\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6343",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sport and Exercise Science",title:"Sport and Exercise Science",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Professional and semiprofessional sports as well as excessive amateur exercise inevitably lead to some degree of musculoskeletal injury once in a sportsman's career. Some injuries are represented as chronic injuries, which can result in irreversible long-term tissue changes and deformities. The subject of this book is to represent the up-to-date knowledge about etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic injuries or sport-related long-term changes in locomotor system.",isbn:"978-953-51-3795-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3794-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4089-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69756",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sport-and-exercise-science",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"f02738ce8019136d4586b616f5670e9b",bookSignature:"Matjaz Merc",publishedDate:"February 7th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6343.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5715,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 1st 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"210233",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaz",middleName:null,surname:"Merc",slug:"matjaz-merc",fullName:"Matjaz Merc",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210233/images/5576_n.jpg",biography:"Matjaz Merc is an orthopaedic surgeon at the Department of orthopaedics in UMC Maribor, Slovenia working also as assistant on Faculty of medicine in Maribor. He graduated in 2008 on faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana, Slovenia and earned his Ph.D in 2015 on Faculty of Medicine in Maribor. He was a visiting fellow at the Department of orthopaedics at University clinic in Basel, Switzerland, Speising Spital, Vienna, Austria and KBC Šalata, Zagreb, Croatia where he got subspecialized. His clinical work is based on foot and ankle surgery, paediatric orthopaedics as well as sports medicine. His research interests are mainly based on application of rapid prototyping technology in orthopaedics. Since 2010 he cooperates with NK Maribor football club working as a doctor in medical team.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1119",title:"Exercise Physiology",slug:"exercise-physiology"}],chapters:[{id:"58218",title:"Biology of Stress and Physical Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72425",slug:"biology-of-stress-and-physical-performance",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jorge A. Sanhueza Silva, Carlos Bahamondes-Avila, Claudio\nHernández-Mosqueira and Luis A. Salazar Navarrete",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58218",authors:[{id:"211582",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Sanhueza",slug:"jorge-sanhueza",fullName:"Jorge Sanhueza"},{id:"221070",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bahamondes",slug:"carlos-bahamondes",fullName:"Carlos Bahamondes"},{id:"221071",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Hernandez Mosqueira",slug:"claudio-hernandez-mosqueira",fullName:"Claudio Hernandez Mosqueira"}],corrections:null},{id:"58562",title:"Biokinetics: A South African Health Profession Evolving from Physical Education and Sport",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73126",slug:"biokinetics-a-south-african-health-profession-evolving-from-physical-education-and-sport",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Terry Jeremy Ellapen, Gert Lukas Strydom, Mariette Swanepoel,\nHenriette Hammill and Yvonne Paul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58562",authors:[{id:"127909",title:"Prof.",name:"Gert Lukas",surname:"Strydom",slug:"gert-lukas-strydom",fullName:"Gert Lukas Strydom"},{id:"226652",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry",surname:"Ellapen",slug:"terry-ellapen",fullName:"Terry Ellapen"},{id:"233593",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariette",surname:"Swanepoel",slug:"mariette-swanepoel",fullName:"Mariette Swanepoel"},{id:"233594",title:"Dr.",name:"Henriette Valerie",surname:"Hammill",slug:"henriette-valerie-hammill",fullName:"Henriette Valerie Hammill"},{id:"233596",title:"Prof.",name:"Yvonne",surname:"Paul",slug:"yvonne-paul",fullName:"Yvonne Paul"}],corrections:null},{id:"58233",title:"Diagnosis of Motor Habits during Backward Fall with Usage of Rotating Training Simulator",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71463",slug:"diagnosis-of-motor-habits-during-backward-fall-with-usage-of-rotating-training-simulator",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Andrzej Mroczkowski and Dariusz Mosler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58233",authors:[{id:"144247",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Mroczkowski",slug:"andrzej-mroczkowski",fullName:"Andrzej Mroczkowski"},{id:"221034",title:"Mr.",name:"Dariusz",surname:"Mosler",slug:"dariusz-mosler",fullName:"Dariusz Mosler"}],corrections:null},{id:"57800",title:"The Missing Science: Ethics in Practice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71883",slug:"the-missing-science-ethics-in-practice",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sharon Kay Stoll, Heather Van Mullem, Peter Van Mullem and\nJennifer M. Beller",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57800",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57800",authors:[{id:"189960",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharon Kay",surname:"Stoll",slug:"sharon-kay-stoll",fullName:"Sharon Kay Stoll"},{id:"205593",title:"Dr.",name:"Heather",surname:"VanMullem",slug:"heather-vanmullem",fullName:"Heather VanMullem"},{id:"213781",title:"Dr.",name:"Pete",surname:"Van Mullem",slug:"pete-van-mullem",fullName:"Pete Van Mullem"},{id:"213782",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Beller",slug:"jennifer-beller",fullName:"Jennifer Beller"}],corrections:null},{id:"58153",title:"Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72428",slug:"overuse-injuries-in-professional-ballet",totalDownloads:882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Francisco J. Sobrino and Pedro Guillen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58153",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58153",authors:[{id:"218702",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Sobrino",slug:"francisco-j.-sobrino",fullName:"Francisco J. Sobrino"}],corrections:null},{id:"56931",title:"Sports Concussion: A Clinical Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70765",slug:"sports-concussion-a-clinical-overview",totalDownloads:802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Andrew J. Gardner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56931",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56931",authors:[{id:"211583",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Gardner",slug:"andrew-gardner",fullName:"Andrew Gardner"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3398",title:"Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe3b3863298192755e00422f9fc2c8df",slug:"current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine",bookSignature:"Michael Hamlin, Nick Draper and Yaso Kathiravel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3398.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162377",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Hamlin",slug:"michael-hamlin",fullName:"Michael Hamlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3431",title:"Muscle Injuries in Sport Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c234e7ea0b15db8dd5fa3d62698a6c64",slug:"muscle-injuries-in-sport-medicine",bookSignature:"Gian Nicola Bisciotti and Cristiano Eirale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3431.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78940",title:"Prof.",name:"Gian Nicola",surname:"Bisciotti",slug:"gian-nicola-bisciotti",fullName:"Gian Nicola Bisciotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7949",title:"Cardiorespiratory Fitness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd6d8d7ee62bc8d443de2c5150c00535",slug:"cardiorespiratory-fitness",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7949.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7046",leadTitle:null,title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wound healing and its treatment are subjects that have been discussed for centuries in the medical literature. Wounds are everywhere, occurring in the young and elderly and in hospital and at home, and affect patients in every clinical specialty around the world. There are many publications on wound healing, but this book intends to give an overview of its current perspectives so as to be useful to practice care in wound healing and to improve the quality of life. It is considered that this book will be useful for clinicians who are interested in wound care.",isbn:"978-1-78985-538-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-537-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-645-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73808",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",numberOfPages:260,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa7b870ad29ce1dfcf6faeafdc060309",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:12662,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30612/images/system/30612.jpg",biography:"Kamil Hakan Dogan MD, PhD is a Full Professor and Chair in the Department of Forensic Medicine at Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine in Turkey. Dr. Dogan received his MD from Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine in 2000. After his extensive research in the forensic medicine field, he received his PhD in Biochemistry in 2012. He gives lectures on Forensic Medicine and Medical Ethics to medical students as well as students of the dentistry and law faculties. He is a reviewer for several international journals and he has published over 200 articles in refereed journals, chapters in textbooks and abstracts in scientific meetings. His