Patient series reported in the literature.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6003",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",title:"Robotics",subtitle:"Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book analyses the legal, ethical and social aspects of using deep-learning AI robotic products. The collective effort of distinguished international researchers has been incorporated into one book suitable for the broader audience interested in the emerging scientific field of roboethics. The book has been edited by Prof. George Dekoulis, Aerospace Engineering Institute, Cyprus, expert on state-of-the-art implementations of robotic systems for unmanned spacecraft navigation and other aerospace applications. We hope this book will increase the sensitivity of all the community members involved with roboethics. The significance of incorporating all aspects of roboethics right at the beginning of the creation of a new deep-learning AI robot is emphasised and analysed throughout the book. AI robotic systems offer an unprecedented set of virtues to the society. However, the principles of roboethical design and operation of deep-learning AI robots must be strictly legislated, the manufacturers should apply the laws and the knowledge development of the AI robots should be closely monitored after sales. This will minimise the drawbacks of implementing such intelligent technological solutions. These devices are a representation of ourselves and form communities like us. Learning from them is also a way to improve ourselves.",isbn:"978-953-51-3636-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3635-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4577-6",doi:"10.5772/66612",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"robotics-legal-ethical-and-socioeconomic-impacts",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"15ab11f5bb5aac89956dd8b42f261011",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",publishedDate:"December 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6003.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8824,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 13th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 11th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9833/images/system/9833.jfif",biography:"Prof. George Dekoulis received his PhD in Space Engineering and Communications from Lancaster University, UK, in 2007. He was awarded a First Class BEng (Hons) degree in Communications Engineering from De Montfort University, UK, in 2001. He has received several awards from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and the Hudswell International Research Scholarship (IET). He is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the American University of Cyprus (AUCY), Cyprus. He was previously a professor at the Aerospace Engineering Institute (AEI), Cyprus. Founder of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society (AESS), Cyprus. General chair of IEEE Aerospace Engineering Innovations 2019 (IEEE AEI 2019), Limassol, Cyprus. He has worked as a professor in Space Computing & Engineering at various departments, such as Space & Planetary Physics, Aeronautical and Space Engineering, Professional Flight, Robotics/Mechatronics & Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research focuses on the design of reconfigurable Space Computing and Engineering Systems.",institutionString:"Aerospace Engineering Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1321",title:"Roboethics",slug:"roboethics"}],chapters:[{id:"57406",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Roboethics: The Legal, Ethical and Social Impacts of Robotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71170",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-roboethics-the-legal-ethical-and-social-impacts-of-robotics",totalDownloads:869,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"George Dekoulis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57406",authors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],corrections:null},{id:"56097",title:"Risk Estimation in Robotics and the Impact of Human Behaviour",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69770",slug:"risk-estimation-in-robotics-and-the-impact-of-human-behaviour",totalDownloads:740,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rob Dupre and Vasileios Argyriou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56097",authors:[{id:"105175",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Argyriou",slug:"vasileios-argyriou",fullName:"Vasileios Argyriou"},{id:"203089",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Dupre",slug:"robert-dupre",fullName:"Robert Dupre"}],corrections:null},{id:"56353",title:"Trajectory Tracking Error Using Fractional Order PID Control Law for Two‐Link Robot Manipulator via Fractional Adaptive Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70020",slug:"trajectory-tracking-error-using-fractional-order-pid-control-law-for-two-link-robot-manipulator-via-",totalDownloads:746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Joel Perez P., Jose Paz Perez P. and Martha S. Lopez de la Fuente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56353",authors:[{id:"203938",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Perez",slug:"joel-perez",fullName:"Joel Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"56250",title:"Robots Liability: A Use Case and a Potential Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69888",slug:"robots-liability-a-use-case-and-a-potential-solution",totalDownloads:1110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Alejandro Zornoza, José C. Moreno, José L. Guzmán, Francisco\nRodríguez and Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56250",authors:[{id:"5859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Guzman",slug:"jose-luis-guzman",fullName:"Jose Luis Guzman"},{id:"22920",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Moreno",slug:"jose-carlos-moreno",fullName:"Jose Carlos Moreno"},{id:"22922",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"francisco-rodriguez",fullName:"Francisco Rodriguez"},{id:"22923",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Sanchez-Hermosilla",slug:"julian-sanchez-hermosilla",fullName:"Julian Sanchez-Hermosilla"},{id:"204035",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Zornoza",slug:"alejandro-zornoza",fullName:"Alejandro Zornoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"56025",title:"Cybersecurity of Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Privacy and Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69796",slug:"cybersecurity-of-robotics-and-autonomous-systems-privacy-and-safety",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Francisco J. Rodríguez Lera, Camino Fernández Llamas, Ángel\nManuel Guerrero and Vicente Matellán Olivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56025",authors:[{id:"124522",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Matellan",slug:"vicente-matellan",fullName:"Vicente Matellan"},{id:"211294",title:"Prof.",name:"Camino",surname:"Fernández-Llamas",slug:"camino-fernandez-llamas",fullName:"Camino Fernández-Llamas"},{id:"211295",title:"MSc.",name:"Ángel Manuel",surname:"Guerrero-Higueras",slug:"angel-manuel-guerrero-higueras",fullName:"Ángel Manuel Guerrero-Higueras"},{id:"211296",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",surname:"Rodríguez-Lera",slug:"francisco-javier-rodriguez-lera",fullName:"Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lera"}],corrections:null},{id:"56170",title:"Ethic Reflections about Service Robotics, from Human Protection to Enhancement: Case Study on Cultural Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69768",slug:"ethic-reflections-about-service-robotics-from-human-protection-to-enhancement-case-study-on-cultural",totalDownloads:898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Luca Giuliano, Maria Luce Lupetti, Sara Khan and Claudio Germak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56170",authors:[{id:"203858",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Germak",slug:"claudio-germak",fullName:"Claudio Germak"},{id:"203861",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Giuliano",slug:"luca-giuliano",fullName:"Luca Giuliano"},{id:"203862",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Luce",surname:"Lupetti",slug:"maria-luce-lupetti",fullName:"Maria Luce Lupetti"},{id:"211018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Khan",slug:"sara-khan",fullName:"Sara Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56304",title:"Mechanical