\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Emergency Operations of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64890.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64890",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64890",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64890",chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 1st 2018",datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 1st 2018",datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9589",leadTitle:null,title:"Depigmentation as a Disease or Therapeutic Goal",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tDepigmentation disorders may be congenital or acquired. Congenital diseases of depigmentation include oculocutaneous albinism, piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, nevus depigmentosus and cutaneous mosaicism. Acquired diseases of depigmentation include vitiligo, hypomelanosis secondary to cutaneous inflammation, infectious hypomelanosis, chemical or pharmacologic hypomelanosis, hypomelanosis from physical agents, and miscellaneous. Vitiligo is a very common acquired depigmentation disorder where melanocytes that produce melanin pigment of the skin are destroyed. It can occur systematically and affect whole body or locally/segmentally affecting parts of the body. For the treatment of vitiligo, various medical, surgical and photo therapies are in use, and several emerging new treatments are under investigation.
\r\n\r\n\tThese disorders can profoundly affect patient's quality of life. To improve facial blemishes, many people resort to laser treatments, chemical peels and cosmetics, thus markets for depigmenting lasers and cosmeceuticals are also increasing rapidly. This book aims to cover topics in diseases of depigmentation and therapeutic depigmentation.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-012-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-011-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-013-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3e1efdb1fc8c403c402da09b242496c6",bookSignature:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9589.jpg",keywords:"Congenital Depigmentation, Albinism, Piebaldism, Dyschromatosis Hereditaria, Vitiligo, Pathogenesis, Phototherapy, Excimer Laser, Excimer Light, Surgical Treatments, Postinflammatory Hypopigmentation, Pityriasis Alba",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 22nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Kim graduated from and acquired a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) at Seoul National University College of Medicine. He is an active member of many international and domestic societies and a former President of the Korean Society for Vitiligo.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121353/images/system/121353.png",biography:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim graduated from and acquired a doctoral degree (PhD) at Seoul National University College of Medicine. He completed an internship and dermatology residency at Seoul National University Hospital.\r\nHe moved to the Department of Dermatology, Gyeongsang National University, and was then promoted to Professor and Chairman of Dermatology.\r\nIn 1996, he did a research sabbatical for two years at the Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\r\nIn 2003, he started private practice as Director of the White-Line Skin Clinic and Research Center, Changwon, Kyungnam.\r\nHe is an active member of many international and domestic societies, and was the President of the Korean Society for Vitiligo (2016–2018).",institutionString:"White-Line Skin Clinic & Research Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"184402",firstName:"Romina",lastName:"Rovan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184402/images/4747_n.jpg",email:"romina.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7145",title:"Depigmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a17d6aad0e8ef52b617569b590d1443a",slug:"depigmentation",bookSignature:"Tae-Heung Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7145.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72641",title:"Introductory Chapter: Electron Crystallography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93063",slug:"introductory-chapter-electron-crystallography",body:'The different properties of materials are structure dependent. There are many techniques that are developed for the structure analysis. The most common of them is X-ray crystallography for the structural study of periodic ordered structures at atomic scale level. Few years later, after the discovery of X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction of single crystals was invented. The wave nature of electrons was utilized to discover the state of the art instrument, electron microscope. Since then, electron microscope has been extensively used in many fields for the study of micro-/nanomaterials. Electron crystallography is used to collect different information by electron scattering. This has been used to study crystal structures and defects. After first electron microscopy image taken in 1933, the constant engineering developments from the last 80 years or so made it possible today to record high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images. Moreover, the powerful computers play a very important role in the further improvement of HRTEM images as well as to analyze them quantitatively by using different image processing programs. Modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can be used for both structure and chemical analysis. The structure analysis is performed by electron diffraction and HRTEM, while the chemical analysis is performed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
Although X-ray crystallography is known to be the best technique for the structure determination of unknown crystals, but under certain conditions, electron crystallography has some advantages over X-ray crystallography:
An electron scatters much more strongly than X-rays. Thus, much smaller crystals, million times smaller than those needed for single crystal X-ray diffraction can be studied by electron crystallography. The structure analysis (such as grain boundaries, phases, etc.) of crystals, too small for X-ray diffraction, can be done by electron crystallography.
HRTEM images of crystals can be recorded in electron crystallography while in X-ray crystallography, imaging is not possible. The phase information remains preserved in the case of HRTEM images.
The interaction mechanism with the crystal is also different for electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Electrons study electrostatic potential distribution in crystals while X-rays study electron density distribution in crystals.
