\r\n\tThe book also covers the more specialized areas of energy consumption, riding comfort, noise and vibration.
\r\n\tEscalators and passengers conveyors should also be addressed, as these devices complement elevator system in moving passenger around the building.
\r\n\tModern developments are hope to be covered within the relevant chapters, some of which are listed as follows: Modern electrical safety systems,Modern shaft and motor feedback devices, Modern electrical drive system, Two elevator cars in the same shaft, Multiple elevator car systems in the same shaft, Evacuation systems using elevators, Modern calculation and simulation tools and software packages, Ropeless elevator systems.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-177-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-176-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-178-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8d5766ef86475867198610aeb050233c",bookSignature:"Dr. Lutfi Al-Sharif",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10040.jpg",keywords:"Elevator Traffic Engineering, Simulation, Elevator Mechanical Engineering, Safety Gear System, Drive Systems, Control Systems, Energy Consumption, Power, Riding Comfort, Noise and Vibration, Escalators, Passenger Conveyors",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 14th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 5th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 3rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"314726",title:"Dr.",name:"Lutfi",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Sharif",slug:"lutfi-al-sharif",fullName:"Lutfi Al-Sharif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314726/images/system/314726.jpg",biography:"Lutfi Al-Sharif is currently Professor of Building Transportation Systems at of the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Jordan. He received his Ph.D. in lift traffic analysis in 1992 from UMIST (Manchester, U.K.). He worked for 9 years for London Underground, London, United Kingdom in the area of lifts and escalators.\r\nIn 2002, he formed Al-Sharif VTC Ltd, a vertical transportation consultancy based in London, United Kingdom. He has over 30 papers published in peer reviewed journals the area of vertical transportation systems and is co-inventor of four patents and co-author of the 2nd edition of the Elevator Traffic Handbook.\r\nHe is also a visiting professor at the University of Northampton (UK), member of the scientific committee of the annual Symposium on Lift & Escalator Technologies and a member of the editorial board of the journal Transportation Systems in Buildings. \r\nHe is a passionate believer in making higher education simple and accessible for engineering students and has a You Tube channel on engineering that has around 50 000 subscribers and around 7 million views. He has also been working as a member of the METHODS Project that aims to improve teaching methods in higher education in Jordan and Palestine. He is also the author of the Mechatronics Engineering Module on Saylor.org.",institutionString:"University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34624",title:"UV Light Effects on Proteins: From Photochemistry to Nanomedicine",doi:"10.5772/37947",slug:"uv-light-effects-on-proteins-from-photochemistry-to-nanomedicine",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34624.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34624",totalDownloads:10070,totalViews:379,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 9th 2011",dateReviewed:"January 9th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 30th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34624",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34624",book:{slug:"molecular-photochemistry-various-aspects"},signatures:"Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen, Steffen Petersen and Gnana Prakash Gajula",authors:[{id:"114885",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Neves-Petersen",fullName:"Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen",slug:"maria-teresa-neves-petersen",email:"teresa.petersen@inl.int",position:null,institution:{name:"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"114889",title:"Prof.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Petersen",fullName:"Steffen Petersen",slug:"steffen-petersen",email:"sp@hst.aau.dk",position:null,institution:{name:"Aalborg University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Denmark"}}},{id:"114890",title:"Dr.",name:"Gnana Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Gajula",fullName:"Gnana Prakash Gajula",slug:"gnana-prakash-gajula",email:"ggpkash@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Aalborg University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Denmark"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1594",title:"Molecular Photochemistry",subtitle:"Various Aspects",fullTitle:"Molecular Photochemistry - Various Aspects",slug:"molecular-photochemistry-various-aspects",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",bookSignature:"Satyen Saha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1594.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54025",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"satyen-saha",fullName:"Satyen Saha"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34618",title:"Quinoline-Based Fluorescence Sensors",slug:"quinoline-based-fluorescence-sensors",totalDownloads:6934,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Xiangming Meng, ShuXin Wang and Manzhou Zhu",authors:[{id:"88636",title:"Dr.",name:"Manzhou",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Manzhou Zhu",slug:"manzhou-zhu"},{id:"137802",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangming",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Xiangming Meng",slug:"xiangming-meng"},{id:"137803",title:"Mr.",name:"ShuXin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"ShuXin Wang",slug:"shuxin-wang"}]},{id:"34619",title:"Photocatalytic Deposition of Metal Oxides on Semiconductor Particles: A Review",slug:"photocatalytic-deposition-of-metal-oxides-on-semiconductor-particles-a-review",totalDownloads:4299,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miguel Valenzuela",authors:[{id:"120591",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela",fullName:"Miguel Valenzuela",slug:"miguel-valenzuela"}]},{id:"34620",title:"Photoisomerization of Norbornadiene to Quadricyclane Using Ti-Containing Photocatalysts",slug:"potoisomerization-of-norbornadiene-to-quadricyclane-using-ti-containing-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ji-Jun Zou, Lun Pan, Li Wang and Xiangwen Zhang",authors:[{id:"67239",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ji-Jun Zou",slug:"ji-jun-zou"},{id:"150094",title:"Dr.",name:"Lun",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Lun Pan",slug:"lun-pan"},{id:"150095",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Li Wang",slug:"li-wang"},{id:"150096",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangwen",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiangwen Zhang",slug:"xiangwen-zhang"}]},{id:"34621",title:"Improved Photochemistry of TiO2 Inverse Opals and Some Examples",slug:"improved-photochemistry-of-tio2-inverse-opals-and-some-examples",totalDownloads:3587,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fabrizio Sordello, Valter Maurino and Claudio Minero",authors:[{id:"119296",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Minero",fullName:"Claudio Minero",slug:"claudio-minero"},{id:"137988",title:"Prof.",name:"Valter",middleName:null,surname:"Maurino",fullName:"Valter Maurino",slug:"valter-maurino"},{id:"137989",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Sordello",fullName:"Fabrizio Sordello",slug:"fabrizio-sordello"}]},{id:"34622",title:"Photo-induced Proton Transfers of Microbial Rhodopsins",slug:"photo-induced-proton-transfers-of-microbial-rhodopsins",totalDownloads:1606,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Takashi Kikukawa, Jun Tamogami, Kazumi Shimono, Makoto Demura, Toshifumi Nara and Naoki Kamo",authors:[{id:"98730",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Kamo",fullName:"Naoki Kamo",slug:"naoki-kamo"},{id:"139686",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kikukawa",fullName:"Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"takashi-kikukawa"},{id:"139687",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Tamogami",fullName:"Jun Tamogami",slug:"jun-tamogami"},{id:"139688",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shimono",fullName:"Kazumi Shimono",slug:"kazumi-shimono"},{id:"139689",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Demura",fullName:"Makoto Demura",slug:"makoto-demura"},{id:"139690",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Nara",fullName:"Toshifumi Nara",slug:"toshifumi-nara"}]},{id:"34623",title:"Function of Extrinsic Proteins in Stabilization of the Photosynthetic Oxygen-Evolving Complex",slug:"function-of-extrinsic-proteins-in-stabilization-of-the-photosynthetic-oxygen-evolving-complex",totalDownloads:2357,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yong Li, Yukihiro Kimura, Yasuo Yamauchi and Takashi Ohno",authors:[{id:"111926",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Yamauchi",fullName:"Yasuo Yamauchi",slug:"yasuo-yamauchi"},{id:"121081",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",fullName:"Yukihiro Kimura",slug:"yukihiro-kimura"},{id:"121082",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Takashi Ohno",slug:"takashi-ohno"},{id:"121093",title:"MSc.