Distribution of the sample by age group according to the type of appliance used.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8523",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Applications",title:"Advanced Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Computers and machines were developed to reduce time consumption and manual human efforts to complete projects efficiently. With fast-growing technologies in the field, we have finally reached a stage where almost everyone in the world has access to these high technologies. However, this is just a starting phase because future development is taking a more advanced route in the shape of artificial intelligence (AI). Although AI is under the computer science umbrella, nowadays there is no field unaffected by this high technology. The overall aim of using intelligence learning methods is to train machines to think intelligently and make decisions in different situations the same as humans. Previously, machines were doing what they were programmed to do, but now with AI, devices can think and behave like a human being. This book aims to present the application of advanced analytics and AI in different industries as practical tools to develop prediction, optimization, and make decision models.",isbn:"978-1-78984-639-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-638-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-770-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78899",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-analytics-and-artificial-intelligence-applications",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"277ac6770bdb7c0841ffdba2b1de348d",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",publishedDate:"November 13th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8523.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5573,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 6th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 31st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 1st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 19th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257455/images/system/257455.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei is a global artificial intelligence (AI) projects leader, an international keynote speaker, and a professional author.\nHe completed his Ph.D. and postdoctoral research fellowship at The University of Queensland, Australia, in the field of AI applications in mining engineering, where he led a revolution in the use of deep learning and AI methods to increase energy efficiency, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in surface mines. As a scientific supervisor, he has provided practical guidance to undergraduate and postgraduate students in mechanical and mining engineering and information technology for many years.\nDr. Soofastaei has more than fifteen years of academic experience as an assistant professor and leader of global research activities. Results from his research and development projects have been published in international journals and keynote presentations. He has presented his practical achievements at conferences in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia.\nHe has been involved in industrial research and development projects in several industries, including oil and gas (Royal Dutch Shell), steel (Danieli), and mining (BHP, Rio Tinto, Anglo American, and Vale). His extensive practical experience in the industry has equipped him to work with complex industrial problems in highly technical and multi-disciplinary teams.",institutionString:"Artificial Intelligence Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"87",title:"Artificial Intelligence",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence"}],chapters:[{id:"69580",title:"Introductory Chapter: Advanced Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89784",slug:"introductory-chapter-advanced-analytics-and-artificial-intelligence-applications",totalDownloads:743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali Soofastaei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69580",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69580",authors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],corrections:null},{id:"66103",title:"Bio-Inspired Hybrid Algorithm for Web Services Clustering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85200",slug:"bio-inspired-hybrid-algorithm-for-web-services-clustering",totalDownloads:913,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Web services clustering is the task of extracting and selecting the features from a collection of Web services and forming groups of closely related services. The implementation of novel and efficient algorithms for Web services clustering is relevant for the organization of service repositories on the Web. Counting with well-organized collections of Web services promotes the efficiency of Web service discovery, search, selection, substitution, and invocation. In recent years, methods inspired by nature using biological analogies have been adapted for clustering problems, among which genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, and algorithms that imitate the behavior of some animal species have been implemented. Computation inspired by nature aims at imitating the steps that nature has developed and adapting them to find a solution of a given problem. In this chapter, we investigate how biologically inspired clustering methods can be applied to clustering Web services and present a hybrid approach for Web services clustering using the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, K-means, and Consensus. This hybrid algorithm was implemented, and a series of experiments were conducted using three collections of Web services. Results of the experiments show that the solution approach is adequate and efficient to carry out the clustering of very large collections of Web services.",signatures:"Maricela Bravo, Román A. Mora-Gutiérrez and Luis F. Hoyos-Reyes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66103",authors:[{id:"204084",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricela",surname:"Bravo",slug:"maricela-bravo",fullName:"Maricela Bravo"},{id:"284429",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",surname:"Mora Gutierrez",slug:"roman-mora-gutierrez",fullName:"Roman Mora Gutierrez"},{id:"294084",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",surname:"Hoyos-Reyes",slug:"luis-fernando-hoyos-reyes",fullName:"Luis Fernando Hoyos-Reyes"}],corrections:null},{id:"66456",title:"Smart Material Planning Optimization Problem Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84614",slug:"smart-material-planning-optimization-problem-analysis",totalDownloads:869,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mostly, the concept of smart manufacturing is addressed based upon how to effectively facilitate the production activities by using the automation equipment; however, causing the fluctuation of production may frequently root to the uncertain incoming sales orders. These uncertain factors may be influenced by various economic parameters, such as changes within trade regulations, competitor innovations, and changes within the market. In order to reduce the difference between the forecasted demand versus actual demand and to minimize risk, these factors need to be taken into account and be fully investigated. The current widely applied forecast methods are factory capacity-driven and based on the trend against the activity history. When the uncertainty comes from the external, then the forecasts derived from these models cannot provide convincing insights to let the firms make decisions confidently. Many previous prestigious studies focused on the problem-solving optimization mathematic methods and articulated the causality among latent factors; few have addressed to a holistic framework that the firms can practice on. This study presents a clear operable step-by-step framework to manage and cushion the impact from the external uncertain factors. It also introduces three novel and feasible production planning models with the consideration of the economic parameters. The empirical case was a multi-nation machinery-making firm who has adopted the proposed framework to optimize the material forecasts pursuing their smart manufacturing goals.",signatures:"Rich C. Lee and Man-ser Jan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66456",authors:[{id:"283388",title:"Dr.",name:"Rich",surname:"Lee",slug:"rich-lee",fullName:"Rich Lee"},{id:"290652",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Ser",surname:"Jan",slug:"man-ser-jan",fullName:"Man-Ser Jan"}],corrections:null},{id:"67300",title:"A Deep Learning-Based Aesthetic Surgery Recommendation System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86411",slug:"a-deep-learning-based-aesthetic-surgery-recommendation-system",totalDownloads:944,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"We propose in this chapter a deep learning-based recommendation system for aesthetic surgery, composing of a mobile application and a deep learning model. The deep learning model built based on the dataset of before- and after-surgery facial images can estimate the probability of the perfection of some parts of a face. In this study, we focus on the most two popular treatments: rejuvenation treatment and eye double-fold surgery. It is assumed that the outcomes of our history surgeries are perfect. Firstly a convolutional autoencoder is trained by eye images before and after surgery captured from various angles. The trained encoder is utilized to extract learned generic eye features. Secondly, the encoder is further trained by pairs of image samples, captured before and after surgery, to predict the probability of perfection, so-called perfection score. Based on this score, the system would suggest whether some sorts of specific aesthetic surgeries should be performed. We preliminarily achieve 88.9 and 93.1% accuracy on rejuvenation treatment and eye double-fold surgery, respectively.",signatures:"Phan Chau Phuc Thinh, Bui Thi Xuyen, Nguyen Do Trung Chanh, Dao Huu Hung and Mimura Daisuke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67300",authors:[{id:"286945",title:"Dr.",name:"Dao",surname:"Huu Hung",slug:"dao-huu-hung",fullName:"Dao Huu Hung"},{id:"295921",title:"Ms.",name:"Phan Chau Phuc",surname:"Thinh",slug:"phan-chau-phuc-thinh",fullName:"Phan Chau Phuc Thinh"},{id:"295922",title:"Ms.",name:"Bui Thi",surname:"Xuyen",slug:"bui-thi-xuyen",fullName:"Bui Thi Xuyen"},{id:"295923",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen Do Trung",surname:"Chanh",slug:"nguyen-do-trung-chanh",fullName:"Nguyen Do Trung