Sub-habitat types of
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Precious and Claire M. Kelly",authors:[{id:"190963",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Precious",fullName:"Sophie Precious",slug:"sophie-precious"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68261",title:"The Habitat Types of Freshwater Prawns (Palaemonidae: Macrobrachium) with Abbreviated Larval Development in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88136",slug:"the-habitat-types-of-freshwater-prawns-palaemonidae-em-macrobrachium-em-with-abbreviated-larval-deve",body:'The freshwater prawns of the genus
Diversity of freshwater prawns in Mesoamerica.
In general, these organisms had been reported between 100 and 500 meters from rivers, streams, and caves in the tropics and only on the Atlantic slope [1, 8, 9, 10, 11]. A cave species with this type of development has been known (
The study area focused on the Southeast of Mexico with Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas States, as well as the Alta Verapaz, Peten, and Lake Izabal regions in Guatemala and the region mountain range that drains into the Atlantic Ocean in Belize (Figure 2). This study was carried out from 2006 to 2018. Throughout this period, sites were visited one time where we searched for freshwater prawns and recorded environmental data. We sampled from all of these regions (rivers, streams, springs, and caves) that had the following characteristics: (1) between 800 and 100 meters above sea level (masl), (2) a tropical origin, and (3) predominantly freshwater. We sampled 360 sites measuring the following ecological features with an Oximeter Oakton: dissolved oxygen (±0.01 mg/l), pH (±001 pH), salinity (±0.01%), and temperature of the water (±0.01°C). The altitude and the GPS values were recorded with a Garmin GPS, and the speed of the surface current was recorded taking the speed at which a floating object takes to travel a known distance. After the environmental data were recorded, the prawns were collected with a target number of at less 30 animals, including larger animals with few eggs as indicators of abbreviated larval development. Animals were collected using a net or manually according to the conditions of the site; for example, in the ponds with lentic features, the manually sampled was used, while in the lotic features, the net was the better method. The animals were identified according to genus using the taxonomic keys described previously [11]. The first step was a basin analysis using the geographic information system (GIS) procedure to identify the stream morphometric traits in the different basins where these animals occur (tectonic faults and hypsometric slopes) [14].
Sampling sites around Mesoamerica.
Likewise, we analyzed habitat types using the software Primer 6 [15]. All these values were standardized and analyzed by nonparametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) using the Kruskal-Wallis test and principal component analysis (PCA) procedures [16], in order to identify which environmental characteristics determine the sub-habitat types and how many types are possible to identify.
Freshwater prawns with abbreviated larval development were found in 70 sites from 360, analyzed, and distributed mainly between 100 and 860 meters above sea level. In all cases the freshwater environments originated in tropical areas. The species found were just mentioned above together with three more cave species:
Sites with freshwater prawns along Mesoamerica.
In the first grouping analysis with the most specific data, we found two higher-order habitat divisions, namely, lotic and lentic sites (Figure 4). But within each higher-order environment, there were four subtypes of habitat with the subterranean habitat not clearly partitioned between lotic and lentic but was more frequent in lentic environments: (1) temperate streams, (2) neutral streams, (3) high dissolved oxygen, and (4) multifactorial habitats. And for lotic habitats, we identified the following sub-habitats: (5) water high carbonate, (6) moderate dissolved oxygen, (7) low dissolved oxygen, and (8) high-altitude streams (see Table 1).
Cluster analysis using the nearest neighbor method and Euclidean distance (normalized data). Within lentic habitats, the following sub-habitats were identified: (1) temperate streams, (2) neutral streams, (3) high oxygen dissolved, and (4) multifactorial habitats. And for lotic habitats, the following were identified: (5) water high carbonate, (6) moderate dissolved oxygen, (7) low dissolved oxygen, and (8) high-altitude streams.
