optimal.
The knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model or the hypothetical model meets universities’ needs and can be a reference in developing an internal quality assurance model for universities. This hypothetical model consists of such elements as (a) planning input components, (b) planning components, (c) implementation components, (d) evaluation components, and (e) feedback components from every planning, implementation, evaluation component stages of Indonesian internal quality assurance system (IQAS) model.
The knowledge management in the Indonesian higher education internal quality assurance system model is valid and feasible to be implemented in universities.
The developed Internal Quality Assurance System model has two different paradigms: the quality standards set and how to build or manage those quality standards; commitment to collegiality, respect for diversity, strong focus on improving or improving quality, recognition of responsibility and institutional autonomy, commitment of stakeholders. While aspects of quality standards; Universities must develop national higher education standards set by the Indonesian government plus other standards developed by each university. By merging the paradigm of quality standards and quality assurance system management in the Internal Quality Assurance System Model, it can help and facilitate universities in conducting quality assurance and improving quality standards on an ongoing basis.
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\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
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\n\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
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Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11044",title:"Dysphagia",subtitle:"New Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8961f55525f51bd82d3daa09debd158f",slug:"dysphagia-new-advances",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10473",title:"Sarcoidosis",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bffdfb8619408d0a5608527292b6985",slug:"sarcoidosis-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10473.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",middleName:null,surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1854,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:10520,totalCrossrefCites:134,totalDimensionsCites:305,abstract:null,book:{id:"314",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2864,totalCrossrefCites:139,totalDimensionsCites:302,abstract:null,book:{id:"3839",slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8820,totalCrossrefCites:95,totalDimensionsCites:256,abstract:null,book:{id:"727",slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]},{id:"64762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82511",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10461,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:248,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"27687",doi:"10.5772/29869",title:"Heavy Metals and Human Health",slug:"heavy-metals-and-human-health",totalDownloads:18969,totalCrossrefCites:87,totalDimensionsCites:196,abstract:null,book:{id:"1012",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",title:"Environmental Health",fullTitle:"Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice"},signatures:"Simone Morais, Fernando Garcia e Costa and Maria de Lourdes Pereira",authors:[{id:"13875",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"simone-morais",fullName:"Simone Morais"},{id:"79715",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pereira",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pereira"},{id:"87294",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia E Costa",slug:"fernando-garcia-e-costa",fullName:"Fernando Garcia E Costa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:14512,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:"African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10456,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:242,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"77607",title:"Mentorship in Postgraduate Medical Education",slug:"mentorship-in-postgraduate-medical-education",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98612",abstract:"Mentorship is critical to the development and professional growth of graduate medical education (GME) trainees. It is a bidirectional relationship between a mentor and a mentee. Mentorship has consistently been shown to be beneficial for both the mentor and mentee, with the mentee gaining valuable skills in education, personal growth, and professional support, and the mentor attaining higher career satisfaction and potentially greater productivity. Yet, there is a lack of research and in-depth analysis of effective mentorship and its role in postgraduate medical education. This chapter outlines different approaches toward mentorship and provides the reader with basic concepts relevant to the effective and competent practice of mentorship. The authors discuss the challenges that physician mentors and mentees face, the organizational models of mentorship, the approaches and techniques for mentorship, and the deleterious effects of mentorship malpractice. Our general discussion touches on best practices for both the mentor and mentee to allow for self-improvement and lifelong learning. The variety of applicable models makes it difficult to measure effectiveness of mentorship in GME, but there is an ongoing need for expanded research on the benefits of mentorship, as greater amount of supporting evidence will likely incentivize organizations to create mentorship-friendly policies and support corresponding institutional changes.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Lena Deb, Shanaya Desai, Kaitlyn McGinley, Elisabeth Paul, Tamam Habib, Asim Ali and Stanislaw Stawicki"},{id:"81585",title:"Self-Management Strategies in Outpatients with Hypertension Under Treatment in Rural Communities",slug:"self-management-strategies-in-outpatients-with-hypertension-under-treatment-in-rural-communities",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104447",abstract:"Hypertension is already a problem faced by South African urban populations, but little is known about the predominance, chance factors, and self-management strategies of hypertension in rural areas. Hypertension has an increased mortality and morbidity rate, thus has been identified as the killer disease in rural communities as its prevalence is increasing year by year. Non-attendance of hypertensive patients in rural communities has been identified as one of the most pressing issues in chronic illness, including hypertension, management and results into uncontrolled illnesses. Hypertensive patients lack self-management strategies to maintain their quality of life when diagnosed. Therefore, this book chapter is aimed at exploring the knowledge of self-management and strategies used in outpatients with hypertension under treatment in rural communities. Seven major themes were identified: paradoxical description; adherence to treatment and medication instructions, medical follow-up visits at the health facility, healthy lifestyle; management of emotions; defense mechanisms and religious interventions. Patients faced obstacles such as not eating a healthy diet since they are not the ones cooking, and children are always generating problems for them, leading their blood pressure and blood glucose levels to rise. Additional efforts are needed in rural communities to promote hypertension and self-management measures through educational programs.",book:{id:"11292",title:"Hypertension",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11292.