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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. 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Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. 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Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3640",title:"Advances in Robot Manipulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-robot-manipulators",bookSignature:"Ernest Hall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3640.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5619",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernest",surname:"Hall",slug:"ernest-hall",fullName:"Ernest Hall"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82711",title:"The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: The Protective Role of Resilience and Capacity for Mentalizing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106161",slug:"the-impact-of-covid-19-on-mental-health-the-protective-role-of-resilience-and-capacity-for-mentalizi",body:'At the end of 2019, a new type of previously unidentified coronavirus appeared in the Chinese city of Wuhan, then known as the novel coronavirus 2019, which was renamed SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The disease it causes is officially named Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The first cases of infection with this virus spread from animals to humans, presumably at the seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan, causing a terrible epidemic in many cities in China [1, 2]. Due to the growing rate of reporting cases in Chinese and international locations, on January 30, 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency [2].
To slow the spread of COVID-19 and prevent health systems from becoming overloaded, many countries around the world have implemented restrictions on population movement and complete or partial lockdowns, police-enforced curfew, strict travel bans and shutted borders [3]. All of this has affected the established way of human life and caused a major psychological impact on people around the world, posing a serious threat to mental health [3].
The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic poses a new challenge to mental health. The World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of well-being in which an individual achieves his potential, can cope with normal life stress, can work productively and is able to contribute to the community. The definition of mental health leads to the conclusion that it is more than just the absence of mental illness, ie that good functioning within one’s own family, good relationships with other people and expressing life satisfaction are qualities of a person who is mentally healthy [4]. People with good mental health are often sad, sick, angry or unhappy, and that is part of a fully lived life for a human being. Nevertheless, mental health is often conceptualized as a purely positive impact, marked by a sense of happiness and a sense of having control over one’s environment [4].
With the outbreak of COVID-19, people faced a series of situations that changed their lives, but also the lives of their loved ones. Closing in houses, distancing oneself from other people, death of close people and general uncertainty are situations to which people were not used until then [3, 5]. The continuing stress associated with a pandemic can have serious consequences for their mental health. Stress involves physiological and psychological reactions to stressors that come from the environment, and people very often have no control over these causes of stress [6].
Depression, anxiety, and stress have been identified as basic negative indicators of mental health and some of the major health problems, and research interest has focused on understanding their nature, causes, and treatments [7]. An individual’s depression is characterized by experiences of dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of oneself and life as a whole, impoverishment of social life and anhedonia. Anxiety is a mental state characterized by a subjective experience of anxiety, a feeling of helplessness and a high level of arousal of the organism. Negative stress is a state of high arousal of the organism that occurs as a result of one or more threatening events, with strong negative emotions on the mental level [7]. People who are generally prone to anxiety, as a rule, often express symptoms of depression, and vice versa. Stress is also associated with depression and anxiety [7].
Studies assessing stress, anxiety and depression during quarantine caused by the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have revealed the presence of severe psychological distress and psychopathological factors and have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with very significant levels of stress, which in many cases could reach the threshold of clinical importance [8].
Further in the text of this book chapter, a more detailed review of the existing literature on mental health and associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic will be reported, ie the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and other forms of psychological distress. After that, the roles of preventive factors related to mental health will be identified, with a focus on resilience and capacity for mentalizing.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in the prevalence of mental disorders by a massive 25%. The most common and important of these disorders are depression, anxiety and various types of psychological distress, which are described in more detail in this book chapter. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple factors also caused a “pandemic of mental disorders”, ie a massive increase in mental health problems.
One of the main explanations for the increase in mental health problems is the unprecedented multiple stress caused by the social isolation resulting from the pandemic. Related to this were limitations in people’s ability to work, seek support from loved ones and engage in their communities, loneliness, fear of infection, suffering and death for themselves and loved ones, grief after bereavement, and financial worries. These are all stressors that lead to the fundamental mental problems of anxiety and depression. Among healthcare workers, who belong to a group particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic, exhaustion and burnout syndrome have been main triggers for suicidal thoughts [3, 5].
Numerous studies on the mental health status of people around the world have been published during the COVID-19 pandemic, reporting on different rates of mental health problems. Some differences can be attributed to methodological issues such as different instruments for measuring mental health indicators such as depression, anxiety and distress, and the range of outcomes used, while other differences probably stemmed from cultural factors about discovering mental health problems [9].