publications have been cited more than 700 times.",institutionString:"Selçuk University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Selçuk University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"994",title:"Traumatology",slug:"traumatology"}],chapters:[{id:"65588",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of Wound Healing",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-overview-of-wound-healing",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}]},{id:"64160",title:"Regulatory Mechanisms and Chemical Signaling of Mediators Involved in the Inflammatory Phase of Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"regulatory-mechanisms-and-chemical-signaling-of-mediators-involved-in-the-inflammatory-phase-of-cuta",totalDownloads:676,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"256299",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Pellizzon",slug:"claudia-pellizzon",fullName:"Claudia Pellizzon"},{id:"271401",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Beserra",slug:"fernando-beserra",fullName:"Fernando Beserra"}]},{id:"62998",title:"Biomarkers of Wound Healing",slug:"biomarkers-of-wound-healing",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"196452",title:"Dr.",name:"Newman",surname:"Osafo",slug:"newman-osafo",fullName:"Newman Osafo"},{id:"252789",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw Duah",surname:"Boakye",slug:"yaw-duah-boakye",fullName:"Yaw Duah Boakye"}]},{id:"63086",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1808,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]},{id:"63675",title:"Wound Healing: Contributions from Plant Secondary Metabolite Antioxidants",slug:"wound-healing-contributions-from-plant-secondary-metabolite-antioxidants",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"261027",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor Y. A.",surname:"Barku",slug:"victor-y.-a.-barku",fullName:"Victor Y. A. Barku"}]},{id:"63387",title:"The Strategies of Natural Polysaccharide in Wound Healing",slug:"the-strategies-of-natural-polysaccharide-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:804,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"252781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juin-Hong",surname:"Cherng",slug:"juin-hong-cherng",fullName:"Juin-Hong Cherng"}]},{id:"66286",title:"From Tissue Repair to Tissue Regeneration",slug:"from-tissue-repair-to-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"247667",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele Salvatore",surname:"Aragona",slug:"emanuele-salvatore-aragona",fullName:"Emanuele Salvatore Aragona"}]},{id:"64089",title:"Growth Hormone (GH) and Wound Healing",slug:"growth-hormone-gh-and-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"221342",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Devesa",slug:"jesus-devesa",fullName:"Jesús Devesa"},{id:"257224",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Caicedo Valdes",slug:"diego-caicedo-valdes",fullName:"Diego Caicedo Valdes"}]},{id:"63308",title:"Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds",slug:"autologous-platelet-rich-plasma-and-mesenchymal-stem-cells-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-wounds",totalDownloads:1207,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"256306",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Peter A.",surname:"Everts",slug:"peter-a.-everts",fullName:"Peter A. Everts"}]},{id:"64239",title:"The Wound Healing Responses and Corneal Biomechanics after Keratorefractive Surgery",slug:"the-wound-healing-responses-and-corneal-biomechanics-after-keratorefractive-surgery",totalDownloads:485,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"259430",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",surname:"Wang",slug:"yan-wang",fullName:"Yan Wang"},{id:"268031",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenjing",surname:"Wu",slug:"wenjing-wu",fullName:"Wenjing Wu"}]},{id:"64137",title:"Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",totalDownloads:583,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena"}]},{id:"65565",title:"Facilitation of Wound Healing Following Laparoscopic and Conventional Abdominal Surgery with Dressings, Patches, Antibiotics, etc.",slug:"facilitation-of-wound-healing-following-laparoscopic-and-conventional-abdominal-surgery-with-dressin",totalDownloads:622,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"256106",title:"Prof.",name:"Girish",surname:"Kotwal",slug:"girish-kotwal",fullName:"Girish Kotwal"},{id:"256112",title:"Prof.",name:"Sufan",surname:"Chien",slug:"sufan-chien",fullName:"Sufan Chien"},{id:"259039",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebekah",surname:"Amarini",slug:"rebekah-amarini",fullName:"Rebekah Amarini"}]},{id:"64531",title:"Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Stimulation of Wound Healing and Use of Dermal Substitutes in Chronic Phlebostatic Ulcers",slug:"multidisciplinary-approaches-to-the-stimulation-of-wound-healing-and-use-of-dermal-substitutes-in-ch",totalDownloads:515,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"268270",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaele",surname:"Capoano",slug:"raffaele-capoano",fullName:"Raffaele Capoano"}]},{id:"66793",title:"The Impact of Biofilm Formation on Wound Healing",slug:"the-impact-of-biofilm-formation-on-wound-healing",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"253607",title:"M.D.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Mendoza",slug:"rafael-mendoza",fullName:"Rafael Mendoza"},{id:"254018",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Galiano",slug:"robert-galiano",fullName:"Robert Galiano"},{id:"271116",title:"Mr.",name:"Ji-Cheng",surname:"Hsieh",slug:"ji-cheng-hsieh",fullName:"Ji-Cheng Hsieh"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6262",title:"Post Mortem Examination and Autopsy",subtitle:"Current Issues From Death to Laboratory Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fce869ae396986e202a78883a0b1045f",slug:"post-mortem-examination-and-autopsy-current-issues-from-death-to-laboratory-analysis",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8227",title:"Disorders of Consciousness",subtitle:"A Review of Important Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ead1706130f8a55f19ec5cc81ef245d",slug:"disorders-of-consciousness-a-review-of-important-issues",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5290",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"New insights into Ancient Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6c479ab3fea0a9b7051d2a8478c91c3",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",bookSignature:"Vlad Adrian Alexandrescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66358",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vlad",surname:"Alexandrescu",slug:"vlad-alexandrescu",fullName:"Vlad Alexandrescu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6069",title:"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0a49e24ebfbb9ed7d02f7daab9b30f6",slug:"essentials-of-spinal-cord-injury-medicine",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6069.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6662",title:"Trauma Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9721b9ac98bf237058cafd0a0303bdbc",slug:"trauma-surgery",bookSignature:"Ozgur Karcioglu and Hakan Topacoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6662.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgur",surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9066",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a293ecd8c2655a402321dc30e0ffbf9a",slug:"wound-healing",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"65504",title:"Current Approaches in Orthognathic Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83547",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthognathic-surgery",body:'\nThe orthognathic surgical procedures are performed for the correction of abnormalities of the facial skeleton that are present from the birth or arise during growth or acquired secondarily during lifetime. The variety of the underlying reasons of the facial deformities would require different types of surgical strategies, but mainly orthognathic surgical techniques are preferred for the rehabilitation of the deformities. Due to the cover of this book as orthodontics, I would prefer to summarize some commonly used techniques to correct the dentofacial deformities.
\nSkeletal anchor systems, some basic interdental osteotomies, or complex mechanics that are applying orthopedic corrective forces are currently being used by the orthodontics rather than surgeons. Even we have published all these techniques at their popular time period with our orthodontist colleagues. Therefore in this chapter, I will focus on the most commonly used surgical applications to solve the skeletal discrepancies mainly called as Le Fort I osteotomy and BSSRO. These techniques can be applied as a single-jaw surgery or double-jaw surgery depending on the magnitude of discrepancy of the jaws to each other. Besides these basic techniques can also be preferred in association with distraction osteogenesis or orthodontic elastic traction forces for gradual and slow motions of the segments as well, but I think it is better to discuss the indication not in this chapter. Therefore the scope of this chapter is going to be including my personal experience and some technical details with Le Fort I and SSRO.
\nThe history of orthognathic surgical techniques goes back to the mid-1800s. Both in Europe and the USA, the corrective jaw surgeries at their first steps begun to be heard by the population. Schuchardt was the author who first described the sagittal split in 1942 in German literature [1]. In English literature, Trauner and Obwegeser were the pioneers in 1957 who described and discussed the technique in detail [2]. Dal Pont [3], Hunsuck [4], and Epker [5] all added modifications to the technique such as to maintain more surface contact between bony segments at outer cortex, obtaining a minimal horizontal cut in the medial surface of ramus just beneath the lingula and minimal muscle detachment to avoid postoperative blood loss and hematoma.