Empathy Seems Too Risky. Will Policymakers Transcend Inertia and Choose for Robot Care? The World Needs It",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70019",slug:"mechanical-empathy-seems-too-risky-will-policymakers-transcend-inertia-and-choose-for-robot-care-the",totalDownloads:1063,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Johan F. Hoorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56304",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56304",authors:[{id:"202564",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Johan",surname:"Hoorn",slug:"johan-hoorn",fullName:"Johan Hoorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56345",title:"Electronic Prescribing and Robotic Dispensing: The Impact of Integrating Together on Practice and Professionalism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69769",slug:"electronic-prescribing-and-robotic-dispensing-the-impact-of-integrating-together-on-practice-and-pro",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Roderick J. Beard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56345",authors:[{id:"203288",title:"Dr.",name:"Roderick",surname:"Beard",slug:"roderick-beard",fullName:"Roderick Beard"}],corrections:null},{id:"56684",title:"Human, Not Humanoid, Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70117",slug:"human-not-humanoid-robots",totalDownloads:931,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Domenico Parisi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56684",authors:[{id:"203559",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Domenico",surname:"Parisi",slug:"domenico-parisi",fullName:"Domenico Parisi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5597",title:"Field",subtitle:"Programmable Gate Array",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee9b6139297123dec4d906c950913c0d",slug:"field-programmable-gate-array",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6465",title:"Drones",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50a345acb86d524f7a505e09d1f2fc49",slug:"drones-applications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7414",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5066fa20239d3de3ca87b3c45c680d01",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8360",title:"Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) II",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07085e95809ecc33b1b87b531ab1024c",slug:"field-programmable-gate-arrays-fpgas-ii",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6864",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c320902fc1cfc252c1db006b944996fb",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8588",title:"Military Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03399bdb07c21c27150ee424106395e2",slug:"military-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8588.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8613",title:"Aerospace Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075278075d72ebe02490ff58675119ef",slug:"aerospace-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8613.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6350",title:"Space Flight",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023c9b0d77a58c0a263c075a7deed7e5",slug:"space-flight",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67321",slug:"corrigendum-to-clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",title:"Corrigendum to: Clinical Approach in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67321.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67321",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67321",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67321",chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10667",leadTitle:null,title:"Intermetallic Compounds - Properties and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f60ddc70564e86f159949eba70130471",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10667.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 1st 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10049",title:"Advanced Functional Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58745a56d54c143e4de8433f3d6eb62e",slug:"advanced-functional-materials",bookSignature:"Nevin Tasaltin, Paul Sunday Nnamchi and Safaa Saud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94825",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",surname:"Tasaltin",slug:"nevin-tasaltin",fullName:"Nevin Tasaltin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7666",title:"Synthesis Methods and Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd26687924373b72a27a0f69e7849486",slug:"synthesis-methods-and-crystallization",bookSignature:"Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7960",title:"Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc49969c3a4e2fc8f65d4722cc4d95a5",slug:"assorted-dimensional-reconfigurable-materials",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7676",title:"Zeolites",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc664fa55f94b38c13af542041fc3cc",slug:"zeolites-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Karmen Margeta and Anamarija Farkaš",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216140",title:"Dr.",name:"Karmen",surname:"Margeta",slug:"karmen-margeta",fullName:"Karmen Margeta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9321",title:"Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5b349cbde0b129c20f31dc02b94d33b",slug:"advances-in-microporous-and-mesoporous-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Huirache Acuña",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181660",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Huirache Acuña",slug:"rafael-huirache-acuna",fullName:"Rafael Huirache Acuña"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"53255",title:"Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy with Submesocolic and Retropancreatic Approach",doi:"10.5772/66457",slug:"laparoscopic-left-adrenalectomy-with-submesocolic-and-retropancreatic-approach",body:'
The surgical approach to the adrenal gland has raised debate among surgeons due to its retroperitoneal location and for the complexity in the management of secreting tumors, particularly in case of pheochromocytoma (PHE) [1–3]. Traditionally, open adrenalectomy is made difficult due to its deep anatomical location, and it is associated with up to 39% morbidity rate and prolonged hospital stay [1–3]. In 1992, Gagner described the first laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) by a transperitoneal approach with the patient in the lateral decubitus position [4, 5]. This initial experience has been followed by others using the same approach or, alternatively, the retroperitoneal approach with the patient in the prone or in the lateral decubitus position [6, 7] and the transperitoneal approach with the patient supine [8]. Several reports have confirmed the safety and efficacy of these techniques, and minimally, invasive adrenalectomy is presently considered the treatment of choice for a variety of benign lesions, including lesions of the medulla [9, 10].
The aim of the present chapter is to report the authors’ experience with left laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) using an original transperitoneal submesocolic and retropancreatic approach with patient supine, to describe the patient\'s preparation for surgery as well as the operative details of this procedure.
In order to establish the diagnosis in case of adrenal secreting lesions, all patients undergo complete hormonal evaluation as previously reported [11]. Diurnal serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), testosterone, androstenedione, urinary free cortisol (UFC), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), renin activity, aldosterone and urinary catecholamine levels are measured, together with overnight 1‐mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) [11]. Aldosterone‐producing adenoma, pheochromocytoma and Cushing\'s syndrome are diagnosed on the basis of high plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio (>40) and unsuppressed aldosterone after sodium load, elevated urinary metanephrines, elevated UFC, abnormal serum cortisol, inadequate cortisol suppression after 1‐mg dexamethasone and low and/or suppressed plasma ACTH [11]. When no specific signs and/or symptoms of autonomous hormone secretion are present, or abnormal hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis tests and radiological imaging suggesting the presence of an adrenocortical lesion, a diagnosis of nonfunctioning adenoma is made [11].