A review of research literature from China, India, Nepal, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain showed that the average prevalence of depression in 14 studies with a sample size of 44,531 people was 33.7%, the prevalence of anxiety in 17 studies with a sample size of 63,439 was 31.9%, while stress rates in 5 studies with a total sample size of 9074 individuals were 29.6% [10].
When it comes to the results of research conducted in Europe, similar findings have been obtained. The first study in Serbia examining the mental health status of the general adult population found that of the 1057 participants in the study, 28.9% reported moderate to severe depression, 36.9% moderate to severe anxiety, and 38.1% moderate to severe symptoms of stress. Fear about COVID-19 news, feelings of helplessness, the likelihood of impending death, and the presence of COVID-19 symptoms were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Current smoking status was associated with a higher risk of depression and stress. Higher socioeconomic status was significantly associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress, while students had significantly higher levels of depression and stress [3].
Isolation, reduced social contacts, the duration of quarantine and restrictions, and significant changes in access to higher education in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic have played an important role in increasing negative emotional symptoms and stress in students. A study conducted on a sample of 338 students in Serbia during the state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic examined the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and procrastination [11]. The results showed that the average values of depression, anxiety and stress among students were significantly higher compared to the findings of research conducted on a sample of university students before the pandemic in Serbia, but also in other European countries [11].
The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the university community has also been demonstrated in research conducted in Spain, Greece and France. According to research conducted in Spain during the first weeks of the introduction of curfew due to the pandemic, students showed higher scores on the scales of depression, anxiety and stress, compared to the situation before the COVID-19 pandemic [12]. The authors, who conducted research in Greece during the state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, pointed to an increase in anxiety, depression and psychological distress in students compared to the time before the pandemic [13]. A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the prevalence of anxiety and identifying anxiety-related factors among French students during the outbreak of COVID-19 found that of the 3936 students, 15.2% experienced moderate anxiety. Female gender and having relatives or acquaintances who were hospitalized for COVID-19 were major risk factors for anxiety [14].
Systematic review of three electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline), with 13 studies from different European countries that published data on the prevalence of anxiety, depression and stress in students, showed that the overall combined prevalence rate was 55% for anxiety, 63% for depression and 62% for stress [15]. A significant increase in anxiety, depression and stress has been identified among university students across Europe, but the long-term effect of this will need to be monitored. Governments, universities and other higher education service providers should take into account students’ mental health and provide strategies to support their mental well-being [15].
A study examining mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and key risk factors in the adult population in Croatia, on a nationally representative sample of 1201 participants, shows that 9.8% of respondents were at risk of adjustment disorders, 7.7% were at risk of developing depressive disorder, and 7.8% were at risk for anxiety disorder. In addition, 7.2% experienced high levels of stress. Key risk factors for specific negative mental health outcomes varied, but common predictive factors for some of the mental health problems included younger age, current health status, previous diagnosis of mental disorder, having an below-average income, and over-following COVID-19 news. Together, the key risk factors identified in this study indicate the need for public health interventions that address the mental health of the general population, but also for specific risk groups [16].
COVID-19 has a serious impact on the mental health of both the general population and healthcare workers who belong to a special risk group during a pandemic [3, 17]. The psychological impact of the outbreak of acute infections on health workers has caused significant concern to the government, the public and medical professionals. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on health workers working during a pandemic is an important consideration, as chronic exposure to stressors leads to burnout syndrome and various mental health problems [17].
One study on psychological distress, which included 958 health workers from the city of Wuhan in China, indicates that more than half of the respondents had symptoms related to depression and anxiety. Specifically, 54% of the total sample had symptoms of anxiety and 58% of depression, with the prevalence of stress being higher than previously detected in healthcare workers battling the SARS virus [18]. In the study which involved 1257 healthcare workers from China, of which 760 from Wuhan, 71.5% of respondents showed symptoms of stress, 44.6% anxiety, 50.4% depression and 34% insomnia. These symptoms were more severe in nurses, front-line staff, and those working in Wuhan, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak [19]. Similar results have been found in European countries, such as Germany, where healthcare professionals, especially nurses, have reported a high prevalence of stress, emotional fatigue and depressive symptoms [20].