\nBSSRO is a perfect option for surgical treatment of dentofacial deformities including the mandibular deformities. The mandible can be repositioned in three dimensions of the space such sagittal direction (as advancement, setback), transversal direction (asymmetries and shifting from one side to the other or transversal rotation), and axial plane (clockwise or counterclockwise rotation). For each movement a patient-specific osteotomy and muscle dissection should be kept in mind to avoid postoperative relapse and skeletal disfigurement. On the other hand, while planning such osteotomies, the facial harmony, speech, tongue size, esthetics, and most importantly the airway should be precisely evaluated. As an example huge magnitude of setback of the mandible would result as decreased airway volume and in advance as OSAS. The preoperative evaluation should include a 3D airway evaluation. If such compromise occurs, other osteotomy techniques should be analyzed such as mandibular ostectomy, IVRO. Also in macroglossia patients, tongue reduction surgery should be kept in mind before or during operation in setback surgeries to avoid dentoskeletal relapse. The incision would be placed on the ascending ramus in proximal segment and be carried inferiorly on the distal segment over the external oblique linea, while a mouth gag or a position stabilizator is placed on the opposite side with maximum mouth opening. Care must be taken to avoid dislocation of any condyle during this point (Figure 1). An electrocautery knife or a 15 blade would be preferable depending on the surgeon. My choice is the Colorado Needle which may help us for delicate incision without necrosis of the soft tissue with a good bloodless vision. The trick with the electrocautery is to perform repetitive coagulations on the same soft tissue plane to avoid tissue necrosis. A layer-by-layer dissection of mucosa muscles and periosteum is necessary. Adequate amount of soft tissue should be remained on the attached gingival side for wound closure. The mucoperiosteal full thickness flap is raised on the external oblique linea. If the temporal muscle tendons are identified, they can also be reflected. An Obwegeser ramus retractor or a curved hemostat is positioned on the tip of coronoid process. The anterior inferior border of the mandible which is close to the external oblique linea can also be reflected, and during bone osteotomies an Obwegeser channel retractor should be placed on the inferior mandibular border. The lingula and the mandibular foramina should be identified on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and a Williger or Obwegeser raspatorium is used to protect the neurovascular bundle above its insertion to foramen mandibularis. This maneuver will guide to horizontal medial bone osteotomy just above the foramina. There is no need to perform posterior dissection to the posterior border of the mandible. It is better to create a soft tissue tunnel subperiosteally and keep it just to the posterior of the foramina. This will also reduce the possible intraoperative excessive bleeding arising posteriorly and medially from the adjacent muscle and vessel structures (Figure 2). Once all the bony aspects of the desired osteotomy lines have been approached, depending on the surgeon’s preference, a cutting instrument like saws, rotary handpiece, or piezoelectric surgery handpiece can be used. If the patient has no cardiac disease like arrhythmias or is not a pacemaker user, my first choice is piezoelectric ultrasonic surgery. The piezoelectric ultrasonic surgery is a well-defined system, the first steps of which were discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie Brothers in 1880. Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress. The first ultrasonic alveolar bone cut was performed by Horton on the dog alveolus in 1975 [6]. In piezoelectric surgery, the cavitation phenomenon describes the process of vaporization, bubble generation, and subsequent implosion (growth and collapse of bubbles) into many minute fractions of its original size (microscopic gas bubbles) that will occur in a flowing liquid because of the decrease and increase in pressure that is caused by the ultrasonic vibrations. In ultrasonic osteotomy, the cavitation phenomenon helps to maintain good visibility in the operative field by dispersing a coolant fluid as an aerosol that causes the blood to essentially be washed away. Furthermore, the cavitation effect will bring about hemostasis, which results in a bloodless surgery. Walmsley et al. have suggested that the cavitation effect fragments the cell walls of bacteria and therefore has an anti-bacterial efficiency [7]. Also, piezoelectric device has a selective cutting effect and has a sound alert warning system when the tip has reached to a nonresisting part such as neurovascular bundle or sinus membrane that avoids trauma to soft tissues. Therefore, hemorrhagic and neurosensory deficits are rare in piezoelectric surgery. Afterward Vercellotti published his experience with piezoelectric surgery [8]. In orthognathic surgery Landes et al. shared their experience with piezo-osteotomy feasibility as a substitute for the conventional saw in orthognathic surgery that was evaluated regarding operative technique, blood loss, time requirement, and nerve and vessel integrity. Fifty patients who had orthognathic surgery procedures using piezo surgical osteotomy showed that piezoelectric osteotomy reduced blood loss and inferior alveolar nerve injury at no extra time investment, compared with 86 patients who received conventional saw and chisel osteotomies [9]. We have also evaluated piezosurgery in PhD thesis and compared the conventional rotary instruments with piezosurgery. The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate primary postoperative patient complaints such as edema, paresthesia, and pain and patient satisfaction and operation times of orthognathic surgical operations performed with conventional drills and piezoelectric surgery. A total of 200 patients with completed skeletal growth and malocclusion due to mastication dysfunctions were retrospectively evaluated. These patients were divided into two main groups named control group and piezo group. Each group was divided into three subgroups about the type of surgical procedure performed, which are, Le Fort 1 subgroup, bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) subgroup, and bimaxillary subgroup. The evaluation between the groups is made at postoperative 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months. To evaluate each subgroup, the data acquired from a specific subgroup was compared to the subgroup with the same name in the other main group. After piezoelectric surgery edema, neurosensory dysfunction and pain levels were found to be lesser than conventional techniques. Patient satisfaction was found to be higher in piezoelectric surgery patients. When operation times were compared, piezoelectric surgery was discovered to take longer to finish the osteotomy because of its lower cutting efficiency. This study shows that the selective cutting ability of the piezoelectric surgery device provides an extremely safe osteotomy for patients by performing a selective osteotomy, thus preserving critical adjacent soft tissues [10]. The piezosurgery begins with the medial aspect of the ramus just over the mandibular foramina, and the cutting tip of the handpiece will be directed 45° angle at posterior start point with around a depth of 2 mm and comes anteriorly. On the ascending ramus, the tip is applied without angulation as deep as possible through the cortex to reach the medullary bone and declines inferiorly on the external oblique linea. If the procedure is a mandibular setback surgery, it is better to extend the osteotomy till the anterior border of the external oblique linea which would help the removal of bony segment for desired positioning of the distal segment similar to Hunsuck-Epker modification. In my experience if a rotational or laterognatic corrective sagittal split osteotomy is going to be performed, the anterior vertical osteotomy on the lateral cortex would be like Obwegeser technique that goes posteriorly to the angulus of the mandible. Besides if the rotation amount is excessive, care must be taken not to dislocate the proximal segment laterally. If such situation occurs, a greenstick fracture must be performed on the posterior part of the distal segment distal to the last molar. In thin and small volumetric mandibles generally, piezoelectric ultrasound surgery is enough to complete the whole osteotomy running from the superior cortex border to the inferior bony cortex border through a fashion without chisel and hammer or separators. Also, this would avoid unfavorable fracture of the segments during rotation split maneuver of the osteotomes that are placed between proximal and distal segments. To avoid undesired inferior border, splitting piezoelectric surgical instruments tips can be directed to the inferior border to maintain a bone cut at the inferior border initiating from the end of the anterior vertical osteotomy back to the posterior end just inferior to orthogonal projection of the lingula. The osteotomy and separation of the proximal and distal segments will simultaneously be completed via this technique without chiseling and hammering. I personally call this technique as Piezotomy Technique®. If the osteotomes are needed to complete the osteotomy, thin osteotomes would be helpful to complete cortex osteotomies keeping them away from the neurovascular bundles. While osteotomizing the inferior border of the mandible, the Obwegeser channel retractor is essential to guard the underlying soft tissues and vital structures. It is better to use a thin osteotome to start separation of the segments seen in Figure 3. Completing the osteotomies bilaterally and detaching the muscle attachments that are resisting for mobilization of distal segment, the surgical splint is placed, and an exact intermaxillary fixation is secured. In this period if it is a setback surgery, the excess bone is removed. At this point, for rigid fixation, the surgeon can prefer lag screws or miniplates with screws to stabilize the segments. My personal choice is to use sagittal plates with self-drive mono cortical screws for rigid fixation. This is essential to avoid condylar sag and distortion of proximal segments as well, especially in the laterognatic and asymmetric cases that require shifting or rotation of the mandible. Also bending the plates geometrically to create a step would stabilize the segments in passive but stable position avoiding the relapse phenomenon. The proximal and distal segments are rigidly fixated (Figure 4). After bleeding control the wound edges will be sutured with 3.0 resorbable sutures. Suctioning drains are placed if required.