All patients are studied with computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An attenuation value of 1O or less Hounsfield units (HU) on unenhanced CT scan is suggestive for the presence of a benign adrenocortical adenoma [12]. Relative contrast washout of >40% and an absolute contrast washout of >60% are suggestive for an adenoma, with 92% specificity and 98% sensitivity rates, respectively [13, 14]. In all sequences during MRI, adrenocortical adenomas are homogeneous, with mild gadolinium enhancement [12], with low or equal signal intensity as the liver on T2‐weighted images may appear on lower signal intensity than the rest of the adrenal gland [12]. Chemical shift imaging can be done during MRI to identify fat within the lesion as decreased signal intensity relative to normal tissue [12]. For carcinomas, the attenuation on unenhanced studies is higher than 10 HU on CT scan [15]. On contrast‐enhanced studies, carcinomas enhance greedily due to their vascularity, and the enhancement pattern may be homogeneous, unless there is central necrosis [15, 16]. The relative percentage washout of carcinomas is <40% [17]. At MRI, adrenal carcinomas are noted for heterogeneity on T1‐weighted images, with intermediate to high signal intensity [18]. Heterogeneity is also noted on T2‐weighted images due to hemorrhage and/or necrosis [18]. Based on these criteria, adrenal lesions larger than 4 cm in diameter or with smaller but having an imaging pattern suspicious of malignancy or of sub‐clinically secreting tumors are an indication for laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Alpha‐blockers (doxazosin 20 mg/day), starting at least 15 days before surgery, are administered. If patients reported episodes of tachycardia, beta‐blockers are also administered (atenolol 100–200 mg/day orally). On the day before surgery, treatment with alpha‐blockers is discontinued, and intravenous (iv) normal saline 2000 cc is administered to expand the plasma volume [19].
Iv hydrocortisone 100 mg is administered at induction of anesthesia. Iv spironolactone is used for potassium control [20].
Iv hydrocortisone 100 mg is administered at induction of anesthesia and then iv hydrocortisone 50 mg every 8 h [20].
Surgery is performed under general anesthesia. An orogastric tube and urinary catheter are positioned. Intraoperative patients’ monitoring includes intra‐arterial radial artery catheter for continuous blood pressure measurement and a central venous catheter (subclavian or internal jugular access) for rapid infusion of liquids. Pneumoperitoneum is usually established with a Veress needle at the umbilicus or with an open technique and Hasson cannula, in case of the presence of abdominal scars from previous surgery. Pneumoperitoneum is set at a pressure of 12–13 mmHg, with carbon dioxide flow adjusted at 30 lt/min. Four trocars and a 30°/45° forward oblique optic are used. This approach is performed with the patient supine, in slight anti‐Trendelenburg position and with the operating table turned 30° with the side opposite the lesion down, to facilitate exposure of the surgical field. The surgeon stands on the side which is ipsilateral to the lesion.
After induction of pneumoperitoneum, the first 12‐mm optical trocar (n. 1) is inserted on the left of the midline above the umbilicus (Figure 1). A second 12‐mm trocar (n. 2) is inserted under vision on the right midclavicular line below the right costal arch. The third and fourth 12‐mm trocars are placed one on the left midclavicular line along with the transverse umbilical line (n. 3) and other on the left anterior axillary line (n. 4), respectively (Figure 1). The 10‐mm laparoscope is introduced from trocar (n. 3), while trocars 1 and 4 are the operating ones. With atraumatic forceps introduced from trocar (n. 2), the transverse mesocolon is raised by the assistant. This maneuver discloses the first jejunal loop at the ligament of Treitz, and it shows the arch of the inferior mesenteric vein. The operative table is tilted with the left side of the patient up, which allows the surgeon to displace the first jejunal loops on the patient\'s right side (Figure 2). The posterior peritoneum is opened at the insertion of the transverse mesocolon and posteriorly to the lower edge of the pancreas, between the first jejunal loop and the arch of the inferior mesenteric vein or immediately lateral to this vessel, according to its distance from the jejunum. Toldt\'s fascia appears at this point as a whitish film. The dissection then proceeds posteriorly along the retro‐pancreatic space, after raising the body of the pancreas with an atraumatic instrument held by the surgeon\'s left hand. The splenic vein is visible at this point running along the posterior aspect of the pancreas. Gerota\'s fascia is now opened to visualize the left renal vein, which is followed medially, until the left inferior adrenal vein is identified. This is cautiously prepared and divided between clips (AcuClip, Tyco/Healtcare, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA, Figure 3). No manipulation of the left adrenal gland has yet occurred prior to division of the adrenal vein because the gland is located cranially to this vessel. Only at this point, the gland is mobilized using a radiofrequency (LigaSure™ tissue fusion, Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts, USA) or ultrasonic (Ultracision, Harmonic Scalpel, Ethicon Endo Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) device, and the specimen is removed from the abdominal cavity inside a specimen retrieval bag after slightly enlarging the periumbilical trocar incision [19].
Trocars’ position during left transperitoneal submesocolic and retropancreatic adrenalectomy. The surgeon and first assistant stand on the left of the patient, while the second assistant stands on the right.
After raising the transverse mesocolon and displacing the first jejunal loop on the patient\'s right side, the posterior peritoneum is divided close to the arch of the inferior mesenteric vein.
The left adrenal vein is divided between clips. Confluence of the diaphragmatic vein to the left adrenal vein is visible.
Near‐infrared indocyanine green (NIR‐ICG) fluorescence may be employed during surgery and may be useful to aid in vascular structures and adrenal gland identification amidst retroperitoneal and perirenal fat, particularly in obese patients, to improve the safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Surgery is the standard treatment of Conn\'s syndrome, Cushing\'s disease, pheochromocytoma, primary adrenal cancer and adrenal metastases. After the introduction of minimally invasive adrenalectomy, this has now become the treatment of choice [8, 21–26]. Minimally, invasive adrenalectomy is mostly performed either with a transperitoneal lateral approach or with a retroperitoneal approach [4]. The laparoscopic transperitoneal anterior approach has been proposed only by few centers [8, 11, 19, 23, 24, 26].
The transperitoneal lateral approach, originally described by Gagner et al. [4], is performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. It gives excellent exposure of the operative field with a wide working space, and it facilitates orientation by providing readily identifiable anatomical landmarks [27]. Its proponents report several advantages, such as a rapid and direct access to the gland without the need to retract any organ and with minimal patient trauma [28], a clear operative field due to gravity that keeps blood and bowel away from it and the need for less surgical dissection on the left side, as compared to the anterior approach [26]. By the authors’ opinion, the main disadvantage of the lateral approach is that it does not provide early ligation of the adrenal vein prior to gland manipulation, which the authors believe to be important so as to avoid pressure instability in case of secreting adenomas, and particularly of pheochromocytoma, and which would also be oncologically correct [11, 19, 29].