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yong Li",slug:"yong-li"}]},{id:"34624",title:"UV Light Effects on Proteins: From Photochemistry to Nanomedicine",slug:"uv-light-effects-on-proteins-from-photochemistry-to-nanomedicine",totalDownloads:10070,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen, Steffen Petersen and Gnana Prakash Gajula",authors:[{id:"114885",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Neves-Petersen",fullName:"Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen",slug:"maria-teresa-neves-petersen"},{id:"114889",title:"Prof.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Petersen",fullName:"Steffen Petersen",slug:"steffen-petersen"},{id:"114890",title:"Dr.",name:"Gnana Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Gajula",fullName:"Gnana Prakash Gajula",slug:"gnana-prakash-gajula"}]},{id:"34625",title:"Computational Modelling of the Steps Involved in Photodynamic Therapy",slug:"computational-modelling-of-the-steps-involved-in-photodynamic-therapy",totalDownloads:1993,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Martin Paterson and L. Therese Bergendahl",authors:[{id:"113706",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Paterson",fullName:"Martin Paterson",slug:"martin-paterson"},{id:"113714",title:"Ms.",name:"L. Therese",middleName:null,surname:"Bergendahl",fullName:"L. Therese Bergendahl",slug:"l.-therese-bergendahl"}]},{id:"34626",title:"Solar Photochemistry for Environmental Remediation - Advanced Oxidation Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment",slug:"solar-photochemistry-for-environmental-remediation-advanced-oxidation-processes-for-industrial-waste",totalDownloads:4906,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anabela Oliveira, Enrico Mendes Saggioro, Thelma Pavesi, Josino Costa Moreira and Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira",authors:[{id:"61448",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Ferreira",fullName:"Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira",slug:"luis-filipe-vieira-ferreira"},{id:"108411",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:"Sousa",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Anabela Oliveira",slug:"anabela-oliveira"},{id:"151267",title:"BSc.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes Saggioro",fullName:"Enrico Mendes Saggioro",slug:"enrico-mendes-saggioro"},{id:"151268",title:"MSc.",name:"Thelma",middleName:null,surname:"Pavesi",fullName:"Thelma Pavesi",slug:"thelma-pavesi"},{id:"151269",title:"Prof.",name:"Josino",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Moreira",fullName:"Josino Costa Moreira",slug:"josino-costa-moreira"}]},{id:"34627",title:"High Power Discharge Lamps and Their Photochemical Applications: An Evaluation of Pulsed Radiation",slug:"high-power-discharge-lamps-and-their-photochemical-applications-an-evaluation-of-pulsed-radiation",totalDownloads:4403,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lotfi Bouslimi, Mongi Stambouli, Ezzedine Ben Braiek, Georges Zissis and Jean Pascal Cambronne",authors:[{id:"114253",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Bouslimi",fullName:"Lotfi Bouslimi",slug:"lotfi-bouslimi"},{id:"149695",title:"Prof.",name:"Georges",middleName:null,surname:"Zissis",fullName:"Georges Zissis",slug:"georges-zissis"},{id:"149712",title:"Prof.",name:"Mongi",middleName:null,surname:"Stambouli",fullName:"Mongi Stambouli",slug:"mongi-stambouli"},{id:"149713",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezzedine",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Braiek",fullName:"Ezzedine Ben Braiek",slug:"ezzedine-ben-braiek"},{id:"149714",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Cambronne",fullName:"Jean Pascal Cambronne",slug:"jean-pascal-cambronne"}]},{id:"34628",title:"The Comparison of the Photoinitiating Ability of the Dyeing Photoinitiating Systems Acting via Photoreducible or Parallel Series Mechanism",slug:"the-comparison-of-the-photoinitiating-ability-of-the-dyeing-photoinitiating-systems-acting-via-photo",totalDownloads:2279,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Janina Kabatc and Katarzyna Jurek",authors:[{id:"114910",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Janina",middleName:null,surname:"Kabatc",fullName:"Janina Kabatc",slug:"janina-kabatc"},{id:"150106",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Jurek",fullName:"Katarzyna Jurek",slug:"katarzyna-jurek"}]},{id:"34629",title:"Light-Induced Iminyl Radicals: Generation and Synthetic Applications",slug:"light-induced-iminyl-radicals-generation-and-synthetic-applications",totalDownloads:3502,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miguel A. Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"108689",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",fullName:"Miguel A. Rodríguez",slug:"miguel-a.-rodriguez"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7478",title:"Photocatalysts",subtitle:"Applications and Attributes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26559479998a0a8d83546de0a220c87f",slug:"photocatalysts-applications-and-attributes",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"63788",title:"Disinfection Methods",slug:"disinfection-methods",signatures:"Muhammad Saqib Ishaq, Zobia Afsheen, Amjad Khan and Amjad\nKhan",authors:[{id:"228353",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ishaq",fullName:"Muhammad Saqib Ishaq",slug:"muhammad-saqib-ishaq"},{id:"246559",title:"Dr.",name:"Zobia",middleName:null,surname:"Afsheen",fullName:"Zobia Afsheen",slug:"zobia-afsheen"},{id:"246561",title:"Mr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Amjad Khan",slug:"amjad-khan"},{id:"271289",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Amjad Khan",slug:"amjad-khan"}]},{id:"63016",title:"Selective Photodegradation Using Titanate Nanostructures",slug:"selective-photodegradation-using-titanate-nanostructures",signatures:"Ayman Hassan Zaki and Waleed Mohamed Ali. El Rouby",authors:[{id:"242465",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Zaki",fullName:"Ayman Zaki",slug:"ayman-zaki"},{id:"261211",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"El Rouby",fullName:"Waleed El Rouby",slug:"waleed-el-rouby"}]},{id:"62303",title:"Modified Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Applications",slug:"modified-titanium-dioxide-for-photocatalytic-applications",signatures:"John Moma and Jeffrey Baloyi",authors:[{id:"250026",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moma",fullName:"John Moma",slug:"john-moma"},{id:"250963",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Baloyi",fullName:"Jeffrey Baloyi",slug:"jeffrey-baloyi"}]},{id:"64228",title:"Modified Metallic Oxides for Efficient Photocatalysis",slug:"modified-metallic-oxides-for-efficient-photocatalysis",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, Dalia Verónica Sánchez Rodríguez,\nNancy Ayerim Cervantes Rincón and Alma Berenice Jasso-Salcedo",authors:[{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"252705",title:"MSc.