Chapters authored
Advances in Selective Oxidation of Methane
Selective oxidation of methane is one of the most challenging reactions in catalysis. Methane is a very stable molecule and requires high energy to be activated. Different approaches of single step methane conversion have been suggested to overcome this challenge. However, the current commercial process of methane conversion to methanol is via the indirect way, in which methane is first converted to synthesis gas in highly intensive energy step, and synthesis gas is then converted into methanol. The first step is responsible for 60% of the capital cost of the plant. There are enormous researches that have been conducted in a direct way and some good results have been achieved. This chapter will summarize the recent advances in the direct selective oxidation of methane to methanol.
Part of the book: Biogas
Boron Nitride Fabrication Techniques and Physical Properties
The III-nitride semiconductors are known for their excellent extrinsic properties like direct bandgap, low electron affinity, and chemical and thermal stability. Among III-nitride semiconductors, boron nitride has proven to be a favorable candidate for common dimension materials in several crystalline forms due to its sp2- or sp3-hybridized atomic orbitals. Among all crystalline forms, hexagonal (h-BN) and cubic (c-BN) are considered as the most stable crystalline forms. Like carbon allotropes, the BN has been obtained in different nanostructured forms, e.g., BN nanotube, BN fullerene, and BN nanosheets. The BN nanosheets are a few atomic layers of BN in which boron and nitrogen are arranged in-planer in hexagonal form. The nanostructure sheets are used for sensors, microwave optics, dielectric gates, and ultraviolet emitters. The most effective and preferred technique to fabricate BN materials is through CVD. During the growth, BN formation occurs as a bottom-up growth mechanism in which boron and nitrogen atoms form a few layers on the substrate. This technique is suitable for high quality and large-area growth. Although a few monolayers of BN are grown for most applications, these few monolayers are hard to detect by any optical means as BN is transparent to a wide range of wavelengths. This chapter will discuss the physical properties and growth of BN materials in detail.
Part of the book: Characteristics and Applications of Boron