Retroperitoneal adrenalectomy (RA) has also been reported to be safe and effective [21, 30, 31]. According to its proponents, it is preferred to reduce the risks and possible complications of a transperitoneal access, such as incisional hernias and paralytic ileus from bowel manipulation [4, 7]. It has been reported to require less analgesics due to lower postoperative pain [27] and to be associated with earlier recovery of bowel function, possibly leading to shorter hospital stay [27]. However, minimal postoperative pain, early liquid diet and a short hospital stay have been reported also after a laparoscopic approach [5, 6, 26, 27]. RA is preferred in patients with abdominal adhesions from previous surgery and in obese patients [32]. Moreover, several authors reported a shorter operative time [28]. According to Walz et al. [33], a 7 cm hormonally active tumor or a 4–7 cm nonfunctioning tumor may be indications for a retroperitoneal approach. By the opinion of these authors, severe obesity, simultaneous abdominal pathology, patients with evident signs of malignancy or a tumor exceeding 8 cm are contraindications for the retroperitoneal approach [33]. In our opinion, the patient\'s position during RA is unfavorable for rapid conversion to open surgery in case of major bleeding and may itself impair or worsen the hemodynamic conditions of the patient [8].
Moreover, both lateral LA and RA do not allow to perform associated surgical procedures [11, 19, 34]. In lateral LA, exploration of the contralateral gland is not possible without repositioning the patient [11, 19, 34], which increases the operative time.
To reduce the risk of catecholamines, hormones or neoplastic cells spread from the adrenal gland, the authors introduced the laparoscopic transperitoneal submesocolic and retropancreatic approach with the patient supine. This approach was originally described by Pierre Delbet in 1912 [35]. Its main advantages are the limited extent of the dissection and early identification, ligation and division of the left adrenal vein which is obtained prior to any gland manipulation. This aspect is particularly important in case of secreting lesions. In fact, the authors consider early clipping of the main adrenal vein to be of upmost importance, together with avoiding any manipulation of the gland prior to adrenal vein ligation [11, 19, 24, 26, 36].
With respect to the transperitoneal anterior and lateral approaches, it does not require mobilization of the left colonic flexure or of the spleno‐pancreatic complex to gain access to the adrenal gland, with reduction of the operative time and of potential operative risks. However, it does require experience in advanced laparoscopic surgery because the operation is conducted in a restricted working space adjacent to major venous vessels, such as the left renal and splenic veins, and the aorta [11, 19, 37].
In case of LA or RA for pheochromocytoma, because of the complexity of the disease, the operation should be performed only in centers with a well established, multidisciplinary experience in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal gland pathology. In fact, surgery for pheochromocytoma is at risk of hypotensive or hypertensive crisis, or both, due to an excess in catecholamine release, which cannot be completely prevented even by adequate preoperative preparation with α‐blockers [10]. The aim of medical treatment prior to surgery is not the reduction of hormonal secretion but the prevention of the peripheral effects of catecholamines secreted by the tumor, so that the patient may undergo surgery under the best cardiovascular conditions [38]. Advances in intraoperative monitoring and the introduction of preoperative α1‐receptors’ blockade have radically reduced the mortality rate [39]. A significant increase in the rates of plasma norepinephrine release related to mobilization of the adrenal gland has been reported during LA with a lateral approach [39]. One study also reported that severe hypertension was triggered by direct manipulation of the adrenal gland [10]. Instead, no significant intraoperative change in blood pressure was observed following this surgical strategy in case of pheochromocytoma [19]. Based on the authors’ data, the anterior laparoscopic submesocolic and retropancreatic approach for treatment of secreting adrenal lesions is safe [11, 19, 24].
Some authors [40, 41] consider tumors larger than 6 cm to be a contraindication for a minimally invasive approach, due to the risk of malignancy. In the authors’ experience, the size of the largest lesion up to 10 cm in diameter did not affect the feasibility and the outcome of the procedure or the operative time [11, 19, 24]. This observation has been confirmed by Parnaby et al. [42], whose results are in agreement with the authors’ experience [11, 19, 24].
Moreover, the supine position of the patient allows one to perform associated diagnostic [43] or operative procedures, such as contralateral adrenalectomy, without the need to reposition the patient on the operative table. In the authors’ experience, the submesocolic approach was associated with a significant reduction in the operative time, as compared to the laparoscopic traditional anterior approach, which compares favorably also with the operative time of the lateral and retroperitoneal approaches reported in the literature (Table 1) [2, 3, 5–7, 9–11, 19, 27, 29–31, 33, 44, 45].
Authors | N | Approach | Mean age (years) | Mean oper. time (min.) | Conversion (%) | Morbidity (%) | H.S. (days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazzan [2] | 24 | Lateral | 45.4 | 188 | 7 | 16 | 4 |
Vargas [3] | 20 | Lateral | 47 | 193 | 10 | 10 | 3.1 |
Gagner [5] | 100 | Lateral | 46 | 130 | 3 | 12 | 2.5 |
Bonjer [6] | 79 | RP | 50 | 114 | 6.3 | 10.1 | 2 |
Salomon [7] | 21 | RP | 46 | 116 | 0 | 19 | 3.4 |
Lang [9] | 56 | RP | 36.2 | 52 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 5.2 |
Janetschek [10] | 19 | Lateral | 49.7 | 150 | 0 | 16 | 7 |
Mohammadi‐Fallah [27] | 11 | Lateral | 43 | 129 | 0 | 9.1 | 3.6 |
12 | RP | 42 | 128 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 3.1 | |
Dickson [30] | 23 | Lateral | 42 | 145 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 3.1 |
23 | RP | 47 | 100 | 13 | 13 | 1.9 | |
Fernández‐Cruz [31] | 16 | Lateral | 36 | 89 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 3 |
14 | RP | 47 | 105 | 14.2 | 0 | 2.75 | |
Walz [33] | 560 | RP | 49.2 | 67 | 1.7 | 11.8 | – |
Cabalag [44] | 13 | Lateral | 47 | 105 | 0 | 30.7 | 2 |
10 | RP | 61 | 90 | 0 | 10 | 1 | |
Paganini [11] | 19 | LASA | 54 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 |
Paganini [19] | 37 | LASA | 54 | 82.7 | 0 | 0 | 3.85 |
Matsuda [29] | 75 | Anterior | – | 221 | 0 | 3.9 | 10.2 |
Linos [45] | 18 | Anterior | 48.7 | 116 | 5.5 | 0 | 2.3 |
Patient series reported in the literature.