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Cervantes-Rincón",fullName:"Nancy Cervantes-Rincón",slug:"nancy-cervantes-rincon"},{id:"252706",title:"Dr.",name:"Alma",middleName:null,surname:"Jasso-Salcedo",fullName:"Alma Jasso-Salcedo",slug:"alma-jasso-salcedo"},{id:"252707",title:"MSc.",name:"Dalia Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Rodríguez",fullName:"Dalia Verónica Sánchez Rodríguez",slug:"dalia-veronica-sanchez-rodriguez"}]},{id:"63562",title:"Lanthanides Effects on TiO2 Photocatalysts",slug:"lanthanides-effects-on-tio2-photocatalysts",signatures:"Gustavo Lopes Colpani, Micheli Zanetti, Rubieli Carla Frezza\nZeferino, Luciano Luiz Silva, Josiane Maria Muneron de Mello,\nHumberto Gracher Riella, Natan Padoin, Márcio Antônio Fiori and\nCíntia Soares",authors:[{id:"215607",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:"Maria Muneron",surname:"Mello",fullName:"Josiane Mello",slug:"josiane-mello"},{id:"257258",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Colpani",fullName:"Gustavo Colpani",slug:"gustavo-colpani"},{id:"257927",title:"MSc.",name:"Micheli",middleName:null,surname:"Zanetti",fullName:"Micheli Zanetti",slug:"micheli-zanetti"},{id:"257928",title:"MSc.",name:"Rubieli Carla Frezza",middleName:null,surname:"Zeferino",fullName:"Rubieli Carla Frezza Zeferino",slug:"rubieli-carla-frezza-zeferino"},{id:"257929",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Luciano Luiz Silva",slug:"luciano-luiz-silva"},{id:"268440",title:"Dr.",name:"Cíntia",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"Cíntia Soares",slug:"cintia-soares"},{id:"268441",title:"Dr.",name:"Natan",middleName:null,surname:"Padoin",fullName:"Natan Padoin",slug:"natan-padoin"},{id:"268442",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Gracher Riella",fullName:"Humberto Gracher Riella",slug:"humberto-gracher-riella"},{id:"268443",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:null,surname:"Fiori",fullName:"Márcio Fiori",slug:"marcio-fiori"}]},{id:"63323",title:"Carbon-/Zeolite-Supported TiO2 for Sorption/Photocatalysis Applications in Water Treatment",slug:"carbon-zeolite-supported-tio2-for-sorption-photocatalysis-applications-in-water-treatment",signatures:"Florica Manea and Corina Orha",authors:[{id:"249975",title:"Prof.",name:"Florica",middleName:null,surname:"Manea",fullName:"Florica Manea",slug:"florica-manea"},{id:"251672",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Orha",fullName:"Corina Orha",slug:"corina-orha"}]},{id:"63802",title:"Evaluation of the Role of Hydroxyapatite in TiO2/ Hydroxyapatite Photocatalytic Materials",slug:"evaluation-of-the-role-of-hydroxyapatite-in-tio2-hydroxyapatite-photocatalytic-materials",signatures:"Linh Nguyen Thi Truc, Seungbum Hong and Kwangsoo No",authors:[{id:"240618",title:"Prof.",name:"Seungbum",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",fullName:"Seungbum Hong",slug:"seungbum-hong"},{id:"250784",title:"Dr.",name:"Linh",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Linh Nguyen",slug:"linh-nguyen"},{id:"252169",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwangsoo",middleName:null,surname:"No",fullName:"Kwangsoo No",slug:"kwangsoo-no"}]},{id:"63673",title:"Photoreduction Processes over TiO2 Photocatalyst",slug:"photoreduction-processes-over-tio2-photocatalyst",signatures:"Endang Tri Wahyuni and Nurul Hidayat Aprilita",authors:[{id:"225211",title:"Prof.",name:"Endang Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Wahyuni",fullName:"Endang Tri Wahyuni",slug:"endang-tri-wahyuni"},{id:"267675",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurul Hidayat",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilita",fullName:"Nurul Hidayat Aprilita",slug:"nurul-hidayat-aprilita"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64498",title:"From Sophisticated Analysis to Colorimetric Determination: Smartphone Spectrometers and Colorimetry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82227",slug:"from-sophisticated-analysis-to-colorimetric-determination-smartphone-spectrometers-and-colorimetry",body:'Smartphone-based analysis has recently emerged as a useful tool, and it has been found to be promising in several fields including point-of-care analyses [1], chemical and biological sensing [2], microscopy and healthcare diagnostics [3], water quality sensing for environment [4, 5, 6], leaf color analysis for agriculture [7], pH [8, 9] and glucose [10] sensing, fluorescent imaging [11], imaging cytometry [12], electrochemical sensing [13], and immunoassays [14].
With recent advances on camera and sensor technologies, current smartphones are equipped with a low-power high-performance processor with up to 2.5 GHz operating frequencies; built-in high-resolution digital camera, generally above 5 Mpixels and up to 40 Mpixels; and built-in single or dual LEDs, which allow capturing an image even in low-light conditions [15]. Moreover, they are provided with advanced onboard sensors such as moisture sensors, proximity sensors, electromagnetic compasses, accelerometers, and gyroscopes [16]. These sensors generally provide fast response, being portable and of low cost, and the ability to be used in the field without extensive training [17]. Therefore, smartphones have become a tool as powerful as low-cost computers, which lead them to be valuable instruments in the analysis.
Over the last decade, smartphones have been increasingly used in a variety of scientific fields as spectrometers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22] and colorimeters [23, 24, 25]. Smartphone spectrometers use the wavelength components, which give spectral information, of the collimated light from the optical source which is dispersed after interaction with samples [18]. The color spectrum image is transformed into various color spaces for the extraction of quantitative data. The wavelength of the spectrum generally changes between 400 and 700 nm because of the optical filters set in front of the camera in the manufacturing process. Spectral information has been used in many applications including water monitoring [6], gas detection [26], and food quality control [27]. Smartphone colorimeters are commonly used instruments that quantify the concentration of the samples based on color changes due to concentration (like peroxide amount [28]) or time (methylene blue degradation [6]). In the colorimetric analysis, features of the referenced images need to be extracted for training the system, mostly created with machine learning or neural networks, which perform the quantitative analysis for the test images. Smartphone colorimeters have applications in both solid samples like paper-based test and liquid samples like colored solutions [29]. Both smartphone spectrometers and colorimeters are powerful tools for rapid qualitative and quantitative analyses due to the fact that they can be used in conditions where sophisticated tools or time-consuming steps cannot be used. They are rapid and low-cost tools that require less sample consumption and provide portability to perform the analysis in remote locations or locations with poor infrastructure [17].
While smartphones offer an attractive alternative to sophisticated tools for imaging and analysis in the field, there are some concerns about their suitability for quantitative analysis [1]. First, unlike scientific cameras, smartphone cameras have mostly limited control of camera parameters like exposure time, shutter speed, ISO, and color balance, and no access to raw image data which has a linear relationship with scene radiation. In addition, image processing algorithms, such as demosaicing, noise reduction, edge sharpening, white balance, and image compression, are applied automatically and vary significantly across smartphones. These methods corrupt the linearity of the pixel intensity values which causes loss of information that can be used in quantitative analysis. So, it is difficult to set and maintain imaging parameters to get accurate and repeatable information for analysis [30]. Second, ambient light conditions are hard to control during imaging in uncontrolled environments. Last, small color changes cannot be detected in an analysis as the red, green, and blue (RGB) intensity values may not be sufficient. These aforementioned concerns make smartphones questionable for quantitative analysis. Early studies in smartphone-based colorimetric analysis for medical and scientific applications pointed out these concerns and concluded that smartphones are incapable of pathology [31] or limited due to their image quality [32].