The X-ray powder diffraction gives results from a sample which may contain millions of small crystals while electron diffraction gives results from a single or just few crystals. In some materials, where the phases are found to inter-grow with each other cannot be solved by X-ray crystallography, whereas in electron crystallography, this problem is eliminated as much smaller crystals are needed for electron diffraction.
The defects in crystals can be studied using HRTEM images.
Radiation damage is the common problem in X-ray crystallography and electron crystallography. This is especially troublesome in the case of electron crystallography. The proteins and organic molecules are the main sufferers when they are being imaged. Radiation damage can be limited by using electron cryo-microscopy where samples go through cryo-fixation and imaging done at liquid nitrogen or liquid helium temperatures. Due to this, X-ray crystallography is more successful for the structural study of proteins that are more prone to radiation damage. Recently, radiation damage was investigated by MicroED for three-dimensional (3D) thin crystals [1, 2]. In the past few years, several protein structures are studied by electron crystallography. The studies on inorganic crystals by electron crystallography were first done by Klug [3] and Hovmöller et al [4]. They used HRTEM images as it is possible to choose thin regions along the edge of the crystal for structure analysis using crystallographic image processing program (CRISP).
In recent years, electron diffraction is widely applied for determining the structure of unknown crystals [5, 6, 7, 8]. Electron diffraction is a technique which is well-complementing other techniques, single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction for determination of structure. Electron diffraction plays a very important role when crystals are very small for study using single crystal X-ray diffraction or very complex for structure solution by powder X-ray diffraction. The main drawbacks of electron diffraction are the problems in the complete collection of 3D-electron diffraction data using standard diffraction techniques and the collection of data is very time consuming. Also, the electron diffraction intensities suffered from dynamical scattering. There are two methods which are developed for the collection of complete 3D electron diffraction data: the rotation electron diffraction (RED) and automated electron diffraction tomography (ADT) [8, 9].
With the introduction of advanced methodologies, recently, one of the most important methods for crystal structural analysis in the field of electron crystallography has been discovered. This software-based method is named as rotation electron diffraction (RED), which is capable of overcoming the drawbacks and reducing the dynamical effects [8]. There are two computer programs in a software package, that is, RED data collection and RED data processing. The program for collection of 3D-electron diffraction data used the combination of goniometer tilt and electron beam tilt in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A fine step in the range 0.05–0.20° of electron beam tilt combined with a coarse step in the range 2.0–3.0° of goniometer tilts at common tilt-axis allowed to cover a crystal in a large range of tilt. At every combination, electron diffraction frames are collected. With the collection of about 1000–2000 electron diffraction frames, a complete 3D data set is obtained. Thus, a complete 3D-electron diffraction data set from a sub-micrometer sized single crystal can be collected in about 2 hours.
The program processes 3D-RED electron diffraction data created by the program RED data collection. It consists of correction of shift in electron diffraction frames, peak search in individual electron diffraction frames for diffraction spots, and identifying diffraction spots as reflections in 3D. The program containing RED data processing used to view and analysis of 3D reciprocal lattices which are reconstructed from electron diffraction frames. RED method is more capable for determination of structure and identification of phase of crystals which are not known. It is faster, easier, and more straight-forward than powder XRD and other techniques based on electron microscopy. The configuration used in RED is similar to the technique involving rotation as used in X-ray diffraction. Along one rotation axis, the sample is rotated continuously. Instead of doing continuous crystal rotation, coarse crystal rotation and fine electron-beam tilt on the same axis of rotation are combined in TEM. At every combination of crystal rotation and beam tilt, electron diffraction frame is collected. The 3D-reciprocal lattice is reconstructed from the collected electron diffraction frames with the help of RED data processing program.