Chanh"},{id:"295925",title:"Mr.",name:"Mimura",surname:"Daisuke",slug:"mimura-daisuke",fullName:"Mimura Daisuke"}],corrections:null},{id:"67499",title:"An Assessment of the Prediction Quality of VPIN",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86532",slug:"an-assessment-of-the-prediction-quality-of-vpin",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"VPIN is a tool designed to predict extreme events like flash crashes. Some concerns have been raised about its reliability. In this chapter we assess VPIN prediction quality (precision and recall rates) of extreme volatility events including its sensitivity to the starting point of computation in a given data set. We benchmark the results with the ones of a “naive classifier.” The test data used in this study contains 5.6 year’s worth of trading data of the five most liquid futures contracts of this time period. We found that VPIN has poor “flash crash” prediction power with the traditional 0.99 decision threshold. Increasing the decision threshold does not significantly improve overall prediction quality. Nevertheless we found VPIN has a more interesting predictive power for flash events of lower amplitude. Finally, we found that, for practice, the last bar price structure is the least sensitive to the starting point of computation.",signatures:"Antoine Bambade and Kesheng Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67499",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67499",authors:[{id:"288207",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Antoine",surname:"Bambade",slug:"antoine-bambade",fullName:"Antoine Bambade"},{id:"288649",title:"Prof.",name:"Kesheng (John)",surname:"Wu",slug:"kesheng-(john)-wu",fullName:"Kesheng (John) Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67593",title:"Artificial Intelligence Data Science Methodology for Earth Observation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86886",slug:"artificial-intelligence-data-science-methodology-for-earth-observation",totalDownloads:1269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter describes a Copernicus Access Platform Intermediate Layers Small-Scale Demonstrator, which is a general platform for the handling, analysis, and interpretation of Earth observation satellite images, mainly exploiting big data of the European Copernicus Programme by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. From 2020, the platform will be applied at a regional and national level to various use cases such as urban expansion, forest health, and natural disasters. Its workflows allow the selection of satellite images from data archives, the extraction of useful information from the metadata, the generation of descriptors for each individual image, the ingestion of image and descriptor data into a common database, the assignment of semantic content labels to image patches, and the possibility to search and to retrieve similar content-related image patches. The main two components, namely, data mining and data fusion, are detailed and validated. The most important contributions of this chapter are the integration of these two components with a Copernicus platform on top of the European DIAS system, for the purpose of large-scale Earth observation image annotation, and the measurement of the clustering and classification performances of various Copernicus Sentinel and third-party mission data. 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\r\n\tThis book will cover the processes of the fungi that attach themselves to plant roots forming mycorrhizae, the mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi are symbiotrophic mutualists, meaning that they grow and feed on living plant tissues without harming the host tissues. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectoendomycorrhizae will be discussed in more detail. We will cover the taxonomic classification of spore germination and biotrophism. The establishment of mycorrhizae results in a series of events coordinated by the fungus and the plant and their interactions. Therefore we will have the possibility to further explore the molecular and biochemical signals of mycorrhization, its intra and extra root signals, and their occurrence. Furthermore, we want to address the availability of nutrients in the soil according to its characteristics and those of the host plants. Finally, we will address the characteristics, use, and management of the soil for a better symbiotic association between the fungi and the roots. Thus, a better response to the growth of the host plants will be observed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-090-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-089-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-091-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dddc237ff52d11c9acbfbd488686336b",bookSignature:"Dr. Rodrigo De Sousa",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12144.jpg",keywords:"Fungi, Glomeromycota, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Ectomycorrhiza, Ectoendomycorrhizae, Obligatory Biotrophs, Quiescence, Symbiosis, Occurrence of Mycorrhiza, Stimulation of Plant Growth, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Mycorrhizal Dependence",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"24 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. de Sousa is a researcher on alternative sources of fertilizers in Brazil. 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From 2014 to 2015, he studied at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. He also completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA, in 2015, for which he studied the management of nitrogen fertilization in corn crops. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Computational scientists and engineers in many areas use MATLAB to rapidly prototype and test computational algorithms because of the scripting language, integrated user interface and extensive support for numerical libraries and toolboxes. In the areas of signal and image processing, MATLAB can be regarded as the de facto language of choice for algorithm development. However, the limitations of desktop MATLAB are becoming an issue with the rapid growth in the complexity of the algorithms and the size of the datasets. Often, users require instant access to simulation results (compute bound users) and/or the ability to simulate large data sets (memory bound users). Many such limitations can be readily addressed using the many varieties of parallel MATLAB that are now available (Choy & Edelman, 2005; Krishnamurthy et al., 2007) (Choy & Edelman, 2005, Krishnamurthy et al., 2007). In the past 5 years, a number of alternative parallel MATLAB approaches have been developed, each with its own unique set of features and limitations (Interactive Supercomputing, 2009, Mathworks, 2009, MIT Lincoln Laboratories, 2009, Ohio Supercomputer Center, 2009).
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter, we show why parallel MATLAB is useful, provide a comparison of the different parallel MATLAB choices, and describe a number of applications in Signal and Image Processing: Audio Signal Processing, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Processing and Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (SQIFs). Each of these applications have been parallelized using different methods (Task parallel and Data parallel techniques). The applications presented may be considered representative of type of problems faced by signal and image processing researchers. This chapter will also strive to serve as a guide to new signal and image processing parallel programmers, by suggesting a parallelization strategy that can be employed when developing a general parallel algorithm. The objective of this chapter is to help signal and image processing algorithm developers understand the advantages of using parallel MATLAB to tackle larger problems while staying within the powerful environment of MATLAB.
\n\t\tThe need for parallel MATLAB is presented in (Choy & Edelman, 2005) and the need for parallelizing MATLAB in particular can be summarized as follows:
\n\t\t\tMATLAB is user friendly
MATLAB is popular
In a survey of parallel MATLAB technologies, nearly 27 parallel MATLAB technologies were discovered. Many of these technologies are defunct, while many of these technologies are actively under development, with a large user base and active developer base. In our experience, three of these technologies stand out in terms of such factors.
\n\t\t\tIn this section, we introduce three alternatives for parallel computing using MATLAB. The technologies we will be looking at are: pMATLAB+bcMPI, the Parallel Computing Toolbox (PCT) with MATLAB Distributed Computing Server and Star-P.
\n\t\t\tTraditionally, researchers have used MatlabMPI (Kepner & Ahalt, 2003) for parallel computing in MATLAB. bcMPI is an open source software library that is an alternative to MatlabMPI and is geared towards large, shared supercomputer centers. The bcMPI library was developed at the Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC) to provide an efficient, scalable communication mechanism for parallel computing in MATLAB while maintaining compatibility with the MatlabMPI API (Hudak et al., 2007). The bcMPI package consists of an interface to the MPICH or OpenMPI library and a toolbox for MATLAB that implements a subset of the MatlabMPI API calls. bcMPI has been developed primarily on the Linux platform, but it has also been tested on the Mac OS-X, NetBSD and IA32 platforms. At its core, bcMPI is a C library that supports a collection of MATLAB and Octave data types. The bcMPI software architecture is as shown below:
\n\t\t\t\tbcMPI Architecture
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 1 illustrates the relationship between the vaious layers in the bcMPI architecture. The bcMPI library provides functions for synchronous as well as asynchronous communication between the MATLAB processes. It supports basic MPI functions as well as collective operations such as MPI_Reduce, MPI_Gather and MPI_Barrier. bcMPI also has an efficient implementation of the MPI_Broadcast function using the underlying MPI library. bcMPI has the advantage that it can use any MPI libraries even thought it has been tested actively with the OpenMPI and MPICH libraries. bcMPI interfaces with pMATLAB (a parallel MATLAB extension developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory) (Bliss & Kepner, 2007) for distributed data processing. The combination of pMATLAB and bcMPI is denoted as pMATLAB+bcMPI. pMATLAB+bcMPI uses a layer of abstraction beyond traditional MPI calls and reduces programming complexity. With this combination, a user would not need to use explicit message passing calls to distribute data, as the pMATLAB application would perform these actions.