A study conducted in China found that healthcare workers at the frontline of the pandemic and who deal directly with patients confirmed or suspected of having COVID-19 have higher levels of various mental health problems than those working in regular clinical settings. In addition, these two groups had comparatively low rates of behavior seeking help and treatment for their mental health problems. Data from that study showed that the mental health of healthcare workers at the frontline is of particular concern. The rate of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression and insomnia, has increased significantly among healthcare workers working on the front lines of the fight against COVID-19, compared to those without direct contact with COVID-19 [21].
Compared to non-frontline healthcare workers, frontline healthcare workers can be exposed to much greater physical and mental stress, which can contribute to a higher rate of mental health problems. For example, frontline healthcare workers had to be especially careful when working in respiratory units or infectious wards, ensuring that suspicious patients were identified in a timely manner and transferred to a particular hospital to reduce the risk of exposure to others [21]. These results showed poor mental health among healthcare workers at the frontline of the fight against COVID-19 [21], but contrary to expectations, no significantly higher rates of seeking help or treatment of mental health problems were observed among these individuals. The phenomenon that healthcare professionals have difficulty accepting and detecting emotions is not unique to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [22]. Emotional stress is common among hospital physicians, many of whom do not seek professional help or support from their colleagues because they either think they did not need it or are uncomfortable seeking help and are concerned about confidentiality [22]. These findings remind us that in the future, providers of psychological interventions should pay more attention to healthcare workers who have mental health problems.
Study examining healthcare workers before and during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [23], which included both those working on the front lines and those with unclear COVID-19 exposure, found that the incidence of anxiety, depression and insomnia increased over time. However, it is unclear whether the respondents were the same at both time points. During the outbreak of COVID-19, one in four healthcare professionals reported at least mild anxiety, depression or insomnia [23].
One meta-analysis showed that twenty-two studies reported one or more variables related to mental health problems in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic [24]. The most common risk factors correlated with an increased risk of mental health problems were exposure to patients with COVID-19, females [24] and concerns of health professionals that they would be infected with coronavirus [21, 24]. In three studies, concern that family members were infected was a risk factor [24]. When it comes to anxiety, data from 22 studies showed that the percentage of healthcare workers with anxiety ranged from 9 to 90% with a median of 24% [24]. For depression, there were data from 19 studies. The percentage of respondents with depression ranged from 5 to 51%, with a median of 21%. For sleep problems, there were data from six studies. The percentage of sleep problems ranged from 34 to 65%, with a median of 37%. For psychological distress, there were data from 13 studies. The percentage with distress ranged from 7 to 97%, with a median of 37% [24].
The aforementioned studies conducted around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted mental health problems and unmet needs of medical staff during the pandemic. There is an urgent need to provide further strategies to alleviate the mental health problems of health workers, and long-term monitoring of the mental health of health workers, both those at the first line and those at the secont line of the COVID-19 pandemic [21].
In addition to COVID-19-related mental health risk factors, which mainly include the following: female gender and age under 40 [25, 26, 27], student status, unemployment, poor economic status, lower level of education and unemployment [3, 27, 28, 29], presence of chronic illness and history of medical or psychiatric illness [20, 30, 31], as well as frequent exposure to social media and news related to COVID-19 [3, 26, 32], and inadequate information about the virus [5, 33], several studies have also identified factors that protect individuals from symptoms of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors associated with COVID-19 mainly include the timely dissemination of up-to-date and accurate health information regarding COVID-19 by the competent authorities [29], the active implementation of precautionary measures to reduce the risk of infection, such as frequent hand washing, wearing masks and less contact with people, [29], as well as more social support [34], and rest time during a pandemic [35].
Besides to these factors that are specific to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been shown that psychological symptoms during a pandemic may be related to some personality traits, such as temperament, positive stress coping mehanisms [36, 37], secure and avoidant attachment styles [29, 37], resilience [33, 38, 39, 40, 41], and capacity for mentalizing [42].
There are significant individual differences in adapting to stressful situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which depends on personality characteristics and psychological resources, such as resilience. Previous studies have found that mental health during the pandemic has been associated with positive psychological traits such as psychological resilience [38, 39] and hope [40], and that resilience positively stabilizes mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic [41].