N, number of patients; H.S, hospital stay; RP, retroperitoneal; LASA, left anterior submesocolic approach.
Independently from the approach that is followed, the recent introduction of a dedicated laparoscopic instrumentation to detect near‐infrared fluorescence with indocyanine green (NIR‐ICG) improves visualization of the inferior adrenal vein and of the adrenal gland with respect to the surrounding fat, making their identification easier [46, 47]. In the authors’ opinion, this instrumentation might improve the safety of the procedure, as well as the oncological outcome in case of adrenal cancer or metastases.
LA with transperitoneal submesocolic and retropancreatic approach has proven to be safe and effective [11, 19, 24], and its results are in line with those reported in the most recent literature [48] after RA and lateral LA. Early ligation of the adrenal vein is the most important technical feature of this technique in every type of lesion. For more objective results, a multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing the submesocolic approach with lateral LA and RA for left adrenalectomy would be required.
The experiences of children in early stages of life contribute to establish the foundations for future learning and development [1]. Great amount of experiences is related to those interactions with adults and peers in the natural environments were children growth [2]. Research findings support the positive impact of warm and sensitive interpersonal relationships with adults and peers in natural environments, highlighting the positive outcomes at social, emotional, and cognitive levels [3]. Moreover, caregiver-closeness and autonomy support from the caregiver predicts the vocabulary acquisition and emotion regulation of the child [4]. Therefore, it is crucial to understand which are the styles of interaction and environmental characteristics that will support positive interpersonal interactions. This chapter aims to discuss (a) the theoretical foundations that underline the promotion of positive interpersonal interactions, (b) the functional domains of development that serve as a guide to understand the development of children from a holistic perspective and the importance of child interactions with peers and adults, and (c) the considerations to ensure positive interpersonal interactions of children with peers and adults in different natural environments.
From the developmental science of normative development perspective, three types of family patterns of interaction are crucial for influencing children’s development (i.e., (1) parent-child interactions, (2) family-orchestrated child experiences and (3) health and safety provided by the family) [5]. The first one emphasizes as key aspects of effective parent-child interactions: reciprocal, sensitive, and affectively warm social exchanges, discourse-based interactions and avoidance of intrusiveness. The second pattern of interaction focuses on providing the child with developmentally appropriate materials, organizing activities compatible with the child’s interests and needs, choosing quality child care, making the child part of family routines and organizing activities that facilitate child interactions with peers. The third pattern of interaction addresses the parents’ responsibility for ensuring the child’s well-being (e.g., immunizations, adequate nutrition, protection form harm) to promote child developmental outcomes [5]. These types of family patterns of interaction promote learning and development through positive children’s experiences and by surrounding children with loving, secure and rich contexts. Nevertheless, to understand the link between development and experiences for positive developmental trajectories, the results of studies on epigenetics and development, and the bioecological model, can contribute to enlighten the reader about this linkage.
The results of research efforts to better understand brain development, its functioning and linkage to behavior have pointed at the importance of the first years of life, which will support current and future development of brain structures and learning [6]. It is well documented how the size of the brain increases at a speedy rate in the firsts years of life. By age 7, the brain reaches 95% of the size of the adult brain in males and 93% in females [7]. In fact, once the child is born not all structures that support all senses and functions are fully developed and the experiences of the child during this early years can determine the outcome of this development [8]. Experiences can act as facilitators or inhibitors of positive expression of genes [9]. Also, interactions with the environment can contribute to minimize the effects of gene expression related to developmental difficulties or delates. Therefore, the environment can have an impact on the phenotypical expression of genes. Epigenetics represents the bridge between genome and environment, it is the chemical code through which the environment communicates with genes and the phenotype of the individual is modified [10].
Greater levels of brain neuroplasticity have been found in the first years of life [11, 12]. Interactions with family members and adults and peers in early childhood education and social contexts influence the way cognitive abilities and even personality is developed. By three years of life, the basic structure of the brain is fully developed, but other areas such as the prefrontal cortex (key structure for the recognition and expression of affection) or the visual cortex continue to develop [13]. Findings of studies with humans and animal models supported the influence of the environment in the development of the brain and the future behavior of individuals. The results of studies with monkey cubs provided evidence on the importance of the interaction with the mother after birth and the detrimental effects of isolation at this stage of life [14]. Monkey cubs which were deprived of the interaction with their mothers experienced significant negative effects such as malnutrition and alterations of the cognitive, affective and physical development, and such negative effects were irreversible [15].
The limbic system and the neocortex are responsible for the control of our emotions, which is directly related to the child’s ability to establish and maintain social interactions. The development of the connections among these brain areas occurs in the late early childhood period and continues through adolescence. The experiences children have in those early stages of development will contribute to the strengthening of synaptic connections between these areas facilitating a better functioning at the socioemotional level [16] and in other areas [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Interactions with adults who are responsive and procure emotional secure environments for children’s learning and development have a huge impact in the formation of such connections from an epigenetic standpoint.
Positive interpersonal relations in early years, especially with main caregivers, are crucial. When the caregiver repeatedly pampers, feeds, cleans, talks, rocks, and cares for the child in a loving way, the developing brain is stimulated. These interactions modulate the behavioral patterns related to the early stimulation of brain areas (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens) and neurohormonal substances (oxytocin, vasopressin and dopamine) directly related to early parental care [13]. Consistency in the interactions between the child and caregivers is most needed for optimal child development [16].
The Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University pointed at serve and return interactions as fundamental for nurturing child development. Serve and return interactions are understood as back-and-forth interactions between the child and the caregiver [17]. The child initiates an interaction by pointing at something, babbling, getting the adult’s attention or crying. Then, the adult responds to the child in a sensitive and encouraging manner (i.e., through eye contact, words, or a hug). These responsive and contingent feedback from the adult contributes to the building of the child’s brain structure. Serve and return interactions consist of 5-steps: (a) noticing the child’s serve and sharing the child’s focus of attention, (b) returning the serve by supporting and encouraging the child, (c) naming it, (d) taking turns and waiting keeping the interaction going back-and-forth, and (e) practicing endings and beginnings. For example, while being at the park, a child may point at a bird on a three (i.e., a serve), the adult smiles and says: “Yeah! That’s a beautiful bird!”. The adult waits for the child’s response. The child bounces looking at the adult and looking back at the bird. The adult, then, responds by picking the child up so the child can have a better view of the bird on the three while saying: “Look Thomas, the bird is eating some of those red fruits”. The adult observes the child’s reaction and waits. The child losses interest on the bird and starts looking at some children climbing a slide steps. Then, the adult says: “Would you like to go to the slide?” This responsive, contingent, and encouraging interaction contributes to the child’s learning of language and provides a secure and loving space for the child to explore his surroundings. Such a rich experience would contribute to the strengthening of brain structures, therefore, impacting the child’s development.
