\nLeishmania taxonomy showing most of the clinically significant Leishmania species [1, 5, 6, 14].
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-681-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-680-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-682-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddc0dea7e5b98335c187688d9c0c5b42",bookSignature:"Dr. Urvashi Sharma",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10298.jpg",keywords:"Internet of Things, Smart Biosensor and Hardware, Reliability, Patients Data, Context-Specific and Aware, Integrated and Connected, Funding Structures, Policy and Its Implications, Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records, Design, Implementation and Evaluation",numberOfDownloads:60,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 1st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 18th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sharma obtained her Ph.D. from Brunel University London, U.K. Her work has contributed to understanding the role of a user and the context in relation to the successful application of e-health modalities in primary care settings in the U.K.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"105398",title:"Dr.",name:"Urvashi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"urvashi-sharma",fullName:"Urvashi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105398/images/system/105398.jpg",biography:"Dr Urvashi Sharma started her research career as a biomedical engineer exploring barriers and facilitators to remote patient monitoring and use of electronic health records. Her work has contributed to understanding the role of a user and the context in relation to successful application of e-health modalities in primary care settings in the U.K. Through her work, she also explored whether employing randomised controlled trials to ascertain the effectiveness of technological interventions is viable. She is a proponent of patient and public engagement and involvement in healthcare decision making, and application of appropriate research methodologies that enable exploration of lived experiences and provide deeper insights on what really matters to the users/patients when it comes to their health.",institutionString:"King's College London",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King's College London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"75223",title:"xCARE: A Development Platform for Supporting Smart and Pervasive Healthcare",slug:"xcare-a-development-platform-for-supporting-smart-and-pervasive-healthcare",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74980",title:"E-Health Applications for Smart and Pervasive Healthcare in Greece. What Can We Expect?",slug:"e-health-applications-for-smart-and-pervasive-healthcare-in-greece-what-can-we-expect",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20962",title:"Role of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators for Dialysis Patients",doi:"10.5772/20524",slug:"role-of-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators-for-dialysis-patients",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20962.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20962",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20962",totalDownloads:1971,totalViews:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 9th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 26th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20962",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20962",book:{slug:"cardiac-defibrillation-mechanisms-challenges-and-implications"},signatures:"Marlies Ostermann",authors:[{id:"39346",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlies",middleName:null,surname:"Ostermann",fullName:"Marlies Ostermann",slug:"marlies-ostermann",email:"Marlies.Ostermann@gstt.nhs.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"331",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",subtitle:"Mechanisms, Challenges and Implications",fullTitle:"Cardiac Defibrillation - Mechanisms, Challenges and Implications",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation-mechanisms-challenges-and-implications",publishedDate:"September 26th 2011",bookSignature:"Natalia Trayanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/331.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38381",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Trayanova",slug:"natalia-trayanova",fullName:"Natalia Trayanova"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20949",title:"Mechanisms of Defibrillation Failure",slug:"mechanisms-of-defibrillation-failure",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takashi Ashihara, Jason Constantino and Natalia A. Trayanova",authors:[{id:"38381",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Trayanova",fullName:"Natalia Trayanova",slug:"natalia-trayanova"},{id:"62834",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Ashihara",fullName:"Takashi Ashihara",slug:"takashi-ashihara"},{id:"95430",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Constantino",fullName:"Jason Constantino",slug:"jason-constantino"}]},{id:"20950",title:"The Role of the Purkinje System in Defibrillation",slug:"the-role-of-the-purkinje-system-in-defibrillation",totalDownloads:1174,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edward J Vigmond, Patrick M. Boyle and Makarand Deo",authors:[{id:"62776",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vigmond",fullName:"Edward J. Vigmond",slug:"edward-j.-vigmond"},{id:"95472",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick M.",middleName:null,surname:"Boyle",fullName:"Patrick M. Boyle",slug:"patrick-m.-boyle"},{id:"95473",title:"Dr.",name:"Makarand",middleName:null,surname:"Deo",fullName:"Makarand Deo",slug:"makarand-deo"}]},{id:"20951",title:"Analysis of the Lead Sensitivity Distribution in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator",slug:"analysis-of-the-lead-sensitivity-distribution-in-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator",totalDownloads:1976,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jesús Requena-Carrión, Juho Väisänen, Jari Hyttinen and Juan J. Vinagre-Díaz",authors:[{id:"46668",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Requena-Carrión",fullName:"Jesús Requena-Carrión",slug:"jesus-requena-carrion"},{id:"56373",title:"Mr.",name:"Juho",middleName:null,surname:"Väisänen",fullName:"Juho Väisänen",slug:"juho-vaisanen"},{id:"56374",title:"Mr.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Hyttinen",fullName:"Jari Hyttinen",slug:"jari-hyttinen"},{id:"102229",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Vinagre-Díaz",fullName:"Juan José Vinagre-Díaz",slug:"juan-jose-vinagre-diaz"}]},{id:"20952",title:"Modeling Defibrillation",slug:"modeling-defibrillation",totalDownloads:1518,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gernot Plank and Natalia Trayanova",authors:[{id:"38381",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Trayanova",fullName:"Natalia Trayanova",slug:"natalia-trayanova"},{id:"62779",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",middleName:null,surname:"Plank",fullName:"Gernot Plank",slug:"gernot-plank"}]},{id:"20953",title:"What Can We Do Before Defibrillation?",slug:"what-can-we-do-before-defibrillation-",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chunsheng Li, Shuo Wang and Junyuan Wu",authors:[{id:"45262",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Chunsheng Li",slug:"chunsheng-li"},{id:"47870",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuo",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shuo Wang",slug:"shuo-wang"},{id:"91467",title:"Dr.",name:"Junyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Junyuan Wu",slug:"junyuan-wu"}]},{id:"20954",title:"Pulmonary, Cardiovascular and Mechanical Complications of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)",slug:"pulmonary-cardiovascular-and-mechanical-complications-of-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators-icd",totalDownloads:1772,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georgia Hardavella, Georgios Dionellis and Nikolaos Koulouris",authors:[{id:"51211",title:"Dr",name:"Georgia",middleName:null,surname:"Hardavella",fullName:"Georgia Hardavella",slug:"georgia-hardavella"},{id:"95235",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Dionellis",fullName:"Georgios Dionellis",slug:"georgios-dionellis"},{id:"95236",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Koulouris",fullName:"Nikolaos Koulouris",slug:"nikolaos-koulouris"}]},{id:"20955",title:"New Ways to Avoid Unnecessary and Inappropriate Shocks",slug:"new-ways-to-avoid-unnecessary-and-inappropriate-shocks",totalDownloads:4104,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorge Toquero, Victor Castro, Cristina Mitroi and Ignacio Fernández Lozano",authors:[{id:"38793",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Toquero",fullName:"Jorge Toquero",slug:"jorge-toquero"},{id:"38821",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez Lozano",fullName:"Ignacio Fernandez Lozano",slug:"ignacio-fernandez-lozano"},{id:"38822",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Victor Castro",slug:"victor-castro"},{id:"55975",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Mitroi",fullName:"Cristina Mitroi",slug:"cristina-mitroi"}]},{id:"20956",title:"Cardiovascular Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator-Related Complications: From Implant to Removal or Replacement: A Review",slug:"cardiovascular-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator-related-complications-from-implant-to-removal-",totalDownloads:2657,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariana Parahuleva",authors:[{id:"56733",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Parahuleva",fullName:"Mariana Parahuleva",slug:"mariana-parahuleva"}]},{id:"20957",title:"Expanding Applications of Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy to Include Adult Congenital Heart