Interest in psychological resilience has increased in recent decades [43]. Numerous scientific disciplines deal with resilience, starting from psychiatry and psychology, through sociology to medicine, genetics and neuroscience. Nevertheless, by reviewing the existing literature and the definition of this term, the only consensus exists, and that is the question “how some people can endure discomfort without negative physical and psychological consequences” [44]. This is exactly how the simplest definition of the resilience construct can be formulated - as the ability of people to function well in difficult situations, that is, to cope with the stress that often accompanies them. Synonyms such as hardiness, resistance, psychoimmunity and toughness further clarify the qualities that resilience implies. Simply put, resilience implies successful adaptation and the ability to maintain or regenerate mental health despite obstacles [45]. In addition, it can be characterized as a process of evolution of positive attitudes and strategies [46], but also as an individual’s ability to “go back to the old” [43, 47]. Multidisciplinarity in approaching this problem has made definitions change and evolve as scientific understanding and cognition changes.
When resilience is perceived as a personality trait, it refers to an individual’s ability to return to a state of normal mental functioning after stressful or threatening events, without lasting negative consequences [43].
When resilience is defined as a complex capacity of an individual, then it is understood as the result of all protective factors that act to maintain or improve an individual’s mental health after circumstances that may cause severe distress or mental trauma. These protective factors can be: 1) individual factors, such as e.g. ways of overcoming stress, cognitive capacity and strength of an individual’s character, 2) factors arising from an individual’s social network, such as e.g. emotional or material support provided by family or close friends, and 3) support from the wider community, such as support provided by government agencies, businesses, and social organizations [43, 48].
Previous studies have shown that resilience is negatively correlated with depression and anxiety [49, 50, 51]. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, high resilience was cited as a complex trait that allows people to easily recover from a variety of difficulties, which can be acquired through an appropriate training program [52, 53, 54]. Resilience is also cited as a trait that can reduce the association between burnout syndrome and mental health difficulties, and which acts as a moderator as a moderator by alleviating the association between burnout syndrome and subjective well-being [48, 55, 56].
The results of a study examining the links between resilience, hope, preventive behavior, subjective well-being and mental health in 220 adults, in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, showed that hope and resilience have significant direct effects on mental health and subjective well-being. Preventive behavior showed no significant effect on these two variables other than resilience. These results suggest that more attention needs to be paid to hope and resilience to develop and improve well-being and mental health in times of crisis [40].
Research has found that resilience characteristics are associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression symptoms [57] and that resilience has mediated the relationship between stress, anxiety and depression symptoms [58]. Generally speaking, people with a higher degree of resilience also have a higher degree of well-being, and a lower degree of depression, anxiety and negative self-evaluation [54, 59].
Good capacity for mentalizing is considered to play a preventive role in maintaining mental health. Mentalizing is a form of imaginative mental activity that consists of interpreting perceived human behavior based on intentional mental states such as needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, goals, purposes, and reasons. The term imaginative mental activity indicates that this process is performed by a person using imagination in his/her mind. Mentalizing is a process that enables individuals to correctly understand their own and other people’s behavior in interpersonal relationships, as well as to regulate their own emotions and impulses well [60, 61, 62].
Capacity for mentalizing the individual develops in childhood and is highly associated with a secure affective attachment to primary caregivers. Mentalizing implies at least the following four dimensions: the first refers to the question of whose behavior is being mentalized - one’s own or someone else’s; the second refers to the question of the extent to which the individual controls mentalization - at one end it is automatic and implicit, and at the other end of that dimension it is conscious, voluntary or explicit mentalization; the third dimension refers to the use of cognitive and emotional processes, on the one hand there is the possibility to recognize mental phenomena, name and describe their causes and consequences in words, on the other is the possibility to experience these phenomena as feelings without the use of words; the fourth dimension refers to the contents that are mentalized, at one end of this dimension are the contents observed during direct communication with another person, either verbal or nonverbal channel, at the other end are assumptions that depend on the previous experience of the person being mentalizing, which among other things, is influenced by the socio-cultural environment in which that person lives [60, 61, 62]. In direct contact with another person, the basic mental actions that an individual performs when mentalizing are to make assumptions about the mental states that determine behavior and check them. Then the individual is aware that intentional mental states cannot be seen with the naked eye. During mentalization, an individual has a not knowing stance about intentional mental states and a sincere curiosity that helps him/her discover them in cooperation with another person [60, 61, 62].