However, subsequent researchers have proposed a smartphone camera-based microscope which captures qualitatively relevant features of malaria and tuberculosis [33]. These counter conclusions and also advancements in camera and sensors together with the increasing capability in computer processing prove that smartphones are more portable, cost-efficient, and user-friendly platforms which make them alternatives to sophisticated and high-cost devices in quantitative analysis.
For instance, it was shown that a smartphone by itself is capable of quantifying colorimetric test strips without any external attachments [1, 34]. In [35], water monitoring was implemented with a simple holding attachment. With the help of 3D printing, housing and optical components were integrated into a colorimetric plate reader for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [36]. A 3D printed custom cradle including various optical components and an external broadband source, was demonstrated in [37] for biomarker absorption analysis. To detect miRNA sequences in a liquid-based assay, a smartphone-based fluorimeter system was designed using an external laser as the source [21]. Due to precise light confinement and flexible nature, optical fibers were integrated to smartphone spectrometer and applied for food quality monitoring [18]. To have more portable and cheap spectrometers, new designs were proposed without external electrical and optical components. A fiber optical bench was assembled on top of the smartphone without external LEDs to design a surface plasmon resonance-based refractive index sensor [38]. A spectrometer system was reported in [10] to detect glucose and troponin-I using built-in flash as a light source and a compact disk for the reflection grating.
In the colorimetric analysis, color information could be obtained with paper-based sensors to quantify the color variation in different color spaces such as RGB, HSV, and L*a*b* [24, 39, 40, 41]. In [25], alcohol concentration in saliva was detected using paper-based test converting images from RGB to HSV color space. This was the conventional approach which needs only a smartphone camera to capture and process an image. Besides the conventional approach, non-conventional approaches were applied on liquid samples in vials for detection of chlorine in water [42], and ripeness estimation of fruits [7]. Here, quantification was calculated using analytical formulas extracted from color space parameters. However, it is prone to deviation due to the disadvantages of JPEG images such as low bit depth and heavy post-processing (white balance, contrast, and brightness adjustment) [43, 44]. On the other hand, it was shown in [28, 41] that JPEG images could be used in the colorimetric analysis when advanced algorithms like machine learning were used to process the images. Unfortunately, advanced algorithms need more computational power as they need much larger datasets for training and testing the images. To address this issue, it was reported to use local database referenced with a single image for the quantification of the concentration level of solutions [45]. The proposed design was applied on nitrite, phosphate, chromium, and phenol solutions to quantify the concentration value using a single reference image which was captured and processed initially.
In literature, there are many lab-on-a-chip designs proposed for various applications [17, 46]. Bisphenol-A (BPA) detection in distilled and commercial water samples was demonstrated in [29] where a plastic fiber-based smartphone spectrometer with a custom-designed immersion probe and a cradle were used. The smartphone spectrometer was converted to a reflection probe spectrometer working within the visible spectrum. Explosive types were detected in [17] with the paper-based test using hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) regarding the color discrimination of the explosives. A closed chamber was used to eliminate ambient light conditions during imaging. Linear correlation and PCA methods were employed, respectively, for univariate and multivariate analyses [46]. It was reported that univariate analysis did not give statistically significant results due to ambient light conditions as imaging was not performed in a controlled environment. However, multivariate analysis gave promising results running PCA methods on eight different color spaces and clustering methods including red, green, blue, hue, saturation, value, lightness, and intensity parameters. A smartphone-based colorimetric reader for ELISA was proposed in [47] where imaging was performed in a controlled environment illuminated from the bottom. Ozcan and his research group [12, 14, 48, 49, 50, 51] had many designs for specific applications such as food allergen testing [48], urine [14] and blood [12] analysis, immunoassays [49], microscopy [50], and cytometry [51].
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. The next section introduces the hardware designs for smartphone-based spectrometer and colorimetry. Section 3 presents the mobile apps and image processing algorithms to be used in smartphones. Section 4 describes assay preparation to be used in testing the performance of both spectrometer and colorimeter. Section 5 details the metric to evaluate the performance of the proposed designs. Closing remarks are given in Section 6.
In this section, a brief review of hardware designs of smartphone spectrometer and colorimetry is presented. Because of space constraints, only two examples of spectrometer and colorimetry are demonstrated in Section 2.1 and 2.2, respectively.
Recently, there has been a growing variety of spectrometer designs for specific applications. In [19], a compact imaging spectrometer was reported equipped with motorized selfie stick for remote sensing. Another spectrometer was designed to calculate spectra and quantify analytes by the assembly of medium-density-fiberboard, a DVD slice for diffraction grid, and mini incandescent lamps [20]. A flexible fiber bundle probe was integrated with a custom-designed cradle to convey spectra data to smartphone camera for food quality monitoring [18].
The next design [6] is illustrated in Figure 1a, which is a low-cost, portable, plastic fiber-based spectrometric smartphone to analyze dye adsorption for field-deployable environmental and wastewater management. In the design, the rear camera of LG G4 (1/2.6″ sensor size with 5312 × 2988 resolution, 1.12 μm pixel size) was used to collect the spectral data of the assays.
(a) The smartphone spectrometer with the inset (top-left) of a plastic fiber assembled into the built-in flash. (b) The spectral images from different-sized plastic fibers are shown.
The smartphone was fitted into a custom-designed cradle assembled with hot-plug apparatus toting a diffraction grating, and the whole part was connected with smartphone case and cuvette holder manufactured from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene polymer using a 3D printer (Zortrax M200) with a 150-g polymer. Two pieces of plastic fiber cables were used in the design. The first 1.5-mm-diameter fiber carried the light from the smartphone flash to the cuvette while the second fiber cable with a diameter of 0.25 mm transmitted the light from cuvette to the camera which passed through the assay. The diameter of the second cable was critical as the light for spectral data was carried with this cable. Therefore, the effect of diameter on spectral data was analyzed using 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1.0-mm cables as given in Figure 1b, and 0.25-mm diameter was found to be adequate based on this experiment. A custom cradle was specially designed to align plastic optical fibers with smartphone optical components. As the cradle was solid, the solution could be placed into the cuvette slot. In order to simplify the spectrometer system design, no collector lens or mirrored components were placed in the light path. Besides cost, the most important factor in choosing plastic optical fibers instead of glass-based fiber optics was the ability to use plastic optical fibers without special tools for stripping and cutting.
To test the performance of the system, methylene blue (MB) solutions were prepared with different amounts and their respective spectral views are given in Figure 2. At the top row, the concentration of the solution varies from 0 ppm (most left), which corresponds to distilled water (DW), to 10 ppm (most right). The spectrum views are given at the bottom row where the reduction in red intensity with the concentration is quite visible.
MB solutions with a spectral view from 0.1 to 10 ppm.
This design was further improved to make it compatible with immersion probe, which made it more practical and user-friendly as illustrated in Figure 3 [29]. Schematic diagram of the 3D printed cradle is described in Figure 3a. The immersion probe was attached to the fiber-coupled smartphone flashlight and the reflection caused by radiation is carried to the camera via the grating. Plastic (PMMA)-based bifurcated fiber bundle was used to manufacture the probe with the diameter of 0.5 mm (also known as Y-cable) as shown in Figure 3b. The overall design is illustrated in Figure 3c. It was reported that no additional optical components were used in the reflection-based smartphone spectrometer system. The spectrum views of blank solution (left) and 5-ppm BPA solution (right) are given in Figure 3d to demonstrate color variation can be detected with the spectrometer system.