Disease",slug:"expanding-applications-of-defibrillators-and-cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-to-include-adult-cong",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"K Michael, B Mayosi, J Morgan and G Veldtman",authors:[{id:"61996",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Michael",fullName:"Kevin Michael",slug:"kevin-michael"},{id:"120702",title:"Prof.",name:"B",middleName:null,surname:"Mayosi",fullName:"B Mayosi",slug:"b-mayosi"},{id:"121887",title:"Dr.",name:"Gruschen",middleName:null,surname:"Veldtman",fullName:"Gruschen Veldtman",slug:"gruschen-veldtman"},{id:"121888",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Morgan",fullName:"John Morgan",slug:"john-morgan"}]},{id:"20958",title:"Role of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Sports",slug:"role-of-automated-external-defibrillators-aed-in-sports",totalDownloads:2106,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Saqib Ghani and Sanjay Sharma",authors:[{id:"51727",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Sanjay Sharma",slug:"sanjay-sharma"},{id:"56410",title:"Dr.",name:"Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ghani",fullName:"Saqib Ghani",slug:"saqib-ghani"}]},{id:"20959",title:"Implantable-Cardioverter Defibrillator in Pediatric Population",slug:"implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator-in-pediatric-population",totalDownloads:2316,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"María Algarra, Pablo Santiago, Luis Tercedor, Miguel Álvarez, Rocío Peñas, Francisca Valverde and Abdulreda Abdallah",authors:[{id:"53515",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Algarra",fullName:"Maria Algarra",slug:"maria-algarra"}]},{id:"20960",title:"ICD Implantations in the Pediatric and Young Adult Population",slug:"icd-implantations-in-the-pediatric-and-young-adult-population",totalDownloads:3076,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ten Harkel Arend DJ and Blom Nico A",authors:[{id:"50276",title:"Dr.",name:"Arend Derk Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Ten Harkel",fullName:"Arend Derk Jan Ten Harkel",slug:"arend-derk-jan-ten-harkel"},{id:"53909",title:"Prof.",name:"Nico A.",middleName:null,surname:"Blom",fullName:"Nico A. Blom",slug:"nico-a.-blom"}]},{id:"20961",title:"AED for Paediatric Use, Implications in the Design of Shock Advice Algorithms",slug:"aed-for-paediatric-use-implications-in-the-design-of-shock-advice-algorithms",totalDownloads:1616,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sofia Ruiz de Gauna, Jesus Ruiz, Unai Irusta and Elisabete Aramendi",authors:[{id:"21955",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",fullName:"Jesus Ruiz",slug:"jesus-ruiz"},{id:"51500",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz De Gauna",fullName:"Sofia Ruiz De Gauna",slug:"sofia-ruiz-de-gauna"},{id:"57451",title:"Dr.",name:"Unai",middleName:null,surname:"Irusta",fullName:"Unai Irusta",slug:"unai-irusta"},{id:"57452",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",middleName:null,surname:"Aramendi",fullName:"Elisabete Aramendi",slug:"elisabete-aramendi"}]},{id:"20962",title:"Role of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators for Dialysis Patients",slug:"role-of-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators-for-dialysis-patients",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marlies Ostermann",authors:[{id:"39346",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlies",middleName:null,surname:"Ostermann",fullName:"Marlies Ostermann",slug:"marlies-ostermann"}]},{id:"20963",title:"Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator",slug:"cardiac-rehabilitation-for-patients-with-an-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator",totalDownloads:2787,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alan Robert Denniss and Robert Zecchin",authors:[{id:"40437",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Denniss",fullName:"Alan Robert Denniss",slug:"alan-robert-denniss"},{id:"56745",title:"Mr",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Zecchin",fullName:"Robert Zecchin",slug:"robert-zecchin"}]},{id:"20964",title:"ICDs and Risk Stratification in Magnetic Field Imaging",slug:"icds-and-risk-stratification-in-magnetic-field-imaging",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dania Di Pietro Paolo, Tobias Toennis and Sergio Nicola Erne",authors:[{id:"45546",title:"Dr.",name:"Dania",middleName:null,surname:"Di Pietro Paolo",fullName:"Dania Di Pietro Paolo",slug:"dania-di-pietro-paolo"},{id:"57316",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Toennis",fullName:"Tobias Toennis",slug:"tobias-toennis"},{id:"57345",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Erne",fullName:"Sergio Nicola Erne",slug:"sergio-nicola-erne"}]},{id:"20965",title:"Remote Monitoring of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy",slug:"remote-monitoring-of-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator-therapy",totalDownloads:1917,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"MJ Pekka Raatikainen and Ulla-Maija Koivisto",authors:[{id:"58987",title:"Prof.",name:"Pekka",middleName:null,surname:"Raatikainen",fullName:"Pekka Raatikainen",slug:"pekka-raatikainen"},{id:"58989",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulla-Maija",middleName:null,surname:"Koivisto",fullName:"Ulla-Maija Koivisto",slug:"ulla-maija-koivisto"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"23",title:"Modern Pacemakers",subtitle:"Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"modern-pacemakers-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Mithilesh Kumar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/23.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mithilesh",surname:"M Das",slug:"mithilesh-m-das",fullName:"Mithilesh M Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13771",title:"Information Technology Aspects of Integrated Cardiac Rhythm Disease Management",slug:"information-technology-aspects-of-integrated-cardiac-rhythm-disease-management",signatures:"Dieter Hayn, Hannes Kumpusch, Rene Labenbacher, Robert Modre-Osprian and Günter Schreier",authors:[{id:"13673",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunter",middleName:null,surname:"Schreier",fullName:"Gunter Schreier",slug:"gunter-schreier"},{id:"15827",title:"Dr.",name:"Dieter",middleName:null,surname:"Hayn",fullName:"Dieter Hayn",slug:"dieter-hayn"},{id:"15828",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Kumpusch",fullName:"Hannes Kumpusch",slug:"hannes-kumpusch"},{id:"15829",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Modre-Osprian",fullName:"Robert Modre-Osprian",slug:"robert-modre-osprian"},{id:"15830",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Labenbacher",fullName:"Rene Labenbacher",slug:"rene-labenbacher"}]},{id:"13772",title:"Different Automatic Mode Switching in DDDR Pacemakers",slug:"different-automatic-mode-switching-in-dddr-pacemakers",signatures:"Maurizio Santomauro, Carlo Duilio, Carla Riganti, Paolo Di Mauro, Gennaro Iapicca, Luca Auricchio, Alessio Borrelli and Pasquale Perrone Filardi",authors:[{id:"15782",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Santomauro",fullName:"Maurizio Santomauro",slug:"maurizio-santomauro"}]},{id:"13773",title:"Advanced Techniques for CRT Implantation",slug:"advanced-techniques-for-crt-implantation",signatures:"Béla Merkely, Levente Molnár, Szabolcs Szilágyi and László Gellér",authors:[{id:"19149",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",fullName:"Levente Molnár",slug:"levente-molnar"},{id:"19167",title:"Prof.",name:"Béla",middleName:null,surname:"Merkely",fullName:"Béla Merkely",slug:"bela-merkely"},{id:"19168",title:"Dr.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Gellér",fullName:"László Gellér",slug:"laszlo-geller"},{id:"19169",title:"Dr.",name:"Szabolcs",middleName:null,surname:"Szilágyi",fullName:"Szabolcs Szilágyi",slug:"szabolcs-szilagyi"}]},{id:"13774",title:"The Alternative Atrial Pacing Sites",slug:"the-alternative-atrial-pacing-sites",signatures:"Jacek Gajek, Przemysław Skoczyński and Agnieszka Sławuta",authors:[{id:"15677",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Gajek",fullName:"Jacek Gajek",slug:"jacek-gajek"}]},{id:"13775",title:"Left Ventricular Endocardial Pacing Techniques as an Alternative for Ineffective Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and the Role of Acute Hemodynamic Evaluation",slug:"left-ventricular-endocardial-pacing-techniques-as-an-alternative-for-ineffective-cardiac-resynchroni",signatures:"Berry M. van Gelder, Patrick Houthuizen, Mike G. Scheffer, Lukas Dekker and Frank A. Bracke",authors:[{id:"13930",title:"Dr.",name:"Berry",middleName:null,surname:"van Gelder",fullName:"Berry van Gelder",slug:"berry-van-gelder"},{id:"15736",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Houthuizen",fullName:"Patrick Houthuizen",slug:"patrick-houthuizen"},{id:"15738",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank A.",middleName:null,surname:"Bracke",fullName:"Frank A. Bracke",slug:"frank-a.-bracke"},{id:"15739",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukas",middleName:null,surname:"Dekker",fullName:"Lukas Dekker",slug:"lukas-dekker"},{id:"15740",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Scheffer",fullName:"Mike Scheffer",slug:"mike-scheffer"}]},{id:"13776",title:"Pacing Therapy in Infants and Children with Congenital and Acquired Complete Atrioventricular Block: Optimal Pacing Strategies, Management, and Follow-up",slug:"pacing-therapy-in-infants-and-children-with-congenital-and-acquired-complete-atrioventricular-block-",signatures:"Floris E.A. Udink ten Cate and Narayanswami Sreeram",authors:[null]},{id:"13777",title:"Advantages of Right-Sided Implantation of Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers Performed by a Surgeon",slug:"advantages-of-right-sided-implantation-of-permanent-cardiac-pacemakers-performed-by-a-surgeon",signatures:"Davor Horvat",authors:[{id:"15641",title:"Dr.",name:"Davor",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",fullName:"Davor Horvat",slug:"davor-horvat"}]},{id:"13778",title:"Telemonitoring of the Pacemakers",slug:"telemonitoring-of-the-pacemakers",signatures:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss, Abrar Shah and James P Daubert",authors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss"},{id:"14368",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Daubert",fullName:"James Daubert",slug:"james-daubert"},{id:"27779",title:"Dr.",name:"Abrar",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Abrar Shah",slug:"abrar-shah"}]},{id:"13779",title:"Remote Monitoring in Patients with Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators: New Perspectives for Complex Therapeutic Management",slug:"remote-monitoring-in-patients-with-pacemakers-and-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators-new-perspe",signatures:"Axel Müller, Thomas M. Helms, Hans-Jürgen Wildau, Jörg Otto Schwab and Christian Zugck",authors:[{id:"14408",title:"Prof.