\n\t\t\tThe Parallel Computing Toolbox (PCT) along with the MATLAB Distributed Computing Server (MDCS) are commercial products offered by The MathWorks Inc. While the core MATLAB software itself supports multithreading, the PCT provides functionality to run MATLAB code on multicore systems and clusters. The PCT provides functions for parallel for-loop execution, creation/manipulation of distributed arrays as well as message passing functions for implementing fine grained parallel algorithms.
\n\t\t\t\tThe MATLAB Distributed Computing Server (MDCS) gives the ability to scale parallel algorithms to larger cluster sizes. The MDCS consists of the MATLAB Worker processes that run on a cluster and is responsible for parallel code execution and process control. Figure 2 illustrates the architecture of PCT and MDCS
\n\t\t\t\tThe Parallel Computing Toolbox and MATLAB Distributed Computing Server
The PCT also allows users to run up to 8 MATLAB Labs or Workers on a single machine. This enables interactive development and debugging of parallel code from the desktop. After parallel code has been developed, it can be scaled up to much larger number of Worker or Labs in conjunction with the MDCS.
\n\t\t\tStar-P is a client-server parallel computing platform for MATLAB available from Interactive Supercomputing. The architecture of Star-P is shown in the figure below:
\n\t\t\t\tStar-P Architecure
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 3 illustrates the structure of Star-P, and difference between the Star-P client and server. Star-P supports fine grained parallel as well as embarrassingly parallel modes of operation (these modes of operation are discussed in the next section). The biggest advantage offered by Star-P is that it eliminates the need for the developer to use explicit Message Passing Interface (MPI) message passing calls for communicating between the back-end processes. By using the “*p” construct, users can simply indicate the variables or data that are meant to be distributed over the back-end processes.
\n\t\t\tThe goals of most parallel computing algorithms include either reduction in computation time (for compute bound users) or analysis of larger data sets/parameters sweeps (for memory bound users) or some combination of both. This can also be described as a capability or capacity problem. In many cases, analysis involves small data sets, but the time required to analyze the desired data along with a wide enough parameter sweep on the same can make it impractical to run such analyses. In such (and a variety of other) cases, the use of parallel computing techniques can enable researchers to employ large numbers of processors to run comprehensive analyses in a reasonable amount of time. For example, the reconstruction of micro-CT images to generate 3D models may take up to 13 hours on a single machine. This can be reduced significantly simply by running the reconstruction algorithm in a parallel fashion. In other applications such as automated image analysis in medicine, the data sets tend to be large, with individual images ranging in the multiple gigabytes. In such cases, it may not be possible to load the data into memory and analyze the images. At the Ohio Supercomputer Center, we have observed that reading in images as large as 60000x60000 pixels in resolution on a single machine with 32GB RAM can take upwards of 30 minutes. Running simple algorithms on such large images becomes impractical, with software stability also becoming a concern. Furthermore, given many such images for analysis, the time required to run a single analysis on all images becomes impractical and parameter sweep studies become constrained by time. High resolution images obtained from tissue biopsies can be as large as 30-40GB each, and with the existing software and hardware limitation it is not possible to read in entire images on a single processor, thus leading to the problem of capability. In such cases, a simple solution is to use parallel computing in MATLAB to process parts of the image on separate processors to address problem.
\n\t\t\tBroadly, parallel algorithms can be divided into two categories: Task Parallel and Data Parallel. Task parallel (or Embarrassingly Parallel) algorithms take advantage of the fact that multiple processors can work on the same problem without communicating with each other. Typical cases of such algorithms include Monte Carlo simulations where the order of computations in a large loop are independent of each other and can be performed in any order without affecting the results. Similarly, another application ideal for task parallelism involves processing multiple datasets using the same algorithm. In such cases multiple processors can analyze subsets of the data simultaneously without the need for inter-processor communication. Data parallel (or Fine Grained Parallel) algorithms typically involve some inter-processor communication. In such algorithms the data to the analyzed is typically too large to be analyzed on a single processor. Parallel computing paradigms are used to distribute the data across processors and each processor works on a smaller chunk of the same data. In such cases, there may be some communication required between different processors that involve exchange of data to address boundary conditions. For example, a 2-D FFT of a large matrix can be carried out in a parallel fashion by splitting up the matrix across multiple processors. Based on how the data is distributed, each processor needs a small amount of data from its neighbour to complete the computations.
\n\t\t\tThe maximum speed up (ratio of runtime before parallelization to runtime after parallelization) is discussed in (Amdahl, 1967). The maximum observable speedup is limited by the percent of the application that can be parallelized. The maximum percentage of the application that can be parallelized is determined by the percentage of code that must be run serially. This serial execution requirement is often due to data dependencies present in the code, or complications that may arise due to parallelization. It is important that a parallel programmer determine the maximum speed up before beginning parallelization. In certain applications regardless of parallelization technique, the required speedup may not be attainable.
\n\t\t\tIn the next section, we discuss three applications that help illustrate the different types of parallel algorithms discussed here. Two of the applications being considered can be parallelized using either the task parallel or data parallel technique. One of the presented applications can be parallelized using both techniques, and a comparison is provided.
\n\t\tIn this section, three applications will be presented. The aim of this section is to give real life examples of the discussed parallel MATLAB technologies in action (Krishnamurthy et al., 2008). Additionally, this section will suggest methods by which parallel MATLAB programmers can approach a given parallelization problem. The following applications have been parallelized using (1) Task Parallel (Embarrassingly Parallel) and/or (2) Data Parallel (Fine Grained Parallel) techniques.
\n\t\t\tFor each of the applications developed we will concentrate on the following:
\n\t\t\t1. Application Background
\n\t\t\tThis section will give background information on the application. This section is intended to show readers the variety of problems that can be tackled using parallel MATLAB.
\n\t\t\t2. Parallelization Strategy
\n\t\t\tThis section will describe the strategy employed when parallelizing the application. Additionally, specific code examples from the serial code, and our parallel code for the same will be shown.
\n\t\t\t3. Results
\n\t\t\tThis section will demonstrate the results obtained through parallelization. This section is important in illustrating the computational benefits possible through parallelization.
\n\t\t\tAcoustic signal processing on a battlefield primarily involves detection and classification of ground vehicles. By using an array of active sensors, signatures of passing objects can be collected for target detection, tracking, localization and identification. One of the major components of using such sensor networks is the ability of the sensors to perform self-localization. Self-localization can be affected by environmental characteristics such as the terrain, wind speed, etc. An application developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, GRAPE, consists of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for running acoustic signal processing algorithms in parallel on a cluster.
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn recent experiments, several gigabytes of data were collected in 3-minute intervals. Processing each data file takes over a minute. A number of different algorithms are used to estimate the time of arrival of the acoustic signals. If the number of analysis algorithms applied to the data is increased, the processing and analysis time increases correspondingly. In order to achieve near real-time response, the data was processed in a parallel fashion in MATLAB. Since each data file can be processed independently of others, the parallelization approach was to split up processing of individual data files across multiple processors.