RED has been used in the recent years to solve large number of crystal structures. These include the most complex zeolites ever solved, open-framework compounds, and quasicrystal approximants, such as the pseudo-decagonal approximants [10, 11, 12, 13]. The quasicrystal approximants are dense intermetallic compounds and consist of heavy elements. Thus, they are usual to have higher dynamical scattering. It is more challenging to solve the structure of quasicrystal approximants using RED. Quasicrystalline phases are having forbidden rotation symmetry in their electron diffraction pattern, which are not compatible with periodic translation. Quasicrystals are discovered in 1982 by D. J. Shechtman. A new idea of ordered but non-periodic arrangement of atoms exhibiting sharp diffraction peaks (with icosahedral symmetry) is created due to the breakthrough experiments by Shechtman et al. [14] on rapidly quenched alloys (AlMn) using TEM. Due to the aperiodicity, these materials can be used for applications in industries as they are having properties different from that of conventional metallic materials [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Quasicrystals are known by a group of different properties, for example, higher hardness, low friction, low-surface energy, and thermal expansion which is as good as metals [25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
After the quasicrystals discovered in rapidly quenched AlMn alloys [14], the most important part of their studies has been related to their structure solution. The structure of quasicrystals has not been yet solved. A number of crystalline phases have been observed which are having crystals made up by the same clusters as found in quasicrystals, and they are named as quasicrystal approximants. These approximants are often found to co-exist with quasicrystals. They have similar electron diffraction patterns and similar chemical compositions as that of quasicrystals [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. The local atomic structures are similar in both quasicrystals and quasicrystal approximants. Thus, the structural study of quasicrystal approximants is an efficient way to understand the quasicrystalline structure. Many quasicrystal approximant series have been observed which are closely related on the basis of their structures. Out of the many quasicrystal approximants that are found till yet, only small number of them has been solved to atomic resolution. In this context, RED method is used to solve two very complicated alloy structures of pseudo-decagonal quasicrystal approximants PD2 and PD1 in Al-Co-Ni alloy system [12, 13]. These are built of characteristic 2 nm wheel clusters with five-fold rotational symmetry [36].
Honey is a compound widely used as a medicine and food source for thousands of years [1]. Several natural products that have been used as medicine have been replaced by modern pharmaceuticals, but recently they have returned to the world stage due to the growing public interest [2]. In ancient Egypt, beekeeping has been practiced for more than 4000 years, and honey has been used as a medicine in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, burns, abscesses, gastrointestinal diseases, inflammations, rigid joints, and even as a contraceptive method [1, 3]. In Asia, honey is recognized for its medicinal value since 2000 BC [1]. There are also references to different uses of honey in the bible and in the Qur’an [1]. The ancient Greek Hippocrates, known as the father of modern medicine, used honey to clean wounds, gastrointestinal diseases, and ulcers [1, 3]. In Ancient Rome, honey was also prescribed alone or in combinations, often used to treat throat problems, pneumonia, and even snake bites [1].
\nThe main components of honey are sugars, among which are predominantly fructose and glucose [4, 5]. However, there are other compounds in smaller quantities and very variable depending on the type of each honey, from the floral source where the bee collects the nectar, such as water and free amino acids [4, 5]. Among them, the most found is proline [4, 6]. Some specific enzymes are also found, the main enzymes of honey are invertase, amylase, and glucose oxidase, but other enzymes such as catalase and phosphatase [6, 7, 8]. Honey is also composed of organic acids that contribute to its characteristic flavor and are responsible for the excellent stability of honey against micro-organisms, for example, formic, acetic, butyric, oxalic, lactic, succinic, folic, malic, citric, and glycolic [6, 7]. Gluconic acid is considered one of the most important organic acids in honey; it is the product of catalytic oxidation of glucose oxidase, in this oxidation, hydrogen peroxide is also formed, which has a strong antibacterial effect [4, 5, 6, 7].
\nHoney may still have some mineral substances, such as potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, cobalt, and copper; studies show that honey can contain several types of minerals, but potassium is the most abundant in various types of honey [6, 8, 9, 10]. Carotenoids, flavones, and anthocyanins can still be found, which contribute to the antioxidant action of honey [6]. About 80 aromatic compounds have been detected in honey, including carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and phenols [6]. These compounds also contribute to the organoleptic properties of honey. The appearance of honey varies from almost colorless to dark brown; it can be liquid, viscous, or solid. Its flavor, aroma, and composition vary enormously, depending on the floral source in which the honeybee collects the nectar. However, some environmental factors can strongly influence honey composition, such as temperature and humidity [6, 7, 11].
\nHoney is a food that contains high energy carbohydrates, being that 95–99% of the total solids are composed by sugars, which are easily digestible, since they are similar to many fruits [7, 12]. Proteins and enzymes in honey often have no significant nutritional value, as they are usually not present in sufficient amounts [7]. Several of the essential vitamins are present in honey, such as vitamin K, B1, B2, B6, and C, but generally at insignificant levels [7, 8, 13]. The mineral content of honey is variable, usually darker honeys have significant amounts of minerals, but honey can be considered a nutritive sweetener, mainly due to its high fructose content [7, 13].