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",fullName:"Axel Müller",slug:"axel-muller"},{id:"15385",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas M.",middleName:null,surname:"Helms",fullName:"Thomas M. Helms",slug:"thomas-m.-helms"},{id:"15386",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Wildau",fullName:"Hans-Jürgen Wildau",slug:"hans-jurgen-wildau"},{id:"15387",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Schwab",fullName:"Jörg Otto Schwab",slug:"jorg-otto-schwab"},{id:"15388",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zugck",fullName:"Christian Zugck",slug:"christian-zugck"}]},{id:"13780",title:"Remote Monitoring of Implantable Pacemaker, Cardioverter Defibrillator, and Cardiac Resynchronizer",slug:"remote-monitoring-of-implantable-pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator-and-cardiac-resynchronizer",signatures:"Milton E. Guevara-Valdivia and Pedro Iturralde Torres",authors:[{id:"13655",title:"Prof.",name:"Milton E.",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara-Valdivia",fullName:"Milton E. Guevara-Valdivia",slug:"milton-e.-guevara-valdivia"},{id:"23795",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Iturralde Torres",fullName:"Pedro Iturralde Torres",slug:"pedro-iturralde-torres"}]},{id:"13781",title:"Interaction between the RF Field of MRI Apparatus and Pacemakers",slug:"interaction-between-the-rf-field-of-mri-apparatus-and-pacemakers",signatures:"Stefano Pisa, Paolo Bernardi and Emanuele Piuzzi",authors:[{id:"15728",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Pisa",fullName:"Stefano Pisa",slug:"stefano-pisa"},{id:"16127",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardi",fullName:"Paolo Bernardi",slug:"paolo-bernardi"},{id:"16129",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Piuzzi",fullName:"Emanuele Piuzzi",slug:"emanuele-piuzzi"}]},{id:"13782",title:"Adverse Interactions between ICD and Permanent Pacemaker Systems",slug:"adverse-interactions-between-icd-and-permanent-pacemaker-systems",signatures:"Dirk Bastian and Klaus Fessele",authors:[{id:"14302",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Bastian",fullName:"Dirk Bastian",slug:"dirk-bastian"},{id:"14402",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Fessele",fullName:"Klaus Fessele",slug:"klaus-fessele"},{id:"14403",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Göhl",fullName:"Konrad Göhl",slug:"konrad-gohl"}]},{id:"13783",title:"Electromagnetic Interference of the Pacemakers",slug:"electromagnetic-interference-of-the-pacemakers",signatures:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss, Priya Chinnachamy and James P Daubert",authors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss"},{id:"14368",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Daubert",fullName:"James Daubert",slug:"james-daubert"},{id:"27778",title:"Prof.",name:"saadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sherazi",fullName:"saadia Sherazi",slug:"saadia-sherazi"},{id:"59543",title:"Dr.",name:"Priya",middleName:null,surname:"Chinnachamy",fullName:"Priya Chinnachamy",slug:"priya-chinnachamy"}]},{id:"13784",title:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging with MR Conditional Cardiac Pacemakers",slug:"magnetic-resonance-imaging-with-mr-conditional-cardiac-pacemakers",signatures:"Josef Vymazal, Aaron Rulseh, Miloš Táborský and Radovan Žáček",authors:[{id:"13768",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Vymazal",fullName:"Josef Vymazal",slug:"josef-vymazal"},{id:"15755",title:"Prof.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"Táborský",fullName:"Miloš Táborský",slug:"milos-taborsky"},{id:"15756",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",middleName:null,surname:"Žáček",fullName:"Radovan Žáček",slug:"radovan-zacek"},{id:"23827",title:"Dr.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Rulseh",fullName:"Aaron Rulseh",slug:"aaron-rulseh"}]},{id:"13785",title:"Complications of Pacemaker Implantation",slug:"complications-of-pacemaker-implantation",signatures:"Michele Schiariti, Mariateresa Cacciola and Paolo Emilio Puddu",authors:[{id:"14745",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Puddu",fullName:"Paolo Emilio Puddu",slug:"paolo-emilio-puddu"},{id:"14746",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Schiariti",fullName:"Michele Schiariti",slug:"michele-schiariti"},{id:"14823",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariateresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cacciola",fullName:"Mariateresa Cacciola",slug:"mariateresa-cacciola"}]},{id:"13786",title:"Common Pacemaker Problems: Lead and Pocket Complications",slug:"common-pacemaker-problems-lead-and-pocket-complications",signatures:"Enes Elvin Gul and Mehmet Kayrak",authors:[{id:"13568",title:"Dr.",name:"Enes Elvin",middleName:null,surname:"Gul",fullName:"Enes Elvin Gul",slug:"enes-elvin-gul"},{id:"15681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Kayrak",fullName:"Mehmet Kayrak",slug:"mehmet-kayrak"}]},{id:"13787",title:"Conduction Disturbances after the Superior Septal Approach for Mitral Valve Repair",slug:"conduction-disturbances-after-the-superior-septal-approach-for-mitral-valve-repair",signatures:"Yoshio Misawa, Shin-ichi Ohki, Yuichiro Kaminishi, Yasuhito Sakano, Kei Aizawa, Tsutomu Saito, Hiroaki Konishi and Arata Muraoka",authors:[{id:"15468",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Misawa",fullName:"Yoshio Misawa",slug:"yoshio-misawa"}]},{id:"13788",title:"Complication of Pacemaker Implantation: An Atrial Lead Perforation",slug:"complication-of-pacemaker-implantation-an-atrial-lead-perforation",signatures:"Kenji Sadamatsu",authors:[{id:"16115",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Sadamatsu",fullName:"Kenji Sadamatsu",slug:"kenji-sadamatsu"}]},{id:"13789",title:"Cardiac Perforation Associated with a Pacemaker or ICD Lead",slug:"cardiac-perforation-associated-with-a-pacemaker-or-icd-lead",signatures:"Seil Oh",authors:[{id:"14690",title:"Dr.",name:"Seil",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Seil Oh",slug:"seil-oh"}]},{id:"13790",title:"Long-Term Consequences of Endocardial Leads Present in Cardiovascular System",slug:"long-term-consequences-of-endocardial-leads-present-in-cardiovascular-system",signatures:"Barbara Małecka",authors:[{id:"15560",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Małecka",fullName:"Barbara Małecka",slug:"barbara-malecka"}]},{id:"13791",title:"Pacing System Malfunction: Evaluation and Troubleshooting",slug:"pacing-system-malfunction-evaluation-and-troubleshooting",signatures:"Majid Haghjoo",authors:[{id:"14665",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Haghjoo",fullName:"Majid Haghjoo",slug:"majid-haghjoo"}]},{id:"13792",title:"Infections of Permanent Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators",slug:"infections-of-permanent-pacemakers-and-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators",signatures:"Metallidis Symeon and Pilalas Dimitris",authors:[{id:"13667",title:"Dr.",name:"Symeon",middleName:null,surname:"Metallidis",fullName:"Symeon Metallidis",slug:"symeon-metallidis"}]},{id:"13793",title:"Pacemaker and Network Mechanisms of Neural Rhythm Generation",slug:"pacemaker-and-network-mechanisms-of-neural-rhythm-generation",signatures:"Thomas Nowotny and Mikhail I. Rabinovich",authors:[{id:"14209",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail I.",middleName:null,surname:"Rabinovich",fullName:"Mikhail I. Rabinovich",slug:"mikhail-i.-rabinovich"},{id:"14314",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Nowotny",fullName:"Thomas Nowotny",slug:"thomas-nowotny"}]},{id:"13794",title:"Network of Gut Pacemaker Cells: Spatio-Temporal Evaluation of Electrical Activity by Use of Microelectrode Array",slug:"network-of-gut-pacemaker-cells-spatio-temporal-evaluation-of-electrical-activity-by-use-of-microelec",signatures:"Shinsuke Nakayama, Mizuki Taniguchi and Hong-Nian Liu",authors:[{id:"16086",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Nakayama",fullName:"Shinsuke Nakayama",slug:"shinsuke-nakayama"},{id:"16090",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizuki",middleName:null,surname:"Taniguchi",fullName:"Mizuki Taniguchi",slug:"mizuki-taniguchi"},{id:"16091",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong-Nian",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Hong-Nian Liu",slug:"hong-nian-liu"}]},{id:"13795",title:"Possible Role or Respiratory Pacemaker Neurons in the Generation of Different Breathing Patterns",slug:"possible-role-or-respiratory-pacemaker-neurons-in-the-generation-of-different-breathing-patterns",signatures:"Peña-Ortega F",authors:[{id:"16094",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Ortega",fullName:"Fernando Peña-Ortega",slug:"fernando-pena-ortega"}]},{id:"13796",title:"Diaphragmatic Pacemaker",slug:"diaphragmatic-pacemaker",signatures:"Salim Surani",authors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",middleName:null,surname:"Surani",fullName:"Salim Surani",slug:"salim-surani"}]},{id:"13797",title:"Optical Techniques for Future Pacemaker Technology",slug:"optical-techniques-for-future-pacemaker-technology",signatures:"Yasuaki Kumamoto, Nicholas Isaac Smith, Katsumasa Fujita, Jun Ando and Satoshi Kawata",authors:[{id:"15778",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Nicholas Isaac Smith",slug:"nicholas-isaac-smith"}]},{id:"13798",title:"Creation of a Biopacemaker: Lessons from the Sinoatrial Node",slug:"creation-of-a-biopacemaker-lessons-from-the-sinoatrial-node",signatures:"A. Dénise den Haan, Arie O. Verkerk and Hanno L. Tan",authors:[{id:"15634",title:"PhD.",name:"A. Dénise",middleName:null,surname:"Den Haan",fullName:"A. Dénise Den Haan",slug:"a.