\nThe incision line placed over the external oblique line and ascending ramus. Carrying it to high and medially will cause herniation of temporoparietal fat pad (Bichat’s fat pad).
Ramus single white arrow: alveolaris inferior neurovascular bundle; double white arrow: Obwegeser ramus retractor; and three white arrows: Obwegeser ramus channel retractor. Please note that the Obwegeser periosteal raspatorium is placed above the foramina and protecting the neurovascular bundle. Also a sub periosteal dissection has been performed creating a tunnel to avoid haemorrhagia. Also pay attention to pencil drawing along the ascending ramus declining on the external oblique linea finalizing at the anterior most inferior edge of the linea. This cut will create a separation between distal and proximal segments.
(a) Osteotomy line starting from medial surface of ramus down to ascending ramus to he external oblique linea inferiorly with ultrasonic surgery; (b) thin osteotome is placed for separation of outer cortex of the inferior border.
The sagittal mini plate has been bended and passively adopted to proximal and distal segments with monocortical mini self-drive screws and let mandible for early functioning.
The maxillary discrepancies and the midface abnormalities can easily be corrected by Le Fort I level osteotomy with variable surgical modifications. In 1927, Wassmund performed the first Le Fort I osteotomy for an open-bite deformity [11]. The advancement of maxilla was performed by Axhausen [12], and Bell was the first to show the vascular supply and safety of the procedure at this osteotomy level [13]. The quadrangular Le Fort I was first described by Obwegeser in 1969 [14].
\nThe patient is intubated via nasotracheal preformed intubation tube (RAE tube) to avoid nasal deformation during the surgery. Prior the incision a circular infiltrative local anesthesia is administrated with vasoconstrictor agent. A mucosal incision at the vestibular fornix region from one premolar to another is initiated with Colorado Needle electrocautery (Figure 5a). To avoid repetitive coagulation, layer-by-layer single application is essential for deeper soft tissue structures down to the periosteum. A mucoperiosteal flap is raised both on sagittal and vertical plans. Laceration of the periosteum would result in discomfortable bleeding and herniation of Bichat fad pad. Depending of the level of the osteotomy, the reflection of the flap may extend up to the infraorbital region. A curved periosteal elevator would be essential for the elevation of the nasal mucosa on the medial sinus wall and midpalatal suture for each side (Figure 5b). If a collective fashion of haemorrhagia occurs, a fine rat tail tamponade with tranexamic acid solution will control it. Using piezoelectric ultrasonic surgery device, osteotomy will be initiated at the apertura priformis back to the crista zygomaticus and through the tuberosity of the posterior maxilla. Also via the piezosurgery tip, the medial antral wall osteotomy may be completed. Thanks to its selective cutting effect with cavitation phenomenon, also the palatine bone can be cut via piezosurgery. Even in some cases, from anterior nasal spine to posterior nasal spine, septal separation from midpalatal suture can be performed via piezoelectric surgery (Figure 5c). For each maneuver special piezo cutting tips can be preferred even for the pterygomaxillary junction region (Figure 5d). When all the osteotomies are performed via piezoelectric surgery, a bi-digital mild pressure on the anterior incisors is applied by the surgeon in vertical and sagittal directions for down fracture of the maxilla. In cases that osteotomies are performed by rotary handpieces or saws, the osteotomy lines are quite similar to piezosurgery, but care must be taken while malleating curved pterygoid osteotome to separate the pterygomaxillary junction. The surgeons’ eye should follow the upper occlusion, and the osteotome should be parallel to this line to avoid directing it cranially. One should place the point finger of the assisting hand to the pterygoid hamulus intraorally to feel the tip of the pterygoid osteotome (Figure 6). If such malpositioning occurs, there is the risk of laceration of maxillary artery close to the posterior region. Also during medial antral wall osteotomy, care must be taken not to go so far posteriorly due to laceration risk for descending palatinal artery. Because around 3.5 cm posteriorly, the sound will change and a resistance will occur during chiseling. This means that one has reached to the perpendicular lamina of the palatine bone that descending palatine artery is running inside of it. If the surgeon is inexperienced, it is so easy to face an aggressive hemorrhage from the palatine artery. It can be controlled easily by direct packing with a immediate down fracture procedure to isolate the bleeding source. The septal cartilage and midpalatal bone would be separated using nasal septal osteotome. The assisting hand’s point finger should be placed posterior-to-posterior nasal spine to feel the tip of the septal osteotome at the end (Figure 7). After the down fracture, Tessier mobilizers or Rowe forceps are used to mobilize the maxilla freely. At this point the lacerations on the nasal mucosa is sutured, and posterior reflection of the soft tissues was completed (Figure 8a, b). If the maxilla is going to be impacted, the septal cartilage would be trimmed as required to avoid deviation of the septum. If the anterior nasal spine is problematic for columella or nasal shape, it can also be removed till the desired level. If the magnitude of the advancement, impaction, or rotation is quite much, surgeon will face resistance; then decompression of the palatal artery and removal of the palatal bone around are necessary. These risky maneuvers can easily be done via piezoelectric surgery without bleeding. As an alternative, a round diamond rotatary burr can be preferred. Surgical saws may lead to hemorrhage. The maxilla will be repositioned with a surgical prefabricated splint followed by intermaxillary fixation. The bone edges are controlled, and interference of excessive bones is removed. When maxilla and mandible act as one unit due to intermaxillary fixation, rotation is completed by gentle force application on both sides of the mandibular premasseteric notches, and rigid fixation is performed (Figure 9). If regular micro- or miniplates are going to be used for rigid fixation; I suggest to use two plates on each side in inferior repositioning and advancement surgeries. If the maxilla is impacted, one four-hole L-shaped plate is adequate on each side. For the first time in the literature in 2008, I have published stress distribution both on plates (single- or double-plate fixation on each side) and facial skeleton after rigid fixation in Le Fort I osteotomies for all scenarios, and since 10 years, I clinically follow the guidelines of my publications to choose the number of the plates for each case [15, 16, 17].Also as an alternative, I suggest to use preformed Le Fort microplates that are currently available on the market with different shoulder sizes (Figure 10). Another current advancement in rigid fixation materials is the patient-specific titanium miniplates that are manufactured via 3D printers. The use of 3D surgical planning in orthognathic surgery cases is on the market more than 10 years. Meanwhile we also published a paper with 3D tomographic DICOM data transferred to software and completed the operation virtually in 2009 (Figure 11) [18]. Depending on surgeons and orthodontist’s choice, currently there are many alternatives to each other starting from conventional cast model articulating and model set up on casts, to 3D analyze and 3D printing of surgical splints and titanium fixation plates. On the other hand, higher technology for planning and manufacturing with 3D printers increases the financial expenses. After rigid fixation of the maxilla, the alar wings, nasal tip, and nostril symmetry and projection of the upper lips and the gums should all be evaluated. If the maxilla has been impacted, the nostrils and the nasal soft base will be wider, and alar chinch suture is essential to control the width. Also, a V–Y closure will help to improve the philtrum projection.
\n(a) Nasotracheal intubation via RAE tube, Colorado Needle for soft tissue incision, and the at very deepest sulcus, the incision is initiated between premolar regions; (b) soft tissue flaps created by subperiosteal tunneling; (c) anterior nasal spine to posterior nasal spine and also septal separation from mid palatal suture can be performed via piezo electric surgery; and (d) piezo cutting tips can be preferred even for the pterygomaxillary junction region.
Pterygoid osteotome placed at the pterygomaxillary junction, and the assisting point finger is positioned on the hamulus pterygoideus to feel the disjunction and the tip.
Nasal osteotome is placed on the midline just below the septum to separate the septal cartilage and the mid-palatal bone junction. Assisting point finger placed on to the posterior nasal spine.