\nIn addition to its food value, honey has great potential in medicine; it has been used for thousands of years, and has now been widely studied as an alternative medicine. Honey is not a suitable medium for bacteria, since it is very acidic and has a very high sugar content. This causes an osmotic effect that prevents the growth of bacteria, this effect works literally drying the bacteria [7, 13]. Another type of antibacterial property of honey was called inhibition in 1940 by Dold [7]. And in 1963, Jonathan White proposed that this inhibitory effect described in 1940 was due to the hydrogen peroxide produced and accumulated in the diluted honey, which we know today, is a by-product of the formation of gluconic acid by the enzyme glucose oxidase [5, 7, 11].
\nHistorically, honey has been used for various medical purposes; and recent research has confirmed the effectiveness in the treatment of several diseases due to its components and its properties antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, antiviral, and others that will be addressed in this chapter.
\nInflammation is nothing more than a defense response of the body to a tissue that has suffered a certain damage, which consists of the recruitment of leucocytes and plasma proteins of the blood [14, 15]. This damage can be caused by physical, chemical, or even microbial agents; inflammation is characterized by edema, erythema, pain, and increased temperature [15, 16].
\nIt is well known that propolis, another product from honeybee colony, has potential anti-inflammatory properties, including in vivo. But studies on the anti-inflammatory power of honey also are promising, such as the study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey against conventional treatment in alkaline lesions in the eyes of rabbits and the results showed that there was no difference in the clinical inflammatory characteristics between the group treated with honey and the group with conventional treatment, so it is possible to infer that Tualang may be an alternative treatment [17, 18]. Other studies have also been depending on the use of honey, such as chronic ocular surface diseases and infectious conjunctivitis [19, 20].
\nGastric ulcers are among the most common diseases affecting humans, a study demonstrated that the use of honey in conjunction with other compounds may promote gastroprotection. Later, a recent study investigated the effect of gastric protection using only honey against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in rats and also suggested this effect as gastroprotection [21, 22]. Manuka honey significantly decreased the ulcer, completely protected the mucus of the lesions and preserved the gastric mucus glycoprotein, significantly increased the mucus levels of gastric nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and also decreased lipid peroxidation of the mucus and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1β, and concentrations of interleukins-6 [21]. Honey has been shown to be efficient in other types of ulcers, and this Manuka honey exerted an antiulcer effect, keeping enzymes and antioxidants, non-enzymatic and inflammatory cytokines reduced [21, 23].
\nIn addition to the Manuka honey and the Tualang honey, the anti-inflammatory effect of Malaysia’s Gelam honey was also studied, which is associated with anti-inflammatory effects on tissues [24, 25]. Malaysia Gelam honey was tested in rats induced by inflammation [25]. Paw edema was induced by a subplantar injection and the rats were treated with either the anti-inflammatory drug Indomethacin or Gelam honey. Results showed that Gelam honey can reduce dose-dependent edema in inflamed rat paws, decrease the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in plasma, and suppress expression of synthase inducible nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleucine-6 in paw tissue [25]. The oral pre-treatment of Gelam honey at 2 g/kg body weight at two times (1 and 7 days) showed a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, which was similar to the effect of the anti-inflammatory indomethacin, both in plasma and in the tissue, and Gelam honey has anti-inflammatory effects and is potentially useful for the treatment of inflammatory conditions [25]. Another study demonstrated that different types of honey promoted increased release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from monocytes, which are cells that assist in healing [26].
\nWe can also compare the anti-inflammatory activity of honey with another herbal remedy in a study carried out in 2012 to test the activity of honey and brown sugar, surgically treated guinea pigs that were treated with honey, brown sugar, and a control group treated with saline solution, it is already known that sugar can help healing [27, 28]. The honey group showed a decrease in the area of the wound and the formation of granulation tissue before the brown sugar group and control; the honey group was still the only one that presented no crust in any wound and promoted a faster healing by stimulating the faster formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelization [28]. In addition, honey showed a higher antibacterial effect in relation to brown sugar and control group [28]. Another study had the same result, honey was effective in reducing bacterial contamination and wound healing [29].
\nRecent studies proved the anti-inflammatory activity of honey; different types of honey, different regions and different floral sources, were studied and both showed anti-inflammatory responses [17, 21, 25, 28]. Treatment with Tualang honey and Gelam honey showed similar responses to conventional anti-inflammatories used for specific treatments [17, 25]. Honey still has a better anti-inflammatory activity than brown sugar, promoting faster healing [28]. Also, honey is a relatively cheap and easily accessible anti-inflammatory compound that needs to be further studied and later applied in modern medicine [17, 21, 25, 28].