Sub-habitat | Characteristics |
---|---|
(1) Temperate streams | They are streams with high temperatures of 25.3–32.4°C; they are at an altitude of <353 masl, have a pH of 6.38–7, are mostly epigeous-type environments, and have an oxygen saturation <34.7% with the exception of a site that presented super saturation |
(2) Neutral streams | They are streams with a pH close to neutrality; they exist at altitudes <280 masl, temperatures from 25.2–28.3°C, epigeous-type environments; and they have an oxygen saturation of 11.7–87% |
(3) High-oxygen streams | They are streams that mostly have oxygen saturation >60% reaching over saturation in several places. They are found at altitudes of 9–599 masl, temperatures of 18.7–27.7°C, in most epigeal environments although we can find hypogeal representatives |
(4) Multifactorial | Streams in which we can find both epigeal and hypogeal sites; lentic and predominantly lotic environments; at altitudes from 34 to 330 masl, temperatures of 22.5–28.2°C, oxygen saturation of 10.3–90.6%, and have a pH of 5–8.3 |
(5) Water high carbonate | Site with freshwater stream with a height of 371 masl; originating from a karstic cave with a dissolution of the rock higher than other caves, which allows the conductivity to increase and the site to be separated from the rest by values of salinities of 0.9%, with an alkaline pH, a temperature of 22.7°C in a lotic and epigeous environment, and a current speed of 6.6 cm/sec and oxygen saturation of 48.6% |
(6) Moderate-oxygen streams | Streams with an oxygen saturation of 38.2–60.5%, having an average altitude of 301 masl and a temperature of 21–24.6°C. They are epigeous environments with an average current speed of 4.8 cm/sec |
(7) Few oxygen dissolved | Streams with oxygen saturation of 29.4–46.8%; they have an average altitude of 25.6 masl and a temperature of 20.6–27.1°C and are epigeous environments with an average pH of 6.45 |
(8) High-altitude streams | Streams with an average altitude of 425.5 masl with a maximum of 844 masl. Oxygen saturation of 31.6–96.9% and a pH of 6.03 at 8.21 |
Sub-habitat types of
Some sub-habitats overlapped with each other, but others are well defined and are separated from others (Figure 5). These overlapping habitats occurred in 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 groups. Likewise, each of these sub-habitats can be separated first by altitude as a predominant variable and then by dissolved oxygen and temperature as well as the current water flow that involves the first classification as lentic or lotic. In general, it is understandable the interrelation of the sub-habitats shares some sites with similar characteristics because they are all in the same altitude range as well as the characteristics of tropical springs and rivers.
Nonparametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis using the Euclidean distance at 0.01% stress with standardized data, showing the sub-habitat types of
The schematic representation in the coastal slope of the sub-habitats and their presence is defined by the altitude above sea level, as well as by the water flow and the higher presence of carbonate salts for a specific point such as the case of sub-habitat 5 (Figure 6). It is important to mention that most of the places where these organisms live are located in the tectonic faults of the different regions and few populations are found in the river areas where sedimentation and erosion are the main processes of formation of these basins. This makes sense when listing the six general characteristics of the habitats of these organisms: (1) tropical rivers, (2) altitude ranges from 50 to 850 meters above sea level, (3) mainly tectonic faults (springs, primary rivers, and caves), (4) preferably rich in oxygen, (5) with riparian arboreal vegetation, and (6) on the Atlantic slope with karstic origin.
Diagrammatic scheme of sub-habitat types of
According to their distributional range, the freshwater prawns with abbreviated larval development inhabit areas from 50 to 600 masl; however, there are some extreme values in the lower range down to 9 masl and up to 840 masl. All species are located along the mountain systems of the Atlantic slope in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize in contrast with those species of amphidromous prawns that need to migrate along the rivers to reach the brackish waters to complete their development such as
Here we distinguish eight sub-habitat types where the freshwater prawns with abbreviated larval development occur. Lentic habitats had the following characteristics: (1) temperate streams, (2) neutral streams, (3) high dissolved oxygen, and (4) multifactorial habitats. And the lotic habitats had the following characteristics: (5) water high carbonate, (6) moderate dissolved oxygen, and (7) low dissolved oxygen. Finally, the last sub-habitat was represented by (8) high-altitude streams independent of epigeal or subterranean populations. This classification is the most detailed analysis across a large region, allowing us to propose six general characteristics of the habitats of these organisms: (1) tropical rivers, (2) altitude ranges from 50 to 850 meters above sea level, (3) mainly tectonic faults (springs, primary rivers, and caves), (4) preferably rich in oxygen, (5) with riparian arboreal vegetation, and (6) on the Atlantic slope with karstic origin. As a result, few sites were recorded where these species coexisted with another
This paper is an outcome from the project “Molecular systematics of freshwater prawns of genus
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