When adults fail to respond to the child’s serve in a reliable and appropriate manner, or when there is a lack of interaction the child development may be negatively compromise. Toxic stress due to neglect or abuse is related to detrimental effects on healthy brain development. As neglect or abuse continue over time, the alert system of the child states on, activating the release of the hormone cortisol [17, 18]. High levels of cortisol and stress are negatively related to child learning and development. Thus, for healthy children, who will be prepare for future learning, adults must ensure that the experiences and interactions of children are responsive and encouraging and stress is not prolonged for long periods of time.
As Dr. Robin McWilliam, professor of The University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, USA, and an expert on child development and developer of the Routines-Based Model [19], would say “When children are busy, children are learning!”. Being busy is related to interactions with adults, peers, and materials [20, 21]. This idea of children’s learning and development occurring through interactions with the environment has been also supported by Bronfenbrenner [22]. Bronfenbrenner contributed to deepen the understanding of the influence of the context on the development of children through the development of the bioecological model [23]. This author describes development as a process of interaction between the person and his or her context [23, 24, 25]. Thus, child development is affected by four interacting elements, which are described in his Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) model.
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, the engines of development are the proximal processes (first element of the PPCT model). Proximal processes represent the interactions of the person with the context [23]. The interactions a person has with peers and adults in the environment are determinants for the child’s development.
The characteristics of the person (second element of the PPCT model) influence the proximal processes [23]. For example, the characteristics of the mother and the child can be related to the frequency and responsiveness of the mother in the dialectic interaction. If a child cries frequently or does no respond to the mother’s attempts to gain his attention, the frequency of interactions between mother and child may decrease. As pointed by Hinde and Stevenson-Hinde [26] interpersonal relationships between caregivers and children are affected by the characteristics of the child and the caregiver and previous interactions can predict the frequency and quality of future interactions. In addition, the temperament of the child predicts the quality of social relationships in early childhood [27]. The findings of these authors suggested that child temperament accounted for 41% of the variance in Peer Relations, 40% of the variance in Self-Management, and 49% of the variance in Academic Behavior beyond the contribution of emotion regulation.
The best-known element of the bioecological model is the context [28], and how factors at different context levels interact and affect the proximal processes and, thus, the development course of the child [23, 25]. Bronfenbrenner described the context using the following levels: microsystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, and exosystem.
The first one, the microsystem represents the immediate context of the child. The child belongs to different microsystems such as the home, the school classroom, or the grandparents\' house. In this microsystems, the majority of proximal processes or interpersonal relationships will take place. Second, the mesosystem results of the interaction of microsystems. For example, when the parents (home microsystem) and the classroom teacher (school microsystem) interact, this interaction creates a mesosystem. Third, the exosystem refers to the situations that occur in the microsystems of others, but end up indirectly affecting the child (e.g., if the company where the mother works closes down and the father is taking care of children at home, then the family microsystem may not have the means to cover essential needs such as food or housing, affecting the development of the child).
The fourth level is the macrosystem, which represents the policies and values of governments and societies that influence the child\'s development. If the child lives in a society that promotes healthy eating, and several stores with healthy products are available at accessible prices for the family to purchase, this will have a positive impact on the child’s physical development, who will get the nutrients and vitamins necessary for an optimal development. In the same way, a culture which promotes values of consistent, sensitive, and responsive care for children, and at the government level funds are designated to develop effective positive upbringing programs to support parents and caregivers, this would have an impact on the caregiver-child interpersonal interactions. Therefore, there is an impact in the child’s socioemotional, communicative, and cognitive development.
The last element of the PPCT model relates to the time or the époque in which the child was born. This is also known as the chronosystem. Bronfenbrenner explained that values and perceptions change with the passing of the years, and the conception of education or marriage, for example, is not same now as it was 50 years ago. Such values and perceptions can shape government policies and society behaviors.
The most important component of Bronfenbrenner’s model for the understanding the importance of interpersonal relationships, is the idea of development occurring through the interactions of the child with his or her environment. Such understanding of development goes along with the findings of epigenetic studies on the influence of experiences on the brain development in early years. Even though Bronfenbrenner does not explain child development from a neurobiological perspective, his model targets the engines of development (interactions with the environment). It is highlighted how positive proximal interactions or processes between the child characteristics and those of the surrounding environment, make possible to reach optimal developmental levels [28].
From this perspective, the vision of child development is seen as a constant process in which children acquire increasingly complex processes of thought, movement, affection, and social relationships through interactions with their context [19]. The child develops with the participation and engagement with his or her own environment, family, school, close people, culture, beliefs, and ideologies, among others [29].
McWilliam proposed the functional domains of development-engagement, independence, and social relations [19]. Engagement is understood as the cornerstone of development. The engagement of children in daily routines promotes their development and learning [21, 23]. When children are interacting with adults, peers, and materials have opportunities to practice and acquire skills. Receiving feedback from adults and peers while these interactions occur contributes to improve current abilities and crystalized previous learnings through practice. Engagement embeds social relationships and independence. A child who is capable of (1) communicating and relating with others in an adequate manner for the context and his or her age, and (2) carrying out actions to meet needs and meaningfully participate in everyday routines, where learning opportunities occur [30].
At the socioemotional level, interactions with caregivers and peers in early years mediate between internalizing problems and engagement levels [31], acting as protective factors against low engagement levels [32]. The effects of positive interactions remain strong even after controlling for variables like gender language proficiency of the child and the educational level of parents [32].
Engagement is defined as the interaction of the child with the context (peers, adults, and materials) in an appropriate manner for the child\'s abilities and the demands of the context [22]. It consists of nine levels of complexity ranging from non-engagement to sophisticated engagement [33]. Each level represents an increase on the complexity of the behavior of the child. Lower levels of engagement relate to repetitive behaviors, passive paying attention, or engaging in activities with no differentiated behaviors, and higher levels of complexity, relates to children engaged in symbolic play and speech who persist in the activities while trying to solve problems or challenges [34].