\nOne of the advances of modern medicine has been the development of antibiotics; these antibiotics can be bactericidal, which kill the micro-organisms directly, or bacteriostatic, which prevent the growth of micro-organisms [30]. However, micro-organisms are increasingly developing resistance to these antibiotics, which is a major concern. In addition to antibiotics, the prevention of bacterial diseases can be carried out with the use of vaccines and with basic sanitary methods [30, 31].
\nMany different micro-organisms can cause disease and be transmitted even by contaminated water, and among the major aquatic pathogens are Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some studies have already shown that honey can combat these pathogens [14, 18, 32, 33]. A study in 2011 tested the bacterial activity of honey, for which the Revamil® and Manuka honey were used, and it was found that both honeys had activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also against Bacillus subtilis [34]. Manuka honey still had a greater efficacy than Revamil® against Staphylococcus aureus-methicillin resistant bacteria after 24-h incubation [34]. Despite the efficiency of honey, propolis has higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [35]. Overall, Revamil® honey clearly had more potent bactericidal activity than Manuka after 2 h of incubation, while Manuka honey was more potent after 24 h [34].
\nThe bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae are important human respiratory pathogens; Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause invasive lung infections that can develop in secondary infections and other respiratory disorders [14]. The antibacterial activity of honey was tested using dressings soaked with two types of honey, including Aquacel-Tualang honey and Aquacel-Manuka honey, the conventional dressing for burn treatment, Aquacel-Ag and only the curative Aquacel (control), against bacteria isolated from patients with burns (in vitro) [30]. Seven organisms were isolated from burns, four types of Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas spp., and Acinetobacter spp., and three Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp. Aquacel-Ag and Aquacel-Manuka dressings provided a better zone of inhibition for Gram-positive bacteria. However, similar results between Aquacel-Manuka and Aquacel-Tualang were obtained against Gram-negative bacteria [36].
\nSalmonellosis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by eating food contaminated with Salmonella, such as eggs, chicken, meat, and raw vegetables, or by handling animal or animal products contaminated by the bacterium [14, 37]. It is the most common bacterial food infection in the United States. However, most Escherichia coli strains are not pathogenic to humans, but the few pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are transmitted by food and produce potent enterotoxins [14]. In the literature, there are several studies that demonstrate the efficiency of honey against bacteria important to human health, one of them demonstrated the antibacterial potential of honey against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica Typhi by in vitro methods [38]. Honey showed excellent antibacterial activity against all bacteria studied, which are related, respectively, to urinary tract infection, skin lesion, and enteric fever in human patients; and thus, honey can be considered an alternative treatment against such infection [38]. In addition to honey being effective against bacterial infections, it can be used as a treatment for one of the most common bacterial contamination symptoms, when honey is administered as oral rehydration fluid, it can decrease the duration of bacterial diarrhea [39].
\nAnother form of food poisoning is caused by enterotoxins produced by Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus; these toxins cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration, and is a major public health problem [14, 40]. The antibacterial action of Tualang, Gelam, and Durian honeys was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae [41]. Durian honey did not produce substantial antibacterial activity, while Tualang and Gelam honey showed a spectrum of antibacterial activity with its growth inhibitory effects against all bacterial species tested, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), the results still suggest the Gelam honey has the highest antibacterial effect among the honey samples from Malaysia tested [41].
\n\nClostridiums are anaerobic bacteria that are capable of growing up in canned food [14]. In addition to the antibacterial activity of honey against the bacteria dating to the top, Manuka honey still has antibacterial effect on Clostridium difficile, which is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus, which was associated with approximately 29,000 deaths in 2001 in the United States [42, 43]. A recent study has shown that Manuka honey exhibited a bactericidal action against Clostridium difficile; this is yet another feature that makes Manuka honey highly attractive in the treatment of bacterial infections [42]. However, Manuka honey was considered ineffective against other bacteria Helicobacter pylori when tested in vivo, despite having been found effective in vitro [44, 45].
\nHoney has an excellent antibacterial effect against different types of bacteria, as previously mentioned; honey is very acidic and has a very high sugar content, which does not serve as a suitable medium for bacteria [4, 5, 6, 7]. Moreover, in some honeys, the peroxide of hydrogen is found, which has a strong antibacterial effect [4, 5, 6, 7]. Remavil® honeys, Manuka honey, Tualang honey, and Gelam honey were tested with different types of bacteria and had positive results [34, 36, 41, 42]. The bacteria tested and susceptible to some of these honeys were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus-resistant methicillin, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and Clostridium difficile [34, 36, 38, 41, 42].
\nOf all human infectious diseases, the most prevalent and difficult to treat are those that are caused by viruses, because viruses usually remain infectious in dry mucus for a long time [14]. Also, viruses need a host cells to occur its replication; so killing the virus means killing your host cell as well. Hence, vaccination is the most efficient way to prevent these diseases [14, 46].
\nChickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and it is a very common childhood disease that usually does not cause many problems; but when it affects the elderly, it can be easily fatal [14, 47]. Varicella-zoster is highly contagious and is transmitted by infectious droplets, which results in a systemic rash on the skin [14]. As honey can be conveniently applied to the skin, it is easily found and relatively inexpensive, it can be considered an excellent remedy against Zoster rash, especially in developing countries, or in countries where antiviral drugs are relatively expensive and difficult to access. Therefore, a study determined in vitro antiviral effect of honey against the varicella-zoster virus; two types of honey were used, Manuka honey and clover honey, and both types showed antiviral activity against the varicella-zoster virus, showing that honey has significant antiviral activity against varicella-zoster [48]. A study on the relationship of honey to another virus, analyzed in vivo, showed that the use of topical honey is safe and effective in the treatment of recurrent herpes and genital herpes lesions [49].
\nRespiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of viral respiratory infections in infants and young children, also seriously affects adults, the elderly and immunocompromised, causing deaths mainly in the elderly [50, 51]. The antiviral activity of honey was tested for its action against the respiratory syncytial virus. A variety of tests using cell culture was developed to assess the susceptibility of respiratory syncytial virus to honey. The results confirmed that treatment with honey promoted inhibition of viral replication [50]. Attempts to isolate the antiviral component in honey demonstrated that sugar was not responsible for the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus, but could be methylglyoxal; this component of honey may play a role in the increased potency of Manuka honey against respiratory syncytial virus [50]. Thus, honey may be an alternative and effective antiviral treatment for the therapy of respiratory viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus; however, other measures, such as an effective vaccine, are still necessary for the control of this disease [50, 52].
\nInfluenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease of viral origin that causes even more deaths than the respiratory syncytial virus at all ages, except in children less than a year old [14, 51]. Influenza viruses are transmitted from person to person through the air, especially from droplets expelled during coughing and sneezing and are a serious threat to human health, and there is an urgent need for the development of new drugs against these viruses. Therefore, the anti-influenza virus activity of honey from several sources was studied [53]. The results showed that honey, in general, and particularly Manuka honey, has potent inhibitory activity against the influenza virus, demonstrating a potential medicinal value [53]. In addition to honey, propolis has also been studied against the influenza virus and appears to decrease the activity of the influenza virus [54].
\nHoney, especially Manuka honey, has strong antiviral properties. Studies show that honey has action against the varicella-zoster virus, the respiratory syncytial virus, and also has anti-influenza activity [47, 50, 53]. New studies on this property of honey are necessary, mainly with other types of honey.
\nMost people associate fungi with organic matter decomposition or superficial fungal infections, but fungi can cause various human diseases, from mild to firmly established systemic diseases; the most serious infections can even be fatal [14]. The incidence of Candida infections is increasing worldwide. Candida albicans is present in the normal human microbiota; however, this fungus can cause a variety of diseases, such as vaginal, oral, and systemic infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients, as carriers of the HIV virus, these infections can be further aggravated by the increase in resistance levels of this fungus to the medicines [14, 55, 56]. Clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida dubliniensis were tested against four different honeys. The antifungal activities of floral honeys were significantly higher than artificial honey against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata; but for Candida dubliniensis, only Jarrah honey was significantly active [56]. Candida glabrata, which is innate less susceptible to many conventional antifungals, was also the least susceptible to the honey tested [56].
\nAs previously stated, honey has antifungal properties and may act against Candida [57]. A study in 2012 evaluated the clinical and mycological cure rates of a mixture of honey and vaginal mucus compared to local antifungal agents for the treatment of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis during pregnancy, recurrent asymptomatic candidiasis in early pregnancy is associated with preterm birth [57, 58]. The clinical cure rate was significantly higher in the honey and mucus group than in the conventional antifungal group, while the mycological cure rate was higher in the conventional antifungal group than in the mucus and honey group; therefore, the mixture of honey and mucus can be used with a complement or an alternative to antifungal agents, especially in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis during pregnancy [57].
\nIn addition to the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans, the antifungal activity against Rhodotorula sp. was studied; this fungus can also affect humans, cases of meningitis caused by Rhodotorula species in immunosuppressed people have been reported [59, 60]. Four honeys from Algeria from different botanical origins were analyzed to test the antifungal effect against Candida albicans and Rhodotorula sp., different concentrations of honey were studied in vitro for antifungal activity, and the study demonstrated that, in vitro, these natural products clearly show antifungal activity against Rhodotorula sp. and Candida albicans [60].