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Modupi Mphekgwana, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Nancy Kgatla"},{id:"82673",title:"Utilising Proteomics and Organoid Cultures for Predicting Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"utilising-proteomics-and-organoid-cultures-for-predicting-treatment-response-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106028",abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours worldwide. Despite advances in surgical intervention and therapeutics, development of chemoresistance remains a challenge to treating CRC. Predicting treatment response in CRC has strongly relied on genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics, combined with different cancer staging and classification systems. Despite being beneficial, these omics technologies fail to provide any assessment at a protein level. Thus, having high-throughput tools that assess tumour response to therapy at a protein level will definitely complement the current approaches. In this regard, the field of proteomics holds promise to understand treatment response in tumours. Additionally, patient-derived tumour organoids are replacing the traditional cell lines and xenograft models as the preferred in vitro models for predicting clinical response due to being a better representative model of typical tumour characteristics in vivo. Combining proteomics and tumour organoids can provide more personalised and optimal treatments for CRC in the coming years. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the progress made in proteomic research and use of organoids for understanding CRC treatment response, together with discussing the strengths and limitations of these two approaches when linked together. This overview will then be used to propose future perspectives.",book:{id:"11595",title:"Recent Understanding of Colorectal Cancer Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11595.jpg"},signatures:"Isaac Micallef and Byron Baron"},{id:"81897",title:"Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention",slug:"left-atrial-appendage-closure-for-stroke-prevention",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105140",abstract:"Atrial fibrillation is the most common chronic arrhythmia worldwide, and stroke is its most common complication. Approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes attributed to atrial fibrillation. Left atrial appendage thrombi are 90% responsible for embolic strokes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. In patients with atrial fibrillation, systemic anticoagulation is highly effective in lowering the risk of stroke. Bleeding problems and non-adherence hamper adequate anticoagulation therapy. As an alternative to stroke prevention with medical treatment, left atrial appendage closure is feasible and has proven to be an alternative to anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Various left atrial appendage closure methods and devices have been defined and applied surgically and percutaneously. Exclusion of the left atrial appendage potentially minimizes the risk of embolic stroke and may eliminate chronic anticoagulation requirements. This chapter reviews left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.",book:{id:"11655",title:"Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11655.jpg"},signatures:"Serkan Asil"},{id:"83106",title:"Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients with β-Thalassemia",slug:"portal-vein-thrombosis-in-patients-with-thalassemia",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106564",abstract:"Beta (β)-thalassemia major, a chronic inherited hematological disease, leads to chronic anemia in affected children. One of the options for treatment is splenectomy. However, this treatment involves risk of many complications, one of which is portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The risk factors include exposure of phosphatidyl-serine of abnormal red blood cells (RBCs), increased activation, aggregation and a number of platelets and nucleated RBCs after splenectomy, increased endothelial activation, decreased nitric oxide, organ dysfunction, and thrombophilia. PVT is either complete or partial obstruction and has fatal complications, especially after splenectomy and late diagnosis without effective treatment. Diagnosis is typically made with X-ray. Generally, the incidence of PVT is between 1.7% and 9.2%. Initially, it is asymptomatic; symptoms appear gradually as thrombosis progresses. The easiest way to differentiate it from other conditions is via imaging study like Doppler ultrasound. It is usually associated with prolonged prothrombin time (PT). D-dimer and alkaline phosphatase are generally high. The treatment is the same for both the acute and chronic forms and includes the treatment of causal factors, prevention of thrombus extension, and achievement of patency of the portal vein via regular RBC transfusion and antithrombotic agents.",book:{id:"11725",title:"The Erythrocyte - A Unique Cell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11725.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed Shemran Mutlaq Alwataify, Husain Naji Alshammary and Ali Hadi Mahdi"},{id:"83108",title:"Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia",slug:"congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106520",abstract:"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a rare pathology with an estimated incidence of 1:14,000–18,000 births. It includes a group of inherited diseases with autosomal recessive transmission. The genetic defect consists of mutations of the genes encoding the enzymes involved in adrenal and eventually gonadal steroidogenesis. The most common mutation is the gene encoding 21 hydroxylase the enzyme involved in cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. However, other enzymatic defects can be identified. The excess of steroid precursors in the adrenal cortex will be directed towards adrenal androgen synthesis. Finally, the clinical picture includes a series of manifestations specific to the enzymatic deficiency, the severity depending on the degree of the genetic defect. Thus, we can meet severe deficits with clinical expression in newborns and toddlers or partial, non-classical forms with manifestation in adolescence or adulthood. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. 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He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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