\n\t\t\t\tIt was determined that this particular application could be parallellized using task parallel (Embarrassingly Parallel) techniques. Using the MATLAB profiler, it was determined that the majority of computation time was spent in the execution of a function called
Vehicle signature identified via signal processing
is
pMATLAB parallelization of acoustic signal processing application
Results from parallelization of the GRAPE code using MDCS, bcMPI, and Star-P are presented below. In the following graphs, the primary (left) vertical axis corresponds to the total time taken by the
Results for the MDCS and bcMPI tests were obtained on the Ohio Supercomputer Center’s Pentium 4 cluster using an InfiniBand interconnection network. Results for the Star-P tests were obtained on the Ohio Supercomputer Center’s IBM 1350 Cluster, with nodes containing dual 2.2 GHz Opteron processors, 4 GB RAM and an InfiniBand interconnection network. As the parallelization strategy is a task parallel solution that incurs no interprocess communication, a nearly linear speed-up is observed for each of the parallel MATLAB tools. It is also clear that parallel MATLAB can aid greatly in returning a timely solution to the user.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom the above results (Figures 6, 7 and 8), it is also clear that the three technologies give nearly the same speedup for a given code set. For the remaining applications, results are shown using pMATLAB+bcMPI, and similar results can be obtained by using any of the presnted tools.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMDCS Results
bcMPI Results
Star-P Results
The Third Scalable Synthetic Compact Application (SSCA #3) benchmark (Bader et al., 2006), from the DARPA HPCS Program, performs Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing. SAR processing creates a composite image of the ground from signals generated by a moving airborne radar platform. It is a computationally intense process, requiring image processing and extensive file IO. Such applications are of importance for Signal and Image Processing engineers, and the computations performed by the SSCA #3 application are representative of common techniques employed by engineers.
\n\t\t\t\tIn order to parallelize SSCA #3, the MATLAB profiler was run on the serial implementation. The profiler showed that approximately 67.5% of the time required for computation is spent in the image formation function of Kernel 1 (K1). Parallelization techniques were then applied to the function
A code example is presented in Figure 9 showing the serial and parallel versions of one code segment from the function
pMATLAB parallelization of image formation kernel
SSCA#3 Results
The pMATLAB+bcMPI implementation of the SSCA#3 benchmark was run on an AMD Opteron cluster at the Ohio Supercomputer Center with nodes containing dual 2.2 GHz Opteron processors, 4 GB RAM and an InfiniBand interconnection network. A matrix size of 1492x2296 elements was chosen, and the runs were conducted on 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 processor cores. The absolute performance times and relative speedups for image formation are given in Figure 10. The graph is presented as in the previous application.
\n\t\t\t\t\tAmdahl’s law states that the maximum speedup of a parallel application is inversely proportional to the percentage of time spent in sequential execution. Thus, according to Amdahl’s Law, the maximum speedup possible when parallelizing 67.5% of the code is approximately 3. In the above figure, a maximum speedup of approximately 2.6 is obtained for the 32 processor run.
\n\t\t\t\tThe computationally intensive signal and image processing application for this project is the modelling and simulation of Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (SQIF) provided by researchers at SPAWAR Systems Center PACIFIC. Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) (a superconducting circuit based on Josephson junctions) and arrays of SQUIDs or Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (SQIF) have a wide variety of applications (Palacios et al., 2006). SQUIDs are the world’s most sensitive detectors of magnetic signals (sensitivity ~femto-Teslas) for the detection and characterization of signals so small as to be virtually immeasurable by any other known sensor technology. Applications such as detection of deeply buried facilities from space (military labs, WMD, etc), detection of weak signals on noise limited environments, deployment on mobile platforms, SQUID-based gravity gradiometry for navigation of submarines, biomagnetism (magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetocardiogram (MCG)) imaging for medical applications, detection of weapons/contraband concealed by clothing (hot spot microbolometers) and non-destructive evaluation are some of the applications based on SQUID and SQIF technologies.
\n\t\t\t\t\tParallelization of codes that simulate SQUIDs/SQIFs are becoming extremely important for researchers. The SQIF application is intended to solve large scale SQIF problems for the study and characterization of interference patterns, flux-to-voltage transfer functions, and parameter spread robustness for SQIF loop size configurations and SQIF array fault tolerance. The SQIF application is intended to solve large scale problems relating to the field of cooperative dynamics in coupled noisy dynamical systems near a critical point. The technical background for the SQIF program can be found in (Antonio Palacios, 2006). The particular application developed was intended to run the SQIF program in an optimized fashion to either (1) reduce runtime and/or (2) increase the size of the dataset.
\n\t\t\t\tThe MATLAB profiler was used on the supplied SQIF application to determine a course of action. Application of the MATLAB profiler on the supplied
Parallelization of code consisted of adding parallel constructs to the given SQIF application. These constructs allowed the program to be run on multiple CPUs. In the course of parallelization, developers noticed the existence of task based and data based operations in the application. Task based operations were parallelized through an embarrassingly parallel (EP) implementation. The data based operations were parallelized through a fine grained parallel (FP) solution. The application was parallelized using both of the following techniques.
\n\t\t\t\t\t1. Task Based Parallelization (TP) – Parallelization over
2. Data Based Parallelization (DP) – Parallelization over
A brief technical background and relative merits and demerits of each implementation are given below. It is interesting to note the difference in performance for both techniques. Results of the optimization and parallelization were obtained using pMATLAB+bcMPI on the Ohio Supercomputer Center‘s AMD Opteron Cluster “Glenn.”
\n\t\t\t\t\tTask Parallel Approach
\n\t\t\t\t\tThis particular implementation involved a task based parallel solution. The type of parallelization implemented was embarrassingly parallel. Specifically, for this application, an approach was taken such that individual processors would perform a part of the entire task, thus making the approach task parallel in nature. The embarrassingly parallel solution, in the context of this application, involved the distribution of workload between processors for the number of points for flux calculation (
A code snippet of the added pMATLAB lines required for parallelization is shown in the following figure.
\n\t\t\t\t\tpMatlab additions to serial code for Task Parallel Implementation
Data Parallel Approach
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn this approach, a fine grained parallel solution is implemented. In the
pMatlab additions to serial code for Data Parallel Implementation
This section discusses the results of parallelizing the SQIF application by both techniques (Task parallel and Data parallel techniques). A brief discussion about the results obtained using both techniques is also presented. In the following graphs, the primary (left) vertical axis corresponds to the total time taken by the SQIF application function to complete analysis on a fixed
Task Parallel Approach
\n\t\t\t\t\tResults for running the task parallel implementation of the SQIF application were obtained on the Ohio Supercomputer Center’s AMD Opteron Cluster (glenn). Near linear speedup was obtained for increasing number of processors and constant number of SQUIDs (
The following graph summarizes the results obtained by running the SQIF application at OSC with a varying number of SQUIDs, and Processors.
\n\t\t\t\t\tData Parallel Approach
\n\t\t\t\t\tResults for running the data parallel implementation of the SQIF application were obtained on the Ohio Supercomputer Center’s AMD Opteron Cluster (glenn). A speedup was observed, and results are graphed below. The comparison is made between different numbers of SQUIDs (
The following graph shows the application runtime and speedup for a fixed problem size (number of
Graph of TP implementation for NSquids = 768
Graph of DP runtimes on Glenn for Nsquids = 384 (red), 786 (blue)
From Figure 14, it is clear that there is definite speedup when using the data parallel (DP) implementation. This speedup becomes more pronounced when larger
The following graph shows the performance of parallelization over
From Figure 15, it is clear that parallelization over the
1. Parallelization over
2. In the parallelization over
Comparison between two techniques of parallelization for Nsquids = 768
Maximum speed up for both parallelization techniques:
\n\t\t\t\t\t1. By Amdahl’s Law, given that parallelization is being applied to approximately 90% of the problem size, the maximum speed up one can expect is 1/(1-0.90) ≈ 10, in the case of parallelization over
2. By Amdahl’s Law, given that parallelization is being applied to approximately 99% of the problem size, the maximum speed up one can expect is 1/(1-0.99) ≈ 100, in the case of parallelization over the
In this section, a very general strategy for determining a parallelization strategy is presented. Please note that this strategy is very general in nature due to the numerous types of applications that can be parallelized.