For an infant or child to engage in a routine, there must be a fit between the child\'s skills, his or her interests, and the demands of the routine [35]. In a routine where the abilities and interest of the child fit the demands of the routine, there is an increment in the duration and/or complexity of the child behavior, reflected on higher levels of sophistication engagement levels [34]. Adults in the natural environments who are responsive and skillful at identifying misfits between the child characteristics and the demands of the routines, are more likely to make the necessary adjustments to facilitate meaningful participation of the child in the routines, through their interactions. During adult-child interactions, adults can teach the child a skill so she or he can meet the demands of the routine, adjust the routine or make it more interesting -so it matches the abilities and interests of the child-, or decide that the fit between the child abilities and demands cannot be addressed by teaching the skill or adjusting the routine demands, therefore, it is better to let it be and focus on the learning and acquisition of other skills. Interpersonal relationships become relevant for promoting proximal processes. Positive and strong interpersonal relationships will facilitate more effective interactions (proximal processes) because feelings of trust and well-being are associated to the interpersonal interaction between the child and the adult or early childhood education peers [35].
Independence refers to the degree to which a child can act to meet its needs, in other words, how much help does a child need to engage in a task or activity and successfully complete it. This functional domain has been related with selfcare behaviors and the child been able to request help from adults when needed after trying several times to solve a problem and failing to solve it [35]. Sensitive and responsive adults, observe the behavior of the child and offer help to the degree it would allow the child accomplish the task, and as children are able to complete more steps of the task by themselves the adults can withdraw the support. Emotionally supportive environments that focus positive learning (acknowledging all steps the child takes to accomplish a task even though his or her performance is not perfect on the first trials) will have a better impact on children’s skill acquisition than those environments where learning is based on trial and error, and error is emphasized after the child performance [36]. This does not mean the adult will not model adequate responses or provide prompts and supports to facilitate the success of the child when completing a task, but the adult does so by being empathic of the child’s efforts and providing encouragement after the attempt or completion of a task.
This domain relates to the way children communicate (express and respond) with others (peers and adults). In this regard, research supports the importance of the interactions with adults and peers for acquiring semantic language (vocabulary), phonetical awareness, and the pragmatics of communication (synaxis and nonverbal communication). Early years are crucial for the development and strengthening of the brain areas related to language acquisition and non-verbal forms of communication (imitating, understanding others no-verbal communication and using nonverbal communication) [37]. Adults model new words, offer feedback of children’s use of words and through interactions strengthen those neural circuits related to understanding of non-verbal communication forms. Research results support that frequency of exposure to vocabulary is correlated to noun vocabulary acquisition [38]. In addition, parents who provide more input in their interactions with children have children whose early vocabulary grows more quickly [39, 40]. Moreover, children who have difficulties imitating behaviors or participating in joint attention are more likely to have difficulties on language acquisition and expressive and responsive communication, such is the case child who suffer neglect or are at risk of presenting or have Autism Spectrum Disorders [15, 37].
In addition, the social relationships domain is associated to the degree which the child is able to get along with others by been able to understand and communicate with others and regulate his or her emotions. Vicarious learning (modeling) is crucial for the child learning to understand situations, control his or her affective and emotional responses [13], behavioral responses [41], and language acquisition [42, 43]. Direct learning through child-directed speech interactions has also been related to increased vocabulary size [44, 45]. As discussed previously, executive functioning and emotion regulation are acquired at later stages of development in early childhood [13]. Adults who are mindful and responsive of children’s emotional and communicative needs and model emotion regulation strategies and language can have an impact on the behavior of children when face with high emotional situations and children’s communication skills.
Natural environments are understood as home, classroom, and community settings. Learning occurs in each of these environments, and adults can take advantage of learning opportunities through caregiver-child interactions. Through this chapter, it has been emphasized the relevance of the caregiver being consistent, responsive, and sensitive in his or her interactions with children to promote learning and development. It is also important to provide the child with feedback of their actions in a loving way, focusing in positive learning (i.e., acknowledging child steps towards the completion of a task) instead of highlighting the child errors (i.e., trial-error learning). Adults must offer children opportunities to reflect on their actions and performance and must highly effort before outcome. For example, before providing feedback to a child on a task, the adults can ask the child his or her perception on his or her work. In this manner, the adult helps the child to identify his or her strengths and difficulties. Such interactions prevent the child from getting frustrated and cultivate trusting and loving relationships between caregivers and children.
Environments that are interesting, with a variety of materials and toys, promote child engagement. Based on child interest, adults can use incidental teaching [46, 47, 48] or scaffolding [49] to promote learning. These are strategies that allow caregivers to interact with the child in a warm and encouraging manner, while providing feedback of their performance to reinforce the learning of skills or contents [50, 51].
Incidental teaching (IT) is a naturalistic strategy, first proposed by Hardy and Risley [46, 47, 48] for teaching communication skills during free-play routine. Then, it was adapted by McWilliam [52] to teach different abilities in daily routines. McWilliam’s adaptation of IT includes four steps to guide the interaction of the adult with the child: (a) engaging (making sure the child is engage with an activity or introducing an activity to the child), (b) following (if the child is engage, the adult follows the child’s interest), (c) eliciting (based on the activity the child is engaged, the interacts with the child to increase the time the child is engaged in the task or promoting more complex levels of behavior), and (d) reinforcing (the adult reinforces the child behavior, such reinforcement must be related to the activity itself).
For example, the caregiver sees the child (6 months old) looking at a toy (e.g., a bottle with water and yellow glitter), the adult ensures the child is engaged (i.e., he is looking at the bottle), then follows the child’s interest (the caregiver takes the bottle and starts moving it), then elicits a behavior (the caregiver tries for the child to reach the bottle with yellow glitter, while bringing the bottle in his eye sight and moving it slowly back and forth). As the child looks at the bottle and tries to reach it, the caregiver says: “Thomas, look how pretty is the yellow color”. The child giggles in response to the adult’s comments and movement of the bottle content. Then, the caregiver reinforces this joint attention interaction by moving the bottle so the glitter moves a little bit more, while bringing the bottle closer to the hands of the child and saying: “You like the yellow color, don’t you? Do you want to grab the bottle?”. It is important to highlight that the reinforcement in this interaction must be related to the activity itself, it will not be enough with just saying: “Good job, Thomas!” as Thomas looks at the bottle. The caregiver reinforces the interaction by repeating the name of the color of the glitter and moving the bottle back and forth to maintain the child’s interest in the activity and had him try to reach the bottle. The adult is teaching the child color names and stimulating his visual and motor responses by moving the bottle and trying for the child to grab it. To continue the interaction, the adult could use other bottles with other glitter colors or materials to stimulate the child’s sight or hearing. This example of interpersonal interaction could apply to the home context (being used by the parents or other family members) or at the nursery classroom (being used by the teacher).