-denise-den-haan"},{id:"15637",title:"Dr.",name:"Arie O.",middleName:null,surname:"Verkerk",fullName:"Arie O. Verkerk",slug:"arie-o.-verkerk"}]},{id:"13799",title:"Advances in Research on Pacemaking Function of Interstitial Cell of Cajal in Gastrointestinal Tract",slug:"advances-in-research-on-pacemaking-function-of-interstitial-cell-of-cajal-in-gastrointestinal-tract",signatures:"Wen-Xie Xu",authors:[{id:"14613",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Xie",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Wen-Xie Xu",slug:"wen-xie-xu"}]},{id:"13800",title:"Biological Pacemaker – Main Ideas and Optimization",slug:"biological-pacemaker-main-ideas-and-optimization",signatures:"Han-Gang Yu and Yen-Chang Lin",authors:[{id:"14483",title:"Dr.",name:"Han-Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Han-Gang Yu",slug:"han-gang-yu"}]},{id:"13801",title:"The Functional Role of Chloride Channels in Cardiac Pacemaker Activity",slug:"the-functional-role-of-chloride-channels-in-cardiac-pacemaker-activity",signatures:"Zheng Maggie Huang and Dayue Darrel Duan",authors:[{id:"14222",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayue Darrel",middleName:null,surname:"Duan",fullName:"Dayue Darrel Duan",slug:"dayue-darrel-duan"},{id:"14223",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng Maggie",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zheng Maggie Huang",slug:"zheng-maggie-huang"}]},{id:"13802",title:"The Funny Current in Cardiac Non-Pacemaker Cells: Functional Role and Pharmacological Modulation",slug:"the-funny-current-in-cardiac-non-pacemaker-cells-functional-role-and-pharmacological-modulation",signatures:"Laura Sartiani, Elisabetta Cerbai and Alessandro Mugelli",authors:[{id:"13800",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Sartiani",fullName:"Laura Sartiani",slug:"laura-sartiani"},{id:"13801",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Mugelli",fullName:"Alessandro Mugelli",slug:"alessandro-mugelli"},{id:"15772",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Cerbai",fullName:"Elisabetta Cerbai",slug:"elisabetta-cerbai"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70698",title:"Leishmaniasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90680",slug:"leishmaniasis",body:'\nLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa of genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly (Figure 1). It is a poverty-related disease with an estimated 0.7–1 million new cases reported per year from approximately 100 endemic countries. It is reported from all continents except Australia and Antarctica.
\nThis photograph depicts a right lateral view of a Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly which had landed atop the skin surface of a human volunteer. This specimen had just completed its ingestion of its blood meal, which is visible through its distended transparent abdomen. Sand flies like this P. papatasi are responsible for the spread of the vector-borne, parasitic disease, leishmaniasis (courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/prof. Frank Hadley Collins and James Gathany) (https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=10276).
The disease is primarily zoonotic with exception of L. donovani and L. tropica, although some evidence exists that animal reservoir exists for these species too. There are about 53 species of Leishmania described with more than 20 species pathogenic to humans and each distinct species causing different clinical manifestations ranging from self-resolving cutaneous ulcers to disfiguring mucocutaneous lesions to life-threatening systemic visceral disease [1, 2, 3]. The outcome depends on multiple factors including parasite characteristics, vector itself, and host factors in a particular patient’s immune status. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers leishmaniasis as not only one of the neglected tropical diseases but also a public health problem that requires elimination by developing effective therapeutic regimens and prevention/control plans.
\nThe disease classification is complex and can be characterized by either its clinical presentation into cutaneous (localized or disseminated), mucocutaneous, and visceral or geographic location into Old World leishmaniasis mainly including Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India or New World leishmaniasis including Central and South America (Table 1) [4, 5, 6].
\nMore than 90% of the cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases worldwide were reported from 7 countries in 2015 including Brazil, Ethiopia, Kenya, India, Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan; however, the disease remains endemic in more than 60 countries [1]. The Indian subcontinent accounts for almost 70% of the world’s anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis cases, India having the highest incidence followed by Nepal and Bangladesh. In immunocompromised patients, Leishmania parasites can persist for decades after management and may reappear exhibiting fulminant reactivation when immunity is compromised. Between 5 and 50% of treated VL cases may develop post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), depending on geographic location, secondary to the interferon gamma-driven immune response against dermal parasite [7, 8, 9].
\nMore than 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) cases are reported from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Brazil, Algeria, and Peru. The number of reported VL cases has decreased substantially in the past decade most likely due to early diagnosis and better access to treatment. In East Africa, however, the fatal disease case number continues to be sustained. However there is a surge in endemic CL across the world predominantly due to increased conflicts with forced displacement of population and living in poor sanitary conditions. In addition, there is also an increase in the number of overall Leishmania cases reported worldwide and increased new cases reported from nonendemic areas [10, 11, 12]. A renaissance of CL is seen in conflict areas of Middle East in particular Syria mainly due to collapse of public health systems, exposure of nonimmune population, and poor living conditions.
\nPopulation migration of susceptible individuals in endemic areas as well as into nonendemic areas, malnutrition, poverty, and immune status of the host play a major role. Temperature is another important factor as Leishmania species for cutaneous disease grow best at lower temperature, while species causing VL grow better at core temperatures.
\nThe pathogenesis appears related to T-cell cytotoxicity. The promastigotes activate complement system through alternate pathway with suppression of cell-mediated immunity against the organism. In self-resolving and asymptomatic patients, T helper type 1 cells (Th1) predominate with interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon gamma, and IL-12 as important cytokines helping with disease resolution. In visceral and diffuse cutaneous forms, T helper type 2 cells (TH2) predominate with patients exhibiting anergy to the organism. These cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17E/IL-25.
\nA susceptibility gene in band 22q12 is identified in parts of Sudan with high prevalence of VL [13].
\nCoinfection of VL with HIV is a major challenge. Both infections share a common immunopathologic mechanism involving macrophages and dendritic cells of reticuloendothelial system, therefore leading to an accelerated progression of both diseases in coinfection.
\n\nLeishmania is scientifically classified as a “genus” that belongs to the “order” of Trypanosomatidae family, under the “class” of Kinetoplastea, under the “phylum” of Euglenozoa. The parasite Leishmania exists in two forms: flagellated promastigote form in sandflies and cultures and nonflagellated amastigote form in animals and humans (Figure 2) [14, 15]. The sandflies acquire infection when they bite an animal or human host. The parasite develops over 4–25 days in the sandflies and transforms into a promastigote form where they multiply by binary fission in the midgut and move upwards to the pharynx. Infection is transmitted mainly during days 6–9 after ingestion when there is heavy pharyngeal infection and promastigotes are regurgitated via a bite to the host. The sand fly can regurgitate more than 1000 parasites per bite. In the host some of the flagellates are destroyed, whereas others enter intracellular lysosomal organelles of macrophages of reticuloendothelial system. The flagella of the organisms are lost, and amastigotes are formed that continue to multiply until the infected host cells get filled with organisms and rupture releasing free amastigotes that invade new cells, thus continuing the vicious cycle of Leishmania infection (Figure 2). The incubation period depends on the individual parasite species. In certain geographic areas, the transmission cycle can be maintained by the infected animals and does not require infected humans. In other areas where disease transmission has the anthroponotic cycle via humans, the disease transmission can be controlled by effective treatment of infected patients [16].
\nLeishmania life cycle.
The disease is mainly transmitted by the bite of a 2–3 mm in size female “Phlebotomus sand fly” in Old World leishmaniasis and Lutzomyia in the New World disease. There are approximately 20 pathogenic Leishmania species and up to 500 known phlebotomine sand fly species identified as vectors of disease [17, 18]. The disease is mostly zoonotic with humans being incidental hosts infected by sand fly bite.