\n\t\t1. Determining what to parallelize:
\n\t\t\tOften, a user may use a tool such as the MATLAB profiler to determine this. The root cause of the slowdown needs to be determined. For example, if
2. Determining the type of parallelization:
\n\t\t\tIn this step, the cause is analyzed by looking at data dependencies to determine whether an embarrassingly parallel strategy can be employed or whether a fine grained parallel strategy is required. In general, when parallelizing a large portion of code, embarrassingly parallel solutions are easier to code and deliver greater speedup when compared with fine grained parallel solutions. On the other hand, fine grained parallel solutions are useful when attempting to improve memory utilization in the application, as fine grained parallel solutions consist of data parallelization. Application of Amdahl’s Law would also be beneficial, so that the developer understands what speedup to expect. For very few applications, parallelization may not lead to a significant speedup.
\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t3. Using one of the mentioned technologies to parallelize the application:\n
\n\t\t\tIn our experience, all the mentioned technologies offer similar performance and usability for embarrassingly parallel applications. For fine-grained parallel applications, the user needs to look at the technologies more closely.
\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t4. Parallelize the application:
\n\t\t\tRecode the application with parallel constructs.
\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t5. Test the Application:
\n\t\t\tVerify that the parallelization gives correct results (often within a margin of error). As parallelization often modifies the calculations, the user needs to confirm that the parallelized code not only brings about a speedup or larger memory availability but also maintains the correct solution.
\n\t\t\n\t\tThis chapter begins with an introduction to Parallel MATLAB and its uses. From our experience, most users who require parallel MATLAB are (1) compute and/or (2) memory bound. Compute bound users often require faster time-to-solution from their MATLAB applications. Memory bound users often require the shared resources offered by using multiple processing units (more RAM, etc.). Both of these classes of users can make extensive use of parallel MATLAB technologies. Broadly, there are two techniques to parallelization (1) Task parallel (Embarrassingly parallel) or (2) Data parallel (Fine Grained parallel). Both of these techniques were described in detail, and the strategies involved with recoding an application to reflect these techniques was discussed. Three applications from the signal and image processing area were highlighted. These applications were intended to show potential users the power of parallel MATLAB, and the ease of use. Very often, for less than 5% increase in Source Lines of Code, an application can be parallelized. The applications also intended to demonstrate typical results that can be obtained by parallelizing applications using the discussed techniques. The acoustic signal processing application was parallelized using task parallel techniques, and the SSCA #3 application was parallelized using data parallel techniques. As a final application, the authors parallelized the SQIF application using both task and data parallel techniques, so demonstrate the difference between the techniques.
\n\t\t\tAt the Ohio Supercomputer Center, we have had extensive experience with parallel MATLAB technologies pertaining to the Signal and Image processing area. Three parallel MATLAB technologies stand out in terms of development status: (1) bcMPI + pMATLAB (2) MATLAB DCS and Parallel Computing Toolbox, and (3) Star-P. In our experience all three technologies are equally usable, though developer preference and developer experience may play a part.
\n\t\t\tAs multi-core and multi-processor systems become more common, parallel MATLAB clusters will also become more popular. MATLAB computations will be extended to Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) to harness their fast floating point arithmetic capabilities.
AcknowledgementThe authors would like to thank Gene Whipps (Army Research Laboratory, Adephi, MA, USA) for providing the ARL GRAPE application. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Fernando Escobar (SPAWAR Systems Center PACIFIC, Code 7113, San Diego, CA) for providing the serial SQIF code. The original SQIF application code was written by Dr. Patrick Loghini (SPAWAR Systems Center PACIFIC, Code 7173, San Diego, CA).
\n\t\tPain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” (IASP) [1]; it: “is a mutually recognizable somatic experience that reflects a person’s apprehension of threat to their bodily or existential integrity” [2].
Orthodontic tooth movement requires the application of force to the tooth, which usually results in a painful sensation [3]. It is important to note that there are individual differences in pain sensitivity related to the subjective aspect of pain perception [4].
Recently, orthodontic practices have evolved considerably. In addition to conventional or self-ligating appliances, aligners represent an esthetic and comfortable alternative option for orthodontic treatment. Even though these methods have revolutionized orthodontics practices, practitioners are still confronted with the painful aspect of the treatment. Some patients perceive orthodontic pain as discomfort or inconvenience; others continue to be in so much pain that it can cause them to discontinue treatment [5]. This feeling of discomfort could impact the quality of life of patients and their cooperation. Also, for some patients, factors such as comfort and pain during orthodontic treatment are as important as esthetic considerations. In most cases, the quality of information given to patients about the likely discomfort during orthodontic treatment is somewhat satisfactory, though many patients complain that they are not well informed before the onset of treatment [5].
Previous studies have investigated orthodontics pain and its components for each system there is a dearth of studies that have compared the character and type of pain experienced in qualitative and descriptive terms between the different options used in orthodontics, i.e., conventional appliances, self-ligating appliances, and aligners.
Against this background, the aim of this study was two-fold: First, to compare the perception of pain experienced by patients treated with conventional brackets, self-ligating brackets, and those treated with aligners. Second, to investigate the impact that pain had on their daily lives.
A cross-sectional stud was performed to compare the perception of pain between patients treated with self-ligating fixed appliances and those treated with aligners treated at both the Department of Orthodontics at Casablanca Ibn Rochd University Hospital, and at a private orthodontic office. The study lasted 4 months (November 2019–February 2020). All the patients underwent orthodontic treatment for a period exceeding 2 months, the chief complaint was purely aesthetic and all patients were in class I dento-maxillary disharmony. In relation to our inclusion criteria, we have chosen patients in the process of treatment, avoiding patients at the beginning of treatment where adaptation is not yet established, as well as patients at the end of treatment, as they may be accustomed to their orthodontic appliances.
Exclusion criteria included patients under 8 years of age, those at the beginning of treatment or less than 2 months or at the end of treatment, and those with no medical contraindications or the presence of systemic diseases that influence pain perception (including nervous system disorders).
The study group consisted of 346 consecutive patients: 115 treated with conventional brackets. 112 were treated with self-ligating brackets and 119 were treated with aligners.
The data collection tool was a self-made questionnaire consisting of the socio-economic characteristics of patients, the type of appliance worn, and temporal characteristics of pain during the week of activation, qualitative factors influencing pain after activation, actors influencing pain during the week of activation, the impact of pain on the patient’s daily, professional and school life, the patient’s attitude to pain, the most distressing element during the treatment stages. The patients were informed about the purpose of the study, and verbal consent was obtained.
The quantitative aspect of the pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The scale used is a graduated ruler whose extremities represent the absence of pain 0 and the maximum imaginable pain 10. The VAS scale was presented to the patients by the operator after explaining the instructions for use, in two stages: After the activation appointment and during the week that followed.
To evaluate the qualitative aspect of pain, we used the M-SF-MPQ “the Moroccan Short Form of McGill Pain questionnaire” [6], previously translated from English and culturally adapted and validated in Moroccan Arabic.
Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical 16.0 software. The comparison of pain perception between the different types of systems was done using the Chi-square test, or Fischer’s exact test when the theoretical numbers were low. The comparison of pain intensity according to the VAS score was carried out using the Kruskal Wallis test.
Table 1 contains the age distribution of our sample. The dominant age range for each type of appliance was: 16–25 years, 58 patients (50.4%) for conventional brackets, 8–15 years, 62 patients (55.4%) for self-ligating brackets, and more than 25 years 71 patients (59.7%) for Aligners. The statistical association between age group and type of appliance was significant (p<0.001). Of 346 patients, 137 (39.6%) were male and 209 were female (60.4%). We noted that the female gender was the most dominant in the three groups, respectively: 63 patients (54.8% with the conventional brace, 60 patients (53.6%) with self-ligating braces, and 86 patients (72.3%) with aligners: The statistical association between gender and the type of appliance was significant (p<0.001) (Table 2).
Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (years) | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
8–15 | 45 | 39.1 | 62 | 55.4 | 17 | 14.3 | 124 | 35.8 |
16–25 | 58 | 50.4 | 39 | 34.8 | 31 | 26.1 | 128 | 37 |
>25 | 12 | 10.4 | 11 | 9.8 | 71 | 59.7 | 94 | 27.2 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample by age group according to the type of appliance used.
Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Male | 52 | 45.2 | 52 | 46.4 | 33 | 27.7 | 137 | 39.6 |
Female | 63 | 54.8 | 60 | 53.6 | 86 | 72.3 | 209 | 60.4 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample by gender according to the type of appliance used.
The socio-economic level in the sample was high in 63%, medium in 24.6%, and low in 12.4%. The association between socioeconomic level and the type of appliance used was statistically significant (p<0.001) (Table 3).
Socio-economic status | Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
High | 35 | 30.4 | 94 | 83.9 | 89 | 74.8 | 218 | 63 |
Medium | 43 | 37.4 | 16 | 14.3 | 26 | 21.8 | 85 | 24.6 |
Low | 37 | 32.2 | 2 | 1.8 | 4 | 3.4 | 43 | 12.4 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample by the socio-economic status according to the type of appliance used.
With respect to the duration of treatment, for 87 patients (25.1%) the beginning of treatment ranged between 2 and 8 months ago, and 259 patients (74.9%) started treatment more than 8 months ago. The comparison between the duration of treatment and the type of appliance used was statistically significant (p<0.001).
The vulnerability to pain showed that 295 patients (85.3%) were able to tolerate pain, while 51 patients (14.7%) could not tolerate pain. The statistical correlation between pain vulnerability and the type of appliance used was significant, (p<0.001) (Table 4).
Vulnerability to pain | Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Cannot tolerate | 17 | 14.8 | 15 | 13.4 | 19 | 16 | 51 | 14.7 |
Can tolerate | 98 | 85.2 | 97 | 86.6 | 100 | 84 | 295 | 85.3 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample according to vulnerability to pain by type of appliance.
As for pain conditioning, 262 patients (75.7%) already knew someone who had undergone orthodontic treatment, 176 (66.18%) of which reported that this person had experienced pain. Only 84 patients 24.3%. did not know a person, who had received orthodontic treatment. The statistical correlation between the knowledge of a person who underwent orthodontic treatment and the type of appliance used was significant (p<0.001).
303 patients reported pain after orthodontic activation, representing 87.6% of the total sample. The statistical association between the presence of pain after activation and the type of appliance was significant (p<0.001) (Table 5). The intensity of this pain after activation had an average of 6 for conventional and self-ligating braces and 3 for aligners. Despite this intensity, 297 patients (85.8%) reported a reduction in pain the week following the activation. 106 patients (92.2%) with conventional braces, 101 patients (90.2%) with self-ligating braces, and 90 patients (75.6%) with aligners reported a decrease in pain the week following activation. The statistical association between pain reduction in the week following the activation appointment and the type of appliance was significant (p<0.001). During the second week, we found a median of 2, a minimum value of 0, and a maximum of 8 for conventional braces, a median of 0 and a maximum value of 8 for self-ligating, and a median of 0 and a maximum value of 7 for aligners.
Pain | Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
No | 3 | 2.6 | 11 | 9.8 | 29 | 24.4 | 43 | 12.4 |
Yes | 112 | 97.4 | 101 | 90.2 | 90 | 75.6 | 303 | 87.6 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample according to the presence of pain after activation.
The qualitative aspects of pain for the three types of orthodontic appliances are outlined in Table 6. The association of the different qualitative aspects of pain according to the type of appliance was statistically significant (p<0.001).
Aspect of pain | Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | ||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
THROBBING كيزدح | ||||||||
No | 49 | 42.6 | 71 | 63.4 | 92 | 77.3 | 212 | 61.3 |
Yes | 66 | 57.4 | 41 | 36.6 | 27 | 22.7 | 134 | 38.7 |
SHOOTING كضرب بحال اضو | ||||||||
No | 62 | 53.9 | 87 | 77,7 | 105 | 88,2 | 254 | 73,4 |
Yes | 53 | 46.1 | 25 | 22.3 | 14 | 11.8 | 92 | 26.6 |
STABBING بحال الطعنة ديال الخنجر | ||||||||
No | 93 | 80.9 | 89 | 79.5 | 107 | 89.9 | 289 | 83.5 |
Yes | 22 | 19.1 | 23 | 20.5 | 12 | 10.1 | 57 | 16.5 |
SHARP ماضي | ||||||||
No | 60 | 52.2 | 77 | 68.8 | 98 | 82.4 | 235 | 67.9 |
Yes | 55 | 47.8 | 35 | 31.2 | 21 | 17.6 | 111 | 32.1 |
CRAMPING مزير | ||||||||
No | 7 | 6.1 | 12 | 10.7 | 13 | 10.9 | 32 | 9.2 |
Yes | 108 | 93.9 | 100 | 89.3 | 106 | 89.1 | 314 | 90.8 |
GNAWING كياكل | ||||||||
No | 85 | 73.9 | 97 | 86.6 | 103 | 86.6 | 285 | 82.4 |
Yes | 30 | 26.1 | 15 | 13.4 | 16 | 13.4 | 61 | 17.6 |
HOT BURNING تحرق بزاف | ||||||||
No | 60 | 52.2 | 85 | 75.9 | 110 | 92.4 | 255 | 73.7 |
Yes | 55 | 47.8 | 27 | 24.1 | 9 | 7.6 | 91 | 26.3 |
ACHING تيألم | ||||||||
No | 28 | 24.3 | 27 | 24.1 | 63 | 52.9 | 118 | 34.1 |
Yes | 87 | 75.7 | 85 | 75.9 | 56 | 47.1 | 228 | 65.9 |
HEAVY تقيل | ||||||||
No | 78 | 67.8 | 76 | 67.9 | 88 | 73.9 | 242 | 69.9 |
Yes | 37 | 32.2 | 36 | 32.1 | 31 | 26.1 | 104 | 30.1 |
TENDER خفيف | ||||||||
No | 72 | 62.6 | 61 | 54.5 | 68 | 57.1 | 201 | 58.1 |
Yes | 43 | 37.4 | 51 | 45.5 | 51 | 42.9 | 145 | 41.9 |
SPLITTING تقطع | ||||||||
No | 78 | 67.8 | 77 | 68.8 | 94 | 79 | 249 | 72 |
Yes | 37 | 32.2 | 35 | 31.2 | 25 | 21 | 97 | 28 |
TIRING-EXHAUSTING تهلك | ||||||||
No | 77 | 67 | 85 | 75.9 | 109 | 91.6 | 271 | 78.3 |
Yes | 38 | 33 | 27 | 24.1 | 10 | 8.4 | 75 | 21.7 |
SICKENING كمرض | ||||||||
No | 83 | 72.2 | 75 | 67 | 90 | 75.6 | 248 | 71.7 |
Yes | 32 | 27.8 | 37 | 33 | 29 | 24.4 | 98 | 28.3 |
FEARFUL كخلع | ||||||||
No | 101 | 87.8 | 95 | 84.8 | 117 | 98.3 | 313 | 90.5 |
Yes | 14 | 12.2 | 17 | 15.2 | 2 | 1.7 | 33 | 9.5 |
PUNISHING-CRUEL تعدب بزاف | ||||||||
No | 64 | 55.7 | 74 | 66.1 | 107 | 89.9 | 245 | 70.8 |
Yes | 51 | 44.3 | 38 | 33.9 | 12 | 10.1 | 101 | 29.2 |
P < 0.001 |
Distribution of the sample according to the qualitative aspect of pain.