(a) The custom-designed cradle for smartphone-based spectrometer. Immersion probe for absorbance measurement is given in (b) and overall design is illustrated in (c). (d) The spectral images obtained from smartphone spectrometer.
As an alternative to spectrometric analysis, colorimetry is also widely used in many applications including food allergen testing [48], albumin testing in urine analysis [14], blood analysis [12], pH quantification [41], and water monitoring [45].
A digital tube reader designed in the 3D printer was equipped with two interchangeable LEDs to illuminate the test and control tubes so that the absorption spectrum of the colorimetric assay could be analyzed [48]. An albumin tester platform was proposed in [14] using an optomechanical attachment aligned with a smartphone camera. The 3D printed cradle was integrated to a compact laser diode, two AA batteries, a plastic lens, and an emission interference filter. An albumin-based fluorescent signal was obtained from the test tube by a digital fluorescent tube reader to calculate the albumin concentration values after comparison with a control tube. In [12], blood analysis was implemented with an integration of red blood cell counting, white blood cell counting, and hemoglobin measurement devices to smartphone cradle.
Smartphone-based colorimetric detection of pH, which varies between 0 and 14.0, was investigated with paper-based test [41]. The performance of the system was tested under two conditions: controlled and ambient illumination environments. To create controlled illumination settings, 3D printed cradle was equipped with apparatus which eliminates the interference of the present light as shown in Figure 4a. Four strips of same pH level were located side by side for imaging with an apparatus, then color calibration and white balancing were performed for those strips with the X-Rite ColorChecker Passport. The imaging was continued with replacing the strips in six different orientations as in Figure 4b.
The overall smartphone-based colorimetry with apparatus and X-rite ColorChecker passport for color correction are shown in (a). The pH strips with various orientations used in imaging are given in (b), and (c) shows random orientations and positions of the test strips inside the smartphone field of view for dual-illumination tests.
Later, random orientations as shown in Figure 4c were used to mimic scenarios that could happen when untrained users take a picture. The reason for using a group of four strips is to see the effect of luminance variation due to their positioning with respect to the camera flash.
For the ambient illumination environments, no apparatus was used, and instead of using the smartphone flash as a light source, sunlight and fluorescent and halogen sources were used. To test the system under challenging conditions, the light sources were used in solo and in dual and triple combinations. The images captured in both controlled and ambient illumination environments with a different replacement of the strips were used to train the machine learning algorithm which was designed to quantify the pH values accurately. Since the training set was enriched with the images captured in various and complicated scenarios, it was reported that pH values were detected with 100% accuracy.
One possible drawback of the colorimetry method in [41] is its computational cost due to its large training dataset. To address this issue, single-image referenced colorimeter was proposed in [45]. The system was simplified in the sense of both hardware and software design. Instead of using machine learning algorithm which needs a large dataset, it used local dataset created by a user with a single reference image. In addition, images from the local dataset were compared with test images using color-matching algorithms computationally cheaper than machine learning algorithms. The hardware design was also simplified into a cardboard box as shown in Figure 5. It was painted white, and white light-emitting diodes were mounted to the box ceiling to minimize the ambient illumination effects. A holder platform with the same height as the camera was placed for the assays to maintain the same distance for imaging. The system was tested on four different (nitrite, phosphate, chromium, and phenol) assays, and it was reported that the performance accuracy was between 76 and 100% depending on the assay types.
Experimental setup proposed in [45].
The previous section described the hardware designs for smartphone-based spectrometry and colorimetry. This section presents mobile applications and algorithms proposed for these designs.
Software applications are necessary tools due to complementary characteristics for the hardware designs of spectrometer and colorimetry. Mobile apps were therefore developed to make the overall system user-friendly [14, 15, 25, 28, 36, 45, 46, 52].
Albumin Tester [14] application was developed for Android phones to let the user determine the albumin concentration in the urine sample. To test alcohol in saliva, SPAQ [15, 25] application was developed which estimated the alcohol level based on the histogram distribution. Colorimetric Plate Reader app [36] was proposed for qualitative and quantitative ELISA test. PhotoMetrix [46] application was introduced, which runs the univariate and multivariate analyses to quantify the analytes in the samples. Colorimetric Test Reader app was presented in [52], which determines pH, protein, and glucose values in the assay.
Solmaz et al. [28] developed ChemTrainer app which quantifies the peroxide content running machine learning algorithm on the remote server as shown in Figure 6a. After capturing a photograph of colorimetric test strips, the app sends mean RGB values for a region of interest to the remoter server as machine learning algorithm needs only mean values for the classification. A message queue service was employed to enable multiple users to reach the server simultaneously.
The communication between the smartphone and a remote server is illustrated in (a) and the developed ChemTrainer app is presented in (b).
Screenshots of the ChemTrainer are given in Figure 6b. In the opening page, there are two options for the user: either capturing a new image with “Experiment” button or using existing image from the phone with the “Load From Gallery” button. After an image is captured or loaded from the gallery, the user may proceed or retake a new image. Next, a region of interest needs to be cropped with adjustable crop box. The app calculates the average red, green, and blue values of the cropped image and sends to the server, which runs a classification algorithm that decides the class of image. In the meantime, the app displays a progress animation until the result comes back from the server.
The ChemTrainer app was further improved to be able to work with single-image reference (SIR) and named as ChemTrainerSIR [45]. In addition, it gained additional features like saving location and time data for the previous experiments, which help the user to analyze the past results when needed. The ChemTrainerSIR app is described in Figure 7 with screenshots. There are “train” and “experiment” options on the home page as shown in Figure 7a. Training steps are introduced in Figure 7 from b to g (top row), while testing steps are described at the bottom row from h to m. If the user selects the train option, some initial information needs to be entered such as the name of the chemical compound as the name of the model (e.g., phosphate), the units of measurement (e.g., ppm), and the number of samples with known concentration levels. The user either captures an image of samples or loads from the gallery. Then, the user enters the reference values for each sample which will be used later in the testing phase. All these information are stored in a designated folder in internal storage. In the testing phase, the user first selects the model, which was used in training. Then, a new image is taken to quantify the concentration value based on comparison with the reference model.
Opening page of the ChemTrainerSIR app is given in (a). The top row (b–g) shows training steps, while the bottom row (h–m) presents the implementation of the app on the sample.
A digital image can be acquired either as monochrome (black and white) or color image using electronic equipment utilizing charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors.
These sensors use a two-dimensional array of millions of tiny light pixels to capture an image. These pixels collect photons and store them as an electrical signal after the shutter button of the camera is pressed which leads to the beginning of the exposure. The pixels are closed after the exposure finishes, and intensity value in the pixel is quantified as digital values by measuring the strength of the electrical signal, which is directly related with the number of photons stored in the pixel. However, this approach would only create a monochrome or gray scale image as the pixels are unable to distinguish photons in terms of color. A color filter needs to be placed over the pixel to capture a color image. This filter allows only one of the primary colors, that is red (R), green (G), or blue (B), to pass into the pixel, so that it stores only filtered photons for the respective color. In other words, the intensity of each pixel gives single color information which leads to a RAW image. Here, each pixel has only one of R, G, or B information while all R, G, and B values need to be known for each pixel. Therefore, demosaicing is applied to determine other two missing color values by interpolating from nearby pixels where those colors are known. After demosaicing, other methods such as white-balance, gamma correction, color space correction, and compression are applied to convert the image from RAW to a common format like JPEG.