(a) Rowe forceps placed bilaterally on the down fractured maxilla to complete the disjunction, (b) suturing the nasal mucosa ruptures.
Intermaxillary fixation with a surgical splint, and superior repositioning of the complex with gentle pressure that has been applied bilaterally on both premasseteric notches.
Preformed Le Fort miniplates and self-drive screws used for rigid [
3D evaluation and planning of a hemimandibular hyperplasia case using DICOM data with a surgical software, published in Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery in 2009.
The sequence of these surgeries may vary from surgeon to surgeon. My traditional way to do double jaw is to start with the maxilla first then complete the mandible. But in one indication, one should always start with mandible first which is the double-jaw counterclockwise surgery. Especially Class II with maxillary excess with gummy smile cases associated with OSAS or airway limitations, there is indication for counterclockwise double surgery. The surgical strategy should be mandibular advancement surgery with posterior inferior repositioning and anterior superior rotation. The space created at posterior occlusion is then filled with inferior rotation of the posterior maxilla with anterior maxillary impaction with Le Fort I osteotomy. The pivot point to perform this maneuver is premolar and zygomatic buttress region.
\nAs I have briefly explained the basic techniques that are commonly used in orthognathic surgery, for 5 years we are already beyond the future. The current advancements are tomographic evaluation including 3D reformatted frames integrated to advanced software programs with facial scanning to analyze the facial proportions rather than 2D cephalometric radiographs and 3D scanning of the teeth integrated with tomography that let to us perform operation in virtual environment and print out 3D splints. Besides other advancements are; 3D printing of the individual titanium plate screw fixation systems will avoid producing surgical splints, as well as using piezoelectric surgery rather than burs and saws supplies for bloodless and neuro-sensorial deficit-free operations, finally last but not the least, a totally robotic guided surgery will take place within a couple of years.
\nI declare that there is no conflict of interest.
For years, researchers, scientists, and artists have worked with similar aims: to create, innovate, and share knowledge across diverse fields [1]. Sometimes, these innovators are classified into one of two categories: either as finders or makers [2]. Both of these are equally creative. Finders focus on their energy and creativity on understanding phenomena to increase the stock of knowledge about these, making quicker decisions to establish or confirm facts, and thereby solving new or existing problems. Meanwhile, makers or creators bring forth their own ideas and conceptual knowledge, to create and design for others [3]. Both could be understood as oriented toward what Heidegger called
Design is an exploratory process [6] that often starts with abstract ideas that gradually grow into more definite specifications through iterative cycles that adjust the solution [7] to the desired application context. An ongoing cognitive process, designing is like thinking: it is an ubiquitous activity of human creation, regularly triggered through the problem-solving process [3]. Design embraces a crucial skill set for understanding and responding to the needs of others, especially in the constantly changing world in which we live. One way to approach design is called Design thinking [8]. Design thinking offers an efficient way for researchers, scientists, and artists to innovate productively for others in a context of rapid change [9]. It offers a frame for understanding how designers undertake human-centric problem-solving for creating objects, services, or systems, as well as offering a hands-on methodology [10].
Building upon participatory, human-centered action research, the design thinking process may be viewed as occurring over three distinct phases: (1)
Design thinking as a practice has drawn attention across different fields including engineering [13], business science [10], and education [14]. The approach has also been used in disability studies and the development of human-computer interaction (HCI) for people with impairments [15]. Design thinking has been shown to offer a high degree of flexibility for these applications. Indeed, designing for people with impairments is challenging, as they often require a range of special adaptations using highly personalized equipment—one size does not fit all. Generally, teams working in this area must arrange for design assistance from appropriate experts, for example, with training in ergonomics or biomechanics, as well as people with disabilities themselves, in order to develop an understanding of the factors that affect the participation of people with disabilities [16]. To address these issues, universal design principles [17] have been adopted for designing both natural and urban spaces to ensure their accessibility and safety.
Interactive and immersive digital installations are a relatively recent artistic innovation [18]. The range of installations that have been developed is already large, however, and they are not always well reported in the literature, making it difficult to get a handle on the breadth and diversity of productions. Some general distinctions include primarily immersive audio installations [19, 20], immersive storytelling installations [21, 22], somatosensory and movement-based embodied installations [23, 24], and immersive digital culture installations [25, 26, 27]. With regard to issues of accessibility for these installations, however, the written record is meager, and what evidence there is suggests accessibility is an issue. Accessibility is defined in the dictionary as “the quality of being available when needed”. However, even today, minority groups such as people with impairments, or the elderly, can find themselves excluded in many, even most, contexts. This exclusion is usually the result of a poorly organized environment and/or disabling interactions [16], that is, it is a result of the designers’ lack of understanding of the dynamic interaction between environment and personal factors. In order to overcome this problem, designers must step out of conventional ideas, and learn to experience the world through their own vulnerability in empathic resonance with people with disabilities.
Designing for all goes beyond ensuring accessibility, it also requires that the installations explicitly include representations of disability, to motivate people with impairments to participate. Furthermore, people with impairments need to take part in the design process to be fully engaged [28]. Also, one of us developed a cognitive design protocol in earlier work [1] for developing assistive technologies for people with disabilities. Cognitive design draws upon knowledge of human cognition in order to design technologies with a broader basis of application. Hence, for example, Yaagoubi et al. [1] presented a tool to assist people with visual deficits to orient themselves in space, drawing on the hierarchical organization of spatial information in our cognitive representations of geographical space. The approach, which we called cognitive design, consists of matching data organization methods and technical requirements to cognitive principles, and is quite general. In principle, it could also be applied to installation design. We drew on these ideas to situate the design process for our interactive and immersive installation development work, as we shall detail below.
A quick note about terminology: we use the expressions “people with impairments” and “people with disabilities” interchangeably, although in fact there is a difference between the two. Impairments are understood to be the functional limitations associated with persons, while disabilities are understood to be the result of a maladapted environment, which renders impairments disabling [16].
In this chapter, we present our end-to-end co-creative design methodology for the development of interactive and immersive multisensory virtual reality experiences, with a particular focus on designing installations for people with disability. We also showcase the application of this methodology in a detailed way via the “
To design a user-centered, immersive, and interactive installation that addresses the needs and interests of people with impairments, we adopted an end-to-end co-creative design methodology, inspired by the design thinking process. The proposed methodology is composed of three phases: (1) empathy, (2) ideation, and (3) experimentation. Each of these phases is detailed below.
The idea of empathy was introduced by Lipps in 1867 [29], and originally referred to the process of projecting oneself into a perceived object or person so that a sense of identification occurs. Later, however, the term has been used in a variety of ways. Bachrach [30] proposed a general definition as follows, although not everyone agrees: “the concept of empathy… refers to the ability of one person to experientially ‘know’ what another is experiencing at any given moment, from the latter’s frame of reference and through the latter’s eyes.” This definition covers the essential idea for this discussion, the idea of “feeling oneself into” [29] another person’s experience of the world. To achieve this, designers must set aside their own knowledge and needs, and focus on first understanding how others interact with the environment. This goes beyond, therefore, the idea of “needs assessment” that typically forms the first stage of an engineering project [31]. The success of this first stage of the design thinking process depends on integrating all the relevant elements in the problem-solving process.
In the context of designing for people with disabilities, additional elements also need to be taken into consideration to ensure that the solution serves people of all ages, personal abilities, pathologies, and sizes [32]. Designers are called upon to apply universal design principles [17] to create buildings, products, services, or environments that are accessible for all people. Virtual as well as physical environments require design assistance to develop a deeper understanding of user interactions, as well as changes required to both policies and procedures [33]. Ensuring access to virtual environments goes beyond making them accessible [34]. Indeed, immersive and interactive installations need to reflect users’ experiences, as well as their interests and personas. The concepts incorporated into the design need to be based on an explicit understanding of people with disabilities, and in particular address their needs in terms of risk and safety management [33]. In a more paradoxical way, it is about supporting both designer and user visions to the best advantage of all. To ensure this, designers must involve users in the complete process. Perceiving another’s vision implies putting oneself into someone else’s place, allowing oneself to be vulnerable while gathering, assimilating, and processing the experience.