\n\nAspergillus spp. is a saprophyte commonly found in nature as a mold of leaves, produces potent allergens, and often causes asthma and other hypersensitivity reactions [14]. The antifungal activities of some samples of honey obtained from different geographic locations in Nigeria were tested against some fungal isolates [61]. Honey samples were examined for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Microsporum gypseum, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces sp., and results show that honey samples had different levels of inhibitory activity at various concentrations against the fungi tested, with zones of inhibition increasing with increasing honey concentration; Microsporum gypseum, which can infect immunosuppressed patients, was the most sensitive of all fungal isolates studied, while Candida albicans was the least sensitive, other studies have shown efficient inhibitory activity of honey against the growth of Candida albicans [61, 62, 63, 64]. Honey samples used in the study showed spectrum and promising antifungal activity, the honey from Nigeria may serve as a source of antifungal for possible development of antifungal drugs for the treatment of fungal infections [61].
\nBesides the antibacterial and antiviral properties, some honeys also have antifungal properties [56, 57, 59, 61]. Recent studies showed some honey have properties against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, Rhodotorula sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Microsporum gypseum, and Saccharomyces sp., which make these honey as possible alternative medicines, especially against candidiasis, a disease that is growing worldwide [24, 56, 59, 61].
\nIn 2016, the cancer mortality rate has dropped 23% since 1991 [65]. Despite this progress, mortality rates are increasing for liver, pancreatic, and uterine cancers; and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states from United States, lung cancer is still the most lethal, followed by breast cancer [65, 66]. The advance for cancer treatment needs more clinical and basic research [65].
\nMany scientists have focused on the antioxidant property of honey. Studies indicate that ingestion of honeybee products, such as honey, can prevent cancer [67, 68]. Through the use of human renal cancer cells, the antiproliferative activities, apoptosis, and the antitumor activity of honey were investigated [67]. Honey decreased cell viability in malignant cells regardless of concentration and time [67]. Honey induced apoptosis of human renal cancer cells according to honey concentration, and apoptosis plays an important role, most of the drugs used in the treatment of cancer are apoptotic inducers, so the apoptotic nature of honey is considered vital [67].
\nThe anticancer activity of honey samples was extracted from three different Egyptian floral sources and was tested against colon, breast, and liver tumor lineage [69]. Cassia honey showed moderate cytotoxic activity against colon cancer and breast cancer, with the weakest cytotoxic activity against liver cancer; Citrus honey exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity against breast cancer; and Ziziphus honey showed potent efficiency against colon, liver, and breast cancer [69]. Breast cancer, which is the type of cancer that most affects and kills women, was also tested for another type of honey, the Manuka honey, and the results showed that it is cytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro and the effects are mainly correlated with the total content of phenols and their antioxidant power [65, 70].
\nThe phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of melon honey and Manuka honey and their cytotoxic properties were tested against human and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. The ability to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells depends on the concentration of honey and type of cell line, in addition to having a great relation with the phenolic content and residues of tryptophan. Honey was analyzed for phenolic, flavonoid, amino acid, and protein contents, as well as their free radical scavenging activities [71, 72]. Melon honey presented the highest amount of phenolics, flavonoids, amino acids, and proteins, as well as antioxidant capacity in relation to Manuka honey [71]. Both melon honey and Manuka honey induced cytotoxicity and cell death independently of dose and time in human and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma cells [71]. Melon honey showed to be more efficient in concentrations [71]. The results indicate that melon honey and Manuka honey can induce inhibition of cell growth and the generation of reactive oxygen species in colon adenocarcinoma and metastatic cells, which may be due to the presence of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. These results suggest a potential chemo-preventive agent against colon cancer; in addition, honey can improve the functioning of other substances already used in cancer treatment [71, 73].
\nResearch on cancer control has shown the importance of adjuvant therapies [74]. Aloe vera may reduce tumor mass and rates of metastasis, and its association with conventional therapy can produce benefits for the treatment, while honey may inhibit tumor growth [74, 75]. The influence of Aloe vera and honey on tumor growth and the apoptosis process was evaluated by evaluating tumor size, the rate of cell proliferation for Walker 256 carcinoma [74]. Tumor-bearing mice received a daily dose of Aloe vera and honey, and the control group received only sodium chloride solution [74]. The effect of Aloe vera and honey against tumor growth was observed through a decrease in relative weight (%) [74]. The results suggested that Aloe vera and honey can modulate tumor growth, reduce cell proliferation, and increase susceptibility to apoptosis. Studies have shown that honey has antiproliferative activity because of its ability to induce apoptosis, so this combination is a possible adjuvant therapy [74, 76, 77].