Weak capacity for mentalizing has been found in patients with borderline personality disorder, but other mental disorders also include difficulties in mentalization [62, 63]. Also, in the non-clinical population, forms of impaired capacity for mentalizing were examined. Two such forms were investigated in these studies: hypomentalizing and hypermentalizing. These are two qualitatively different phenomena, not extremes of the same [42].
Hypomentalizing refers to the lack or absence of consideration of the phenomena of mental life that determine behavior, and by making assumptions and checking them in interpersonal interaction. Hypomentalizing can be a consequence of a lack of faith in one’s own ability to know the mental world, or as a consequence of mistaken beliefs that behavior is determined by external forces, not mental states. Among other things, it manifests as uncertainty in the ability to accurately assess the mental states underlying behavior [61, 64].
Hypermentalizing refers to making too many assumptions about intentional mental states, some of which are uncritically accepted as true, even though they are not true. The hypermentalizing of an individual occurs as a consequence of his/her erroneous beliefs that other persons have identical intentional mental states as himself. It manifests itself as excessive certainty in the accuracy of one’s own beliefs about the nature of mental states that underlie one’s behavior [61, 64].
There are findings that indicate that a good capacity for mentalizing allows a correct understanding of one’s own and others’ behavior in stressful situations, which helps to overcome stress [62, 65]. Authors [65] examined the relationship between global distress, capacity for mentalizing and well-being in a sample of German teachers, and found that mentalizing is positively associated with well-being and that mentalizing mitigates the negative impact of stress and psychological symptoms on well-being. In Spain, a study was conducted that examined the association between capacity for mentalizing and burnout syndrome in a sample of entrepreneurs. Research conducted in Spain has shown that the capacity for mentalizing reduces the degree of burnout syndrome in entrepreneurs by reducing emotional exhaustion and cynicism (depersonalization), and that hypomentalizing was a statistically significant positive predictor of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in entrepreneurs [64].
Good capacity for mentalizing is key to resilience - the ability of an individual to return to a state of normal mental functioning after stressful or threatening events, without lasting negative consequences [43]. The first study in the world that linked capacity for mentalizing and resilience to burnout syndrome in a sample of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed that there were negative correlations between resilience and burnout dimensions - emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and positive correlations between resilience and personal achievement. Also, hypomentalizing has been shown to be a significant positive predictor of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization as a dimensions of burnout syndrome [42]. Good capacity for mentalizing means that empathy, active listening and authentic curiosity about mental states, both one’s own and the interlocutor’s, are expressed during direct communication. Hypomentalizers, instead of revealing objective facts about the reasons for their behavior through open communication with others, usually judge intentional mental states by “guessing”, referring to general laws and their previous experience, which leads to wrong conclusions. Lack of mentalizing reduces the ability of people to understand their own and others’ behavior, which leads to interpersonal misunderstandings, conflicts, dissatisfaction and professional frustrations. This is consistent with previous findings proving that good mentalizing ability is a protective factor of mental health [60, 63, 64].
Schwarzer et al. [65] found that the presence of stress negatively affected subjective assessments of well-being, while the capacity for mentalizing had an indirect and positive effect on an individual’s assessments of health. Evidence suggests that impaired capacity for mentalizing, typical of various mental illnesses, can be improved by psychotherapeutic intervention, leading to a reduction in psychological symptoms [66]. Relying on clinical relevance, there has been a shift towards focusing on capacity for mentalizing as a mediating capacity to promote health in non-clinical populations [60, 62, 63, 65]. Most important in this context is the idea that preventive or early interventions that encourage good capacity for mentalizing can protect the individual from the influence of distress factors [67], thus enabling more resilient adaptation to life stressors and protecting the mental health of the individual.
Concerns about the potential increase in mental disorders have led countries around the world to include psychosocial support in their COVID-19 response plans, among other measures to combat COVID-19, but major shortcomings and concerns remain [68].
The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused enormous psychological impact worldwide and poses an unprecedented threat to mental health. The extant scientific literature, which reports on mental health status and the prevalence of psychological disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, warns that the level of depression, anxiety and stress among citizens around the world has reached alarming proportions.
Given that the COVID-19 pandemic marks a global public health crisis unseen in the last century, there is an urgent need to implement measures and strategies to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. As resilience and capacity for mentalizing have been shown to play a very important preventive role when it comes to mental health, it is essential to develop and implement strategies to encourage resilience and strengthen capacity for mentalizing to counteract psychological stress during public health emergencies, including response to COVID-19.