\nIn addition to the known classic disease spectrum and clinical presentations, new unusual and atypical forms are emerging which is adding to the complexity of achieving control and disease eradication goal [19].
\nCL causing Leishmania parasites are divided into New world and Old world species. The New World species affect mainly Central and South America and include L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana, and L. guyaensis, among others. The Old World species examples include L. tropica, L. major, and L. aethiopica that are common in the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, the Mediterranean basin, and East Africa. CL is usually a limited cutaneous disease. The lesions develop as papules at the sand fly bite site and progress over weeks to months to develop larger nodules that eventually ulcerate (Figure 3). Lesions are often itchy and may have a hyperkeratotic wart-like appearance. These lesions often self-heal in 2–18 months, leaving a permanent, often disfiguring, scar, leading to major cosmetic concern and social stigma.
\nThis photograph depicts the volar surface of a patient’s extended right arm, who had been ill with leishmaniasis, having been infected with Leishmania sp. protozoa, which had manifested itself as a cutaneous form of the disease (courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Dr. martins Castro and Dr. Lucille K. Georg) (https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=12161).
Approximately 10% of CL cases may progress to severe disease such as diffuse CL, ML, disseminated CL, and/or L. recidivans [1, 20].
\nUncommonly, CL variants are encountered that are associated with various underlying immune responses.
\n\nL. recidivans typically follows a healed L. tropica cutaneous infection and presents as new lesions encircling the old scar. The lesions show predominantly increased number of lymphocytes making it difficult to histologically distinguish from tuberculosis.
\n\nDiffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis presents with multiple widespread nontender, non-ulcerating lesions, resembling lepromatous leprosy, and a negative leishmanin skin test (LST). The skin is heavily infiltrated by organisms and the patients lack a cellular immune response. These are caused by L. amazonensis, L. aethiopica, and L. mexicana.\n
\n\nDisseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis presents with 10 or more mixed-type lesions in multiple body parts and is mostly seen in Latin America with frequent involvement of the mucosa. Histologically, the organisms are scant in the skin lesions, and patients show positive antibodies against Leishmania and positive LST test.
\nMost cases of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and L. recidivans are chronic and resistant to treatment, may be exceedingly disfiguring, and can be associated with low mortality rates.
\n\nL. infantum/L. chagasi predominantly causes VL; however, it may lead to atypical cutaneous disease. Reported cases are autochthonous, seen in immunocompetent hosts, and diagnosed in different regions [19].
\nL. donovani is also mainly responsible for VL; however, some atypical autochthonous CL cases by L. donovani are reported [19].
\nML presents as destructive lesions involving oronasal mucosa with involvement of the nasal septum, lips, and palate. Ninety percent of ML cases show a previous CL scar. The disease is often chronic and progressive with destructive, disfiguring midfacial lesions leading to extensive mutilation. Secondary infection and respiratory tract invasion may lead to patient’s demise. It is frequently seen in immunocompromised individuals and being a potentially life-threatening disease requires immediate/early diagnosis and treatment [21, 22]. Less than 5% of patients infected by L. braziliensis and a small percent of those infected by L. panamensis and L. guyanensis can develop mucosal involvement months to years after cutaneous disease resolution [13].
\n\nL. donovani is the main species causing VL and humans are the main reservoir for it. L. infantum also causes visceral disease; however, it is zoonotic. VL is characterized by a “pentad” of persistent irregular fever, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss, pancytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. The fever characteristically shows a double rise in 24 hours with spikes of fever and afebrile intervals in between. It is the most devastating and fatal forms of leishmaniasis. The spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant life-threatening disease. The disease may present with an acute or insidious onset, however the typical presentation is that of wasted, thin, cachectic appearance with prominent abdominal distention due to hepatosplenomegaly. Jaundice is considered to be a bad prognostic sign. The incubation period is 2 weeks–8 months. High parasite burden is often associated with malnutrition and wasting in particular in children [23, 24]. VL is often associated with hyperpigmentation of the skin most likely secondary to production of adrenocorticotropic hormones. In such cases it is referred to as kala-azar/black fever [25]. VL, if untreated, is fatal within 2 years; mortality is mostly due to secondary bacterial infection, immunosuppression, hemorrhage due to hematopoietic infiltration, and severe anemia [13].
\n\nGulf War soldiers: An uncommon form of VL is described in some US veterans who were infected while participating in Gulf war. These patients had only mild symptoms and light parasitic burden. L. tropica was identified as the causative agent in some of these cases [19, 26].
\n\nViscerotropic leishmaniasis: This is an indolent form of disease that has a distinct clinical presentation; however it does not progress to or develop classic VL.
\n\nVL-HIV coinfection: HIV is considered to be responsible for the re-emergence of the VL. Both organisms share common pathologic immunologic system involving the reticular endothelial system, therefore leading to accelerated progression of the disease. VL in an HIV-infected person should be considered an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness, and HIV testing should be mandatory in all patients presenting with VL [1, 27]. Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis can be seen in these patients with lesions involving the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract [21, 28].
\nL. tropica, L. amazonensis, and L. major generally associated with CL are reported to be viscerotropic and uncommonly may lead to visceral disease [19].
\nPKDL was commonly seen in India and Africa as a late complication of VL secondary to L. donovani and rarely L. infantum, the latter typically in immunocompromised patients [29]. Patients often present months to as many as 20 years after VL with hypopigmented or erythematous skin lesions which over time progress to develop plaques and nodules over the face and trunk. These lesions are often nontender and have preserved sensation, a feature distinguishing this from lepromatous leprosy. The lesions often resolves spontaneously; however, relapse is common, and resistant forms to antimonial treatment have been reported [1, 13].
\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a practical guide for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis at
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions usually show normal values in routine laboratory testing. VL, on the other hand, may exhibit normocytic normochromic anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow or spleen involvement. In addition there may be involvement of other organs leading to their respective abnormal functions such as abnormal liver function test in patients with significant hepatic disease.
\nCharacteristically the diagnosis is confirmed by visualizing the amastigote form of the protozoa from infected tissue by performing invasive procedure such as dermal scraping or biopsies for cutaneous lesions and/or fine-needle aspirates/biopsies for visceral disease (Figure 4). The smears are often stained with Giemsa, Leishman, and/or Wright’s stain and slides reviewed under oil immersion. Historically, splenic puncture was considered the most sensitive method and golden standard procedure; however it is potentially life-threatening, carries a high risk of complications such as hemorrhage, and therefore currently is considered unnecessary. In endemic areas with high clinical suspicion, clinical history and physical examination is often sufficient to reach the diagnosis. Since the localized disease has prominent cell-mediated immunity to the organism, especially when long-standing, isolation, identification, and culture of these organisms can be extremely challenging. In cutaneous disease the organism may be visualized in samples obtained by biopsy, scraping, or FNA in approximately 70% of cases, while the culture from the skin shows only 40% sensitivity [13, 30].
\nThis photomicrograph of a subcutaneous tissue sample reveals the presence of numerous Leishmania donovani parasites (courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Dr. Martin D. Hicklin) (https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=330).
A skin punch biopsy is recommended for the CL to be taken from the raised edge of an active lesion where parasites exist. In addition to the formalin-fixed sections, touch preparations/tissue impression slides can also be prepared and examined. The diagnostic finding is to identify the amastigotes with their eosinophilic rod-like cytoplasmic kinetoplast (Figures 5 and 6). In long-standing lesions, biopsy of the necrotic center of the lesion, and cases with low burden disease, the biopsy may show false-negative results.
\nThis photomicrograph depicts some of the histopathologic details seen in a canine bone marrow smear, processed using Giemsa stain, in the case of leishmaniasis. This particular view displays Leishmania donovani parasites contained within one of the bone marrow histiocytes (courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Dr. Francis W. Chandler) (https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=30).
This is a transmission electron microscopic image of Leishmania major amastigotes, which had been grown in a cell culture. Note the dense kinetoplasts in the cytoplasm (courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Cynthia goldsmith and Luciana Flannery) (https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=22001).
Mucosal biopsies and/or dental scrapings are used for mucocutaneous lesions to look for organisms.
\nInvasive procedures such as aspirates or biopsies from the spleen, bone marrow, lymph node, and/or liver were used to diagnose VL. However, technology advancement and development of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) such as recombinant K39 assay with its high sensitivity and specificity made the above invasive procedures unnecessary. In general, the positivity rate for identification of amastigotes in splenic aspirate is 98% and in bone marrow aspirate/biopsy is 54–86% [31, 32]. Blood samples, except in HIV-infected patients, and lymph nodes have lower sensitivity.
\nLeishmanin skin test/Montenegro skin test, similar to purified protein derivative (PPD) test used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a marker of cellular immune response and tests for delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The test uses injection of killed promastigotes in the skin. If there is a skin induration of at least 5 mm after 48–72 hours, the test is considered positive. The test is negative in acute infection as it shows positive results after 2–3 months of infection. In addition the test is negative in active VL and immunosuppressed patients due to anergic response. In the United States, no skin tests for leishmaniasis are approved because of lack of standardization; however, it is used in developing countries and is useful in epidemiological surveys as a marker of previous exposure [1].