JPEG images have a small size and they can be displayable instantly. However, there are some concerns because of the methods that are applied to convert an image from RAW to JPEG. In the conversion process, the image is compressed resulting in providing a non-linear RGB color space with only 8-bit color depth [43, 53]. However, RAW images contain original image data with 10–14 bits of color information. The conversion process corrupts the linearity of the image. A linear image conserves the relation between the intensity value and the number of photons which maintains the linearity with scene radiance. This linearity is required for quantitative scientific data acquisition in many applications [6, 30, 36, 37, 54]. As a linear image, the RAW format is therefore generally chosen. The main issue is how to reach a RAW image in smartphones. Although most semi-professional and professional cameras have access to reach the images in a RAW format, it is unconventional for smartphones. With recent developments, the latest smartphones offer access to images in the RAW format [55]. The RAW images could be found in three extensions such as “.NEF” (Nikon), “CR2” (Canon), and “.DNG.” The most used format is “.DNG” as it has a common open format. Currently, no app is available to process the “.DNG” images in a smartphone yet. Therefore, free DCRAW software [18] can be used to convert “.DNG” image to tagged image file format (TIFF) for easier extraction of the R, G, and B values of the image.
RGB is the most commonly used color model in image processing. However, it can be converted to other models such as hue, saturation, and value (HSV); hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL); hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI); and lightness, green-red, and blue-yellow (L*a*b*). Hue is defined with the color portion of the color model and described with a number from 0 to 360°. Saturation is defined with the amount of gray in the color, from 0 to 100%. Value, lightness, or intensity is the brightness or intensity of the color, from 0 to 100% where black is represented with 0 while 100 is the brightest.
After the image acquisition, numerous image processing methods can be employed to improve the image visualization so that better features can be extracted from the image. The feature extraction plays a critical role in some methods like PCA, convolutional neural network, and machine learning, which interpret multiple types of information contained in an image using these features [46].
The performance of these methods was investigated with RAW and JPEG image formats with different color spaces such as RGB, HSV, and L*a*b*. RAW and JPEG image formats were studied in [6, 29] after converting images from RGB to HSV. Absorbance experiments were employed based on V components of HSV and it was reported that RAW format outperforms the JPEG formats in absorbance measurements. On the other hand, [41] showed that JPEG images gave a similar performance with RAM image if least-squares support-vector machine (LS-SVM) was employed in creating the learning model. Based on this conclusion, RGB, HSV, and L*a*b* color spaces were investigated using JPEG formats for quantifying peroxide content based on machine learning classifiers [28]. JPEG images were also used in [45] where the images were converted from RGB to L*a*b* color space. Instead of machine learning algorithms, color matching algorithms such as deltaE and color correlation methods were employed due to their simplicity. It was reported that deltaE showed superior performance with L*a*b color space for colorimetric water quality detection.
In previous sections, various hardware and software designs were introduced for smartphone-based spectrometer and colorimetry. These designs need to be tested under the conditions that users may encounter in real life. In this section, strip and assay preparations are introduced, which are commonly used for water quality and field tests.
Colorimetric detection of pH values was studied in [41], which used pH strips to test their proposed system. First, solutions were prepared by mixing deionized water with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and nitric acid (HNO3) to ensure the pH values in the range of 0–14.0. During the preparations, pH values were checked with a pH meter (HI 2223, Hanna Instruments, RI, USA) calibrated with standard buffers, pH 4.0 (HI 7004) and 7.0 (HI 7007) prior to using pH indicator strips (Merck, Germany). In addition, dual-illumination tests were performed with buffer solutions (4.0–9.0, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Before imaging pH strips, they were immersed into the pH solutions for 5 s and wiped gently with tissue paper, so that light refraction caused by the liquid drops could be minimized.
Peroxide quantification with colorimetric tests was investigated in [28] and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions were prepared for the peroxide test strips (Quantofix Peroxide 100). First, a stock solution with 500 ppm concentration of H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared in distilled water. The stock solution was later diluted to prepare the initial concentrations such as 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 ppm. The peroxide test strips were dipped into these solutions for 1 s, and images were taken by smartphone after they were dried on tissue paper for 5 s.
Bisphenol-A (BPA) detection with smartphone spectrometer was demonstrated in [29]. The BPA concentration was determined with absorbance measurements using an immersion probe. The phenolic compound was put into reaction with 4-Aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) (Sigma-Aldrich, >98%) and potassium ferricyanide (Carlo Erba) for colorimetric quantification. Around 200 ppm of BPA stock solution was prepared in ethanol and then test solutions ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 ppm were prepared by serial dilution from the stock solution. The pH of all solutions was set to 8.0 using 0.25 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (Sigma-Aldrich, ≤99.7%) and distilled water. To finalize the solutions, 1.5 mL of 20.8 mM 4-AAP and 1.5 mL of 83.4 mM potassium ferricyanide solutions were mixed into 12 mL of BPA solutions. The solutions were ready for the absorbance measurement after 10 min of incubation.
Single-image-referenced colorimetric water quality detection in [45] was performed using four different analyte solutions. The first solution is nitrite
Quantitative performance evaluations of smartphone-based spectrometer and colorimeter are an important factor in the development of new algorithms and designs. Standard metrics for regression and classification problems can be used to assess smartphone-based system performance. The importance of metrics varies for each sensing scheme.
In a spectrometer, the absorbance spectrum needs to be calculated using multicolored images. RGB images are mostly converted to HSV images and value (V of HSV) is used to calculate the absorbance (A) using the Beer-Lambert law [56],
where I0 is the transmitted light intensity of reference solution (mostly distilled water), and I is the transmitted light intensity of the other solutions. After the absorbance graph is plotted with respect to wavelength, the reference wavelength point which gives the maximum absorbance of the reference solution is selected. Then, the calibration curve, which is basically the linear regression line, is plotted with respect to the reference wavelength point to calculate R2 (the coefficient of determination). R2 is the first metric to evaluate to assess the performance of the model. R2 values greater than 0.9 are acceptable values, although a larger coefficient is accepted as a more successful result. Next, evaluation term is the limit of detection (LOD) defined as the lowest quantity or concentration of an analyte that can be reliably detected with a given analytical method. It is calculated as three standard deviations above the reference solution. The slope of the calibration curve is the sensitivity of the spectrometer.
In classification-based colorimetry, the following metrics are available: classification accuracy, sensitivity (recall), specificity, precision, and f1-score. These metrics are the same in traditional machine learning classification tasks and can be extracted from the confusion matrix. Classification accuracy is detection accuracy in the case of analytical detection. For binary classification problems with only two classes, the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) are additional metrics. In a confusion matrix, rows represent the instances in an actual (true) class while columns represent the instances in a predicted class. To calculate the detection accuracy, diagonal elements of the confusion matrix are summed and divided by the total number of data points. Precision is calculated by the ratio of true positive events to the sum of true and false positive events as given below:
The sensitivity (recall) is the ratio of true positive to the sum of true positive and false negative:
Lastly, f1 score is the harmonic average of precision and the recall and is equal to 1 for perfect precision and recall:
Regression and classification metrics should be chosen based on the colorimetric detection scheme. Spectrometric detection requires the use of regression metrics while the detection of discrete color change should be assessed with classification metrics.