In addition to combating the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 virus, mitigating the devastating effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of both general population and vulnerable groups should be an international public health priority.
This book chapter sought, in addition to reviewing the prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of preventive mental health factors such as resilience and good capacity for mentalizing, to emphasize a wake-up call to all countries to pay more attention to mental health and work better to support the mental health of their populations.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The authors want to thank and dedicate this book chapter to their parents who have always taught them to hope in life and never give up.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. The importance of antioxidant mechanisms is to understand the biological meaning of antioxidants, their possible uses, their production by organic synthesis or biotechnological methods, or for the standardization of the determination of antioxidant activity. In general, antioxidant molecules can react either by multiple mechanisms or by a predominant mechanism. The chemical structure of the antioxidant substance allows understanding of the antioxidant reaction mechanism. This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"66742",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life",slug:"introductory-chapter-alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-for-human-life",totalDownloads:4130,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"6828",slug:"alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-human-life",title:"Alkaloids",fullTitle:"Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life"},signatures:"Joanna Kurek",authors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"19",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83076",title:"Treatments for the Infection by SARS-CoV-2",slug:"treatments-for-the-infection-by-sars-cov-2",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106232",abstract:"In late 2019, pneumonia cases from unknown origin were detected in Wuhan, China. The cause was a new coronavirus. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 the associated disease. In the first months of 2020, this disease became a pandemic with a high lethality reported. Since then, the search for treatments began. We started by searching among treatments previously approved for human use that were not designed for COVID-19 and were considered to treat this condition. We continued searching on the therapeutics guidelines published by the WHO for the management of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Based on these results, we searched for the literature in PubMed to obtain further evidence on the drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The treatments presented in this chapter are Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Azithromycin, Molnupiravir, Casirivimab-Imdevimab, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir, Ritonavir-Lopinavir, Remdesivir, and Favipiravir. Two years ahead of the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a plenty of options for treatment have been investigated. Only a few of them have been shown to be efficient and safe. According to the WHO, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir outperforms other proposed therapeutics.",book:{id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg"},signatures:"Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Francisco Javier Magos-Vázquez and Daniel Alberto Díaz-Martínez"},{id:"83054",title:"Pulsatory Liposome: A Possible Biotechnological Device",slug:"pulsatory-liposome-a-possible-biotechnological-device",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106347",abstract:"A unilamellar liposome filled with an osmotic solution is introduced into a hypotonic aqueous environment. Because of the mechanical tension induced by the osmotic flow, the vesicle swells up to a critical size, when suddenly a transbilayer pore appears and the vesicle relaxing stage starts. A part of the intracellular material leaks out through this pore, and the liposome membrane relaxes and finally recovers. The swelling begins again and the liposome experiences a periodical process. For this reason, we have named it a pulsatory liposome. The swelling of the liposome is described by a differential equation. All the processes which contribute to the vesicle relaxing and its coming back to the initial size are described by three differential equations. The pulsatory liposome can be programmed to work a number of cycles, established before. The activity of a pulsatory liposome can be characterized by the following parameters: (a) number of cycles, the length time of each cycle, and liposome activity life; (b) the length time of the swelling stage and the relaxation stage for each cycle; (c) the amount of solute leaked out through the pore in each cycle. The pulsatory liposome may be regarded as a two-stroke engine.",book:{id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg"},signatures:"Dumitru Popescu and Alin Gabriel Popescu"},{id:"82962",title:"Pluralism Medical Treatment, Prevention, and Control of COVID-19 Infection and Its Long-Sufferings among the Older Adults in the Northeast of Thailand from 2019 to 2022",slug:"pluralism-medical-treatment-prevention-and-control-of-covid-19-infection-and-its-long-sufferings-amo",totalDownloads:50,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106339",abstract:"COVID-19 in 2019 has brought both changes and challenges to the world. This global pandemic has an impact on people of all age levels, especially older adults. In Thailand, older persons are at high risk of COVID-19 infection. They are included in the so-called 608 groups. The objective of this review article was to synthesize and present medical pluralism, the