Participatory design (PD) is one of many cooperative design approaches that have been successfully applied to the development of human-computer interaction environments (HCI) for people with impairments [15] . The very essence of this approach is about engaging neglected users in the design process to inspire more systematic changes in social organization [35], while at the same time empowering participants [36]. Our proposed methodology combines both design thinking and participatory design in each of its phases. The roles of both the users and the designers are redefined, to create fairness and a proportionate benefit for both [37].
To the best of our knowledge, very little research has been applied directly to the problem of designing immersive and interactive installations for people with disabilities, due in part to the complexity of making these accessible yet safe for all. In early 2017, we developed the concept of
In the summer of 2017, we began recruiting and interviewing a broad range of people with disabilities. In semi-structured interviews, participants aged between 30 and 59 years answered questions about: (a) Safety and risk management; (b) Loss of control; and (c) Experiences of Vertigo. All sessions were audio recorded and then transcribed verbatim, analyzed, and coded. The results of this qualitative study [28] demonstrated that people with disabilities experience risk on a daily basis and deal with it in different ways depending on their functional limitations, personal factors, past experience, and other factors. Regardless of their particular functional limitations, they all found creative ways to manage the risk of injury in order to carry out their lives. In fact, the study showed that managing risk is composed of four stages [28]:
assessment phase;
adoption of a structured decision-making strategy;
adapting decisions actually taken due to unexpected events; and
managing the sometimes intense feelings elicited by challenges.
The identification of the four stages of the risk management process provided the basis for how we planned to organize the installations. Moreover, almost all the interviewed participants agreed that the
The qualitative research study provided us with a strong basis from which we could explore such a concept. People with disabilities clearly asked for a safe relaxing space in which environmental and emotional barriers had been reduced. They also pointed out the importance of being able to explore usually inaccessible locations such as natural environments. Raising awareness among the general public about accessibility issues was also important for them [28].
Given all these facts, we determined to rethink our concept. We decided to take some time away from the creation process, to step back and reflect on the results of the qualitative study and on the participants’ real needs. After a hiatus of about 2 months, the main designer A. Arfaoui proposed the ر
Fully aware of the importance of involving people with impairments in the design process, we set out to invite the same participants that we had first met as part of the qualitative research [28] to provide feedback on the new concept. We decided to trace four main aspects in relation to the concept and further discuss these with the group:
revisiting the definition of accessibility;
how to create an experience of relaxation and well-being;
how to include in appropriate and effective ways issues of safety; and
how to use the installation to raise public awareness concerning accessibility to natural environments.
As we started planning the focus group, it was necessary to carefully think about sampling (who should be invited to participate) as well as how to achieve full participation and equal access for people with disabilities. For this, we formed two groups: (1) participants with a broad range of impairments and (2) researchers and experts. For the first group, we invited back many of the same group that had already participated in the qualitative research, hoping to ensure continuity in the co-creative process. The second group included researchers working in targeted research areas related to disability studies, accessibility, and virtual environments. During the co-creation session (focus group), both groups were equally active and played significant roles in conducting the session. The session was divided into two parts: in the first part, the concept of the proposed installation was presented and critiqued, while in the second part, we discussed modes of evaluation and looked for improvements.
The installation as conceived, proposed a journey to one of two natural environments within which participants were invited to relax. The installation was inspired by the often moving testimonies gathered from the qualitative study participants, as well as childhood experiences of the main designer, A. Arfaoui, who chose to introduce the participants to the Sidi Bou Said beach in northern Tunisia, where she grew up. For the second environment, a fictional site inspired by Quebec’s Nordic forest was chosen. Both destinations are usually inaccessible for people with disabilities. Moreover, they may also, paradoxically, create experiences which can be simultaneously happy and sad. This is the result of the vulnerability that may arise when we are relaxed, or when we are alone or surrounded by silence. Participants in the qualitative study remarked on this aspect of experiences of relaxation.
In the context of the
To present the concept, a 6-minute video recording was prepared and shown to the Focus group participants, in which reference was made to both the Odyssey concept and the two natural sites. A PowerPoint presentation detailed the different stages of the proposed installation and its main features. Since a visually impaired participant was present, we created a model to represent the chamber hosting the installation and showcased certain elements used in the environment. The model provided, in addition, tangible benefits to other members of the co-creation session. Indeed, through touch and feel, our blind participant was able to understand the proposed environment, and the model provided a visual configuration to the sighted participants as well. We also presented noise and olfactory samples, which contributed to increasing the participants’ engagement and underlined the diversity of the proposed installation stimuli.
Once we finished presenting the concept, the participants were ready to give us their perspectives on what they thought about the proposed installation. Some were excited and looked forward to being a part of the planning, implementation, and experimentation, while others were skeptical and began identifying problems or making suggestions for improvements, particularly with respect to safety issues, viewed as essential if relaxation was to be achieved.
The first point raised was in relation to the accessibility issue. Indeed, participants were eager to go back and redefine it, to help us understand what we would need in order to create an accessible experience for all. It was quickly realized that our definition of accessibility, which focused on the physical and environmental aspects of the installation, did not fully reflect the understanding of people with disability. Indeed, from the perspective of the members of our group 1, one cannot talk about accessibility without also addressing issues of safety. This is a direct result of the fact that people with disability experience high degrees of risk in everything they undertake, as revealed by our qualitative study. Hence, a definition of accessibility that does not acknowledge issues of safety makes no sense. Furthermore, for environments to be accessible to people with disability, they must incorporate a representation of disability within the environment. Without such a representation, they always feel excluded. Examples of what is meant by this are the presence of accessible ramps or ways, podo-tactile tiles, or other indications that accessibility issues have been addressed when the environment was developed.
In the proposed installation concept, we took into consideration these concerns, offering participants a range of choices, and included them in the decision-making process for developing the installation. Nonetheless, participants still found both environments to be lacking explicit disability representation. It was suggested that we add more indications of accessibility such as wheelchair ramps or a wooden path to support their access to both 3D environments.
They also pointed out that there are other barriers than purely physical ones that need to be addressed, including social attitudes such as prejudice. Participants from both groups agreed that dealing with risk remained personal, and varied from one person to another. The memories of past experiences strongly influenced the assessment of risk. To address this issue, it was suggested that we provide the choice to stay or leave the experience at any moment, thereby ensuring their control over events as they unfolded. They also wanted a more active role during the experience. They viewed the personalization of colors and sounds as useful, but insufficient. They wanted greater control over the choice of scene elements, over their position within the white-chamber, and over the duration of the experience. Based on these remarks, we decided to redesign the white-chamber and its elements to be easily dismantled and replaced in accordance with the choices made by the participant. All these issues led us to become more fully aware of how to accommodate the needs of people with impairments, and underlined the importance of having included them in the design process.
Even though the installation concept was by this time both highly specific and validated by people with disability, we still needed to gather comments and suggestions during the experimentation and implementation phase. To implement
Creating an immersive and interactive installation involves designing 3D environments to which users would be given access via a virtual reality interface (3D helmet). For the
The Sidi Bou Said beach as depicted virtually, looking west.
The virtual model of the Sidi Bou Said beach, looking east.
The wooden walkway and platform within the shade of its parasol. The walkway extends from the road, across several hundred meters to this location near the waterline.
The virtual model of the Sidi Bou Said beach at night, looking west.
The virtual model of the Sidi Bou Said beach at night, looking east.
For the Nordic forest, we drew our inspiration from an aerial photograph of a cabin on the edge of a lake, but modified the scene to create landscape elements to enrich the experience. These included a ravine with a stream, a waterfall, and mountains as well as boreal forest. The idea was to offer a relaxing yet inaccessible environment that people with impairments cannot easily visit. For this, a cabin was placed near the top of a cliff (Figures 6 and 7). A wooden walkway and platform, similar to that developed for the beach site, were also introduced. Again, an evening (sunset) time of day was also modeled (Figures 8 and 9). The sound of the waterfall, the wind, and a variety of bird songs were also provided. At any time of the day, the Nordic forest inspires absolute relaxation and well-being.