In this chapter, a review of smartphone-based colorimetric determination of chromogenic assays has been provided on color spaces, existing color matching and detection techniques, hardware and software designs, and performance metrics that have been developed over the past few decades.
After a broad survey of the smartphone spectrometers, a technical background of the methods for image acquisition system, image analysis, and measurement procedure, which are commonly used as baseline methods in the literature, was introduced with their basic mathematical, statistical concepts and definitions, which are required for understanding the mathematics and techniques behind the proposed colorimetric detection methods.
In addition, portable hardware designs compatible with smartphones and their Android applications were introduced with fundamental differences including physical setup, interfaces, and challenges.
Moreover, performance metrics were analyzed in order to see which aspects are considered more in the evaluation and impacts of these perspectives on the evaluation results.
The authors thank Dr. Gazihan Alankuş for mobile apps and the “Ekosfer Laboratory and Research Services” for their assistance with the colorimetric assays. This research was supported by the scientific research projects coordination unit of Izmir Katip Celebi University (project no. 2018-ÖDL-MÜMF-0021).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5318},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4830},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1469},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9372},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108346},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6940",title:"E-Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dd6e0f6c0a6d3be53af40ae99a1529d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sam Goundar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6940.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"280395",title:"Dr.",name:"Sam",surname:"Goundar",slug:"sam-goundar",fullName:"Sam Goundar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7603",title:"Mixed Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96e6d4a84d98903e442415024f7403f5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Branislav Sobota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7603.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"109378",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Sobota",slug:"branislav-sobota",fullName:"Branislav Sobota"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7708",title:"Visual Programming Language",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ab1984e65f039928b93c89cf89ea1ff4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nicolae Patrascoiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7708.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259849",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolae",surname:"Patrascoiu",slug:"nicolae-patrascoiu",fullName:"Nicolae Patrascoiu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7964",title:"Edge Computing Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b6cead5379c67dba010597396481adc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Komati Thirupathi Rao and Dr. Thummuru Gunasekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7964.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309728",title:"Dr.",name:"Komati",surname:"Thirupathi Rao",slug:"komati-thirupathi-rao",fullName:"Komati Thirupathi Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8241",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b673e3dadd9d6bc4d1ae0e14521c3aeb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Donald Davendra and Dr. Magdalena Bialic-Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8241.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8423",title:"Ethics, Laws, and Policies for Privacy, Security, and Liability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc4f0b68a2f903e7bf1ec7fbe042dbf2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Christos Kalloniatis and Dr. Carlos M. Manuel Travieso-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8461",title:"Clock Synchronization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"543befd169b67a8eef0040e3a88b7e25",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Raffaele Giordano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8461.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"193125",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaele",surname:"Giordano",slug:"raffaele-giordano",fullName:"Raffaele Giordano"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8466",title:"Metadata and Semantics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d21cbf3a4dadf53cdf8a104b7673fecc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Subhendu Pani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8466.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"314755",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhendu",surname:"Pani",slug:"subhendu-pani",fullName:"Subhendu Pani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8655",title:"Advances in Complex Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6abcaa5b5cf98a51a769d1bce7e5ebe5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8770",title:"Three Dimensional Computer Graphics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"de29c8802680e89528bdbecf055dffd1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dragan Mladen Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8779",title:"Linked Open Data - Applications, Trends and Future Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5860ff20764f7549ff218e9d5e112fef",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kingsley Okoye",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8779.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"219803",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",surname:"Okoye",slug:"kingsley-okoye",fullName:"Kingsley Okoye"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9225",title:"Cloud Computing Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"28c0cf981369da03dea5b1fbf5b14677",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bob Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9225.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196779",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",surname:"Duncan",slug:"bob-duncan",fullName:"Bob Duncan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:33},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:67},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:132},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Insectology",value:39,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Genesiology",value:300,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:44},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam El-Din",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-el-din-saleh",fullName:"Hosam El-Din Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",middleName:null,surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7404",title:"Hysteresis of Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8540fa2378dbb92e50411cfebfb853a6",slug:"hysteresis-of-composites",bookSignature:"Li Longbiao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7404.jpg",editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Longbiao",slug:"li-longbiao",fullName:"Li Longbiao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4406},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam El-Din",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-el-din-saleh",fullName:"Hosam El-Din Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",middleName:null,surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8747",title:"Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6083f7c9881029f1e033a1e512af7e20",slug:"asphalt-and-asphalt-mixtures",bookSignature:"Haitao Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8747.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260604",title:"Prof.",name:"Haitao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haitao-zhang",fullName:"Haitao Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Dr.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"714",title:"Urban Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-urban-engineering",parent:{title:"Civil Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:90,numberOfWosCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:93,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-civil-engineering-urban-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6882",title:"Sustainable Cities",subtitle:"Authenticity, Ambition and Dream",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba808740ddb346ea58d759f6570c8c6d",slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5502",title:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84b58948ba0347cba6ad7d2f1e65fe2",slug:"current-perspective-on-irrigation-and-drainage",bookSignature:"Suren Kulshreshtha and Amin Elshorbagy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1666",title:"Advances in Spatial Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"295f576e7f0d365cbe04096113fae16c",slug:"advances-in-spatial-planning",bookSignature:"Jaroslav Burian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Burian",slug:"jaroslav-burian",fullName:"Jaroslav Burian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"669",title:"Drainage Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5941b901bd76fb3633a9a20d5ec0c8a",slug:"drainage-systems",bookSignature:"Muhammad Salik Javaid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208759",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Salik",middleName:null,surname:"Javaid",slug:"muhammad-salik-javaid",fullName:"Muhammad