As for scaffolding [49], this strategy is used to support the child’s learning of skills which are in Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Such skills are those the child has not mastered yet, but can perform with some help from the caregiver. For instance, Lucy is a 3-year old, who has not mastered going up the steps of the slight in the play-ground in her neighborhood. She can lift her legs, but struggles alternating the legs to go up the next step, mainly because is a little scare of heights. Her father supports her by using his hand to push a little bit the alternating leg, so Lucy can climb to the next step. While the father does so, he is encouraging Lucy by saying: “You are lifting your leg so well, I am so proud!” As Lucy gets stuck and does not want to go up because of the height, her father pushes up her leg gently and says: “You are okay Honey, daddy is standing right behind you!” As time passes, the father fades his help for lifting the leg to climb the next step, and once Lucy can alternate her legs by herself to climb the slight, the father starts stepping away from the slight to allow Lucy gain independence and to grow in her perceptions of self-confidence and self-competence.
These examples portrayed how incidental teaching [52] and scaffolding [49] can be used by family members and teachers to support children’s learning and development. This is attained through trusting, caring, sensitive, responsive, and consistent interpersonal interactions in their natural environments, and within their interpersonal relationships. These interactions are providing learning opportunities that are the basics for experiences that would affect the child’s early brain development and skill acquisition.
This chapter supported the importance of interpersonal relationships in early childhood. The important role of early experiences of children to impact their brain development was emphasized through the results of epigenetic studies. In the same line, Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological model, contributed to the understanding of the interaction of different system levels, which can ultimate affect the interpersonal interactions of the child in their microsystem supporting of hindering their developmental trajectories. As well, the functional domains are introduced to guide the understanding of the child’s meaningful participation in natural environments form his or her level of engagement, independence, and social relationships. Adults and peers in natural environments can support the acquisition of skills in those domains by providing sensitive, responsive, and contingent care. Finally, two strategies that could be used in different natural environments and during interpersonal relationships are introduce to support child development and learning in early childhood.
As stated by Bronfenbrenner and Evans [22], children’s learning and development occurs within the interactions with the context through proximal processes. Also, supported by the results of epigenetic studies, is well documented the impact of early experiences on the brain structure and functioning. Interpersonal relationships are crucial for early childhood development and the impact of the interactions occurring within such interpersonal relations will transcend the early stages of life, affecting future learning and development at cognitive, communicative, socioemotional and physical levels. Mindful caregivers who understand the importance of their interactions with the child in early years of life will provide care that spurs optimal developmental trajectories of the child promoting future optimal functioning and participation of this child in society.
This work is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Tânia Boavida, whose work has inspired the authors immensely. She mentored us in the kindest and most generous ways. We would like to thank her for her time and support. You are terribly missed.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9496",title:"Dyslipidemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1d1174ff4ed8ad553c944e99add28154",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10585",title:"Interleukin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d4ebb087fdb199287bc765704246b60",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10585.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10300",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bcf3738b16b0a4de6066853ab38b801c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10300.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9589",title:"Depigmentation as a Disease or Therapeutic Goal",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3e1efdb1fc8c403c402da09b242496c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9589.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9608",title:"Myasthenia Gravis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db6c84e3aa58f3873e1298add7042c44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nizar Souayah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"162634",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",surname:"Souayah",slug:"nizar-souayah",fullName:"Nizar Souayah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eadbd6f9c26be844062ce5cd3b3eb573",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muhammad Saifullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320968",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammad-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammad Saifullah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10542",title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29279e34f971687dc28de62534335ac4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10542.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10281",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73c465d2d70f8deca04b05d7ecae26c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10281.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10304",title:"Giant-Cell Arteritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b144271ebc5d331aab73de18a7f9f4f5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Imtiaz A. Chaudhry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10304.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"66603",title:"Dr.",name:"Imtiaz",surname:"Chaudhry",slug:"imtiaz-chaudhry",fullName:"Imtiaz Chaudhry"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng in Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Christophe Hano and Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10482",title:"Human Teeth – Structure and Composition of Dental Hard Tissues and Developmental Dental Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"82a91346a98d34805e30511d6504bd4c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Gil De Bona and Dr. Hakan Karaaslan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10482.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203919",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Gil De Bona",slug:"ana-gil-de-bona",fullName:"Ana Gil De Bona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:164},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1110",title:"Pediatric Oncology",slug:"pediatric-oncology",parent:{title:"Pediatrics",slug:"pediatrics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5542",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfd9d9e58bf08bc44679a030148793e5",slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",bookSignature:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55168",doi:"10.5772/67366",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"53759",doi:"10.5772/67042",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"}]},{id:"53899",doi:"10.5772/67043",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54149",title:"Dental and Craniofacial Effects on Childhood Cancer Survivors",slug:"dental-and-craniofacial-effects-on-childhood-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:1023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Orsolya Németh",authors:[{id:"192302",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"orsolya-nemeth",fullName:"Orsolya Németh"}]},{id:"53899",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]},{id:"53759",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"},{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"}]},{id:"54437",title:"Used of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Symptoms Management and Quality of Life",slug:"used-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-on-symptoms-management-and-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Ayşe Gürol and Sevinç Polat",authors:[{id:"192610",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gürol",slug:"ayse-gurol",fullName:"Ayşe Gürol"},{id:"193414",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevinç",middleName:null,surname:"Polat",slug:"sevinc-polat",fullName:"Sevinç Polat"}]},{id:"55168",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"55302",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pediatric Cancer Survivors",slug:"introductory-chapter-pediatric-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",authors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/287852/muhammad-w-ajiwibowo",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"287852",slug:"muhammad-w-ajiwibowo"},fullPath:"/profiles/287852/muhammad-w-ajiwibowo",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()