Table 7 presents the distribution of the sample according to the most painful aspect during orthodontic treatment according to the type of appliance used. The statistical correlation between the most distressing aspect during orthodontic treatment and the type of appliance was significant (p<0.001). Patients’ reactions to pain after activation, at 24 hours, after 3 days, and at one week are reported in Table 8.
Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Painful aspects | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Pain | ||||||||
No | 51 | 44.30 | 54 | 48.20 | 99 | 83.20 | 204 | 59.00 |
Yes | 64 | 55.70 | 58 | 51.80 | 20 | 16.80 | 142 | 41.00 |
Aesthetics | ||||||||
No | 94 | 81.70 | 85 | 75.90 | 93 | 78.20 | 272 | 78.60 |
Yes | 21 | 18.30 | 27 | 24.10 | 26 | 21.80 | 74 | 21.40 |
Brushing | ||||||||
No | 87 | 75.70 | 81 | 72.30 | 95 | 79.80 | 263 | 76.00 |
Yes | 28 | 24.30 | 31 | 27.70 | 24 | 20.20 | 83 | 24.00 |
Discomfort | ||||||||
No | 48 | 41.70 | 60 | 53.60 | 72 | 60.50 | 180 | 52.00 |
Yes | 67 | 58.30 | 52 | 46.40 | 47 | 39.50 | 166 | 48.00 |
The volume of the appliance | ||||||||
No | 88 | 76.50 | 94 | 83.90 | 109 | 91.60 | 291 | 84.10 |
Yes | 27 | 23.50 | 18 | 16.10 | 10 | 8.40 | 55 | 15.90 |
Bad taste | ||||||||
No | 103 | 89.60 | 101 | 90.20 | 111 | 93.30 | 315 | 91.00 |
Yes | 12 | 10.40 | 11 | 9.80 | 8 | 6.70 | 31 | 9.00 |
Not being able to eat | ||||||||
No | 48 | 41.70 | 71 | 63.40 | 76 | 63.90 | 195 | 56.40 |
Yes | 67 | 58.30 | 41 | 36.60 | 43 | 36.10 | 151 | 43.60 |
P<0.001 |
Distribution of the sample according to the most painful aspect during orthodontic treatment according to the type of appliance.
Conventional brackets | Self-ligating | Aligner | The whole | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient’s attitude | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
After activation | ||||||||
Abstention | 78 | 67.80 | 84 | 75.00 | 108 | 90.80 | 270 | 78.00 |
Self-medication | 31 | 27.00 | 28 | 25.00 | 7 | 5.90 | 66 | 19.10 |
Consult your orthodontist | 5 | 4.30 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 2.50 | 8 | 2.30 |
Consult another practitioner | 1 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.80 | 2 | 0.60 |
P=0 | ||||||||
After 24 hours | ||||||||
Abstention | 105 | 91.30 | 106 | 94.60 | 116 | 97.50 | 327 | 94.50 |
Self-medication | 8 | 7.00 | 6 | 5.40 | 2 | 1.70 | 16 | 4.60 |
Consult your orthodontist | 2 | 1.70 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.80 | 3 | 0.90 |
Consult another practitioner | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
P=0.136 | ||||||||
After 3 days | ||||||||
Abstention | 113 | 98.30 | 112 | 100.00 | 117 | 98.30 | 342 | 98.80 |
Self-medication | 1 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.80 | 2 | 0.60 |
Consult your orthodontist | 1 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.80 | 2 | 0.60 |
Consult another practitioner | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
P=1 | ||||||||
After 7 days | ||||||||
Abstention | 114 | 99.10 | 112 | 100.00 | 119 | 100.00 | 345 | 99.70 |
Self-medication | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Consult your orthodontist | 1 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.30 |
Consult another practitioner | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
P=0.656 |
Patients’ reaction to pain according to the type of appliance used.
The aim of this study was to compare the pain perception of patients treated during orthodontic alignment with three different orthodontic appliance types. The results showed that the aligner system was less painful than the vestibular fixed appliances. There were minor differences in the reported pain intensity between conventional and self-ligating systems. Analgesics were mostly used by patients who reported severe pain. Despite the pain experienced by different patients, there was no impact on their quality of life, except for eating and chewing, where the aligners group showed promising results.
Several studies have analyzed the pain levels experienced with different types of brackets. In most of these studies, it was estimated that appliance-related pain was higher for the first 24 hours–3 days of appliance activation, then decreased to low levels within 5–6 days [4]. Scheurer et, al. [7] reported a trend of high pain within 2 days of appliance activation and a trend of pain relief after 5 days. This trend was confirmed in this study. The pain was higher after activation and significantly decreased within 3 days, then to zero within 7 days. Tecco et al. [3] suggested that regardless of the type of fixed appliance used (conventional or self-ligating), the highest intensity of pain was reported in the first two to three days after the initial activation of the appliance. Fleming et al. [8] confirmed that the subjective experience of pain at 4 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after placement of a fixed orthodontic appliance was independent of bracket type. Johal et al. [4] found a slight reduction in pain scores as the orthodontic therapy went on, although these differences were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, this suggests that orthodontic pain may decrease in intensity during treatment, or may reflect some degree of adaptation to discomfort.
White et al. [9] showed that discomfort after the first and second monthly adjustments was also consistently lower for the aligner than for conventional treatment. For both groups, the levels of discomfort reported at subsequent adjustments reached lower levels than after the initial placement, or when the aligner was first worn.
Patients treated with self-ligating brackets reported significantly less pain than those treated with conventional brackets. These results were consistent with a study conducted by Pringle et al. [10] who reported that the self-ligating appliance (Damon 3, Ormco) resulted in lower pain intensity, on average, compared to the conventional appliance (Tru Straight, Ormco Europe, Amersfoort, The Netherlands). However, Fleming et al. [8] found that significant discomfort was experienced during the insertion and removal of the archwire with the self-ligating device (SmartClip) compared to the conventional system (Victory). Other studies pointed out that there was no statistically significant difference in perceived discomfort levels between the two types of system, namely Damon3 and Synthesis [11] and SmartClipTM and Victory [12].
After activation, patients in the conventional brackets group reported more pain than those in the aligner group. This is in agreement with the results reported in White et al. [9] who maintained that conventional appliances produced significantly more discomfort than aligners. Fujiyama et al [13] noted that patients experienced less pain with Invisalign treatment than with conventional appliances during treatment. Shalish et al. [14] indicated that the results were opposite to those found previously. A greater proportion of patients treated with Invisalign aligners reported more severe pain than did vestibularly treated patients.
In this study, the pain experienced after wearing aligners was lower than that experienced by patients with self-ligating appliances. This finding was consistent with a study by Almasoud [15] who reported that during the first week of orthodontic treatment, patients treated with Invisalign experienced less pain than those treated with a passive self-ligating system. Similarly, in a systematic review, Cardoso et al.; [16] concluded that patients treated with Invisalign seemed to experience lower levels of pain than those treated with fixed appliances during the first days of treatment, and no difference was reported in the next 3 months. In fact, patients treated with aligners reported lower pain levels for a longer period of time, as the fixed appliance was activated once a month and the aligners were changed every 15 days.
The M-SF-MPQ is a very reliable tool for measuring pain in its two sensory and affective components [7]. The use of this criterion makes it possible to establish a comparative profile of the quality of the pain experienced by each group. It was noted that in all 3 systems, the sensory description “cramping مزير ” was most reported by all patients in all 3 groups. Comparisons revealed that sensory and affective descriptors were used more in patients in the conventional group, than in the self-ligating or aligner group. Overall, patients in the conventional group identified 6 sensory descriptors, and those in the following descending order: ‘cramping مزير’, ‘aching تيألم’, ‘throbbing كيزدح’, ‘sharp ماضي’, ‘hot burning تحرق بزاف’ and ‘shooting كضرب بحال اضو’. In contrast, patients in the self-ligating and aligner system identified 3 sensory descriptors: ‘cramping مزير’ followed by ‘aching تيألم’ and ‘tender خفيف’. However, the proportion of subjects in each group who selected the descriptors was consistently lower in the aligner group than in the self-ligating group. For effective components, the self-ligating and aligner systems did not really raise this aspect of pain, while for the conventional system the most used description was “punishing-cruel تعدب بزاف”. Tecco et al. [3] reported that the other two pain descriptors “shooting” and “dull” were used to a lesser extent. Whereas in Bergius et al.’s study [17], the terms “shooting” and “dull” were never used to describe the pain of their patients.