Salik Javaid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3655",title:"Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"urban-transport-and-hybrid-vehicles",bookSignature:"Seref Soylu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12153",title:"Dr.",name:"Seref",middleName:null,surname:"Soylu",slug:"seref-soylu",fullName:"Seref Soylu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3653",title:"Methods and Techniques in Urban Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"methods-and-techniques-in-urban-engineering",bookSignature:"Armando Carlos de Pina Filho and Aloisio Carlos de Pina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24367",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"De Pina Filho",slug:"armando-carlos-de-pina-filho",fullName:"Armando Carlos De Pina Filho"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33246",doi:"10.5772/35417",title:"Integrated Spatial Assessment (ISA): A Multi-Methodological Approach for Planning Choices",slug:"integrated-spatial-assessment-isa-a-multi-methodological-approach-for-planning-choices",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"advances-in-spatial-planning",title:"Advances in Spatial Planning",fullTitle:"Advances in Spatial Planning"},signatures:"Maria Cerreta and Pasquale De Toro",authors:[{id:"104306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Cerreta",slug:"maria-cerreta",fullName:"Maria Cerreta"},{id:"104475",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"De Toro",slug:"pasquale-de-toro",fullName:"Pasquale De Toro"}]},{id:"30388",doi:"10.5772/34491",title:"Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems",slug:"sustainable-drainage-systems",totalDownloads:5215,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"drainage-systems",title:"Drainage Systems",fullTitle:"Drainage Systems"},signatures:"Cristiano Poleto and Rutinéia Tassi",authors:[{id:"100393",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Poleto",slug:"cristiano-poleto",fullName:"Cristiano Poleto"}]},{id:"33251",doi:"10.5772/36587",title:"Walkability Index in the Urban Planning: A Case Study in Olomouc City",slug:"walkability-index-in-the-urban-planning-a-case-study-in-olomouc-city",totalDownloads:4352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"advances-in-spatial-planning",title:"Advances in Spatial Planning",fullTitle:"Advances in Spatial Planning"},signatures:"Zdena Dobesova and Tomas Krivka",authors:[{id:"108939",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdena",middleName:null,surname:"Dobesova",slug:"zdena-dobesova",fullName:"Zdena Dobesova"},{id:"108979",title:"Mr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Krivka",slug:"tomas-krivka",fullName:"Tomas Krivka"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64332",title:"Buildings in Urban Regeneration",slug:"buildings-in-urban-regeneration",totalDownloads:638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",title:"Sustainable Cities",fullTitle:"Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream"},signatures:"Agnes Schuurmans, Susanne Dyrbøl and Fanny Guay",authors:[{id:"251874",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Agnes",middleName:null,surname:"Schuurmans",slug:"agnes-schuurmans",fullName:"Agnes Schuurmans"},{id:"252402",title:"MSc.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Dyrboel",slug:"susanne-dyrboel",fullName:"Susanne Dyrboel"}]},{id:"52812",title:"Irrigation and Drainage in Agriculture: A Salinity and Environmental Perspective",slug:"irrigation-and-drainage-in-agriculture-a-salinity-and-environmental-perspective",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-perspective-on-irrigation-and-drainage",title:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage",fullTitle:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage"},signatures:"Sjoerd E.A.T.M. van der Zee, Sija F. Stofberg, Xiaomei Yang, Yu Liu,\nMd. Nazrul Islam and Yin Fei Hu",authors:[{id:"62032",title:"Prof.",name:"Sjoerd E.A.T.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Zee",slug:"sjoerd-e.a.t.m.-van-der-zee",fullName:"Sjoerd E.A.T.M. Van Der Zee"},{id:"198028",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sija",middleName:null,surname:"F. Stofberg",slug:"sija-f.-stofberg",fullName:"Sija F. Stofberg"}]},{id:"64752",title:"Introductory Chapter: Overview of Sustainable Cities, Theory and Practices",slug:"introductory-chapter-overview-of-sustainable-cities-theory-and-practices",totalDownloads:403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",title:"Sustainable Cities",fullTitle:"Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream"},signatures:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",authors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}]},{id:"61771",title:"Smart Homes and Sustainable Cities: The Design of a Low-Cost Solution for Comprehensive Home Automation",slug:"smart-homes-and-sustainable-cities-the-design-of-a-low-cost-solution-for-comprehensive-home-automati",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",title:"Sustainable Cities",fullTitle:"Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream"},signatures:"Hubert Kalala Mukendi and Marco Adonis",authors:[{id:"239274",title:"Mr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Mukendi",slug:"hubert-mukendi",fullName:"Hubert Mukendi"},{id:"240865",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Adonis",slug:"marco-adonis",fullName:"Marco Adonis"}]},{id:"30388",title:"Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems",slug:"sustainable-drainage-systems",totalDownloads:5215,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"drainage-systems",title:"Drainage Systems",fullTitle:"Drainage Systems"},signatures:"Cristiano Poleto and Rutinéia Tassi",authors:[{id:"100393",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Poleto",slug:"cristiano-poleto",fullName:"Cristiano Poleto"}]},{id:"30391",title:"A Study of Subsurface Drainage and Water Quality in Jeddah-Makkah Aquifer Zone, West Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia",slug:"ground-water-aquifers-in-jeddah-makkah-al-mukarramah-district-west-central-saudi-arabia-",totalDownloads:4455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"drainage-systems",title:"Drainage Systems",fullTitle:"Drainage Systems"},signatures:"Mohammed Amin M. Sharaf",authors:[{id:"108362",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Sharaf",slug:"mohammed-sharaf",fullName:"Mohammed Sharaf"}]},{id:"30389",title:"Common Approximations to the Water Inflow into Tunnels",slug:"a-review-on-the-methods-of-groundwater-flow-discharge-estimation-into-tunnels",totalDownloads:8938,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"drainage-systems",title:"Drainage Systems",fullTitle:"Drainage Systems"},signatures:"Homayoon Katibeh and Ali Aalianvari",authors:[{id:"106725",title:"Dr.",name:"Homayoun",middleName:null,surname:"Katibeh",slug:"homayoun-katibeh",fullName:"Homayoun Katibeh"},{id:"109276",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Alianvari",slug:"ali-alianvari",fullName:"Ali Alianvari"}]},{id:"64231",title:"Life Cycle Insights for Creating Sustainable Cities",slug:"life-cycle-insights-for-creating-sustainable-cities",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",title:"Sustainable Cities",fullTitle:"Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream"},signatures:"Getachew Assefa",authors:[{id:"250267",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Getachew",middleName:null,surname:"Assefa",slug:"getachew-assefa",fullName:"Getachew Assefa"}]},{id:"63520",title:"Towards Adaptive Design Strategies for Zero-Carbon Eco-Cities in Egypt",slug:"towards-adaptive-design-strategies-for-zero-carbon-eco-cities-in-egypt",totalDownloads:365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",title:"Sustainable Cities",fullTitle:"Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream"},signatures:"Marwa Dabaieh, Dalya Maguid and Deena El Mahdy",authors:[{id:"251080",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Dabaieh",slug:"marwa-dabaieh",fullName:"Marwa Dabaieh"},{id:"265698",title:"Dr.",name:"Deena",middleName:null,surname:"El Mahdy",slug:"deena-el-mahdy",fullName:"Deena El Mahdy"},{id:"265699",title:"BSc.",name:"Dalya",middleName:null,surname:"Maguid",slug:"dalya-maguid",fullName:"Dalya Maguid"}]},{id:"53979",title:"On the Use of Decision-Support Tools for Improved Irrigation Management: AquaCrop-Based Applications",slug:"on-the-use-of-decision-support-tools-for-improved-irrigation-management-aquacrop-based-applications",totalDownloads:1550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"current-perspective-on-irrigation-and-drainage",title:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage",fullTitle:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage"},signatures:"Joost Wellens, Dirk Raes and Bernard Tychon",authors:[{id:"191077",title:"Dr.",name:"Joost",middleName:null,surname:"Wellens",slug:"joost-wellens",fullName:"Joost Wellens"},{id:"195766",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Raes",slug:"dirk-raes",fullName:"Dirk Raes"},{id:"195767",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Tychon",slug:"bernard-tychon",fullName:"Bernard Tychon"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-civil-engineering-urban-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9284",title:"Computational Aeroacoustics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7019c5e5985faef7dc384c87dca5c8ef",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9284.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/293623/abhay-nanda-srivastva",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"293623",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva"},fullPath:"/profiles/293623/abhay-nanda-srivastva",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()