The Nordic forest site, showing the cabin, rock faces, waterfall, walkway and wooden platform.
The view from the wooden platform, located in front of the cabin, during the day.
A view of the walkway and cabin at sunset.
The view from the platform at sunset.
The two virtual sites took 5 months to develop, half time. It was decided to slow the development by paying the developer to work half time, since we were still working out diverse design issues. We needed breathing room to fine-tune the design specs as the work proceeded.
Once the 3D visual environments had been developed, these were supplemented with appropriate sounds, smells, and tactile elements. A partnership with an olfactory Tunisian company,
The cabin-like structure inside the white-room, shown with a person lying down in the lawn chair and wearing the 3D helmet.
The flower box, with forest plants and soil.
The sandbox, which, in addition to sand, also contained shells, pebbles and algae.
The scent diffuser.
The white-room itself was constructed over 2 weeks in the final period before launching the installation.
To test the complete installation, each member of the design team went through it first to generate feedback before inviting participants with disabilities to try it. By the end of this internal testing phase, we developed a clearer understanding of how invited participants might behave, think, and feel when interacting with the installation. This, however, was insufficient to determine whether the installation truly succeeded in creating a relaxing, safe, and accessible installation while at the same time raising public awareness of issues of disability and accessibility.
Wearing a 3D helmet has been known to cause eye fatigue, which was one concern. We were also still unsure how much time to allocate to the experience as a whole. Before opening the installation open to the public at large, we invited one participant with disability (whom we will call “P” to keep his or her identity secret) who was present from the very beginning of the project, to inaugurate the installation and help us make final adjustments. “P” was asked to undergo the experience for almost an hour. Upon arrival, and for 15 minutes, “P” was welcomed by A. Arfaoui, who provided explanatory context, presented the installation, and explained its features. Thereafter, “P” was asked to sign a document of consent before transferring to the lawn chair in the white-room. For the next 30 minutes, “P” was able to explore and mostly to relax, wearing the 3D helmet, managing to navigate between the different locations while interacting with the multisensory installation. The 1 hour session ended with a discussion during which answers were sought to a series of questions concerning: (1) accessibility, (2) relaxation and well-being, (3) safety, and (4) raising public awareness.
According to P’s experience of
Based on these first results, we started recruiting, first, people with a broad range of disabilities, and, secondly, members of the general public (students and researchers not involved in the project, invited guests, etc.). We divided participants into two groups: (1) subjects and (2) guests. Subjects were primarily people with impairments who were given an extensive questionnaire and a follow-up interview, whereas guests were primarily members of the public and were given a shorter questionnaire.
Once the participants finished exploring the installation, they were asked to participate in a follow-up interview where they were answered a short questionnaire. The interview was subdivided into four sections:
the concept of the installation;
the degree of relaxation achieved during the experience;
the multisensorial aspects of the experience; and
the installation as an awareness-raising tool.
The principal questions addressed in the first section were:
How easy was it to experience the installation?
How accessible was the installation?
Which sites did you prefer the most (beach or forest)?
What do you think about being able to actively interact with the installation (e.g., changing colors, sounds and decor)?
For the second section:
What helped you the most to relax?
Did you feel safe during the experience?
How representative was the experience?
Did you notice accessibility representations at both sites and what do you think about that?
What do you think about the concept of the installation (visiting two inaccessible natural sites)?
The third section addressed:
What did you think about the visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory stimuli? Did you enjoy them? Did you think their presence enhanced the experience?
The final section, concerned with raising awareness, asked the following:
Do you consider the
If so, how was it effective? If not, why not?
All the interviews were audio recorded and then transcribed verbatim. To facilitate analysis, the transcripts were systematically coded [38], then analyzed, and finally sorted and categorized. The main results will be detailed below.
For most of the participants, this was their first experience of a fully immersive, virtual environment. All the participants from both groups agreed that after putting on the 3D helmet they needed a little time to adjust and understand the interactive environment, but soon after they were able to relax more and start exploring the potentialities of the installation.
The 3D helmet was not comfortable for all participants. Several experienced significant difficulties in adapting to it. In the middle of the experience, some experienced mild symptoms of headache and eye fatigue, while others found the 3D helmet straps were too tight. The majority of participants, however, made no complaints at all.
When we asked the participants who visited either site to comment about ease of use, they all agreed that despite the fact that the installation uses a virtual environment, and advanced technology, it remained easy to use and was adapted to their needs.
When we asked the participants to choose between the two environments and determine which one they preferred, the response was close to an even split between beach (56%) and forest (44%). Most participants are living in Quebec, where forest covers almost one third of the province. Participants were more familiar with greenery and forests than with beaches and sun destinations.
When evoking accessibility during the interviews, many participants noticed how we had included accommodations for assistive technology in our design. Some considered access to all public spaces to be a vested right, while others appreciated our efforts in this regard.
The participants associated the accessibility with the fact that the experience was multisensorial.
All the participants from the subject group agreed that the visual and auditory stimuli had played an important role in the experience.
When we asked the participants about how relaxed they were during the experience, their answers varied greatly. Indeed, more than half agreed that relaxation and well-being differ from person to person. Most, however, noted that in addition to feeling safe and secure, the presence of many accessibility elements allowed them to let go and relax.
However, a small percentage of participants could not make up their minds whether they felt truly relaxed.
The participants confirmed that spending time in natural environments often helps them relax. At the same time, they felt the need to remind us that often these spaces are inaccessible for them. Almost all the participants from the subjects group agreed that being able to relax in spaces such as a beach or forest was only possible because of the accessibility elements that we had integrated into the design.
For the participants trying virtual reality for the first time, they attached special importance to the technology, thereby confirming that VR made the whole experience exciting and raised their level of interest.
Being able to personalize and customize the installation was positively perceived among all the participants from both groups. In fact, almost all of them agreed that having the opportunity to express their taste in colors, sounds, or even in choosing different physical elements within the white-room gave them a sense of control which helped them lower their guard and enjoy the present moment.
When we presented the
When we discussed the multisensory aspects of the experience with the participants, they described how they felt about being able to experience the installation through their senses. Some of them qualified themselves as visually oriented, while others as a scent-oriented.
Some participants enjoyed relaxing with the birds, waves, and even the waterfall sounds. They managed to let themselves go and start thinking about the experience as an opportunity to travel away from their daily lives.
Although
On the other hand, participants from the subjects group highlighted the efforts made to address the issue through our design, and even advised us to adopt a more proactive approach. It is true we dealt less directly with the accessibility issues than we could have. Participants from the subjects group encouraged us to address the issue more directly to showcase the social and environmental barriers and also to reflect the reality of their life as it unfolds day to day.
From the guest group, only a few participants confirmed that from the beginning of the experience they became more sensitive to the accessibility issue for people with disability. Almost all of them were shocked when we mentioned that among the 25 participants with impairments who had taken part in the experience, few had ever been able to physically go to a beach.
In summary, our work consisted of developing a methodology for designing interactive and immersive installations that harness virtual reality experiences, with a particular focus on designing for people with disability. This complex project was, ultimately, a considerable success, and we learned a great deal about preparing and implementing such an installation. We framed the design process in terms of “design thinking,” an approach that has found favor across a broad range of disciplines and applications for more than three decades. The three stages invoked, which we called “empathy,” “ideation,” and “experimentation,” are widely associated with this design approach although sometimes slightly different labels are used. The empathy stage encouraged us to go beyond the “needs assessment” process typically used as a first step in engineering design, to examine the day-to-day lives of people with disability, particularly, in the study presented here, focused on risk taking. This led to a major restructuring of the proposed project, and emphasized the ever-present need to involve people with disability in all aspects of the design process. Our early efforts orienting the design were also informed by the Cognitive Design methodology developed by members of the team earlier, and led us in particular toward an installation design that would call on as many sensory modalities as possible, to enhance the experience and also provide a sensory experience that would be interesting to anyone, regardless of the nature of their functional limitations. The importance of this early design choice was heralded by many participants during the evaluation stage. Another important issue raised by this work was the idea that definitions of accessibility need to address issues of safety and also social issues, and not be only confined to the physical, or informational environment as is often the case.