development of drugs from herbs, and projects conducted to treat, prevent, and control the infection and long sufferings of COVID-19. The review covers 10 studies, three projects produced at Mahasarakham University, Chaiyaphum Rajabhat University, and Khon Kaen University that were reviewed, synthesized, and analyzed. The results of the synthesis indicate that modern and Thai traditional medicine can help reduce the severity of the infection and long sufferings of COVID-19. The medical pluralism between modern and Thai traditional medicine is needed to remedy COVID-19 cases among the older adults in the Northeast of Thailand.",book:{id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg"},signatures:"Pissamai Homchampa, Khemika Napattaradechanon, Parichat Yatniyom, Thawalrat Ratanasiri, Piyaporn Sansila, Thanawan Sirisuk, Thawalwong Ratanasiri and Amornrat Ratanasiri"},{id:"82353",title:"Pharmacovigilance of Biological Drugs",slug:"pharmacovigilance-of-biological-drugs",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105520",abstract:"The use of biological drugs has significantly increased over the past decades and has allowed for the treatment of many life-threatening and chronic diseases. The patent expiration of biological innovative medicines enables copies of these drugs called biosimilars. The availability of biosimilars enhances competition, with the potential to improve patient access to biological medications and contribute to the financial sustainability of the healthcare systems. Unlike equivalent drugs, biosimilars are not identical but similar to their innovator products because of the differences in the manufacturing process, which is a biological process. However, they are considered comparable to their originators in safety, quality characteristics, biological activity, and efficacy. The regulatory procedures used for generic drugs cannot be applied for biosimilars, so they are subjected to rigorous characterization as well as comparative clinical studies. Since they are highly complex molecules produced from living cells, even small change in the production process can have major implications on their safety and effectiveness profile, causing a potential risk of immune-based adverse reactions. For all these reasons, for biological drugs, a robust long-term pharmacovigilance system is necessary. It is desirable that in the future, there are further guidance and resolution of the ongoing discussions on biosimilar labeling, naming, pharmacovigilance and interchangeability/substitution, to ensure the appropriate use of these drugs in clinical practice.",book:{id:"11679",title:"Pharmacovigilance and Regulations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11679.jpg"},signatures:"Simona Guerzoni, Flavia Lo Castro, Carlo Baraldi, Giuliana Colella and Luca Pani"},{id:"82868",title:"Recent Strategies for Ocular Drug Delivery: Promises and Challenges",slug:"recent-strategies-for-ocular-drug-delivery-promises-and-challenges",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106335",abstract:"Ocular diseases include various anterior and posterior segment diseases. Due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye, efficient ocular drug delivery is a great challenge to researchers. The emerging nanoscience is playing an important role in the development of novel strategies for ocular disease management. Various active molecules have been designed to associate with nanocarriers to overcome ocular barriers and interact with certain ocular tissues. In this chapter, highlights will be made on barrier to intraocular delivery, general pathways for ocular absorption, and factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. The recent attempts of nanotechnology for treating anterior and posterior ocular diseases will be explored. This will include nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, vesicular systems, in situ gel, dendrimers, contact lenses, implants, microneedles, and cell-based delivery systems. In addition, gene-based ocular delivery systems will be discussed. In this chapter, we will also provide a comprehensive overview of drug-device combinations used for ocular diseases such as glaucoma, dry eye disease, infections, and inflammations. Furthermore, drug delivery devices for ocular surgeries are discussed. Finally, challenges and future prospective of ocular delivery systems will be explored.",book:{id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg"},signatures:"Amal H. El-Kamel and Asmaa A. Ashour"},{id:"82727",title:"Mesoporous Silica Based Cancer Theranostic: A Modern Approach in Upcoming Medicine",slug:"mesoporous-silica-based-cancer-theranostic-a-modern-approach-in-upcoming-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105447",abstract:"In case cancers are located deep inside the body and are very tough to diagnose, diagnostic tools like MRI/CT scans can be employed to detect these cancers. The major challenge in such cases is the delivery of MRI active agents or visualizing agents to the target site. In this context we will discuss different mesoporous nanoparticles that can be employed to target the tissue at a specific location, its functionalization to reach the target site (Folic acid), different simple dyes as well as specific dyes which offer theranostic functionality. The nanoparticles like mesoporous silica nanoparticles offer the possibility to load therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Its surface allow multiple functionalization and conjugations which offer target specific delivery of these agents. Moreover we will also overview different modern drug delivery inventions for offering theranostic application.",book:{id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg"},signatures:"Ajinkya Pote, Vikas Ahirrao and Vishal Pande"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:57},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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