\nSeveral serological assays for detection of antibodies against leishmaniasis have been developed using various techniques such as direct agglutination (DAT), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot. Although these tests show high sensitivity for acute VL, they are not specific for this disease and may show false positivity with other organisms.
\nDetection of antibodies to recombinant K 39 antigen appears to correlate with active VL disease in species such as L. donovani, L. chagasi, and L. infantum. These RDTs however are not useful in cutaneous and mucocutaneous infection. Based on a Cochrane review of RDTs, the sensitivity for rK39 RDT assay is excellent at 97% in Indian subcontinent but low in East Africa and Sudan at 85%. More recently, an rK28 antigen-based RDT shows better sensitivity in Sudan [33, 34]. Recent efforts in developing tests that detect antigens show promising results but still with certain limitations; latex agglutination test has moderate sensitivity of 64% and higher specificity of 93%, while most recent ELISA test shows more than 90% sensitivity [1, 35].
\nMolecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with significant advances in technology, show higher sensitivity; however, due to the higher cost and complexity of the procedure, they are not available in resource-limited settings. This is particularly true in VL. These tests have a higher sensitivity for cutaneous lesions: reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology exhibiting a sensitivity of 98% in CL.
\nMultiple factors play a role in treatment decision-making for Leishmania that include the specific species, geographic location, comorbidities, and the type of disease whether CL, ML, PKLD, or VL. On most part, it is considered as a treatable and curable disease; however it requires an immunocompetent system. Despite multiple efforts and after all these years, the treatment of Leishmania still remains a problem. This is mostly because of indiscriminate treatment leading to frequent emergence of parasite resistance, and the side effects of antileishmanial therapeutic agents call for a search for alternative treatment including the use of natural products such as plants and herbs [36]. Traditionally, medicinal plants have been used throughout the history and are still being used as an alternative therapy to conventional health care, in particular in developing countries and mainly in rural areas that are often deprived of public health resources [37]. This science of using medicinal plants as therapeutic agents is referred to as phytotherapy [38]. The alternate therapies, when studied, show different mechanisms of action. Plants have several secondary metabolites, for example, flavonoids, polysaccharides, lactones, alkaloids, diterpenoids, and glycosides that may activate the immunological system [39]. As an example, a combination of miltefosine and nanoparticles of curcumin, a component of turmeric, displayed lymphocyte proliferation and increased the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages [40]. Another example is tricin which is isolated from Casearia arborea, an evergreen tea, that was reported to modulate the respiratory burst, thus helping in parasite elimination.
\nOther mechanisms reported as possible mechanisms of action include reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis-inducing potential. Examples of the latter include ethanolic extract of seeds and leaves of Azadirachta indica and essentials oils of Artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba that act as an apoptosis inductor in promastigotes of L. donovani and L. infantum [36].
\nSeveral studies have been carried out to assess the efficacy of such alternate treatment; however, the results have not been very encouraging. Most of the plants show immunomodulatory effect, but no leishmanicidal effect has been validated, supporting the notion that substances obtained from plants may complement the treatment of leishmaniasis because of their immunomodulatory effects, but there is no direct effect against the parasite.
\nThere are recommended guidelines for Leishmania treatment by the WHO [16]. In addition, a panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) have developed management guidelines for Leishmania patients. These guidelines are mainly for physicians practicing in North America and are based, whenever possible, on randomized clinical trials and a systematic method of grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation [41].
\nMost CL cases spontaneously regress in immunocompetent hosts over 2–18 months, and therefore conservative approach can be used in particular for those caused by L. major and L. mexicana. On the other hand, L. braziliensis has a low spontaneous cure rate. The decision to treat CL and ML is often to reach a goal of reducing the risk of disfigurement, scarring, dissemination, accelerating cure, and subsequent progression to mucocutaneous disease in cases of CL. In addition it is important to classify cutaneous lesions into simple or complex cutaneous lesions based on certain criteria that are then used for treatment decision-making process. These include immunocompetent versus immunocompromised host status, regional lymphadenopathy, multiplicity of lesions (>4), lesions of >5 cm in size, lesions on sensitive areas (such as face, ears, eyelids, lips, fingers/toes, genitalia, or joints), more than 6 months duration, and Leishmania species that are more likely to be associated with ML, unusual presentations such as diffuse or disseminated CL, and L. recidivans. Traditional treatment for CL has been intralesional injections mostly sodium stibogluconate, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and topical agents such as paromomycin. The combination of intralesional antimonials and cryotherapy is often the first-line treatment option for CL, resulting in higher cure rates. There has been lack of standardization and poor trial designs for therapeutic regimens in the past. Recently efforts are being carried out to develop unified criteria to define measurable endpoints for different treatment regimens. The treatment regimen decision regarding whether to give local or systemic therapy or choice of therapeutic modality is based on the geographic location and the infecting Leishmania species.
\nLocal treatment includes a combination of intralesional antimonials and cryotherapy, paromomycin ointment containing methylbenzethonium chloride, paromomycin containing 0.5% gentamicin, and paromomycin with allopurinol for L. recidivans.
\nSystemic regimens include oral fluconazole, pentavalent antimonials with or without pentoxifylline, ketoconazole, miltefosine, liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), and pentamidine isethionate.
\nSystemic treatment for CL is usually used for immunosuppressed patients, mucocutaneous lesions, diffuse/extensive lesions, and refractory disease. In addition infection by L. braziliensis and L. infantum should be considered for systemic treatment (Tables 2 and 3) [1, 17, 18].
\nTreatment regimens for cutaneous leishmaniasis, New World species, as per WHO recommendations (adopted from WHO) (
Treatment regimens for cutaneous leishmaniasis, Old World species, as per WHO recommendations (adopted from WHO) (
For mucocutaneous disease systemic regimens include pentamidine isethionate, pentavalent antimonials + pentoxyfilline, and LAMB (Table 4) [17, 18].
\nTreatment regimens for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis as per WHO recommendations (adopted from WHO) (
Treatment regimens for PKDL are scant. In general, majority of cases from East Africa are self-healing and therefore do not require treatment. In contrast, in the Indian subcontinent, these patients are treated. Since vast majority of these patients are healthy and the risk is cosmetic, the risk benefit should be weighed before initiating therapy. Selected treatment regimens are recommended by the WHO, when patients require treatment, that include miltefosine, amphotericin B deoxycholate, and LAMB mainly for Indian subcontinent. As for East Africa, the WHO based on evidence grading recommends pentavalent antimonial, LAMB, miltefosine, and combination treatment (pentavalent antimonial with paromomycin) (Table 5) [17, 18].
\nGeographic areas affected by post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis | \nRecommended treatment regimens ranked by preference | \n
---|---|
East Africa | \n\n
| \n
Bangladesh, India, and Nepal | \n\n
| \n
Treatment regimens for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis as per WHO recommendations (adopted from WHO) (
Traditionally VL has been treated by pentavalent antimonials. Recently there is emergence of resistance in the Indian subcontinent. Current recommendations for VL in East Africa include pentavalent antimonials, LAMB, or combination treatment (including pentavalent antimonials with paromomycin). As for the Indian subcontinent, the recommendations include LAMB, amphotericin B deoxycholate, miltefosine, and one of the combination therapies: LAMB with miltefosine, LAMB with paromomycin, or miltefosine with paromomycin [1]. As for complicated VL, elderly patients, and pregnant patients in East Africa, it is recommended to have LAMB treatment because of its better safety. LAMB monotherapy is not recommended in patients with less severe disease in Asia due to lack of proven efficacy in that region [42]. In Asia, sodium stibogluconate, rather than LAMB, is considered the first-line treatment for L. infantum and L. donovani. The WHO recommended LAMB therapy in the initial elimination phase for L. donovani in the Indian subcontinent; however currently several combination regimens are available which will alleviate the risk of resistance development to LAMB therapy (Table 6) [17, 18].
\nTreatment regimens for visceral leishmaniasis as per WHO recommendations (adopted from WHO) (
VL should be treated as an opportunistic infection if diagnosed in patients with HIV, warranting lifelong antiretroviral therapy regardless of CD4 count [27]. The core infected patients require longer treatment with higher doses since they are at a higher risk for disease relapse, poor outcome, and increased mortality. In addition, developing VL disease in HIV patients adversely affects their response to antiretroviral therapy [43]. Current WHO recommendation, so far, is LAMB for all regions. Some cases may require combination treatment including LAMB with mitefosine, pentavalent antimonials, and/or amphotericin B deoxycholate. Randomized control trials are ongoing in both Ethiopia and India comparing combination of LAMB and miltefosine with LAMB monotherapy [44, 45].