This study showed that tooth brushing could cause pain in patients with fixed appliances. Although the pain was generally minimal, it was experienced by a greater proportion of the sample in the conventional group than in the self-ligating group. However, patients in the aligner group reported almost no discomfort when brushing. The results of the Rakhshan et al. study [17] indicated that tooth brushing mainly induced mild pain. This result was consistent with other studies which suggested that orthodontic pain may have a negative effect on oral hygiene [18, 19].
Pain intensity scores and their impact on daily work/school activities had a minimal effect that peaked at a 24-hour period. In the following days, the number of patients reporting such an effect decreased. Scheurer et al. [7] found that the insertion of fixed appliances seemed to have only a minor effect on the patients’ daily life. This is consistent with our results. Shalish et al. [14] noted that the levels of disturbance in oral symptoms and general activities with Invisalign were similar to those of patients with fixed appliances. In contrast, Miller et al. [20] found that the fixed appliance group reported more negative impact than the Invisalign group.
A correlation between pain intensity scores and analgesic use was also observed. In general, analgesics were mostly used by patients who reported more severe pain. In this study, a large proportion of patients did not use medication, as reported in Firestone [21] and Bergius’s studies [22]. During orthodontic treatment, analgesic consumption differs according to the period of treatment. Wu et al [23] noted that analgesics were used more frequently during the initial phases of treatment, when pain intensity was highest, supporting the hypothesis that the pain experienced later in orthodontic treatment was relatively low. In our study, after activation, 27% of the patients treated with conventional appliances, 25% of the patients treated with a self-ligating system, and 5.9% treated with aligners used medication after activation. A small percentage of patients used analgesics at 24 hours and 3 days. These patients mainly took paracetamol and a few used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofene) to relieve pain. Most patients used self-medication. Scheurer et al. [7] stated that perceived pain and analgesic consumption would decrease if the patient were effectively informed of the discomfort in advance.
At the end of this chapter, we are aware that our study was a descriptive study with significant selection bias with respect to the confounding factors of need for orthodontic treatment, stage of treatment, age, and undetectable susceptibility to pain and even to orthodontic treatment. A cohort study with three groups benefiting from the three therapeutic choices, taking into account age, gender, type of malocclusion, and facial typology, is the following step to move to observational studies for more epidemiological inference.
Orthodontic treatment creates pain at different stages, which seems to be particularly intense at the beginning of treatment and tends to diminish during the course of treatment. Its intensity and duration may be influenced by the type of appliance worn. The results of this study showed that the aligner system was less painful than fixed brackets. There were only minor differences in the reported pain intensity between the conventional and self-ligating appliances. This pain was characterized in all 3 systems by the descriptors “cramping مزير” and “Aaching تيألم”.
The daily quality of life of patients treated with aligners was, therefore, better than that of patients treated with fixed appliances. The consumption of analgesics, correlated with the intensity of the pain experienced. Depending on the patient’s pain threshold and psychological profile, clinicians should consider prescribing analgesics to alleviate patients’ unpleasant experiences.
These observations can be used in clinical situations by informing patients in advance of a specific complaint associated with a particular type of device and will give practitioners and patients additional information that can be used when choosing the type of device. This can help reduce negative experiences of therapy and increase patients’ confidence in their orthodontist. Pain is not inevitable, it can be prevented and treated as well as possible.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hassan II University, and all participants and their respective teachers were informed about the aims of the study. Access to schools was granted by the Casablanca Regional Academy of Education and training. The parental consent and authorization of all students were also obtained. All authors stated that no conflict could influence their participation in this study.
International Association for the Study of Pain Visual Analogue Scale The Moroccan Short Form of McGIll Pain questionnaire.
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NGS is the choice for large-scale genomic and transcriptomic sequencing because of the high-throughput production and outputs of sequencing data in the gigabase range per instrument run and the lower cost compared to the traditional Sanger first-generation sequencing method. The vast amounts of data generated by NGS have broadened our understanding of structural and functional genomics through the concepts of “omics” ranging from basic genomics to integrated systeomics, providing new insight into the workings and meaning of genetic conservation and diversity of living things. NGS today is more than ever about how different organisms use genetic information and molecular biology to survive and reproduce with and without mutations, disease, and diversity within their population networks and changing environments. 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Kulski",authors:[{id:"169295",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:"Kazimierz",surname:"Kulski",slug:"jerzy-kulski",fullName:"Jerzy Kulski"}]},{id:"44118",title:"Microorganisms in Biological Pest Control — A Review (Bacterial Toxin Application and Effect of Environmental Factors)",slug:"microorganisms-in-biological-pest-control-a-review-bacterial-toxin-application-and-effect-of-environ",totalDownloads:13130,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Canan Usta",authors:[{id:"155271",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Usta",slug:"canan-usta",fullName:"Canan Usta"}]},{id:"49878",title:"Immunophenotyping of Acute Leukemias – From Biology to Clinical Application",slug:"immunophenotyping-of-acute-leukemias-from-biology-to-clinical-application",totalDownloads:3317,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Immunophenotyping is an essential part of the modern diagnostic workup of acute leukemias and thus for an appropriate treatment of these complex and heterogeneous diseases. It provides a lot of useful information in this setting that transfers directly from laboratory to clinical management of patients. Lineage definition is the first goal leading to proper initial therapy. Some phenotypic patterns define specific subsets correlating with poor (mixed phenotype, dendritic cell neoplasm) or favorable (cortical T-lymphoblastic leukemia) outcome, thus guiding the application of treatment modalities. An advanced analysis of phenotypic data can address specific issues, such as the still debated role of multilineage dysplasia. The quality of response to chemotherapy is monitored by the detection of minimal residual disease and peripheral blast clearance during chemotherapy delivering. That allows a sharp discrimination of prognosis and again can drive the intensity of therapies proportionally to the disease chemosensitivity.",book:{id:"4720",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Select Topics"},signatures:"Francesco Mannelli",authors:[{id:"178848",title:"M.D.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Mannelli",slug:"francesco-mannelli",fullName:"Francesco Mannelli"}]},{id:"75292",title:"Chromosome Banding and Mechanism of Chromosome Aberrations",slug:"chromosome-banding-and-mechanism-of-chromosome-aberrations",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Chromosome identification depends on the morphological features of the chromosome and therefore karyotype and its banding pattern analyses are the most suitable technique to identify each and every chromosome of a chromosome complement. Moreover, aberrations caused by breaks play an important role in the evolution of a chromosome set and chromosome complement by decreasing or increasing the chromosome number. Therefore, both the aspects are discussed in detail in the present chapter. At present, the chapter will highlight the karyotype and its components, karyotype trends, evolution and its role in speciation, banding pattern and techniques, chromosome differentiation and linearization, banding applications and their uses, detection and analysis of chromosomal aberrations, chromosome and chromatid types of aberrations and mechanism of the formation of chromosome aberrations and breaks for karyotype evolutionary trends.",book:{id:"10566",slug:"cytogenetics-classical-and-molecular-strategies-for-analysing-heredity-material",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Classical and Molecular Strategies for Analysing Heredity Material"},signatures:"Sanjay Kumar, Asikho Kiso and N. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/296887",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"296887"},fullPath:"/profiles/296887",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()