Beyond the process of designing the installation, there were also many lessons concerning the content of the experience that was presented to participants. Hence, we drew on universal design principles to determine, for example, the width of the walkways and the configuration of the platforms (for example, ensuring adequate room to turn a wheelchair, etc.). The need to include specific representations of accommodations for disability in the virtual environments was also emphasized both during the design phase, and also in the remarks made by participants after having experienced the installation. Although we incorporated some of these representations, it was clear from the post experience assessment that we could have done more, especially to heighten the use of the installation for raising awareness among a broader public concerning issues of accessibility.
Another feature of the design process we adopted was to integrate the personal vision of the main designer with additional elements, memories, and remarks culled from the experiences of people with disabilities who were consulted throughout the development. This made for a highly evocative experience, characterized indeed by a certain poetry of visual expression, which also was remarked upon by participants in the postexperience assessment. The realism of the 3D environment was also remarked upon and appreciated by participants.
It is also worth noting that the post-installation interviews highlighted the ways in which the installation inspired or even, in some cases, changed the perceptions of people with impairments, concerning what might be possible for them in the future. More could be done both with the development of installations like
Finally, it is worth noting that the costs for developing the installation were modest, amounting to no more than 12 K$ Canadian for both the virtual and physical components of the environment, not counting the student stipend.
Although for the purposes of this research we developed a particular installation that addressed the interests and needs of people with disabilities, we believe that the lessons learned, as presented in this chapter, could serve other virtual reality design projects, especially in the context of serving the population of people with impairments, but also whenever there is a focus on designing for everyone (i.e., universal design).
Our special thanks to the participants who placed their trust in us during the different phases of this research, along with our 3D designer, Jonathan Proulx-Guimond, our technical assistant who constructed the physical environment, Gabriel Gouveia-Fortin, our music consultant, Jocelyne Kiss, our partner for providing scents,
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",parent:{title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"},numberOfBooks:56,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1687,numberOfWosCitations:492,numberOfCrossrefCitations:385,numberOfDimensionsCitations:921,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8330",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0f8ff2a0673b7be22f7e7c531a2e410",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-an-update",bookSignature:"Emad Hamdy Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222727",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emad Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Gad",slug:"emad-hamdy-gad",fullName:"Emad Hamdy Gad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6718",title:"Hepatitis C",subtitle:"From Infection to Cure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7448805e61bfa52ce552c427ad6f16fc",slug:"hepatitis-c-from-infection-to-cure",bookSignature:"Imran Shahid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6663",title:"Management of Chronic Liver Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"833ebcb9a2596f81deff0246ed7c9642",slug:"management-of-chronic-liver-diseases-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6014",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b812442f63938a061f1c84b2338bb187",slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",bookSignature:"Martina Smolic, Aleksandar Vcev and George Y. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:56,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"22945",doi:"10.5772/17640",title:"Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcer Development and Healing: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Options",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gastric-ulcer-development-and-healing-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-therapeutic-",totalDownloads:11792,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",fullTitle:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"},signatures:"Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Marco Tuccori and Corrado Blandizzi",authors:[{id:"28973",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",middleName:null,surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"44227",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Fornai",slug:"matteo-fornai",fullName:"Matteo Fornai"},{id:"44229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Antonioli",slug:"luca-antonioli",fullName:"Luca Antonioli"},{id:"44230",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocchina",middleName:null,surname:"Colucci",slug:"rocchina-colucci",fullName:"Rocchina Colucci"},{id:"44231",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Tuccori",slug:"marco-tuccori",fullName:"Marco Tuccori"}]},{id:"35446",doi:"10.5772/47946",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",totalDownloads:5861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",fullTitle:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology"},signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45493",title:"Biliary Dyspepsia: Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders",slug:"biliary-dyspepsia-functional-gallbladder-and-sphincter-of-oddi-disorders",totalDownloads:5553,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyspepsia-advances-in-understanding-and-management",title:"Dyspepsia",fullTitle:"Dyspepsia - Advances in Understanding and Management"},signatures:"Meena Mathivanan, Liisa Meddings and Eldon A. Shaffer",authors:[{id:"165693",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaffer",slug:"eldon-shaffer",fullName:"Eldon Shaffer"}]},{id:"56262",title:"Anatomy of Esophagus",slug:"anatomy-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu and Taner Kıvılcım",authors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"},{id:"206240",title:"Dr.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Kivilcim",slug:"taner-kivilcim",fullName:"Taner Kivilcim"}]},{id:"56068",title:"Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy",slug:"minimally-invasive-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Rafael Cholvi Calduch, Isabel Mora Oliver, Fernando Lopez Mozos\nand Roberto Martí Obiol",authors:[{id:"203292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"fernando-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Lopez"},{id:"203687",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",slug:"roberto-marti",fullName:"Roberto Martí"},{id:"204943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Cholvi",slug:"rafael-cholvi",fullName:"Rafael Cholvi"},{id:"204944",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"isabel-mora",fullName:"Isabel Mora"}]},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",middleName:null,surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}]},{id:"55879",title:"Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)",slug:"portal-hypertensive-gastropathy-phg-",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"stomach-disorders",title:"Stomach Disorders",fullTitle:"Stomach Disorders"},signatures:"Samia Ali Gamie",authors:[{id:"204157",title:"Prof.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Abdo Gamie",slug:"samia-ali-abdo-gamie",fullName:"Samia Ali Abdo Gamie"}]},{id:"57005",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life in Antiviral-Treated Chronic Hepatitis C Patients",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-antiviral-treated-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",fullTitle:"Update on Hepatitis C"},signatures:"Aleksandar Včev, Jelena Jakab, Lucija Kuna and Martina Smolić",authors:[{id:"154595",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vcev",slug:"aleksandar-vcev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vcev"},{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"},{id:"204953",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucija",middleName:null,surname:"Kuna",slug:"lucija-kuna",fullName:"Lucija Kuna"},{id:"205159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jakab",slug:"jelena-jakab",fullName:"Jelena Jakab"}]},{id:"55818",title:"Tissue Engineering of Esophagus",slug:"tissue-engineering-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Yabin Zhu, Mi Zhou and Ruixia Hou",authors:[{id:"40618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yabin-zhu",fullName:"Yabin Zhu"}]},{id:"55045",title:"Hemodynamic Optimization Strategies in Anesthesia Care for Liver Transplantation",slug:"hemodynamic-optimization-strategies-in-anesthesia-care-for-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",fullTitle:"Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges"},signatures:"Alexander A. Vitin, Dana Tomescu and Leonard Azamfirei",authors:[{id:"201176",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"},{id:"202442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Tomescu",slug:"dana-tomescu",fullName:"Dana Tomescu"},{id:"202600",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Azamfirei",slug:"leonard-azamfirei",fullName:"Leonard Azamfirei"}]},{id:"56177",title:"Nutritional Management of Esophageal Cancer Patients",slug:"nutritional-management-of-esophageal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Dimitrios Schizas, Irene Lidoriki, Demetrios Moris and Theodore\nLiakakos",authors:[{id:"203349",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Schizas",slug:"dimitrios-schizas",fullName:"Dimitrios Schizas"},{id:"204000",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Lidoriki",slug:"irene-lidoriki",fullName:"Irene Lidoriki"},{id:"204001",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrios",middleName:null,surname:"Moris",slug:"demetrios-moris",fullName:"Demetrios Moris"},{id:"204002",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Liakakos",slug:"theodore-liakakos",fullName:"Theodore Liakakos"}]},{id:"46479",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/291265/margarita-l-sviridova",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"291265",slug:"margarita-l-sviridova"},fullPath:"/profiles/291265/margarita-l-sviridova",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()