\nSurgical intervention is not the recommended modality of treatment in majority of leishmaniasis cases; however, surgery may be required in certain cases such as splenectomy in resistant disease, orofacial surgery for severely debilitating ML, and cosmetic surgery for disfiguring cutaneous lesions.
\n\nL. donovani is perhaps one of the most virulent Leishmania species and is present in South Asian region, one of the highest incidence areas of VL. Between 2005 and 2013, Leishmania ranked the second worst next only to malaria among the 16 categories of “neglected tropical diseases” [46]. In 2005 the WHO and the government representatives of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh signed a memorandum of understanding with commitment to mutually cooperate in order to achieve VL elimination from these countries by 2015. The objective was to reduce the annual incidence of VL to below 1/10,000 inhabitants by 2015 using detection and treatment of VL cases and vector control measures [47]. The target was not achieved by the expected date of 2015 due to high cost and limited availability of treatment, lack of effectiveness of vector control measures, emergence of parasite resistance, and low community coverage of health services in all areas. A second target was set for 2017; however, the WHO has recently reset the target of VL elimination from the Indian subcontinent to year 2020 [48]. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, a specific target was set for CL to detect 70% of all cases and at least treat 90% of them. There is crucial gap in planning elimination of VL in Asia and VL and CL in other regions. These elimination campaigns will require more intense work and better strategic planning in addition to the high cost required. Currently, there is increased global awareness about the disease and the dire need for its elimination, in particular, after Asian elimination initiative of VL and 2012 London declaration on neglected tropical diseases. Having said that, many challenges still exist that counteract these efforts. These include poor sanitary conditions, conflict zones leading to forced migration, emerging atypical variants, poor public awareness especially in nonendemic areas, suboptimal diagnostic modalities, and limited treatment options [1, 49].
\nThe VL elimination initiative in the Indian subcontinent in collaboration with the WHO was based on diagnosis and treatment of VL patients using mass treatment to reach the target of reducing the annual VL incidence to below 1/10,000. This plan was dependent on actively looking for and diagnosing Leishmania patients. However, the target date was missed because of several factors including limitations of diagnostic tools to diagnose patients actively, lack of health-care coverage in certain areas in developing countries in particular rural regions, lack of proper vector control, and high cost and limited availability of treatment [46, 47, 48].
\nIncluding insecticide-treated nets and indoor insecticide sprays are used for areas where sandflies bite indoor. Recently resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is reported to emerge, and therefore other synthetic products such as pyrethroids started to be used [50]. In areas like Africa where the vector mainly bites outdoor, selective outdoor spraying might be effective in reducing vector density. In addition alternative vector control measures have been proposed and used such as plastering of walls and floors using mud and lime. However these environmental management methods need further evaluation and validation. The KALANET project was the only trial that evaluated the impact of “long-lasting insecticidal nets” on L. donovani and concluded that these nets have beneficial effects against L. donovani as they provide some degree of personal protection against infection as compared to those using untreated nets or no nets. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate integrated vector management measures on VL and other vector-borne diseases [47].
\nIn areas of zoonotic transmission should be effectively targeted to reduce the human infection rate from infected animal reservoir. Several reservoir control measures have been used including animal elimination in certain areas, canine vaccines, and insecticides used on dogs such as spot-on insecticide which are drops applied on skin under the hair in the neck region, insecticide-impregnated dog collars, and whole body insecticide use. Studies on efficacy of animal reservoir intervention programs are limited and show lack of generalizability of intervention measures as well as mixed results [17]. In addition there are also conflicting results on the impact of dogs in transmission of leishmaniasis since not all infected dogs become infectious. All the above factors point towards a fundamental gap in our knowledge of disease biology and its transmission.
\nAt dawn to dusk which are the peak bite times and use of insecticide-treated nets and/or fine-mesh nets since the sandflies are small in size and can pass through standard mosquito nets.
\nInfected patients should not donate blood or organs since the parasite can be transmitted through blood.
\nSeveral candidate vaccines are in preclinical development, and at least three are currently in clinical studies; however, no effective vaccine has been identified to date to effectively prevent human leishmaniasis [51]. Some studies show vaccination by killed Leishmania promastigotes, and live BCG can develop protection against CL, but no protection is seen against VL. Approximately 90–98% of leishmaniasis patients recover after disease and develop natural acquired immunity mainly due to Th1 lymphocyte activation and its reaction towards the infecting parasite. This strongly supports the ongoing vaccination development efforts, hopefully looking forward for a clinically efficient vaccine to be available in the near future.
\nAll the above measures have shown some success; however, they are costly and require extensive coordination efforts globally. Early diagnosis and treatment remain the main control strategy since untreated patients serve as reservoirs of parasites. In most countries majority of patients present themselves to the health care, suggesting that many cases will remain in the community for long periods before seeking health care due to reduced awareness. Strategy for eradication would require surveillance with early detection and prompt treatment measures applied globally, mostly in heavily infested areas.
\nSuccessfully treated patients who receive full course of therapy by effective agents and self-resolving infections generally acquire immunity from the infecting species in 97–98% of the cases.
\nProlonged monitoring and follow-up evaluations of patients after successful treatment are recommended for relapse or recurrence of the disease. Yearly follow-up is recommended for patients infected with L. braziliensis for up to a decade for early detection of any progression to mucocutaneous disease. Certain complex cases of ML, diffuse CL, L. recidivans, and PKDL can be difficult to treat and may require prolonged therapy. In addition, retreatment and/or second-line medications may be required for patients with resistant disease.
\nThere has been increasing global awareness about leishmaniasis and the need for its eradication. However, there are many challenges that hinder this global initiative and maintain leishmaniasis as one of the neglected tropical diseases. These challenges include but are not limited to high cost, variability of clinical spectrum, cyclic transmission patterns, changing disease foci, emerging atypical and resistant forms, suboptimal diagnostics, limited treatment options/availability, and suboptimal community awareness and health-care coverage, in particular in nonendemic areas. Several preventive measures using various strategies are needed to tackle personal human protection against infection, interventions targeting vector and animal reservoir control. With the current known challenges and limitations of resources, perhaps integrated approach to control this infection and focus on development of effective vaccine for protection may be a strategic way to use the limited resources available to reach the WHO’s set target of leishmaniasis reduction/elimination [17]. For WHO to reach its leishmaniasis elimination target, seriously committed global efforts with substantial funding will be required. However, the question whether complete accomplishment of this goal is technically achievable, given the abovementioned challenges, remains to be answered.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118192},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"title"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10818",title:"21st Century Approaches to Management and Accounting Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dd81bc60e806fddc63d1ae22da1c779a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan and Dr. Irem Demirkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"336397",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebahattin",surname:"Demirkan",slug:"sebahattin-demirkan",fullName:"Sebahattin Demirkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10771",title:"Advancements Towards Sustainability of HVAC & R Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0718b748e10605d793d244c62797acf4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Niameh Mehdy Alhusseny, Dr. Qahtan Al-Aabidy and Dr. Adel Gharib Nasser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"208783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Alhusseny",slug:"ahmed-alhusseny",fullName:"Ahmed Alhusseny"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10773",title:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"22eb4fe235e1d5d074c3ad7643f8a567",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zak Abdallah and Dr. Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11000",title:"Advances in Mass Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9cdf245988fe529bcab93c3b1286ba4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Badie I. Morsi and Dr. Omar M. Basha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11000.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174420",title:"Prof.",name:"Badie I.",surname:"Morsi",slug:"badie-i.-morsi",fullName:"Badie I. Morsi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Dr. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Fabio Gabrielli and Dr. Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10711",title:"Arthroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"afa83f11ba2442e7612f5b8c6aa3c659",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Carlos Suarez-Ahedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10711.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235976",title:"M.D.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Suarez-Ahedo",slug:"carlos-suarez-ahedo",fullName:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Dr. Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Dr. Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10763",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c96b42d4539957c58dfc2eb8fd9ffc21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10878",title:"Bioethical Issues in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6f32d3f2227df637fffd969a0cb5ed7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Peter A. Clark",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10878.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"58889",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter A.",surname:"Clark",slug:"peter-a.