\nSeveral types of honey have been studied because of their anticancer properties [65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74]. Currently, cancer is one of the world’s leading diseases, requiring further studies [65]. Some honey have already been tested against colon, breast, and liver tumor, as well as human kidney cancer and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell lines, where most have weak to strong cytotoxic activity depending on the type of honey tested and depending on the dose of honey [67, 69, 70, 71]. The effect of Aloe vera on honey has also been studied, and the whole has the capacity to modulate tumor growth, reducing cell proliferation, and also increasing susceptibility to apoptosis [74]. The antitumor effects of honey were highly correlated with their ability to induce apoptosis of cells and with their antioxidant power [65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74]. The effect of Aloe vera along with honey has also been studied, and the set has the capacity to modulate tumor growth, reducing cell proliferation, and also increasing susceptibility to apoptosis [74]. The antitumor effects of honey were highly correlated with its ability to induce cell apoptosis and with its antioxidant activity [65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74].
\nAntioxidants, which are present in large amounts of honey, making it a food with great antioxidative potential, are free radical scavengers that reduce the formation or neutralize free radicals [11, 78]. A comparative analysis of total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of commercially available common honey was performed along with Malaysia’s Tualang honey. Biochemical analyzes revealed a significantly high phenolic content in Tualang honey [78]. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of Tualang honey was higher than that of common honey; these data suggested that the high activity of elimination of free radicals and antioxidant activity observed in Tualang honey were due to the increase in the level of phenolic compounds, it was also observed that the antioxidant activity of honey depends on its botanical origin [78, 79]. Therefore, the favorable antioxidant properties of Tualang honey can be important for nutrition and human health [78].
\nType 2 diabetes consists of progressive hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-pancreatic cell failure, which may result from glucose toxicity, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress, and is responsible for 90–95% of all cases of diabetes [80, 81]. A study investigated the effect of pre-treatment with Gelam honey, and the individual flavonoid components chrysin, luteolin, and quercetin on the production of reactive oxygen species, cell viability, lipid peroxidation, and insulin in hamster pancreatic cells, cultured under normal conditions and hyperglycemic, the pre-treatment of cells with Gelam honey extract or flavonoid components showed a significant decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species, glucose-induced lipid peroxidation, and a significant increase in insulin content and viability of cultured cells under hyperglycemic conditions. The results indicated the in vitro antioxidant property of Gelam honey and flavonoids on hamster β cells, creating a protective effect against hyperglycemia [80]. Another study demonstrated the effect of honey on diabetics, the study with rats concluded that the pancreatic tissues of rats with diabetes were exposed to great oxidative stress and that supplementation with other honey, Tualang honey, had protective effects in the pancreas [80, 82].
\nHoney contains antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds that prevent cellular oxidative damage that leads to aging, disease such as cancer, metabolic disturbances, cardiovascular dysfunction and even death [83, 84]. The antioxidant effect of honey in young and middle-aged rats was compared, the rats were fed with pure water (control), those supplemented with 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of Gelam honey for 30 days. Results showed that Gelam honey supplementation reduced DNA damage, plasma malondialdehyde level, and glutathione peroxidase. Liver activity superoxide dismutase also decreased in young rats supplemented with 5 g/kg of Gelam honey [84]. Gelam honey reduces the oxidative damage of young and middle-aged rats by modulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes that were more prominent in higher concentration compared to the lower concentration [84]. Another study indicates that honey has these antioxidant and free radical sequestering properties, mainly due to its phenolic compounds [85].
\nHoney has antioxidant properties that can be further explored and studied, because antioxidants reduce free radicals and oxidative stress, which can help to promote and maintain health [80, 82, 84]. Besides the previously described, the antioxidant effect of honey can be an important property to help in the anticancer effect [67, 71].
\nSeveral studies have proven the effectiveness of honey as an alternative medicine; some have even shown that honey is as good a medicine as conventional medicine. Use of different types of honeys showed anti-inflammatory effect very similar to the conventional drug and that can be used as an alternative medicine in the treatment of diseases or inflammations. Honey can also be used as an antimicrobial agent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antivirals, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidants. However, there is still a need to increase research on honey, especially in its potential as a medicine and also a dissemination of this knowledge to the population and the medical community, so an increase in the use of this powerful compound will be possible.
\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
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LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
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The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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\n\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
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\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
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