-clark",fullName:"Peter A. Clark"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:114},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"32",title:"Aquaculture",slug:"aquaculture",parent:{title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:274,numberOfWosCitations:808,numberOfCrossrefCitations:278,numberOfDimensionsCitations:755,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"aquaculture",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8928",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfeadf50d4d57ea0b440f005d420752",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Qian Lu and Mohammad Serajuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"304473",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"qian-lu",fullName:"Qian Lu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7229",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:"Plants and Invertebrates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cedbde363e45e8dc69fd5017482a6c",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",bookSignature:"Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198991",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Diarte-Plata",slug:"genaro-diarte-plata",fullName:"Genaro Diarte-Plata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5792",title:"Sea Urchin",subtitle:"From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03e5af4d15dfb028a11e298e47948799",slug:"sea-urchin-from-environment-to-aquaculture-and-biomedicine",bookSignature:"Maria Agnello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5792.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2052",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9bbb1af278ed9e5df351641aaf598f0",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80438",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmir",middleName:"Daniel",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"edmir-carvalho",fullName:"Edmir Carvalho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1689",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fcdb7a6dd3ef54b6669111c7b6355ea",slug:"marine-ecosystems",bookSignature:"Antonio Cruzado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122197",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cruzado",slug:"antonio-cruzado",fullName:"Antonio Cruzado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1009",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed29c6b4a288a1549dc724e247930545",slug:"aquaculture",bookSignature:"Zainal Abidin Muchlisin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1009.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92673",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainal",middleName:"Abidin",surname:"Muchlisin",slug:"zainal-muchlisin",fullName:"Zainal Muchlisin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2053",title:"Aquaculture and the Environment",subtitle:"A Shared Destiny",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896dc149c63ab74b6f76141f3ed6535d",slug:"aquaculture-and-the-environment-a-shared-destiny",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2053.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"612",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"531750867c1b8db770f8557eaf1e21bc",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral and Zafer Doğu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35141",doi:"10.5772/28157",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:18426,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:172,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"27104",doi:"10.5772/30576",title:"Nutritional Value and Uses of Microalgae in Aquaculture",slug:"nutritional-value-and-uses-of-microalgae-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:6481,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:64,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"A. Catarina Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata",authors:[{id:"83136",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Malcata",slug:"f.-xavier-malcata",fullName:"F. Xavier Malcata"}]},{id:"30642",doi:"10.5772/34423",title:"Meiofauna as a Tool for Marine Ecosystem Biomonitoring",slug:"meiofauna-as-a-tool-for-marine-ecosystem-monitoring",totalDownloads:3405,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:62,book:{slug:"marine-ecosystems",title:"Marine Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Marine Ecosystems"},signatures:"Maria Balsamo, Federica Semprucci, Fabrizio Frontalini and Rodolfo Coccioni",authors:[{id:"100075",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Balsamo",slug:"maria-balsamo",fullName:"Maria Balsamo"},{id:"104309",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Semprucci",slug:"federica-semprucci",fullName:"Federica Semprucci"},{id:"104311",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Frontalini",slug:"fabrizio-frontalini",fullName:"Fabrizio Frontalini"},{id:"104313",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Coccioni",slug:"rodolfo-coccioni",fullName:"Rodolfo Coccioni"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35150",title:"Aquacultural Safety and Health",slug:"aquacultural-safety-and-health",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Melvin L. Myers and Robert M. Durborow",authors:[{id:"77095",title:"Prof.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Myers",slug:"melvin-myers",fullName:"Melvin Myers"},{id:"122861",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Durborow",slug:"robert-durborow",fullName:"Robert Durborow"}]},{id:"27108",title:"Genomics and Genome Sequencing: Benefits for Finfish Aquaculture",slug:"genomics-and-genome-sequencing-benefits-for-finfish-aquaculture",totalDownloads:2899,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Nicole L. Quinn, Alejandro P. Gutierrez, Ben F. Koop and William S. Davidson",authors:[{id:"81919",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:"S",surname:"Davidson",slug:"william-davidson",fullName:"William Davidson"},{id:"83990",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:"Lisa",surname:"Quinn",slug:"nicole-quinn",fullName:"Nicole Quinn"},{id:"84002",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Koop",slug:"ben-koop",fullName:"Ben Koop"},{id:"123877",title:"BSc.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"alejandro-gutierrez",fullName:"Alejandro Gutierrez"}]},{id:"35143",title:"Probiotics in Aquaculture - Benefits to the Health, Technological Applications and Safety",slug:"probiotics-in-aquaculture-benefits-to-the-health-technological-applications-and-safety",totalDownloads:4613,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Xuxia Zhou and Yanbo Wang",authors:[{id:"76319",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanbo",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yanbo-wang",fullName:"Yanbo Wang"},{id:"122461",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xuxia-zhou",fullName:"Xuxia Zhou"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Hai-Hong Huang",authors:[{id:"305215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"hai-hong-huang",fullName:"Hai-Hong Huang"}]},{id:"25457",title:"Mangrove Revegetation Potentials of Brackish-Water Pond Areas in the Philippines",slug:"mangrove-revegetation-potentials-of-brackish-water-pond-areas-in-the-philippines",totalDownloads:3879,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"aquaculture-and-the-environment-a-shared-destiny",title:"Aquaculture and the Environment",fullTitle:"Aquaculture and the Environment - A Shared Destiny"},signatures:"Maricar S. Samson and Rene N. Rollon",authors:[{id:"73153",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricar",middleName:"Sacdalan",surname:"Samson",slug:"maricar-samson",fullName:"Maricar Samson"},{id:"73155",title:"Prof.",name:"Rene",middleName:"N",surname:"Rollon",slug:"rene-rollon",fullName:"Rene Rollon"}]},{id:"27117",title:"Culture of Harpacticoid Copepods: Understanding the Reproduction and Effect of Environmental Factors",slug:"copepods-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Kassim Zaleha and Ibrahim Busra",authors:[{id:"73665",title:"Prof.",name:"Kassim",middleName:null,surname:"Zaleha",slug:"kassim-zaleha",fullName:"Kassim Zaleha"}]},{id:"35141",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:18428,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:176,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"27103",title:"Replacement of Fishmeal with Plant Protein Ingredients in Diets to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) – Effects on Weight Gain and Accretion",slug:"replacement-of-fishmeal-with-plant-protein-ingredients-in-diets-to-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-effec",totalDownloads:6233,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Marit Espe, Adel El-Mowafi and Kari Ruohonen",authors:[{id:"80163",title:"Dr.",name:"Marit",middleName:null,surname:"Espe",slug:"marit-espe",fullName:"Marit Espe"},{id:"94977",title:"Dr.",name:"Kari",middleName:null,surname:"Ruohonen",slug:"kari-ruohonen",fullName:"Kari Ruohonen"},{id:"94978",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Mowafi",slug:"adel-el-mowafi",fullName:"Adel El-Mowafi"}]},{id:"35145",title:"Use of Microarray Technology to Improve DNA Vaccines in Fish Aquaculture - The Rhabdoviral Model",slug:"use-of-microarray-technology-to-improve-dna-vaccines-in-fish-aquaculture-the-rhabdoviral-model",totalDownloads:2648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"P. Encinas, E. Gomez-Casado, A. Estepa and J.M. Coll",authors:[{id:"74573",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Coll",slug:"julio-coll",fullName:"Julio Coll"},{id:"79531",title:"Dr.",name:"Estepa Perez",middleName:null,surname:"Maria Amparo",slug:"estepa-perez-maria-amparo",fullName:"Estepa Perez Maria Amparo"},{id:"149247",title:"MSc.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Encinas",slug:"paloma-encinas",fullName:"Paloma Encinas"},{id:"149248",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Casado",slug:"eduardo-gomez-casado",fullName:"Eduardo Gomez-Casado"}]},{id:"35149",title:"Ecological Features of Large Neotropical Reservoirs and Its Relation to Health of Cage Reared Fish",slug:"ecological-features-of-large-neotropical-reservoirs-and-its-relation-to-health-of-cage-reared-fish",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Reinaldo José da Silva, Igor Paiva Ramos, Jaciara Vanessa Krüger Paes, Augusto Seawright Zanatta, Heleno Brandão, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, André Batista Nobile, Aline Angelina Acosta and Gianmarco Silva David",authors:[{id:"80438",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmir",middleName:"Daniel",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"edmir-carvalho",fullName:"Edmir Carvalho"},{id:"124351",title:"Dr.",name:"Reinaldo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"reinaldo-j.-silva",fullName:"Reinaldo J. Silva"},{id:"124352",title:"MSc.",name:"Igor P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"igor-p.-ramos",fullName:"Igor P. Ramos"},{id:"124353",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaciara Vanessa Krüger",middleName:null,surname:"Paes",slug:"jaciara-vanessa-kruger-paes",fullName:"Jaciara Vanessa Krüger Paes"},{id:"124354",title:"Dr.",name:"Augusto S.",middleName:null,surname:"Zanatta",slug:"augusto-s.-zanatta",fullName:"Augusto S. Zanatta"},{id:"124355",title:"Dr.",name:"Heleno",middleName:null,surname:"Brandão",slug:"heleno-brandao",fullName:"Heleno Brandão"},{id:"124356",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica O.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Zica",slug:"erica-o.p.-zica",fullName:"Erica O.P. Zica"},{id:"124357",title:"MSc.",name:"André B.",middleName:null,surname:"Nobile",slug:"andre-b.-nobile",fullName:"André B. Nobile"},{id:"124358",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianmarco S.",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"gianmarco-s.-david",fullName:"Gianmarco S. David"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"aquaculture",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/290371/fotini-gaitatzi",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"290371",slug:"fotini-gaitatzi"},fullPath:"/profiles/290371/fotini-gaitatzi",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()